BIBLIOGRAPHY LABI, NEILMAR A. October...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012. Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied
with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from October 2011to
February 2012. The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of potato
varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower compost; identify the best potato variety
based on growth; yield and resistance to pest and diseases; and determine the profitability
of potato entries applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
The results revealed that the potato varieties showed significant differences in terms
of plant height, canopy cover, number of marketable and non-marketable tubers, weight of
marketable and non-marketable tubers, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
Potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta produced the highest yield and ROCE
despite their low resistance to late blight and leaf miner.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
INTRODUCTION
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tuberous plant grown in many countries as
an annual agronomic crop (Sonac News, 2008). Potato is also a staple food in the diet of
the world’s population, thus affirming the need to focus world attention on the role that the
potato can play in providing food security and eradicating poverty (FAO, 2008).
Potato production in Benguet is mainly conventional which involves the use of
synthetic fertilizers that are readily available in the market. These fertilizers are also
believed to be more effective on the plant growth. However, using these fertilizers often
may cause problems such as soil acidity, soil pollution and gradual depletion of the soil
nutrients (TACC, 2009).
The use of goat manure and sunflower leaves can be a real asset in alleviating the
problem in soil degradation. In the naturally dry, pellet state, goat manure can be easily
handled, stored or directly applied in potato as fertilizer and to increase water holding
capacity of the soil. Unlike chicken manure, goat manure do not normally attract flies or
serve as breeding sites for maggots. Goat manure added with sunflower leaves are also
high in ammonia that may result to larger plant fruits (Haenlein, 1992).
Thus, studying the effect of goat manure and sunflower leaves on the growth and
development of potato could be the best alternative to the use of inorganic fertilizers.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and yield of potato varieties applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves;
2. identify the best potato variety based on growth, yield and resistance to pest and
diseases; and
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
3. determine the profitability of potato entries applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves.
This study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from November
2011 to October 2012.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Climatic and Soil Requirement
The potato has a wide range of soil adaptation for optimum yield, deep well drained
or a sandy loam soil with pH of 5.5 to 6.0 is required. A fertile soil rich in organic matter
is essential for good growth. Average temperature ranges between 15 °C to 18°C
(PCARRD, 1979) but also grows best at temperature of 17°C to 22°C (NPRCRTC, 1998).
A fertile soil rich in organic materials is essential for good growth of potato.
Maximum yields are normally obtained when the average temperature throughout the
growing seasons ranges between 15°C to 18°C. A cool night temperature appears to be
most important than cool day time temperature. High temperature during the day reduces
yield (PCARRD, 1985).
Varietal Evaluation
Singh (1999) stated that the proposed standard variety selection in organic farming
is to be adapted locally in the area. The selected variety must be resistant to pest and
diseases so that the crop planted produces high yield. However, organic farmers need the
varieties that are adapted to specific soil fertility condition. To some production
circumstances, varieties that do not perform well in organic system have different yielding
ranks. In selecting the right variety that the farmers must also consider the consumers
requirement, supermarket requirement and the variety maturity in order to achieve the best
production needed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Organic Farming
Organic farming encompasses all agricultural systems that promote
environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These
systems take soil fertility as a key to successful production. It aims to optimize quality in
all aspects of agriculture and environment. Organic farming reduces external inputs by
avoiding from the use of chemo – synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals
(PCARRD, 2006).
Benefits of Goat Manure
For gardening, goat manure can be a real asset. In their naturally dry, pellet state,
goat feces are easily handled, stored or directly applied on vegetables, trees, and flower
gardens, as mulch, organic matter, fertilizer, or just to increase the water holding capacity
of the soil; and goat feces do not normally attract flies or breed maggots. A daily raking or
sweeping of the goat yard keeps the goats clean and free from parasites; and the garden
will soon show its appreciation (Haenlein, 1992).
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizers
According to Newsome (2009), organic fertilizers add the nutrients to the soil that
plant used to be more productive; these vital nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen and
potassium. These nutrients allow the plant to grow larger, blooming flowers and larger
fruits. Not only does the quality increased, but so do the quantity allowing the grower to
harvest more and better fruits and flowers. Plants receiving the proper amounts of nutrients
potassium grow tougher cell walls and coarser vegetation. This makes them much more
resistant to pest and diseases. Plants receiving enough phosphorus, water more efficiently,
allows them to survive cold and dry spells. Organic fertilizers have positive effects on all
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
types of soil. Loosen soils such as sand, are held together better by a strong root system
that promotes nitrogen. In this case, the fertilizer helps the plants grow stronger and also
helps slow erosion. Soils that is denser and harder to penetrate, such as clay may be
loosened up by similar as root structure. In this case, the soil becomes more easily markable
for farming and also more oxygenated to promote synthesis. Organic fertilizer releases
their nutrients slowly and consistently. Organic fertilizer keeps plant growing healthy and
productive longer into the season despite changing weather and soil temperature. Organic
fertilizer breakdown slowly, which means they need to be applied much less frequently
than other types of fertilizer.
Organic Production practices maximize the use and recycling of a farm nutrients
sources, including animal manure and green manures. Techniques such as accurate soil
analysis and nutrients crediting help producers. Avoidance of excess fertilizer applications
for sustainable farming methods includes building and conserving practices such as adding
management (NSAI, 2005).
Effect of Organic Fertilizer to Soil Fertility
Soil organic matter has a variable effect on available water in soil. It is generally a
positive relationship but soil properties, notably texture. One experiment, for example
found organic matter to influence available water only in soils of medium to low clay
content (Ohio State University, 2004).
