BIBLIOGRAPHY OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012. Growth and Yield of Garden Pea
(Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Mr. Hector C. Gayomba
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet to evaluate the growth and
yield of garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and oriental herbal nutrients;
determine the effect of spraying seaweed extract and OHN on the growth and yield of
garden pea; determine the interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of seaweed
extract and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea; and determine the profitability of
garden pea production sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Based on the results of the study, among the garden pea entries evaluated CGP 151
and Betag are moderately resistant to powdery mildew and have the highest weight of
marketable pods and total yield. Garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
showed significant differences on plant height, marketable yield and total yield. There is
no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying seaweed extract and OHN on the
growth and yield of garden pea. However, application of Seaweed extract and OHN for
garden pea production is not profitable.
Under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition, Betag and CGP 151 garden pea entries
are recommended in terms of yield and profitability.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) is an annual legume grown for its edible pods or seeds
which are used as vegetables. In other countries, garden pea is also grown for its mature
peas, which are cooked as an ingredient of soups, broths, and finger foods. It grows well
in cool climate and also helps maintain and conserve soil fertility because of its ability to
fix free nitrogen from the atmosphere through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria present
in its roots (Ware and Swaider, 2002).
The yield of garden pea may be affected by the cultivar and certain cultural
management practices. Pest is one of the problems of farmers in Benguet and Mountain
Province. To obtain high yield, farmers use chemical pesticides and fuel-based-fertilizers
which result in destroying the chemistry of the soil, causes pollution and lead to
deficiencies of certain microorganisms that play a role in making nutrients in the soil
available to plants (Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, 1985).
The application of Seaweed extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients to nourish and to
protect the plant from pests and diseases could be a way to prevent the problem. Seaweed
extract is naturally made from plant materials which are acted by bacteria and yeasts to
produce a liquid fertilizer (Michwave, 2010). It gives more nitrogen and phosphorus and
enhances the ability of the plant to photosynthesize. On the other hand, Oriental Herbal
Nutrients is made from herbs that are full of energy and function to increase plant
robustness, to sterilize, and to keep plants warm (Cho, 2009).
In addition, identifying the exact variety of garden pea suitable for the cultural practices is
also needed. The variety should give high yield and good quality pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
The study aimed to:
1. evaluate the growth and yield of garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients;
2. determine the effect of spraying Seaweed extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients
on the growth and yield of garden pea;
3. determine the interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying Seaweed
extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients on the growth and yield of garden pea; and
4. determine the profitability of garden pea production sprayed with Seaweed
extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients.
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet from October 2011 to February
2012.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of Garden Pea in the Philippines
In 2006, PCARRD stated that production this year of organic garden pea was 5,723
tons, down by 1.5 % from the output of the previous year at 5,808 tons and the area
harvested was 1,674 ha, down by 1.4 % from 1,697 ha in 2005. The yield per hectare was
3.4 tons in 2006, the same level posted in 2005. The major producer was the Cordillera
Administrative Region which accommodated 94.5 % of the production and 5.5 % from the
other regions.
Climatic Requirements of Garden Pea
Garden pea is a crop that grows best in soil pH range from 5.5 to 6.0 that is friable,
fertile, well drained and free from pests and diseases (Purseglove, 1972). It thrives best in
areas at least 1,000 m above sea level and favors a cool climate with a temperature range
of 10°- 18°C.
In 2002, Ware and Swaider stated that the growth of garden pea is generally
affected by temperature, humidity and soil conditions. Different varieties may respond to
the climate, which involve temperature, moisture and light.
Varietal selection
Knowing the best variety to plant must be the first decision in planting garden pea. The
best variety that is adapted to the locality should be selected. As cited by Gibson (2003),
the varieties to be selected should be highyielding, resistant to pest and diseases and early
maturing. These traits could make possible the growing of the crop less expensive and more
productive.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Varietal evaluation
In 2005, Paganas characterized and evaluated five commercially grown garden pea
varieties in Benguet, Kalantao, CGP 39 and 89-001 significantly produced the highest
number and weight of marketable pods per plot and thus recommended to garden pea
growers in La Trinidad, Benguet, Kalantao, Chinese White, CGP 39 and 89-001 identified
as high yielding varieties.
In 2006, Gawidan evaluated ten garden pea entries for fresh pod and seed yield under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. Significant differences were observed among the ten entries
of garden pea evaluated in terms of number of days to first and last flowering, number of
nodes to first flower, number of pods per plant, pod width and fresh pod yield per plot.
N335, CGP 34, 89-001 and CLG produced the highest fresh pod yield per plot and per
hectare. CGP 34 was observed to have moderate resistance against leaf miner and
Ascochyta leaf spot.
In 2011, Donglal evaluated seven selected advanced lines of garden pea were characterized
and evaluated based on their agro morphological characteristics, growth and fresh pod
yield. Significant differences among the seven advanced lines of garden pea in term of
fresh pod yield per plot was selected. Betag had the highest weight of marketable fresh pod
yield per plot (2.02kg/5m2). Other lines produced 1.54 to 1.82kg/5m2.
Oriental Herbal Nutrients
Oriental Herbal Nutrient or OHN is a natural pest repellant in growing crops. It is effective
in strengthening the immune system of plants as well as animals. It is a good source of
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium and iron that activates and
revitalizes crops and it is good for all stages of plant growth (Sarian, 2009).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Seaweed extract as Organic Fertilizer
According to Michwave (2010), seaweed extract is an organic fertilizer that is
cheap, easy-to-make and safe fertilizer which is naturally made from plant materials which
are acted upon by bacteria and yeasts to produce a liquid form of fertilizer. It gives more
nitrogen to plants and enhances the ability of plants to photosynthesize or make their own
food, and also gives additional phosphorus and helps maintain vigor in plants and
resistance against pests. It is rich in micronutrients like iodine, sodium, chloride,
magnesium, manganese and others which are all essential in the balance growth of plants.
The nutrient content of seaweed extract used were 0.2-0.5% Nitrogen, 0.1-0.5%
Phosphorus, 2-3% Potassium, 0.15% Calcium, 1% Sodium, 20 -60ppm Manganese, 0.1-
0.4 Sulphur, 0.1-0.4 Iron and 4-20ppm Copper.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 30 plots. Each plot measuring
1m x 5m was constructed to accommodate the 30 treatments. The treatments were laid out
following the Split Plot Design with three replications.
The materials used in the study were seeds of five garden pea entries, trellis, twine or straw,
seaweed extract, oriental herbal nutrients or (OHN), chicken manure, sprayer, grab hoe and
bolos.
The treatments were the following:
Main plot- Seaweed Extract and OHN (F)
CODE
DESCRIPTION
F1
With application of 50% Seaweed extract and 50% OHN
F2
Without application of Seaweed extract and OHN
Subplot- Garden Pea Entries
CODE
ENTRY
E1
BETAG
E2
CGP 34
E3
CGP 59
E4
CGP 11
E5
CGP 151
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Cultural Management Practices
Chicken manure at a rate of 4kg per plot was applied as a basal fertilizer before
planting the seed. The garden pea entries were planted at a distance of 20cm x 25cm
between hills and rows (Figure 1). Right after full emergence, mixture of 3tbsp of Seaweed
extract and 3tbsp of Oriental Herbal Nutrients diluted in 16 liters of water were sprayed
every 6 days.
All other cultural management practices were done uniformly such as weeding and
irrigation.
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area at 36 DAP
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Farm description
The farm is located at the lee side area. It was a conventional farm and it was
previously planted with beans.
