BIBLIOGRAPHY TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011. On Farm Trial of Glutinous Traditional Rice
Varieties (Oryza Sativa L.) in Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine Sagalla, MSc
ABSTRACT
The ten different varieties of glutinous rice varieties were evaluated to identify the best
varieties with the highest yield and resistance to pest and to determine the profitability of
growing the ten glutinous rice varieties under Belingbelis, Kapangan, Benguet.
Based on the results, Diket Red was the highest yielder and was the most profitable. All
the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………………..
3
Importance to Rice to the Economy ……………………………………………...
3
Challenges in Rice Production …………………………………………………...
4
Importance of Grain Quality of Rice ……………………………………………..
4
Temperature Requirement ………………………………………………………..
5
Pest Control Management ………………………………………………………..
5
Importance of Varietal Evaluation ………………………………………………..
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………...
17
Meteorological Data ……………………………………………………………....
17
Plant vigor ………………………………………………………………………...
17
Seedling Height …………………………………………………………………...
18
Number of Days Transplanting to Tillering ……………………………………...
19
Number of Days
from Transplanting to Booting …………………………………………………...
19
Number of Days
from Heading to Ripening ………………………………………………………..
19
Number of Total Tillers …………………………………………………………..
20
Number of Productive Tillers …………………………………………………….
21
Panicle Exertion …………………………………………………………………..
22
Number of Filled
and Unfilled Grains
per Panicle ………………………………………………………………………...
22
Reaction to Stem borer
and Blast and Birds
22
Infestation …………………………………………………………………….......
Height at Maturity ………………………………………………………………..
23
Weight of 1000 filled Grains ……………………………………………………..
24
Yield per Plot ……………………………………………………………………...
25
Computed yield per Hectare ……………………………………………………...
26
Return On Cash Expenses ………………………………………………………..
26
Sensory Evaluation ………………………………………………………………..
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………..
29
Summary …………………………………………………………………………..
29
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….
30
Recommendations ………………………………………………………………...
30
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………………....
31
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………….
33
1
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops produced
for human consumption. In fact, 95 percent of rice production in the world is found in
Asia (Evenson et al., 1996).
In Benguet, most of the underutilized land have been converted to paddy or
planted to perennial crops and only a few areas are continuously planted to upland
traditional rice (CECAP and PhilRice, 2000). Production of traditional varieties of rice is
beneficial due to the following characteristics namely: resistance to several insect pest
and diseases, adapted to low temperature, low fertilizer requirements, good eating quality
and market price (CECAP and PhilRice, 2002).
However, previous studies on traditional rice production observed that production
of traditional rice is slow and decreasing due to the introduction of high yielding varieties
to the highland farmers. The introduction of modern rice varieties may result in diversity
loss of glutinous traditional rice. Furthermore, traditional rice is still preferred by some
of the local consumers and used in some of their rituals.
The growing demand of glutinous rice in the US has also encouraged more
farmers to propagate and go into commercial production of various native varieties of
rice in the different provinces in the Cordillera region. Such a move not only helps in a
bid to preserve the centuries old deteriorating rice terraces but it would bring forth a good
source of income and livelihood to farmers in the region. With the increasing demand of
the native rice varieties in the world market that fetches a buying price of $5 to $10 per
kilo, it could be a substantial income for the farmers in augmenting their meager income
(Cafe, 2010).
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Due to the potential of glutinous rice in the region and its importance to the local
economy as a source of income, a concerted drive should be done to evaluate the growth
and yield of traditional rice varieties (Rottger, 1992).
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and yield of the ten glutinous traditional rice varieties in
Kapangan, Benguet;
2. identify the best glutinous rice varieties based on its performance and
resistance to pests; and
3. determine the profitability of growing the different glutinous traditional rice
variety
The experiment was conducted at BelingBelis, Kapangan, and Benguet from
September to January 2011.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance to Rice to the Economy
Rice production and consumption are positively associated with low income and
poverty of the 23 countries in the world that produce more than one million tons of rice.
Almost half have a per capita income of less than 500 dollars. These are countries
categorized by the World bank as the least developed. Rice is one of the cheapest sources
food energy and their main source of protein. As income increases, people demand
relatively by higher quality food, and resources are shifted from production of rice
production of other food and non farm goods with high income elasticity demand. The
importance of rice to national economy further dwindles as agriculture’s shares in the
national income decline with a faster growth in non farm incomes. Increasing
productivity of rice sector however is an important means of raising the purchasing
capacity of the poor and alleviation of poverty in low income countries (Evenson et al.,
1996).
Rice has always been one of the most important foods in the world. It is estimated
that 40 percent of the world population takes rice as a major sources of food; 1.6 Billion
people in Asia takes rice as their mainstay food. Rice is produced in 111 countries in the
world. The region with high population density and the most rapid population growth
produce and consume the most rice. Furthermore, rice is the staple food for more than
half of the world’s population in Asia alone. Most of the consumers who depend on rice
as their primary food live less developed countries. It is foreseen that the world’s
population may exceed 8 billion by 2025 and will need about 765 million tons of rice, 70
percent than what we consume today (Nanda, 2000).