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation
An area of 280 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks, which
corresponds to three replications (Figure 1). Each block contains eight plots measuring 1m
x 10m. A mixture of five kilograms and ten kilograms of goat manure and sunflower leaves
and stems were applied as basal fertilizers in the entire area (Figure 2). The planting of
potato tubers was done one week after fertilizer application while hilling up was done 25
days after planting. The potato seed tubers bearing 2-3 sprouts with 2-3 cm length were
planted in double rows at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills and rows at 6 cm
depth. The other cultural practices in potato organic production was undertaken from
planting to maturity.
The different potato varieties which served as treatments were:
CODE VARIETY SOURCES
T1
Watwat
NPRCRTC
T2
Granola Farmer
T3
Gloria Farmer
T4
PO3 Farmer
T5
Bengueta NPRCRTC
T6
Montanosa NPRCRTC
T7
Ganza Farmer
T8
Raniag Farmer
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Figure 1. Land preparation during the conduct of the study
Figure 2. Application of dried sunflower leaves before planting
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Data gathered
1. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and light intensity
were taken using a compact digital psychrometer and light meter. Rainfall was taken by
placing 2 cans of 16 liters capacity in the field and measured using a graduated cylinder.
Rainfall amount was obtained by getting the average volume of water from the 2 cans.
2. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil sample was taken from the experimental area
before and right after harvest. The organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
content of the soil and pH were analyzed at the Soils Laboratory Department of
Agriculture, City of San Fernando, La Union.
3. Plant survival (%). The number of plants that survived were counted at 30 days
after planting (DAP) and computed using the formula:
Number of Plant Survived
% Plant Survival = ____________________________ x100
Total number of plants planted
4. Initial height. This was taken one month after planting (DAP). The plant height
was measured from the base of the plant at ground level to the tip of ten sample plants.
5. Final height. This was taken at 60 days after planting (DAP) from the base to
the tip of ten sample plants.
6. Canopy cover. This was obtained at 30, 45, and 60 days after planting using a
wooden frame which measured 120cm x 60cm having equal-size grids.
7. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 30, 45, and 60 days after planting (DAP)
using the CIP rating scale (Gonzales et al., 2004).
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Scale Description Remarks
1 Plants are weak with few stem Poor vigor
and leaves; very pale
2 Plants are weak with few thin stems Less vigorous
and leaves pale
3 Better than less vigorous Moderate vigorous
4 Plants are moderately strong with Vigorous
robust stems and leaves:
5 Plants are strong with robust stem and leaves; highly vigorous
Leaves are light to dark green color
8. Leaf miner incidence. The reaction of leaf miner was recorded at 30, 45, and 60
days DAP using the following rating scale of 1- 5 (CIP, 2000).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Leaf Infested (1-20%)
Highly Resistant
2
Infested (21-40%)
Moderately Resistant
3
Moderately Infested (41-60%)
Susceptible
4
Severely Infested (61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
5
Most Serious (81-100%)
Very Susceptible
9. Late blight incidence. Rating was done at 30, 45, and 60 DAP using the CIP rating
scales by Henfling, 1987:
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
% Blight
CIP
Description of Corresponding Symptoms
0
1
No late blight observed
Traces-<5
2
Late blight present maximum 10 lesions per plot
5-<15
3
Plant look, healthy but lesions are easily seen at
closer distance.
Maximum foliage is one affected by lesions or
destroyed corresponds to more than 2 leaflets.
15->35
4
Late blight is easily seen on most plants. About
25% of foliage is covered with lesions.
Treatments look green; however all plants are
35->65
5
affected leaves are dead. About half the foliage are
destroyed.
65-<85
6
Treatments look green with brown flecks. About
75% of each plant is affected. Leaves of the lower
half of the plants are destroyed.
85->95
7
Treatments are neither predominantly green Nor
brown. Only top leaves are green. Many
have larger lesions.
95-< 100
8
Treatments are brown-colored. A few top leaves
still have green areas. Most stems have lesions or
are dead.
95-< 100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1 = Highly resistant: 2-3 = Resistant; 4-5 = Moderately resistant; 6-7 =
Moderately Susceptible; 8-9 = Susceptible
10. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). All the different sizes of
tubers that were not malformed, free from cracks, cuts and have no more than 10% greening
of the total surface were counted and weighed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
11. Number and weight of non marketable tubers per plot (kg). This was obtained
by counting and weighing all the tubers that were malformed, cracked and damaged by
insects and diseases.
12. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the sum of the weight of both marketable
and non marketable tubers taken at harvest.
13. Computed Yield (t/ha). This was computed using the formula:
Total Yield per Plot
Yield (t/ha) = x 10, 000m
10 m2 / 1000m2
14. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Gross Sales – Total Expenses
ROCE = __________________________ x100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance for the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance and
differences among treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from November 2011 to January 2012 at
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet. During the conduct of the study, the minimum and
maximum temperatures ranged from 19.5°C to 23.4°C. The lowest relative humidity was
noted in the month of November at 76% while the highest was noted in the month of
December at 78%. A little rainfall of 1832 ml was noted during the month of January thus
irrigation was imployed while a high amount of rainfall at 3349 ml was noted during the
month of November. The lowest light intensity was noted in the month of January at 2232
foot candle while the highest was noted in the month of November at 2693 foot candle.
According to HARRDEC (1996), potato grows best in areas with a temperature
ranging from 17°C to 22°C and a relative humidity of 86%. Temperature is important in
potato plants because it enhances the accumulation of carbohydrates and dry matter in the
tubers.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study from November 2011 to
January 2012
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE (°C) RELATIVE
RAINFALL
LIGHT
MIN MAX AVE.