Data gathered:
1. Climatic Data. Temperature, relative humidity and amount of rainfall throughout the
growing period were taken from Benguet State University-Buguias Campus, Loo, Buguias,
Benguet.
2. Soil Analysis. This was collected before planting and after harvesting. Soil samples were
analyzed for initial and final soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
contents.
3. Percent Survival. This was obtained using the following formula:
Total number of plants per plot at 35 days after sowing
%Survival=
x 100
Total number of seedling planted per plot
4. Maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from sowing to emergence.
b. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants per plot
has at least two fully opened flowers.
c. Number of days from emergence to last flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of emergence to last flowering when 50% of the plant per plot has stopped
flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
d. Number of days from flowering to pod setting. This was obtained by counting
the number of days from flowering until the pods begin to develop.
e. Number of days from flowering to first and to last harvesting. This was recorded
by counting the number of days from flowering to first and to last harvesting.
5. Leaf characteristics
a. Leaflet length (cm). This was measured using a foot rule from the base of the
petiole to the tip of the plant per treatment at 35 days after planting.
b. Leaflet width (cm). This was measured from the broadest part of the leaf at 35
days after planting.
6. Stem characteristics
a. Plant height. This was measured from the base of the plant at ground level to the
tip of the youngest shoot using a meter stick at 35 days after planting and during the last
harvest.
b. Number of nodes per plant. This was counted from the base of the plant to the
tip of the main stem of the plants per treatment during the last harvest.
7. Flower characteristics
a. Number of flowers per cluster. The flowers per cluster were counted from the
plants per plot.
8. Pod characteristics
a. Pod length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the length of the sample pods
per treatment from the base to the tip of the pods.
b. Pod width (cm). This was obtained by measuring the broadest part of the sample
pods used in gathering pod length using a foot rule.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
c. Number of pods per cluster. This was obtained by getting the number of pods per
cluster from the sample plants per plot.
9. Yield characteristics
a. Weight of marketable fresh pods per plot (kg/5m2). This was recorded by weighing the
marketable pods per plot from the first to last harvest. Marketable pods were smooth, well
formed pods, and free from damages.
b. Weight of non- marketable pods per plot (kg/5m2). This was obtained by
weighing the non- marketable pods per plot per treatment. These were pods that were over-
matured, malformed and damaged by insects and diseases.
c. Total yield per plot (kg/5m2). This was recorded by getting the total weight of
marketable and non-marketable pods per plot per treatment throughout the harvest period.
10. Reaction to leaf miner infestation. This was gathered using the following scale
used by Paganas (2005).
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
no damage
highly tolerant
2
1-25% infestations
mildly tolerant
3
26-50% infestations
moderately tolerant
4
51-75% infestations
moderately susceptible
5
76-100% infestations
very susceptible
11. Reaction to Powdery Mildew. This was observed at 45 and 60 DAP following
the scale used by Paganas (2005).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
no damage
highly resistant
2
1-25% of the total leaves
mildly resistant
Per plant and per plot are infected
3
25-50% of the total leaves
moderately resistant
Per plant and per plot are infected
4
51-75% of the total leaves
moderately susceptible
Per plant and per plot are infected
5
76-100% of the total leaves
very susceptible
Per plant and per plot are infected
12. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed by subtracting the total
expenses per 5m2 from the gross sale per plot divided by total expenses per plot then
multiplied by one hundred.
Gross Sales- Total Expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total Expenses
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for 2x5
Factorial in Split-Plot Design with three replications. The significance of differences
among treatment means were tested using Duncan’s Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of
significance.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-Climatic Data
The temperature, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the conduct of
the study from October 2011 to February 2012 are shown in Table 1. The temperature
range during the conduct of the study is from 10.3oC to 23.6oC. The temperature is within
the temperature range that favors the growth of garden pea. The lowest minimum relative
humidity is 48% and the maximum relative humidity is 97%. The total amount of rainfall
recorded was declining from 9.37 mm in October 2011 to 1.53 mm in February 2012.
Irrigation was done during the low rainfall period.
Table 1. Temperature, amount of rainfall, and relative humidity from October 2011 to
February 2012
MONTH
TEMPERATURE AMOUNT OF RELATIVE
(oC)
RAINFALL HUMIDITY
(mm) (%)
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
October
14.3
23.6 9.37
56
94
November
14.0
22.7 4.99
57
91
December
13.7
22.4 3.17
56
92
January
10.3
23.0 2.84
48
94
February
10.7 22.9
1.53
55
97
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Soil Analysis
As shown in Table 2, the soil pH before the experiment was 4.97 and increased to
pH 5.63 after the experiment which is within the pH range that favors the growth of garden
pea. The percent organic matter before and after planting was 2.5% except for soils with
no application of Seaweed extract and OHN (2.0%). In terms of nitrogen, no change was
observed before and after on the application of Seaweed extract and OHN except for soil
with no application of Seaweed extract and OHN. The phosphorus content of the soil after
the experiment was increased from 130 ppm to as high as 410 ppm. There was a higher
increase on the potassium content of soil applied with seaweed extract and OHN compared
to without application. Increased in soil pH, percent organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium after harvest may be due to the application of Seaweed extract and OHN.
Table 2. Soil physical properties before planting and after harvesting
PH
ORGANIC
NITRO-
PHOSPHO-
POTA-
MATTER
GEN
RUS
SSIUM
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
4.97 2.5
0.125
130
360
After harvesting
Sprayed with
5.57 2.0
0.100
380
648
Seaweed extract
and OHN
After harvesting
Not sprayed with
5.63 2.5
0.125
410
696
Seaweed extract
and OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Percent Survival
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
percent survival of garden pea entries applied and not applied with seaweed extract and
OHN.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed among the five garden pea entries
on percent survival (Table 3). Betag had a hundred percent survival but comparable to CGP
151 and CGP 34, however, they are significantly different to CGP 59 and CGP 11.
Table 3. Percent survival of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and
OHN
PLANT SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
(%)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
97.38
Not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
96.76
Entries (E)
Betag
100.00a
CGP 34
96.00a
CGP 59
94.67b
CGP 11
94.91b
CGP 151
99.77a
(FxE)
ns
CVa (%)
16.31
CVb (%)
9.50
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on percent survival.
Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the
number of days from sowing to emergence observed among the garden pea entries sprayed
and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 4). The garden pea plants emerged
at 6 days after sowing.
Effect of entry. Most of the entries emerged six days from sowing except CGP 59
and CGP 11 which emerged seven days after sowing.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from sowing to emergence
was observed.
Days from Emergence to First Flowering
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the number
of days from emergence to first flowering. Garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN start flowering at 30 days from emergence (Table 4).
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed on the number of days from
emergence to first flowering. However, numerically, Betag and CGP 151 produced the first
flowers at 36 days from emergence followed by CGP 59 and CGP 11 which flowered at
38 days from emergence and CGP 34 which flowered 42 days from emergence (Figure 2).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from emergence
to first flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Figure 2.
Flowering of garden pea entries at 40 DAP
Days from Emergence to Last Flowering
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences on the number of days from
emergence to last flowering of the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN was observed (Table 4). The plants last flowered at 69 days from
emergence.
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed among the entries.
Numerically, Betag, CGP 11, CGP 59 and CGP 151 were the earliest to stop flowering at
68 days after emergence. The results indicate early senescence of the entry.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 4. Number of days from sowing to emergence, emergence to first flowering, and
last flowering of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF DAYS
TREATMENT
FROM
FROM EMERGENCE TO
SOWING TO FIRST
LAST
EMERGENCE FLOWERING
FLOWERING
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 6
30
69
Not sprayed with
Of Seaweed extract and OHN 6
30
69
Entries (E)
Betag
6
36
68
CGP 34
6
42
71
CGP 59
7
38
68
CGP 11
7
38
68
CGP 151
6
36
68
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
0
CVb (%)
0
0
0
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and spraying
of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from emergence to last flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Days from Flowering to Pod Setting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences between the
garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. The plants
produced pods nine days from flowering.
Effect of entry. There was no significant differences observed as an effect of the different
entries of garden pea. However, CGP 151, Betag and CGP 59 produced pods earlier at 7
days after flowering since the entries flowered earlier than the other entries.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and spraying
of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from flowering to pod setting was
observed.
Days from Flowering to First Harvesting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences on the number of days from
flowering to first harvest among the entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract
and OHN were observed (Table 5). The plants were first harvested at 26 days from
flowering.
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed among the entries. However,
numerically, CGP 151 was harvested first at 24 days after flowering followed by Betag and
CGP 59 at 25 days after flowering which might be due to their early flowering and pod
setting.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from flowering
to first harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 5. Number of days from flowering to pod setting, first and last harvesting of five
garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM FLOWERING TO
TREATMENT
POD
FIRST
LAST
SETTING
HARVEST
HARVEST
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 9
26
38
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 9
26
38
Entries (E)
Betag
8
25
37
CGP 34
12
31
40
CGP 59
8
25
37
CGP 11
11
27
37
CGP 151
8
24
37
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
0
CVb (%)
0
0
0
Days from Flowering to Last Harvesting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the number
of days from flowering to last harvesting on the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed
with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 5). The garden pea plants were last harvested at 38
days from flowering.
Effect of entry. Statistically, no significant differences were observed among the entries.
All the entries were all harvested at 37 days from flowering except CGP 34 which was last
harvested at 40 days from flowering due to late flowering and pod setting.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between the garden
pea entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from
flowering to last harvesting.
Leaflet Length
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
leaflet length of garden pea plants sprayed with fertilizers (Table 6).
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the leaflet length of the garden
pea entries. Entry CGP 151 significantly had the longest leaflet (5.74 cm) but comparable
with the leaflet of CGP 34 (5.43 cm). Entry CGP 11 had the shortest leaflet. The differences
observed may be due to the genetic traits of each entry.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN observed on the leaflet length of the garden pea.
Leaflet Width
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
leaflet width of plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 6).
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed on the leaflet width of the
different entries. However, CGP 151 had the widest leaflet while CGP 59 had the narrowest
leaflet.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on leaflet width.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 6. Leaflet length and width of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN
TREATMENT
LEAFLET LENGTH
LEAFLET WIDTH
AT 35 DAP
AT 35 DAP
(cm)
(cm)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
5.26
4.40
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
5.28
4.40
Entries (E)
Betag
5.23bc
4.41
CGP 34
5.43ab
4.37
CGP 59
5.00c
4.17
CGP 11
5.00c
4.30
CGP 151
5.74a
4.75
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
10.48%
4.00%
CVb (%)
5.98%
7.16%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Plant Height at 35 and 70 DAP
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There were no significant differences on plant height
at 35 DAP while at 70 DAP, significant differences were noted (Table 7). Garden pea
entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN are taller compared to garden pea entries
not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. This result is may be due to the application of
Seaweed extract and OHN that supplied the nutrients needed by the plants.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the plant height at 35 DAP
and at 70 DAP of the garden pea entries. Entry CGP 34 is significantly taller at 35 DAP
and at 70 DAP compared to all other entries. The differences is may be due to the genetic
make-up of the entries.
Interaction effect. There was no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN on the plant height at 35 DAP and at 70 DAP of garden pea.
Table 7. Plant height of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and
OHN
TREATMENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
35 DAP
70 DAP
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
42.65
181.86a
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
41.14
178.71b
Entries (E)
Betag
40.39b
176.33b
CGP 34
46.26a
191.71a
CGP 59
42.38b
179.17b
CGP 11
40.20b
176.80b
CGP 151
40.25b
177.43b
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
2.57%
0.75%
CVb (%)
5.38%
2.73%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Number of Flowers per Cluster
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the
number of flowers per cluster of the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN (Table 8).
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed on the number of flowers
per cluster among the garden pea entries. All the entries produced one flower per cluster
except CGP 34 with two flowers (Figure 3).
Table 8. Number of flowers per cluster, number of pods per cluster and number of nodes
per plant of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
FLOWERS PER PODS PER
NODES PER
CLUSTER CLUSTER
PLANT
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
1
1
21
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
1
1
21
Entries (E)
Betag
1
1
22a
CGP 34
2
2
23a
CGP 59
1
1
20b
CGP 11
1
1
20b
CGP 151
1
1
20b
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
3.10
CVb (%)
0
0
5.27
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of flowers per cluster.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
number of pods per cluster. All the garden pea entries produced one pod per cluster whether
plants were applied with seaweed extract and OHN or not (Table 8).
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed on the number of pods per cluster
among the garden pea entries. All the entries produced one pod per cluster except CGP 34
which produced two pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the garden pea entries
and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of pods per cluster of garden pea.
Number of Nodes per Plant
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed among the
garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN on the number
of nodes per plant (Table 8).
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the number of nodes per
plant. CGP 34 and Betag entries were not significantly different but are significantly
different to CGP 59, CGP 11 and CGP 151. This is may be due to varietal differences of
the crop.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Figure 3. Flowers of the garden pea entries
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction effect of garden
pea entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of nodes per plant of
the garden pea.
Pod Length
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences were observed on the pod
length of garden pea plants sprayed with fertilizers (Table 9). However, pods of garden pea
entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN are longer compared to garden pea entries
not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the pod length of the entries.
Entry Betag produced the longest pods (8.92 cm) followed by CGP 151, while CGP 34,
CGP 59 and CGP 11 entries produced the shortest pods. This result is may be due to the
varietal differences of the plants.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the pod length of garden pea.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 9. Pod length and width of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN
TREATMENT
POD LENGTH
POD WIDTH
(cm)
(cm)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 8.03
1.60
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 7.93
1.60
Entries (E)
Betag
8.92a
1.66a
CGP 34
7.55c
1.53c
CGP 59
7.62c
1.58bc
CGP 11
7.63c
1.57bc
CGP 151
8.20b
1.62ab
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
4.90
0.00
CVb (%)
3.32
2.44
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Pod Width
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the pod
width of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN. The
pod width of both treatments is 1.60 cm.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the pod width of the different
entries. Entry Betag had the significantly widest pods (1.66 cm) but comparable to the pod
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
width of entry CGP 151. CGP 34 produced the narrowest pods. Wide pods may contribute
to high weight of pods and produce more profit.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the pod width of garden pea.
Weight of Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was a significant differences observed on the
weight of marketable pods per plot of plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract
and OHN (Table 10). Garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
significantly had the higher weight of marketable pods compared to garden pea entries not
sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. The differences could be due to the nutrients from
seaweed extract and OHN as a protection from pest and diseases.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the weight of marketable pods
per plot of the garden pea entries. Betag and CGP 151 entries significantly produced the
highest weight of marketable pods (Figure 4 and 5).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the weight of marketable pods per
plot on garden pea.
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the weight
of non- marketable pods per plot of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN (Table 10).
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the weight of non-
marketable pods among the different entries of garden pea. Entry Betag had the highest
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
weight of non-marketable pods followed by CGP 59 and CGP 151. CGP 34 and CGP 11
have the lowest weight of non-marketable pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot.