HUMIDITY
(ml)
INTENSITY
(%)
(foot candle)
November
20.4
23.6
22
76
3349
2693
December
16.3
22.7
19.5
78
3161
2357
January
20.2
26.6
23.4
75.3
1832
2232
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Soil Chemical Analysis
The soil, before it was applied with goat manure and chopped sunflower leaves,
had a medium texture with a ph of 6.0, 2.0% organic matter, 0.1% nitrogen, 299 and 174
parts per million potassium and phosphorous, respectively. After harvesting, the soil
texture, ph, organic matter and nitrogen were consistent while the phosphorous decreased
from 299 to 181 parts per million and potassium increased from 174 to 311 parts per
million. The consistent amount of organic matter after harvesting could imply that the
organic matter in the soil was replaced by the fertilizers used. Goat manure and sunflower
leaves have relatively high organic matter (Haenlein, 1992). The reduced phosphorous
content of the soil could be attributed to crop utilization while the increase in potassium
could be due to the applied goat manure and sunflower leaves.
Percent Survival
The percent survival of all the potato varieties applied with goat manure and
chopped sunflower leaves shows no significant differences. Plant survival ranged from
98% to 100% (Table 3).
Table 2. Soil analysis before and after the study of potato varieties applied with goat
manure and sunflower leaves
SOIL
pH
OM
N
P
K
TEXTURE
(%)
(%)
ppm
ppm
Before Planting
Medium
6
2
0.1
299
174
After Harvesting
Medium
6
2
0.1
181
311
Analyzed by the Department of Agriculture, City of San Fernando, La Union.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Plant Height
Table 3 shows the plant height of all the potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves. At 30 and 60 DAP, variety Gloria was the tallest (44 cm) while the
shortest was variety Ganza. The result could be attributed more on the genotypic traits of
the varieties.
Table 3. Plant survival and plant height of the different potato varieties applied with goat
manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
PERCENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
SURVIVAL
30 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
100.00
29.00cd
33.00cd
Granola
98.44
26.68dc
29.67de
Gloria
100.00
36.33a
44.00a
PO3
98.44
27.67cde
36.00bc
Bengueta
100.00
31.67bc
36.00bc
Montańosa
100.00
31.00bcd
35.67bc
Ganza
99.48
24.33e
27.33e
Raniag
100.00
35.33ab
39.00b
CV%
0.90%
7.94%
7.48%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Plant Vigor
As shown in Table 4 at 30 DAP, the varieties are highly vigorous and vigorous
where plants are moderately strong to strong with robust stem and leaves. At 45 DAP,
varieties were rated moderately vigorous while at 60 DAP, plants have poor vigor. The
decrease in vigor was attributed to late blight infection wherein plants are susceptible at 60
DAP except for variety Gloria which is moderately susceptible.
Table 4. Plant vigor of potato varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
PLANT VIGOR RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Granola
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Gloria
Highly Vigorous
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
PO3
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Bengueta
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Montańosa
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Ganza
Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Raniag
Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Canopy Cover
Table 5 shows the canopy cover of all the different potato varieties applied with
goat manure and sunflower leaves. Statistically, significant differences were observed in
all the different treatments. Consistently, Gloria had the widest canopy cover at 30 to 60
DAP attributed to high plant vigor rating (41.33). Comparable canopy cover was observed
in variety Bengueta (36.67) at 30 DAP. The narrowest canopy cover was noted in varieties
Ganza and Granola.
Generally, the decrease in canopy cover in potato varieties at 60 DAP is may be
due to their susceptibility to late blight and leaf miner that affects also the plant vigor.
Table 5. Canopy cover of potato varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
CANOPY COVER
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
35.33bc
37.33b
12.67e
Granola
32.00cd
27.33c
9.33f
Gloria
41.33a
43.33a
31.33a
PO3
34.33bcd
31.00c
12.33e
Bengueta
36.67ab
39.00b
20.33b
Montańosa
36.00bc
37.67b
16.00c
Ganza
30.00d
27.33c
10.00f
Raniag
32.33cd
29.00c
14.33d
CV%
6.77%
6.40%
5.78%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Reaction to Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 6 shows the reaction of potato plants to leaf miner incidence at 30, 45 and 60
DAP. At 30 DAP, all the potato varieties were highly resistant to leaf miner but at 45 and
60 DAP, all the plants were rated moderately resistant and susceptible, respectively. The
high resistance of the plants at 30 DAP may be attributed to the low occurrence of the
insects. As commonly observed, insect population increases with high temperature. Low
temperature was recorded in December but high temperature was noted in January (60
DAP) that contribute to the reaction of the different potato varieties to the leaf miner
incidence.
Table 6. Reaction to leaf miner of potato varieties applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves
VARIETY
REACTION LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Granola
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Gloria
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant Moderately Resistant
PO3
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Bengueta
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Montańosa
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Ganza
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Raniag
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Reaction to Late Blight Infection
Most of the varieties were resistant to late blight except Ganza which was
moderately resistant at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP, all the treatments were moderately susceptible
to potato late blight. At 60DAP, all the treatments became susceptible to late blight due to
low light intensity, rainfall and unfavorable relative humidity that favor the incidence of
the disease.
Table 7. Reaction to late blight incidence of potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
REACTION TO LATE BLIGHT INFECTION
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Granola
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Gloria
Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
PO3
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Bengueta
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Montańosa
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Moderately resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Raniag
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Number of Marketable and Non-marketable Tubers
No significant differences were observed on the number of marketable potato tubers
applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves (Table 8). Numerically, Montańosa and
Bengueta obtained the most numerous marketable tubers of 298 and 272, respectively
(Figure 3 and 4). Granola had the least number of non-marketable tubers. The low yield
was attributed to the severe late blight damage and leaf miner infestation on the plant
foliage.
Table 8. Number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato varieties applied
with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
TUBERS (per 10m2)
TUBERS (per 10m2)
Watwat
158
30
Granola
21
10
Gloria
123
33
PO3
70
23
Bengueta
272
13
Montańosa
298
24
Ganza
23
14
Raniag
71
26
CV%
42.14%
33.32%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Figure 3. Harvesting of the different potato varieties
Watwat Granola
Gloria
PO3
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Bengueta
Montańosa
Ganza
Raniag
Figure 4. Marketable and non-marketable tubers of the different potato varieties
harvested
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable Tubers
Significant differences were observed on the weight of marketable potato tubers as
presented in Table 9. Varieties Bengueta, Watwat, Montańosa and Gloria obtained the
heaviest marketable tubers of 3.95 kg, 3.77 kg, 2.92 kg and 3.09 kg, respectively (Figure
4). The lowest yield was obtained from Granola and Ganza varieties due to low plant vigor
and susceptibility to pest.
No significant differences were observed on the weight of non-marketable tubers
in all the potato plants applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Table 9. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato varieties applied with
goat manure and sunflower leaves
TREATMENTS
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
TUBERS (kg/10m2)
TUBERS (kg/10m2)
Watwat
2.92a
0.42
Granola
0.42b
0.18
Gloria
3.09a
0.59
PO3
1.97ab
0.54
Bengueta
3.95a
0.22
Montańosa
3.77a
0.46
Ganza
0.25b
0.24
Raniag
1.86ab
2.26
CV%
25.88%
35.43%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Total and Computed Yield
Significant differences were observed on the total and computed yield of the
different potato varieties (Table 10). The highest total and computed yield were obtained
from varieties Montańosa and Bengueta which was comparable with variety Gloria. The
lowest yield was obtained from Ganza.
Table 10. Total and computed yield of potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
(kg/10m2)
(t/ha)
Watwat
3.337b
3.337b
Granola
0.603b
0.603b
Gloria
3.690ab
3.690ab
PO3
2.597c
2.597c
Bengueta
4.163a
4.163a
Montańosa
4.230a
4.230a
Ganza
0.463d
0.463d
Raniag
2.137c
2.137c
CV%
13.16%
13.16%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Return on Cash Expenses
As shown in Table 11, the highest return on cash expenses was obtained from
variety Bengueta (34.48%) followed by Montańosa (27.83%) and Gloria (9.55%). The
other potato varieties obtained negative returns on cash expenses due to high cost of
production and low production of marketable tubers as affected by the susceptibility to leaf
miner and late blight.
Table 11. Return on cash expense of the potato tubers obtained from the different
varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
COST OF
MARKETABLE GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION1
(kg/30m2)
SALE2 INCOME
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Watwat
115.00
8.76
113.50
-1.50
-1.3
Granola
110.00
1.26
16.00
-94.00
-85.45
Gloria
110.00
9.26
120.00
10.50
9.55
PO3
110.00
5.91
76.50
-33.50
-30.45
Bengueta
115.00
11.84
154.00
38.50
34.48
Montańosa
115.00
11.32
147.00
32.00
27.83
Ganza
110.00
0.74
9.50
-100.50
-91.36
Raniag
110.00
5.36
69.50
-40.50
-36.82
1 Total cost of production includes the labor, planting materials and fertilizers.
2 The average selling price was 13.00 pesos per kilogram of mixed sizes.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from November
2011to January 2012. The study determined the growth and yield of potato varieties applied
with goat manure and sunflower compost; identified the best potato variety based on
growth; yield and resistance to leaf miner and late blight and determined the profitability
of potato entries applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
The results show that the varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
had significant differences in terms of plant height, canopy cover, weight of marketable
tubers, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare. However, no significant
differences were observed on plant survival, plant vigor, reaction to late blight infection
and leaf miner incidence, number of marketable and non-marketable tubers, and the weight
of non-marketable tubers. Furthermore, variety Bengueta realized the highest return on
cash expense.
Conclusion
Potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta produced the highest yield and realized
the higher ROCE. All of the varieties were susceptible to late blight and leaf miner at 60
DAP.
Recommendation
Based on the results, production of potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta could
be recommended in Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
LITERATURE CITED
CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA (CIP). 2000. Potato Factsheet. Lima Peru.
P.11.
FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). 2008. Retrieved on March 12, 2011
from www.potato 2008.org/ en / aboutiyp index. html.
GONZALES, I. C., E. O. BADOL., D. K. SIMONGO., T. P. MASANGKAY., A. T.
BOTONGEN, E. T. BOTANGEN and F. S. BALOG-AS. 2004. Potato clone IP
84004.7:A Variety Release in the Philippine Highland. BSU JOURNAL. Pp. 69-
70.
HAENLEIN, J. W. 1992. Management and Housing. Retrieved on May 9, 2010
from http://www.dirtdoctor.com/Goat-Manure_vq356.htm.
HENFLING, J. W. 1987. Field Screening Procedures to Potato to Evaluate Resistance to
Late Blight Technology Evaluation series no.9182-05 (Lima, Peru); Internatoinal
Potato Center. P. 11.
HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
CONSORTUM (HARRDEC). 1996. Highland Potato Techno-Guide. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-17.
NEWSOME, J. 2009. Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer Retrieved on
November 2009 from http://www.garden_guides.com/78504-benefits-using-
organic-fertilizer-html.
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ROOT CROP RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER
(NPRCRTC). 1998. Highland Potato Techno-guide. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 24.
NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION (NSAI). 2005.
National Sustainable Agriculture Information Potatoes Organic Production and
Marketing.
Retrieved
on
January
12,
2011
from
http;
//attra.neat.org/attrapub/potatoes_html#organic.
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. 2004. Using Compost Control to Plant Diseases.