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 4. Marketable fresh pods of the five garden pea entries Betag (a), CGP 34 (b),
CGP 59 (c), CGP 11 (d) and CGP 151 (e) sprayed with Seaweed extract and
OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 5. Marketable fresh pods of the five garden pea entries Betag (a), CGP 34 (b),
CGP 59 (c), CGP 11 (d) and CGP 151 (e) not sprayed with Seaweed extract
and OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 10. Weight of marketable and non-marketable pods, total yield and computed yield
of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
MARKETABLE NON
TOTAL COMPUTED
PODS
MARKETABLE YIELD
YIELD
TREATMENT
(kg/5m2)
PODS
(kg/5m2)
(t/ha)
(kg/5m2)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 0.65a
0.11
0.76a
1.52a
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 0.54b
0.09
0.63b 1.26b
Entries (E)
Betag
0.80a
0.21c
1.01a
2.02a
CGP 34
0.41b
0.05a 0.46c
0.92c
CGP 59
0.47b
0.11b
0.58b
1.16b
CGP 11
0.49b
0.07a
0.56b
1.12b
CGP 151
0.79a
0.16b
0.95a 1.90a
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
11.90
29.55 15.16
CVb (%)
13.55
26.43 14.45
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Total and Computed Yield
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. Significant differences were noted on the total yield
of the plants (Table 10). Garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
significantly had a higher total yield per plot and computed yield compared to garden pea
entries not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entry. There were significant differences among the garden pea entries on total
and computed yield. Betag and CGP 151 entries significantly exhibited the highest yield
followed by CGP 59 and CGP 11. Entry CGP 34 significantly showed the lowest yield.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect observed on the garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the yield of garden pea.
Reaction to Leaf Miner
It was observed that all the garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN were
mildly tolerant to leaf miner (Figure 7).
Reaction to Powdery Mildew
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. The plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN were mild to moderately resistant to powdery mildew at 45 and 70 DAP.
Effect of entry. All the entries were mildly resistant to powdery mildew at 45 DAP. Betag,
CGP 11 and CGP 151 were moderately resistant to powdery mildew at 60 DAP while CGP
34 and CGP 59 were moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Figure 7).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 11. Reaction to leaf miner and powdery mildew of the five garden pea entries
sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
TREATMENT
REACTION TO
LEAF MINER
POWDERY MILDEW
(45 DAP)
( 45 DAP)
(60 DAP)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
2
2
3
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
2
2
3
Entries (E)
Betag
2
2
3
CGP 34
2
2
4
CGP 59
2
2
4
CGP 11
2
2
3
CGP 151
2
2
3
Rating scale for leaf miner: 1- highly tolerant; 2- mildly tolerant; 3- moderately tolerant;
4- moderately susceptible; 5- very susceptible
Rating scale for powdery mildew: 1- highly resistant; 2- mildly resistant; 3- moderately
resistant; 4- moderately susceptible; 5- very susceptible
a
b
Figure 7. Leaf miner infestation at 45 DAP (a) and Powdery mildew infection
at 60 DAP (b)
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
The return on cash expenses of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN is shown in Table 12. Garden pea entries not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN showed positive return on cash expenses. Betag and CGP 151
entries have the highest ROCE while CGP 34 had the lowest ROCE.
Table 12. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) of five garden pea entries sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
MARKETABLE GROSS TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
PODS
SALE1 EXPENSES2 INCOME (%)
(kg/15m2) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
Betag
2.52
403.2 565.33 -162.13 -28.68
CGP 34
1.44
230.4 565.33 -334.93
-59.25
CGP 59
1.64
262.4 565.33 -302.93
-53.58
CGP 11
1.77
283.2 565.33 -282.13
-49.91
CGP 151
2.45
392.0 565.33 -173.33
-30.66
Mean
-44.42
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
Betag
2.30
368.0 105.33 262.67
249.38
CGP 34
1.05
168.0 105.33 62.67 59.50
CGP 59
1.21
193.6 105.33 88.27
83.80
CGP 11
1.19
190.4 105.33 85.07
80.77
CGP 151
2.28
364.8 105.33 259.47
246.34
Mean
143.96
1 garden pea was sold at a price of 160 PhP per kilo.
2 total expenses include labor cost, seeds, chicken manure, trellis, Seaweed extract and
OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
All the entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN realized a negative ROCE which is
due to the high cost of Seaweed extract and OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of garden pea entries
sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN; determine the effect of spraying Seaweed extract
and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea; determine the interaction effect of
spraying seaweed extract and OHN and garden pea entries; and determine the profitability
of garden pea production sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN.
There were significant differences observed among plants sprayed with Seaweed extract
and OHN except percent survival, leaflet character, initial plant height, number of nodes
per plant, flower and pod characters, non-marketable pods, and reaction to pest and
diseases.
There were significant differences observed among the entries of garden pea. CGP 151
produced the longest leaflet followed by CGP 34. CGP 34 was significantly the tallest
among the entries. Betag and CGP 34 have the highest number of nodes per plant while
CGP 59, CGP 11 and CGP 151 produced the least number of nodes per plant. Betag
produced the longer and wider pods. On the other hand, CGP 151 and Betag have the
highest weight of marketable pods and total yield per plot. CGP 34 and CGP 59 are
moderately susceptible to powdery mildew.
No significant interaction effect of seaweed extract and OHN and garden pea entries was
observed in all the parameters gathered.
All the entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN have a negative ROCE due to high
cost of fertilizer.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, CGP 151 and Betag are moderately resistant to powdery
mildew and have the highest weight of marketable pods and total yield. Application of
Seaweed extract and OHN increased plant height, marketable yield and total yield.
There is no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying seaweed extract
and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea.
Application of Seaweed extract and OHN on garden pea production is not
profitable.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, spraying of Seaweed extract and OHN is not recommended
for garden pea production.
In terms of yield and profitability, Betag and CGP 151 are recommended.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
LITERATURE CITED
CHO, K.H. 2009. Korean Natural Farming Handbook. Retrieved on September 3, 2011
from http://www.thenaturalfarmingway.com/recipes/fermented-plant-juice-fpj.
Pp.106, 121.
DONGLAL, G.P.2011. Growth, fresh pod yield, acceptability and postharvest quality of
selected advanced lines of garden pea in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.P.24.
FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES AUTHORITY(FPA). 1985. Module on the
Recognition and First Aid Procedure for Pesticide Poisoning. Retrieved on
September
3,
2011
fromhttp://eskwela-apc-
nstp.wikispaces.com/file/view/Pesticides.pdf.
GAWIDAN, L.P. 2006. Fresh pod and seed yield of garden pea entries in La Trinidad,
Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.9, 11.
GIBSON, A.M. 2003. Growth and yield performance and single plant selection in six
strains of pole snap beans cultivar “alno”. BS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.Pp.8, 14.
MICHWAVE.2010. Fermented plant juice as organic fertilizer. Retrieved on September
3, 2011 from http://www.behealthyandwell.com/gardening/fermented-plant-juice-
as-organic-fertilizer/.
PAGANAS, A.M. 2005. Characterization and evaluation of commercially grown garden
pea nvarieties in Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp.5, 11, 20, 23.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD).2011. Sweat Pea Production
Guide: PCARRD Information Bulletin No. 275/2008. Retrieved on September
3, 2011 from http:// maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/journal/index.php.option=com-
content& task=836&itemid=590.
PURSEGLOVE, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops: Dicotyledon. London;Longman group.
Pp.297.
WARE and SWAIDER, J.M. 2002. Producing vegetable crops. The Interstate Printers
and Publishers, Inc. USA.Pp.427-439.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012. Growth and Yield of Garden Pea
(Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients
under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Mr. Hector C. Gayomba
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet to evaluate the growth and
yield of garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and oriental herbal nutrients;
determine the effect of spraying seaweed extract and OHN on the growth and yield of
garden pea; determine the interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of seaweed
extract and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea; and determine the profitability of
garden pea production sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Based on the results of the study, among the garden pea entries evaluated CGP 151
and Betag are moderately resistant to powdery mildew and have the highest weight of
marketable pods and total yield. Garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
showed significant differences on plant height, marketable yield and total yield. There is
no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying seaweed extract and OHN on the
growth and yield of garden pea. However, application of Seaweed extract and OHN for
garden pea production is not profitable.
Under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet condition, Betag and CGP 151 garden pea entries
are recommended in terms of yield and profitability.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
INTRODUCTION
Garden pea (Pisum sativum) is an annual legume grown for its edible pods or seeds
which are used as vegetables. In other countries, garden pea is also grown for its mature
peas, which are cooked as an ingredient of soups, broths, and finger foods. It grows well
in cool climate and also helps maintain and conserve soil fertility because of its ability to
fix free nitrogen from the atmosphere through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria present
in its roots (Ware and Swaider, 2002).
The yield of garden pea may be affected by the cultivar and certain cultural
management practices. Pest is one of the problems of farmers in Benguet and Mountain
Province. To obtain high yield, farmers use chemical pesticides and fuel-based-fertilizers
which result in destroying the chemistry of the soil, causes pollution and lead to
deficiencies of certain microorganisms that play a role in making nutrients in the soil
available to plants (Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, 1985).
The application of Seaweed extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients to nourish and to
protect the plant from pests and diseases could be a way to prevent the problem. Seaweed
extract is naturally made from plant materials which are acted by bacteria and yeasts to
produce a liquid fertilizer (Michwave, 2010). It gives more nitrogen and phosphorus and
enhances the ability of the plant to photosynthesize. On the other hand, Oriental Herbal
Nutrients is made from herbs that are full of energy and function to increase plant
robustness, to sterilize, and to keep plants warm (Cho, 2009).
In addition, identifying the exact variety of garden pea suitable for the cultural practices is
also needed. The variety should give high yield and good quality pods.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
The study aimed to:
1. evaluate the growth and yield of garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients;
2. determine the effect of spraying Seaweed extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients
on the growth and yield of garden pea;
3. determine the interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying Seaweed
extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients on the growth and yield of garden pea; and
4. determine the profitability of garden pea production sprayed with Seaweed
extract and Oriental Herbal Nutrients.
The study was conducted at Bangao, Buguias, Benguet from October 2011 to February
2012.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of Garden Pea in the Philippines
In 2006, PCARRD stated that production this year of organic garden pea was 5,723
tons, down by 1.5 % from the output of the previous year at 5,808 tons and the area
harvested was 1,674 ha, down by 1.4 % from 1,697 ha in 2005. The yield per hectare was
3.4 tons in 2006, the same level posted in 2005. The major producer was the Cordillera
Administrative Region which accommodated 94.5 % of the production and 5.5 % from the
other regions.
Climatic Requirements of Garden Pea
Garden pea is a crop that grows best in soil pH range from 5.5 to 6.0 that is friable,
fertile, well drained and free from pests and diseases (Purseglove, 1972). It thrives best in
areas at least 1,000 m above sea level and favors a cool climate with a temperature range
of 10°- 18°C.
In 2002, Ware and Swaider stated that the growth of garden pea is generally
affected by temperature, humidity and soil conditions. Different varieties may respond to
the climate, which involve temperature, moisture and light.
Varietal selection
Knowing the best variety to plant must be the first decision in planting garden pea. The
best variety that is adapted to the locality should be selected. As cited by Gibson (2003),
the varieties to be selected should be highyielding, resistant to pest and diseases and early
maturing. These traits could make possible the growing of the crop less expensive and more
productive.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Varietal evaluation
In 2005, Paganas characterized and evaluated five commercially grown garden pea
varieties in Benguet, Kalantao, CGP 39 and 89-001 significantly produced the highest
number and weight of marketable pods per plot and thus recommended to garden pea
growers in La Trinidad, Benguet, Kalantao, Chinese White, CGP 39 and 89-001 identified
as high yielding varieties.
In 2006, Gawidan evaluated ten garden pea entries for fresh pod and seed yield under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition. Significant differences were observed among the ten entries
of garden pea evaluated in terms of number of days to first and last flowering, number of
nodes to first flower, number of pods per plant, pod width and fresh pod yield per plot.
N335, CGP 34, 89-001 and CLG produced the highest fresh pod yield per plot and per
hectare. CGP 34 was observed to have moderate resistance against leaf miner and
Ascochyta leaf spot.
In 2011, Donglal evaluated seven selected advanced lines of garden pea were characterized
and evaluated based on their agro morphological characteristics, growth and fresh pod
yield. Significant differences among the seven advanced lines of garden pea in term of
fresh pod yield per plot was selected. Betag had the highest weight of marketable fresh pod
yield per plot (2.02kg/5m2). Other lines produced 1.54 to 1.82kg/5m2.
Oriental Herbal Nutrients
Oriental Herbal Nutrient or OHN is a natural pest repellant in growing crops. It is effective
in strengthening the immune system of plants as well as animals. It is a good source of
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium and iron that activates and
revitalizes crops and it is good for all stages of plant growth (Sarian, 2009).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Seaweed extract as Organic Fertilizer
According to Michwave (2010), seaweed extract is an organic fertilizer that is
cheap, easy-to-make and safe fertilizer which is naturally made from plant materials which
are acted upon by bacteria and yeasts to produce a liquid form of fertilizer. It gives more
nitrogen to plants and enhances the ability of plants to photosynthesize or make their own
food, and also gives additional phosphorus and helps maintain vigor in plants and
resistance against pests. It is rich in micronutrients like iodine, sodium, chloride,
magnesium, manganese and others which are all essential in the balance growth of plants.
The nutrient content of seaweed extract used were 0.2-0.5% Nitrogen, 0.1-0.5%
Phosphorus, 2-3% Potassium, 0.15% Calcium, 1% Sodium, 20 -60ppm Manganese, 0.1-
0.4 Sulphur, 0.1-0.4 Iron and 4-20ppm Copper.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into 30 plots. Each plot measuring
1m x 5m was constructed to accommodate the 30 treatments. The treatments were laid out
following the Split Plot Design with three replications.
The materials used in the study were seeds of five garden pea entries, trellis, twine or straw,
seaweed extract, oriental herbal nutrients or (OHN), chicken manure, sprayer, grab hoe and
bolos.
The treatments were the following:
Main plot- Seaweed Extract and OHN (F)
CODE
DESCRIPTION
F1
With application of 50% Seaweed extract and 50% OHN
F2
Without application of Seaweed extract and OHN
Subplot- Garden Pea Entries
CODE
ENTRY
E1
BETAG
E2
CGP 34
E3
CGP 59
E4
CGP 11
E5
CGP 151
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Cultural Management Practices
Chicken manure at a rate of 4kg per plot was applied as a basal fertilizer before
planting the seed. The garden pea entries were planted at a distance of 20cm x 25cm
between hills and rows (Figure 1). Right after full emergence, mixture of 3tbsp of Seaweed
extract and 3tbsp of Oriental Herbal Nutrients diluted in 16 liters of water were sprayed
every 6 days.
All other cultural management practices were done uniformly such as weeding and
irrigation.
Figure 1. Overview of the experimental area at 36 DAP
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Farm description
The farm is located at the lee side area. It was a conventional farm and it was
previously planted with beans.