Retrieved on June 8, 2011 http://www.jg.com/BC Articles/1999/0699 Arts.html.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1979. The
Philippine Recommended for Fertility Management. Technical Bulletin Series
No. 36 Los Banos, Laguna. P. 13.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT(PCARRD). 1985. The
Philippines Recommended to Fertilizers Usage. Technical Bulletin Series No.36
Los Banos, Laguna. Pp.2-9.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2006. The Philippine
Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development. About Organic Farming. Retrieved on November 2009. from
http;//www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph
SINGH, D. B. 1999. Organic Potato Production in India Dr. J.S. Central Potato Research
Institute, Shimlai /7400/HP, India. Pp. 1-2.
SONAC SOCIETE NACIONALE DE COMMERCE. 2008. Homing Strategies for
Productive and Sustainable Potato-Based Systems. Retrieved on April 14, 2008
from http;// www.sonac . biz. Cusco Conference.
TOTAL AGRI CARE CONCERN (TACC). 2009. India Mart Center MESH. Retrieved
on March 27, 2009 from http:// www.totalagricare.com/ organic-bio-fertilizer.
html.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012. Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied
with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Guerzon A. Payangdo
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from October 2011to
February 2012. The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield of potato
varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower compost; identify the best potato variety
based on growth; yield and resistance to pest and diseases; and determine the profitability
of potato entries applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
The results revealed that the potato varieties showed significant differences in terms
of plant height, canopy cover, number of marketable and non-marketable tubers, weight of
marketable and non-marketable tubers, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
Potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta produced the highest yield and ROCE
despite their low resistance to late blight and leaf miner.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
INTRODUCTION
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tuberous plant grown in many countries as
an annual agronomic crop (Sonac News, 2008). Potato is also a staple food in the diet of
the world’s population, thus affirming the need to focus world attention on the role that the
potato can play in providing food security and eradicating poverty (FAO, 2008).
Potato production in Benguet is mainly conventional which involves the use of
synthetic fertilizers that are readily available in the market. These fertilizers are also
believed to be more effective on the plant growth. However, using these fertilizers often
may cause problems such as soil acidity, soil pollution and gradual depletion of the soil
nutrients (TACC, 2009).
The use of goat manure and sunflower leaves can be a real asset in alleviating the
problem in soil degradation. In the naturally dry, pellet state, goat manure can be easily
handled, stored or directly applied in potato as fertilizer and to increase water holding
capacity of the soil. Unlike chicken manure, goat manure do not normally attract flies or
serve as breeding sites for maggots. Goat manure added with sunflower leaves are also
high in ammonia that may result to larger plant fruits (Haenlein, 1992).
Thus, studying the effect of goat manure and sunflower leaves on the growth and
development of potato could be the best alternative to the use of inorganic fertilizers.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and yield of potato varieties applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves;
2. identify the best potato variety based on growth, yield and resistance to pest and
diseases; and
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
3. determine the profitability of potato entries applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves.
This study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from November
2011 to October 2012.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Climatic and Soil Requirement
The potato has a wide range of soil adaptation for optimum yield, deep well drained
or a sandy loam soil with pH of 5.5 to 6.0 is required. A fertile soil rich in organic matter
is essential for good growth. Average temperature ranges between 15 °C to 18°C
(PCARRD, 1979) but also grows best at temperature of 17°C to 22°C (NPRCRTC, 1998).
A fertile soil rich in organic materials is essential for good growth of potato.
Maximum yields are normally obtained when the average temperature throughout the
growing seasons ranges between 15°C to 18°C. A cool night temperature appears to be
most important than cool day time temperature. High temperature during the day reduces
yield (PCARRD, 1985).
Varietal Evaluation
Singh (1999) stated that the proposed standard variety selection in organic farming
is to be adapted locally in the area. The selected variety must be resistant to pest and
diseases so that the crop planted produces high yield. However, organic farmers need the
varieties that are adapted to specific soil fertility condition. To some production
circumstances, varieties that do not perform well in organic system have different yielding
ranks. In selecting the right variety that the farmers must also consider the consumers
requirement, supermarket requirement and the variety maturity in order to achieve the best
production needed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Organic Farming
Organic farming encompasses all agricultural systems that promote
environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These
systems take soil fertility as a key to successful production. It aims to optimize quality in
all aspects of agriculture and environment. Organic farming reduces external inputs by
avoiding from the use of chemo – synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals
(PCARRD, 2006).
Benefits of Goat Manure
For gardening, goat manure can be a real asset. In their naturally dry, pellet state,
goat feces are easily handled, stored or directly applied on vegetables, trees, and flower
gardens, as mulch, organic matter, fertilizer, or just to increase the water holding capacity
of the soil; and goat feces do not normally attract flies or breed maggots. A daily raking or
sweeping of the goat yard keeps the goats clean and free from parasites; and the garden
will soon show its appreciation (Haenlein, 1992).
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizers
According to Newsome (2009), organic fertilizers add the nutrients to the soil that
plant used to be more productive; these vital nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen and
potassium. These nutrients allow the plant to grow larger, blooming flowers and larger
fruits. Not only does the quality increased, but so do the quantity allowing the grower to
harvest more and better fruits and flowers. Plants receiving the proper amounts of nutrients
potassium grow tougher cell walls and coarser vegetation. This makes them much more
resistant to pest and diseases. Plants receiving enough phosphorus, water more efficiently,
allows them to survive cold and dry spells. Organic fertilizers have positive effects on all
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
types of soil. Loosen soils such as sand, are held together better by a strong root system
that promotes nitrogen. In this case, the fertilizer helps the plants grow stronger and also
helps slow erosion. Soils that is denser and harder to penetrate, such as clay may be
loosened up by similar as root structure. In this case, the soil becomes more easily markable
for farming and also more oxygenated to promote synthesis. Organic fertilizer releases
their nutrients slowly and consistently. Organic fertilizer keeps plant growing healthy and
productive longer into the season despite changing weather and soil temperature. Organic
fertilizer breakdown slowly, which means they need to be applied much less frequently
than other types of fertilizer.