Data gathered:
1. Climatic Data. Temperature, relative humidity and amount of rainfall throughout the
growing period were taken from Benguet State University-Buguias Campus, Loo, Buguias,
Benguet.
2. Soil Analysis. This was collected before planting and after harvesting. Soil samples were
analyzed for initial and final soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
contents.
3. Percent Survival. This was obtained using the following formula:
Total number of plants per plot at 35 days after sowing
%Survival=
x 100
Total number of seedling planted per plot
4. Maturity
a. Number of days from sowing to emergence. This was obtained by counting the
number of days from sowing to emergence.
b. Number of days from emergence to flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of days from emergence to the time when at least 50% of the plants per plot
has at least two fully opened flowers.
c. Number of days from emergence to last flowering. This was recorded by counting
the number of emergence to last flowering when 50% of the plant per plot has stopped
flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
d. Number of days from flowering to pod setting. This was obtained by counting
the number of days from flowering until the pods begin to develop.
e. Number of days from flowering to first and to last harvesting. This was recorded
by counting the number of days from flowering to first and to last harvesting.
5. Leaf characteristics
a. Leaflet length (cm). This was measured using a foot rule from the base of the
petiole to the tip of the plant per treatment at 35 days after planting.
b. Leaflet width (cm). This was measured from the broadest part of the leaf at 35
days after planting.
6. Stem characteristics
a. Plant height. This was measured from the base of the plant at ground level to the
tip of the youngest shoot using a meter stick at 35 days after planting and during the last
harvest.
b. Number of nodes per plant. This was counted from the base of the plant to the
tip of the main stem of the plants per treatment during the last harvest.
7. Flower characteristics
a. Number of flowers per cluster. The flowers per cluster were counted from the
plants per plot.
8. Pod characteristics
a. Pod length (cm). This was obtained by measuring the length of the sample pods
per treatment from the base to the tip of the pods.
b. Pod width (cm). This was obtained by measuring the broadest part of the sample
pods used in gathering pod length using a foot rule.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
c. Number of pods per cluster. This was obtained by getting the number of pods per
cluster from the sample plants per plot.
9. Yield characteristics
a. Weight of marketable fresh pods per plot (kg/5m2). This was recorded by weighing the
marketable pods per plot from the first to last harvest. Marketable pods were smooth, well
formed pods, and free from damages.
b. Weight of non- marketable pods per plot (kg/5m2). This was obtained by
weighing the non- marketable pods per plot per treatment. These were pods that were over-
matured, malformed and damaged by insects and diseases.
c. Total yield per plot (kg/5m2). This was recorded by getting the total weight of
marketable and non-marketable pods per plot per treatment throughout the harvest period.
10. Reaction to leaf miner infestation. This was gathered using the following scale
used by Paganas (2005).
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
no damage
highly tolerant
2
1-25% infestations
mildly tolerant
3
26-50% infestations
moderately tolerant
4
51-75% infestations
moderately susceptible
5
76-100% infestations
very susceptible
11. Reaction to Powdery Mildew. This was observed at 45 and 60 DAP following
the scale used by Paganas (2005).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
1
no damage
highly resistant
2
1-25% of the total leaves
mildly resistant
Per plant and per plot are infected
3
25-50% of the total leaves
moderately resistant
Per plant and per plot are infected
4
51-75% of the total leaves
moderately susceptible
Per plant and per plot are infected
5
76-100% of the total leaves
very susceptible
Per plant and per plot are infected
12. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed by subtracting the total
expenses per 5m2 from the gross sale per plot divided by total expenses per plot then
multiplied by one hundred.
Gross Sales- Total Expenses
ROCE (%) =
x 100
Total Expenses
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for 2x5
Factorial in Split-Plot Design with three replications. The significance of differences
among treatment means were tested using Duncan’s Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of
significance.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro-Climatic Data
The temperature, amount of rainfall and relative humidity during the conduct of
the study from October 2011 to February 2012 are shown in Table 1. The temperature
range during the conduct of the study is from 10.3oC to 23.6oC. The temperature is within
the temperature range that favors the growth of garden pea. The lowest minimum relative
humidity is 48% and the maximum relative humidity is 97%. The total amount of rainfall
recorded was declining from 9.37 mm in October 2011 to 1.53 mm in February 2012.
Irrigation was done during the low rainfall period.
Table 1. Temperature, amount of rainfall, and relative humidity from October 2011 to
February 2012
MONTH
TEMPERATURE AMOUNT OF RELATIVE
(oC)
RAINFALL HUMIDITY
(mm) (%)
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
October
14.3
23.6 9.37
56
94
November
14.0
22.7 4.99
57
91
December
13.7
22.4 3.17
56
92
January
10.3
23.0 2.84
48
94
February
10.7 22.9
1.53
55
97
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Soil Analysis
As shown in Table 2, the soil pH before the experiment was 4.97 and increased to
pH 5.63 after the experiment which is within the pH range that favors the growth of garden
pea. The percent organic matter before and after planting was 2.5% except for soils with
no application of Seaweed extract and OHN (2.0%). In terms of nitrogen, no change was
observed before and after on the application of Seaweed extract and OHN except for soil
with no application of Seaweed extract and OHN. The phosphorus content of the soil after
the experiment was increased from 130 ppm to as high as 410 ppm. There was a higher
increase on the potassium content of soil applied with seaweed extract and OHN compared
to without application. Increased in soil pH, percent organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium after harvest may be due to the application of Seaweed extract and OHN.
Table 2. Soil physical properties before planting and after harvesting
PH
ORGANIC
NITRO-
PHOSPHO-
POTA-
MATTER
GEN
RUS
SSIUM
(%)
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
4.97 2.5
0.125
130
360
After harvesting
Sprayed with
5.57 2.0
0.100
380
648
Seaweed extract
and OHN
After harvesting
Not sprayed with
5.63 2.5
0.125
410
696
Seaweed extract
and OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Percent Survival
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
percent survival of garden pea entries applied and not applied with seaweed extract and
OHN.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed among the five garden pea entries
on percent survival (Table 3). Betag had a hundred percent survival but comparable to CGP
151 and CGP 34, however, they are significantly different to CGP 59 and CGP 11.
Table 3. Percent survival of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and
OHN
PLANT SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
(%)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
97.38
Not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
96.76
Entries (E)
Betag
100.00a
CGP 34
96.00a
CGP 59
94.67b
CGP 11
94.91b
CGP 151
99.77a
(FxE)
ns
CVa (%)
16.31
CVb (%)
9.50
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on percent survival.
Days from Sowing to Emergence
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the
number of days from sowing to emergence observed among the garden pea entries sprayed
and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 4). The garden pea plants emerged
at 6 days after sowing.
Effect of entry. Most of the entries emerged six days from sowing except CGP 59
and CGP 11 which emerged seven days after sowing.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from sowing to emergence
was observed.
Days from Emergence to First Flowering
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the number
of days from emergence to first flowering. Garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN start flowering at 30 days from emergence (Table 4).
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed on the number of days from
emergence to first flowering. However, numerically, Betag and CGP 151 produced the first
flowers at 36 days from emergence followed by CGP 59 and CGP 11 which flowered at
38 days from emergence and CGP 34 which flowered 42 days from emergence (Figure 2).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from emergence
to first flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Figure 2.
Flowering of garden pea entries at 40 DAP
Days from Emergence to Last Flowering
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences on the number of days from
emergence to last flowering of the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN was observed (Table 4). The plants last flowered at 69 days from
emergence.
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed among the entries.
Numerically, Betag, CGP 11, CGP 59 and CGP 151 were the earliest to stop flowering at
68 days after emergence. The results indicate early senescence of the entry.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 4. Number of days from sowing to emergence, emergence to first flowering, and
last flowering of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF DAYS
TREATMENT
FROM
FROM EMERGENCE TO
SOWING TO FIRST
LAST
EMERGENCE FLOWERING
FLOWERING
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 6
30
69
Not sprayed with
Of Seaweed extract and OHN 6
30
69
Entries (E)
Betag
6
36
68
CGP 34
6
42
71
CGP 59
7
38
68
CGP 11
7
38
68
CGP 151
6
36
68
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
0
CVb (%)
0
0
0
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and spraying
of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from emergence to last flowering.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Days from Flowering to Pod Setting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences between the
garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. The plants
produced pods nine days from flowering.
Effect of entry. There was no significant differences observed as an effect of the different
entries of garden pea. However, CGP 151, Betag and CGP 59 produced pods earlier at 7
days after flowering since the entries flowered earlier than the other entries.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and spraying
of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from flowering to pod setting was
observed.
Days from Flowering to First Harvesting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences on the number of days from
flowering to first harvest among the entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract
and OHN were observed (Table 5). The plants were first harvested at 26 days from
flowering.
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed among the entries. However,
numerically, CGP 151 was harvested first at 24 days after flowering followed by Betag and
CGP 59 at 25 days after flowering which might be due to their early flowering and pod
setting.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from flowering
to first harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 5. Number of days from flowering to pod setting, first and last harvesting of five
garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM FLOWERING TO
TREATMENT
POD
FIRST
LAST
SETTING
HARVEST
HARVEST
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 9
26
38
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 9
26
38
Entries (E)
Betag
8
25
37
CGP 34
12
31
40
CGP 59
8
25
37
CGP 11
11
27
37
CGP 151
8
24
37
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
0
CVb (%)
0
0
0
Days from Flowering to Last Harvesting
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences on the number
of days from flowering to last harvesting on the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed
with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 5). The garden pea plants were last harvested at 38
days from flowering.
Effect of entry. Statistically, no significant differences were observed among the entries.
All the entries were all harvested at 37 days from flowering except CGP 34 which was last
harvested at 40 days from flowering due to late flowering and pod setting.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect observed between the garden
pea entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of days from
flowering to last harvesting.
Leaflet Length
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
leaflet length of garden pea plants sprayed with fertilizers (Table 6).
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the leaflet length of the garden
pea entries. Entry CGP 151 significantly had the longest leaflet (5.74 cm) but comparable
with the leaflet of CGP 34 (5.43 cm). Entry CGP 11 had the shortest leaflet. The differences
observed may be due to the genetic traits of each entry.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect of the garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN observed on the leaflet length of the garden pea.
Leaflet Width
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
leaflet width of plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN (Table 6).
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed on the leaflet width of the
different entries. However, CGP 151 had the widest leaflet while CGP 59 had the narrowest
leaflet.
Interaction effect. There was no significant interaction effect between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on leaflet width.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 6. Leaflet length and width of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN
TREATMENT
LEAFLET LENGTH
LEAFLET WIDTH
AT 35 DAP
AT 35 DAP
(cm)
(cm)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
5.26
4.40
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
5.28
4.40
Entries (E)
Betag
5.23bc
4.41
CGP 34
5.43ab
4.37
CGP 59
5.00c
4.17
CGP 11
5.00c
4.30
CGP 151
5.74a
4.75
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
10.48%
4.00%
CVb (%)
5.98%
7.16%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Plant Height at 35 and 70 DAP
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There were no significant differences on plant height
at 35 DAP while at 70 DAP, significant differences were noted (Table 7). Garden pea
entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN are taller compared to garden pea entries
not sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. This result is may be due to the application of
Seaweed extract and OHN that supplied the nutrients needed by the plants.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the plant height at 35 DAP
and at 70 DAP of the garden pea entries. Entry CGP 34 is significantly taller at 35 DAP
and at 70 DAP compared to all other entries. The differences is may be due to the genetic
make-up of the entries.
Interaction effect. There was no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN on the plant height at 35 DAP and at 70 DAP of garden pea.
Table 7. Plant height of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and
OHN
TREATMENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
35 DAP
70 DAP
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
42.65
181.86a
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
41.14
178.71b
Entries (E)
Betag
40.39b
176.33b
CGP 34
46.26a
191.71a
CGP 59
42.38b
179.17b
CGP 11
40.20b
176.80b
CGP 151
40.25b
177.43b
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
2.57%
0.75%
CVb (%)
5.38%
2.73%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Number of Flowers per Cluster
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the
number of flowers per cluster of the garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN (Table 8).
Effect of entry. There were no significant differences observed on the number of flowers
per cluster among the garden pea entries. All the entries produced one flower per cluster
except CGP 34 with two flowers (Figure 3).
Table 8. Number of flowers per cluster, number of pods per cluster and number of nodes
per plant of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
FLOWERS PER PODS PER
NODES PER
CLUSTER CLUSTER
PLANT
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
1
1
21
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
1
1
21
Entries (E)
Betag
1
1
22a
CGP 34
2
2
23a
CGP 59
1
1
20b
CGP 11
1
1
20b
CGP 151
1
1
20b
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
0
0
3.10
CVb (%)
0
0
5.27
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of flowers per cluster.
Number of Pods per Cluster
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was no significant differences observed on the
number of pods per cluster. All the garden pea entries produced one pod per cluster whether
plants were applied with seaweed extract and OHN or not (Table 8).
Effect of entry. No significant differences were observed on the number of pods per cluster
among the garden pea entries. All the entries produced one pod per cluster except CGP 34
which produced two pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the garden pea entries
and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of pods per cluster of garden pea.
Number of Nodes per Plant
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed among the
garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN on the number
of nodes per plant (Table 8).
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the number of nodes per
plant. CGP 34 and Betag entries were not significantly different but are significantly
different to CGP 59, CGP 11 and CGP 151. This is may be due to varietal differences of
the crop.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Figure 3. Flowers of the garden pea entries
Interaction effect. It was observed that there was no significant interaction effect of garden
pea entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the number of nodes per plant of
the garden pea.
Pod Length
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences were observed on the pod
length of garden pea plants sprayed with fertilizers (Table 9). However, pods of garden pea
entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN are longer compared to garden pea entries
not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the pod length of the entries.
Entry Betag produced the longest pods (8.92 cm) followed by CGP 151, while CGP 34,
CGP 59 and CGP 11 entries produced the shortest pods. This result is may be due to the
varietal differences of the plants.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the pod length of garden pea.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 9. Pod length and width of the five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN
TREATMENT
POD LENGTH
POD WIDTH
(cm)
(cm)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 8.03
1.60
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 7.93
1.60
Entries (E)
Betag
8.92a
1.66a
CGP 34
7.55c
1.53c
CGP 59
7.62c
1.58bc
CGP 11
7.63c
1.57bc
CGP 151
8.20b
1.62ab
(FxE)
ns
ns
CVa (%)
4.90
0.00
CVb (%)
3.32
2.44
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Pod Width
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the pod
width of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN. The
pod width of both treatments is 1.60 cm.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the pod width of the different
entries. Entry Betag had the significantly widest pods (1.66 cm) but comparable to the pod
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
width of entry CGP 151. CGP 34 produced the narrowest pods. Wide pods may contribute
to high weight of pods and produce more profit.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the pod width of garden pea.
Weight of Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. There was a significant differences observed on the
weight of marketable pods per plot of plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed extract
and OHN (Table 10). Garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
significantly had the higher weight of marketable pods compared to garden pea entries not
sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN. The differences could be due to the nutrients from
seaweed extract and OHN as a protection from pest and diseases.