Organic Production practices maximize the use and recycling of a farm nutrients
sources, including animal manure and green manures. Techniques such as accurate soil
analysis and nutrients crediting help producers. Avoidance of excess fertilizer applications
for sustainable farming methods includes building and conserving practices such as adding
management (NSAI, 2005).
Effect of Organic Fertilizer to Soil Fertility
Soil organic matter has a variable effect on available water in soil. It is generally a
positive relationship but soil properties, notably texture. One experiment, for example
found organic matter to influence available water only in soils of medium to low clay
content (Ohio State University, 2004).
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation
An area of 280 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks, which
corresponds to three replications (Figure 1). Each block contains eight plots measuring 1m
x 10m. A mixture of five kilograms and ten kilograms of goat manure and sunflower leaves
and stems were applied as basal fertilizers in the entire area (Figure 2). The planting of
potato tubers was done one week after fertilizer application while hilling up was done 25
days after planting. The potato seed tubers bearing 2-3 sprouts with 2-3 cm length were
planted in double rows at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills and rows at 6 cm
depth. The other cultural practices in potato organic production was undertaken from
planting to maturity.
The different potato varieties which served as treatments were:
CODE VARIETY SOURCES
T1
Watwat
NPRCRTC
T2
Granola Farmer
T3
Gloria Farmer
T4
PO3 Farmer
T5
Bengueta NPRCRTC
T6
Montanosa NPRCRTC
T7
Ganza Farmer
T8
Raniag Farmer
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Figure 1. Land preparation during the conduct of the study
Figure 2. Application of dried sunflower leaves before planting
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Data gathered
1. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and light intensity
were taken using a compact digital psychrometer and light meter. Rainfall was taken by
placing 2 cans of 16 liters capacity in the field and measured using a graduated cylinder.
Rainfall amount was obtained by getting the average volume of water from the 2 cans.
2. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil sample was taken from the experimental area
before and right after harvest. The organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
content of the soil and pH were analyzed at the Soils Laboratory Department of
Agriculture, City of San Fernando, La Union.
3. Plant survival (%). The number of plants that survived were counted at 30 days
after planting (DAP) and computed using the formula:
Number of Plant Survived
% Plant Survival = ____________________________ x100
Total number of plants planted
4. Initial height. This was taken one month after planting (DAP). The plant height
was measured from the base of the plant at ground level to the tip of ten sample plants.
5. Final height. This was taken at 60 days after planting (DAP) from the base to
the tip of ten sample plants.
6. Canopy cover. This was obtained at 30, 45, and 60 days after planting using a
wooden frame which measured 120cm x 60cm having equal-size grids.
7. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 30, 45, and 60 days after planting (DAP)
using the CIP rating scale (Gonzales et al., 2004).
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Scale Description Remarks
1 Plants are weak with few stem Poor vigor
and leaves; very pale
2 Plants are weak with few thin stems Less vigorous
and leaves pale
3 Better than less vigorous Moderate vigorous
4 Plants are moderately strong with Vigorous
robust stems and leaves:
5 Plants are strong with robust stem and leaves; highly vigorous
Leaves are light to dark green color
8. Leaf miner incidence. The reaction of leaf miner was recorded at 30, 45, and 60
days DAP using the following rating scale of 1- 5 (CIP, 2000).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Leaf Infested (1-20%)
Highly Resistant
2
Infested (21-40%)
Moderately Resistant
3
Moderately Infested (41-60%)
Susceptible
4
Severely Infested (61-80%)
Moderately Susceptible
5
Most Serious (81-100%)
Very Susceptible
9. Late blight incidence. Rating was done at 30, 45, and 60 DAP using the CIP rating
scales by Henfling, 1987:
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
% Blight
CIP
Description of Corresponding Symptoms
0
1
No late blight observed
Traces-<5
2
Late blight present maximum 10 lesions per plot
5-<15
3
Plant look, healthy but lesions are easily seen at
closer distance.
Maximum foliage is one affected by lesions or
destroyed corresponds to more than 2 leaflets.
15->35
4
Late blight is easily seen on most plants. About
25% of foliage is covered with lesions.
Treatments look green; however all plants are
35->65
5
affected leaves are dead. About half the foliage are
destroyed.
65-<85
6
Treatments look green with brown flecks. About
75% of each plant is affected. Leaves of the lower
half of the plants are destroyed.
85->95
7
Treatments are neither predominantly green Nor
brown. Only top leaves are green. Many
have larger lesions.
95-< 100
8
Treatments are brown-colored. A few top leaves
still have green areas. Most stems have lesions or
are dead.
95-< 100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1 = Highly resistant: 2-3 = Resistant; 4-5 = Moderately resistant; 6-7 =
Moderately Susceptible; 8-9 = Susceptible
10. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (kg). All the different sizes of
tubers that were not malformed, free from cracks, cuts and have no more than 10% greening
of the total surface were counted and weighed.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
11. Number and weight of non marketable tubers per plot (kg). This was obtained
by counting and weighing all the tubers that were malformed, cracked and damaged by
insects and diseases.
12. Total yield per plot (kg). This was the sum of the weight of both marketable
and non marketable tubers taken at harvest.