Effect of entry. Significant differences were observed on the weight of marketable pods
per plot of the garden pea entries. Betag and CGP 151 entries significantly produced the
highest weight of marketable pods (Figure 4 and 5).
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect was observed between the garden pea
entries and spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the weight of marketable pods per
plot on garden pea.
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods per Plot
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. No significant differences was observed on the weight
of non- marketable pods per plot of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN (Table 10).
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the weight of non-
marketable pods among the different entries of garden pea. Entry Betag had the highest
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
weight of non-marketable pods followed by CGP 59 and CGP 151. CGP 34 and CGP 11
have the lowest weight of non-marketable pods.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying of
seaweed extract and OHN was observed on the weight of non-marketable pods per plot.
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 4. Marketable fresh pods of the five garden pea entries Betag (a), CGP 34 (b),
CGP 59 (c), CGP 11 (d) and CGP 151 (e) sprayed with Seaweed extract and
OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
a
b
c
d
e
Figure 5. Marketable fresh pods of the five garden pea entries Betag (a), CGP 34 (b),
CGP 59 (c), CGP 11 (d) and CGP 151 (e) not sprayed with Seaweed extract
and OHN
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 10. Weight of marketable and non-marketable pods, total yield and computed yield
of five garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
MARKETABLE NON
TOTAL COMPUTED
PODS
MARKETABLE YIELD
YIELD
TREATMENT
(kg/5m2)
PODS
(kg/5m2)
(t/ha)
(kg/5m2)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 0.65a
0.11
0.76a
1.52a
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN 0.54b
0.09
0.63b 1.26b
Entries (E)
Betag
0.80a
0.21c
1.01a
2.02a
CGP 34
0.41b
0.05a 0.46c
0.92c
CGP 59
0.47b
0.11b
0.58b
1.16b
CGP 11
0.49b
0.07a
0.56b
1.12b
CGP 151
0.79a
0.16b
0.95a 1.90a
(FxE)
ns
ns
ns
CVa (%)
11.90
29.55 15.16
CVb (%)
13.55
26.43 14.45
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using
DMRT.
Total and Computed Yield
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. Significant differences were noted on the total yield
of the plants (Table 10). Garden pea entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN
significantly had a higher total yield per plot and computed yield compared to garden pea
entries not sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entry. There were significant differences among the garden pea entries on total
and computed yield. Betag and CGP 151 entries significantly exhibited the highest yield
followed by CGP 59 and CGP 11. Entry CGP 34 significantly showed the lowest yield.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction effect observed on the garden pea entries and
spraying of seaweed extract and OHN on the yield of garden pea.
Reaction to Leaf Miner
It was observed that all the garden pea entries sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN were
mildly tolerant to leaf miner (Figure 7).
Reaction to Powdery Mildew
Effect of seaweed extract and OHN. The plants sprayed and not sprayed with seaweed
extract and OHN were mild to moderately resistant to powdery mildew at 45 and 70 DAP.
Effect of entry. All the entries were mildly resistant to powdery mildew at 45 DAP. Betag,
CGP 11 and CGP 151 were moderately resistant to powdery mildew at 60 DAP while CGP
34 and CGP 59 were moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (Figure 7).
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Table 11. Reaction to leaf miner and powdery mildew of the five garden pea entries
sprayed with seaweed extract and OHN
TREATMENT
REACTION TO
LEAF MINER
POWDERY MILDEW
(45 DAP)
( 45 DAP)
(60 DAP)
Seaweed extract and OHN (F)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
2
2
3
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
2
2
3
Entries (E)
Betag
2
2
3
CGP 34
2
2
4
CGP 59
2
2
4
CGP 11
2
2
3
CGP 151
2
2
3
Rating scale for leaf miner: 1- highly tolerant; 2- mildly tolerant; 3- moderately tolerant;
4- moderately susceptible; 5- very susceptible
Rating scale for powdery mildew: 1- highly resistant; 2- mildly resistant; 3- moderately
resistant; 4- moderately susceptible; 5- very susceptible
a
b
Figure 7. Leaf miner infestation at 45 DAP (a) and Powdery mildew infection
at 60 DAP (b)
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
The return on cash expenses of garden pea entries sprayed and not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN is shown in Table 12. Garden pea entries not sprayed with
seaweed extract and OHN showed positive return on cash expenses. Betag and CGP 151
entries have the highest ROCE while CGP 34 had the lowest ROCE.
Table 12. Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE) of five garden pea entries sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
MARKETABLE GROSS TOTAL
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
PODS
SALE1 EXPENSES2 INCOME (%)
(kg/15m2) (PhP) (PhP) (PhP)
Sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
Betag
2.52
403.2 565.33 -162.13 -28.68
CGP 34
1.44
230.4 565.33 -334.93
-59.25
CGP 59
1.64
262.4 565.33 -302.93
-53.58
CGP 11
1.77
283.2 565.33 -282.13
-49.91
CGP 151
2.45
392.0 565.33 -173.33
-30.66
Mean
-44.42
Not sprayed with
Seaweed extract and OHN
Betag
2.30
368.0 105.33 262.67
249.38
CGP 34
1.05
168.0 105.33 62.67 59.50
CGP 59
1.21
193.6 105.33 88.27
83.80
CGP 11
1.19
190.4 105.33 85.07
80.77
CGP 151
2.28
364.8 105.33 259.47
246.34
Mean
143.96
1 garden pea was sold at a price of 160 PhP per kilo.
2 total expenses include labor cost, seeds, chicken manure, trellis, Seaweed extract and
OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
All the entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN realized a negative ROCE which is
due to the high cost of Seaweed extract and OHN.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of garden pea entries
sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN; determine the effect of spraying Seaweed extract
and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea; determine the interaction effect of
spraying seaweed extract and OHN and garden pea entries; and determine the profitability
of garden pea production sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN.
There were significant differences observed among plants sprayed with Seaweed extract
and OHN except percent survival, leaflet character, initial plant height, number of nodes
per plant, flower and pod characters, non-marketable pods, and reaction to pest and
diseases.
There were significant differences observed among the entries of garden pea. CGP 151
produced the longest leaflet followed by CGP 34. CGP 34 was significantly the tallest
among the entries. Betag and CGP 34 have the highest number of nodes per plant while
CGP 59, CGP 11 and CGP 151 produced the least number of nodes per plant. Betag
produced the longer and wider pods. On the other hand, CGP 151 and Betag have the
highest weight of marketable pods and total yield per plot. CGP 34 and CGP 59 are
moderately susceptible to powdery mildew.
No significant interaction effect of seaweed extract and OHN and garden pea entries was
observed in all the parameters gathered.
All the entries sprayed with Seaweed extract and OHN have a negative ROCE due to high
cost of fertilizer.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, CGP 151 and Betag are moderately resistant to powdery
mildew and have the highest weight of marketable pods and total yield. Application of
Seaweed extract and OHN increased plant height, marketable yield and total yield.
There is no interaction effect of garden pea entries and spraying seaweed extract
and OHN on the growth and yield of garden pea.
Application of Seaweed extract and OHN on garden pea production is not
profitable.
Recommendations
Based on the findings, spraying of Seaweed extract and OHN is not recommended
for garden pea production.
In terms of yield and profitability, Betag and CGP 151 are recommended.
Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012
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Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) Entries Sprayed with Seaweed Extract
and Oriental Herbal Nutrients under Bangao, Buguias, Benguet Condition.
OG-OGET, BENJIELYN W. OCTOBER 2012