13. Computed Yield (t/ha). This was computed using the formula:
Total Yield per Plot
Yield (t/ha) = x 10, 000m
10 m2 / 1000m2
14. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Gross Sales – Total Expenses
ROCE = __________________________ x100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance for the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance and
differences among treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the meteorological data from November 2011 to January 2012 at
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet. During the conduct of the study, the minimum and
maximum temperatures ranged from 19.5°C to 23.4°C. The lowest relative humidity was
noted in the month of November at 76% while the highest was noted in the month of
December at 78%. A little rainfall of 1832 ml was noted during the month of January thus
irrigation was imployed while a high amount of rainfall at 3349 ml was noted during the
month of November. The lowest light intensity was noted in the month of January at 2232
foot candle while the highest was noted in the month of November at 2693 foot candle.
According to HARRDEC (1996), potato grows best in areas with a temperature
ranging from 17°C to 22°C and a relative humidity of 86%. Temperature is important in
potato plants because it enhances the accumulation of carbohydrates and dry matter in the
tubers.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study from November 2011 to
January 2012
MONTHS
TEMPERATURE (°C) RELATIVE
RAINFALL
LIGHT
MIN MAX AVE.
HUMIDITY
(ml)
INTENSITY
(%)
(foot candle)
November
20.4
23.6
22
76
3349
2693
December
16.3
22.7
19.5
78
3161
2357
January
20.2
26.6
23.4
75.3
1832
2232
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Soil Chemical Analysis
The soil, before it was applied with goat manure and chopped sunflower leaves,
had a medium texture with a ph of 6.0, 2.0% organic matter, 0.1% nitrogen, 299 and 174
parts per million potassium and phosphorous, respectively. After harvesting, the soil
texture, ph, organic matter and nitrogen were consistent while the phosphorous decreased
from 299 to 181 parts per million and potassium increased from 174 to 311 parts per
million. The consistent amount of organic matter after harvesting could imply that the
organic matter in the soil was replaced by the fertilizers used. Goat manure and sunflower
leaves have relatively high organic matter (Haenlein, 1992). The reduced phosphorous
content of the soil could be attributed to crop utilization while the increase in potassium
could be due to the applied goat manure and sunflower leaves.
Percent Survival
The percent survival of all the potato varieties applied with goat manure and
chopped sunflower leaves shows no significant differences. Plant survival ranged from
98% to 100% (Table 3).
Table 2. Soil analysis before and after the study of potato varieties applied with goat
manure and sunflower leaves
SOIL
pH
OM
N
P
K
TEXTURE
(%)
(%)
ppm
ppm
Before Planting
Medium
6
2
0.1
299
174
After Harvesting
Medium
6
2
0.1
181
311
Analyzed by the Department of Agriculture, City of San Fernando, La Union.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Plant Height
Table 3 shows the plant height of all the potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves. At 30 and 60 DAP, variety Gloria was the tallest (44 cm) while the
shortest was variety Ganza. The result could be attributed more on the genotypic traits of
the varieties.
Table 3. Plant survival and plant height of the different potato varieties applied with goat
manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
PERCENT
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
SURVIVAL
30 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
100.00
29.00cd
33.00cd
Granola
98.44
26.68dc
29.67de
Gloria
100.00
36.33a
44.00a
PO3
98.44
27.67cde
36.00bc
Bengueta
100.00
31.67bc
36.00bc
Montańosa
100.00
31.00bcd
35.67bc
Ganza
99.48
24.33e
27.33e
Raniag
100.00
35.33ab
39.00b
CV%
0.90%
7.94%
7.48%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Plant Vigor
As shown in Table 4 at 30 DAP, the varieties are highly vigorous and vigorous
where plants are moderately strong to strong with robust stem and leaves. At 45 DAP,
varieties were rated moderately vigorous while at 60 DAP, plants have poor vigor. The
decrease in vigor was attributed to late blight infection wherein plants are susceptible at 60
DAP except for variety Gloria which is moderately susceptible.
Table 4. Plant vigor of potato varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
PLANT VIGOR RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Granola
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Gloria
Highly Vigorous
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
PO3
Vigorous
Less Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Bengueta
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Montańosa
Highly Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Ganza
Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Raniag
Vigorous
Moderately Vigorous
Poor Vigor
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Canopy Cover
Table 5 shows the canopy cover of all the different potato varieties applied with
goat manure and sunflower leaves. Statistically, significant differences were observed in
all the different treatments. Consistently, Gloria had the widest canopy cover at 30 to 60
DAP attributed to high plant vigor rating (41.33). Comparable canopy cover was observed
in variety Bengueta (36.67) at 30 DAP. The narrowest canopy cover was noted in varieties
Ganza and Granola.
Generally, the decrease in canopy cover in potato varieties at 60 DAP is may be
due to their susceptibility to late blight and leaf miner that affects also the plant vigor.
Table 5. Canopy cover of potato varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
CANOPY COVER
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
35.33bc
37.33b
12.67e
Granola
32.00cd
27.33c
9.33f
Gloria
41.33a
43.33a
31.33a
PO3
34.33bcd
31.00c
12.33e
Bengueta
36.67ab
39.00b
20.33b
Montańosa
36.00bc
37.67b
16.00c
Ganza
30.00d
27.33c
10.00f
Raniag
32.33cd
29.00c
14.33d
CV%
6.77%
6.40%
5.78%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Reaction to Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 6 shows the reaction of potato plants to leaf miner incidence at 30, 45 and 60
DAP. At 30 DAP, all the potato varieties were highly resistant to leaf miner but at 45 and
60 DAP, all the plants were rated moderately resistant and susceptible, respectively. The
high resistance of the plants at 30 DAP may be attributed to the low occurrence of the
insects. As commonly observed, insect population increases with high temperature. Low
temperature was recorded in December but high temperature was noted in January (60
DAP) that contribute to the reaction of the different potato varieties to the leaf miner
incidence.
Table 6. Reaction to leaf miner of potato varieties applied with goat manure and
sunflower leaves
VARIETY
REACTION LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Granola
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Gloria
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant Moderately Resistant
PO3
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Bengueta
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Montańosa
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Ganza
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Raniag
Highly Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Susceptible
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Reaction to Late Blight Infection
Most of the varieties were resistant to late blight except Ganza which was
moderately resistant at 30 DAP. At 45 DAP, all the treatments were moderately susceptible
to potato late blight. At 60DAP, all the treatments became susceptible to late blight due to
low light intensity, rainfall and unfavorable relative humidity that favor the incidence of
the disease.
Table 7. Reaction to late blight incidence of potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
REACTION TO LATE BLIGHT INFECTION
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
Watwat
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Granola
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Gloria
Resistant
Moderately Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
PO3
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Bengueta
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Montańosa
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Ganza
Moderately resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Raniag
Resistant
Moderately Susceptible
Susceptible
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Number of Marketable and Non-marketable Tubers
No significant differences were observed on the number of marketable potato tubers
applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves (Table 8). Numerically, Montańosa and
Bengueta obtained the most numerous marketable tubers of 298 and 272, respectively
(Figure 3 and 4). Granola had the least number of non-marketable tubers. The low yield
was attributed to the severe late blight damage and leaf miner infestation on the plant
foliage.
Table 8. Number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato varieties applied
with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
TUBERS (per 10m2)
TUBERS (per 10m2)
Watwat
158
30
Granola
21
10
Gloria
123
33
PO3
70
23
Bengueta
272
13
Montańosa
298
24
Ganza
23
14
Raniag
71
26
CV%
42.14%
33.32%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Figure 3. Harvesting of the different potato varieties
Watwat Granola
Gloria
PO3
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Bengueta
Montańosa
Ganza
Raniag
Figure 4. Marketable and non-marketable tubers of the different potato varieties
harvested
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable Tubers
Significant differences were observed on the weight of marketable potato tubers as
presented in Table 9. Varieties Bengueta, Watwat, Montańosa and Gloria obtained the
heaviest marketable tubers of 3.95 kg, 3.77 kg, 2.92 kg and 3.09 kg, respectively (Figure
4). The lowest yield was obtained from Granola and Ganza varieties due to low plant vigor
and susceptibility to pest.
No significant differences were observed on the weight of non-marketable tubers
in all the potato plants applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Table 9. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato varieties applied with
goat manure and sunflower leaves
TREATMENTS
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
TUBERS (kg/10m2)
TUBERS (kg/10m2)
Watwat
2.92a
0.42
Granola
0.42b
0.18
Gloria
3.09a
0.59
PO3
1.97ab
0.54
Bengueta
3.95a
0.22
Montańosa
3.77a
0.46
Ganza
0.25b
0.24
Raniag
1.86ab
2.26
CV%
25.88%
35.43%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Total and Computed Yield
Significant differences were observed on the total and computed yield of the
different potato varieties (Table 10). The highest total and computed yield were obtained
from varieties Montańosa and Bengueta which was comparable with variety Gloria. The
lowest yield was obtained from Ganza.
Table 10. Total and computed yield of potato varieties applied with goat manure
and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
(kg/10m2)
(t/ha)
Watwat
3.337b
3.337b
Granola
0.603b
0.603b
Gloria
3.690ab
3.690ab
PO3
2.597c
2.597c
Bengueta
4.163a
4.163a
Montańosa
4.230a
4.230a
Ganza
0.463d
0.463d
Raniag
2.137c
2.137c
CV%
13.16%
13.16%
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
Return on Cash Expenses
As shown in Table 11, the highest return on cash expenses was obtained from
variety Bengueta (34.48%) followed by Montańosa (27.83%) and Gloria (9.55%). The
other potato varieties obtained negative returns on cash expenses due to high cost of
production and low production of marketable tubers as affected by the susceptibility to leaf
miner and late blight.
Table 11. Return on cash expense of the potato tubers obtained from the different
varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
VARIETY
COST OF
MARKETABLE GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION1
(kg/30m2)
SALE2 INCOME
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Watwat
115.00
8.76
113.50
-1.50
-1.3
Granola
110.00
1.26
16.00
-94.00
-85.45
Gloria
110.00
9.26
120.00
10.50
9.55
PO3
110.00
5.91
76.50
-33.50
-30.45
Bengueta
115.00
11.84
154.00
38.50
34.48
Montańosa
115.00
11.32
147.00
32.00
27.83
Ganza
110.00
0.74
9.50
-100.50
-91.36
Raniag
110.00
5.36
69.50
-40.50
-36.82
1 Total cost of production includes the labor, planting materials and fertilizers.
2 The average selling price was 13.00 pesos per kilogram of mixed sizes.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet from November
2011to January 2012. The study determined the growth and yield of potato varieties applied
with goat manure and sunflower compost; identified the best potato variety based on
growth; yield and resistance to leaf miner and late blight and determined the profitability
of potato entries applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves.
The results show that the varieties applied with goat manure and sunflower leaves
had significant differences in terms of plant height, canopy cover, weight of marketable
tubers, total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare. However, no significant
differences were observed on plant survival, plant vigor, reaction to late blight infection
and leaf miner incidence, number of marketable and non-marketable tubers, and the weight
of non-marketable tubers. Furthermore, variety Bengueta realized the highest return on
cash expense.
Conclusion
Potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta produced the highest yield and realized
the higher ROCE. All of the varieties were susceptible to late blight and leaf miner at 60
DAP.
Recommendation
Based on the results, production of potato varieties Montańosa and Bengueta could
be recommended in Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
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Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012
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Growth and Yield of Potato Varieties Applied with Goat Manure and Sunflower Leaves in
Guinaoang, Mankayan, Benguet | LABI, NEILMAR A. October 2012