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Challenges in Rice Production
The Unites Nations recent population projected indicates that each year almost 80
Million people are likely to be added to the world’s population during the next quarter
century. The world population would increase by 35 percent from 35 billion 1995 to 7.67
billion by 2020. The population increase ill more than 45 percent in developing countries.
Over the period, the absolute population increases will e at highest in Asia, but the
relative increased will be greatest in sub-saharan dessert Africa, where population is
expected to almost double (Evenson et al., 1996).
Currently, Asian rice production increase at an annual rate of only 1.4 percent,
which is below the population growth rate. By the year 2025, we need to produce about
60 percent more rice than what we produced today to meet the growing demand. About
70 percent of the additional production will have to come from irrigated riceland and 20
percent from the favorable rain-fed lowland which was already extensively cultivated.
Further, intensification of their riceland must be pursued against the backdrop of
shrinking land area and decreasing availability and increasing cost of production input,
water, fertilizer, chemical, labor and energy (Balasubramanian, 1999).
Importance of Grain Quality of Rice
It is very difficult to define with precision as preferences for quality vary from
country to country. Few people realize its complexity and various quality components are
involved. The concept of quality varies according to the preparation for which the grains
are to be used. Although some of the desired quality characteristics by grower; millers
and consumers may be the same yet each may place different emphasis on various quality
characteristics. For instance, the miller’s basis of quality is dependent upon total recovery
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and proportion of the head and broken rice on milling. Consumers based their concept of
quality on the grain appearance, size and shape of the grains, the behavior upon cooking,
the taste, tenderness, and flavor of the cook rice (Singh and Khush, 2000).
Temperature Requirement
Cool temperature, little sunshine condition prevailing in the Cordillera generally
results in low rice yield. Average rice yield in the region is currently placed at 2.1 tons
per hectare. Planting during wet season usually results to sterility of the spikelets
(CECAP and PhilRice, 2000).
Pest Control Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can make a contribution to environmental
sensitive farming. Using GM or conventional crops with resistance to pest are an
important part of IPM. Rotation of cultivars with different patterns of resistance is
necessary to manage pest damage at the farm (Sheely et al., 2000).
Importance of Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is important to observe performance characters which yield,
earliness, vigor, maturity and quality because varieties has a wide range of differences of
a plant in size and yield performance (Work and Carew, 1995). Furthermore, PRRI
(1993) stated that varietal evaluation is an important in agro-ecology that stabilize the
yield at a higher level that facilitates the production of efficient qualities of seed
recommended varieties and encourage further seed increase for the farmer use.
High yielding and improve cultivars are known to play an important role in
boosting production. Large number of indigenous and exotic accessories of various plants
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is evaluated and the number of cultivars are selected and recommended for mass growing
(Bitaga, 2002).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150 square meters was thoroughly cleaned and prepared (Figures 1 to
4). The area was divided into three blocks consisting of ten seedbeds each measuring 1m
x 5m. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
The varieties used in the study were selections from a previous experiment done
in Kapangan Benguet. The following varieties were:
Variety
Source
Balatinaw
Kabayan
Balatangi
Sablan
Bayabas
Kapangan
Diket Red
Kabayan
Kinwoman
Kibungan
Lasbakan
Kibungan
Lablabi
Kibungan
Makabsog
Sablan
Muri
Kapangan
Luk-ab Sablan
One cultivar was transplanted in each seed bed to avoid mixture of the different
varieties. The seedlings were planted on the straight line spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm.
All recommended management practices for rice were uniformly followed in all
treatments such as weeding and others.
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Figure 1. Land preparation and cleaning before sowing
Figure 2. Seeds broadcasted on beds
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Figure 3. Rice seedlings before transplanting at the experimental area
Figure 4. Overview of the experimental area at BelingBelis, Kapangan, Benguet
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Data Gathered:
A. Meteorological data. The temperature and relative humidity were taken using
a hygrometer. Rainfall was also taken by placing plastic containers within the field to
collect water when precipitation occurred. The volume of water collected was measured
using a graduated cylinder. Rainfall was recorded by getting the average volume of water
from the plastic container. Light intensity was taken using a digital light meter.
B. Agronomic Characters
All ratings used were the rating scales by PhilRice (1996).
1. Plant vigor. This was taken before transplanting using the following scale:
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Majority of the seedlings have 5
Very vigorous
or more leaves with 2-3 tillers
2
Majorities of the seedlings have 1-5
Vigorous
leaves with 1-2 tillers
3
Most of the seedlings have 4 leaves
Normal
without tillers
4
Most of the seedlings have 3-4 leaves
Weak
without tillers
5
Most of the seedlings turned
Very weak
yellow and thin
2. Seedling height (cm). This was measured from the base of the shoot to the tip
of the tallest leaf blade to the nearest cm. Average of ten seedlings was measured before
transplanting.
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Scale
Remarks
1
Short (<30 cm)
2
Intermediate (~45 cm)
3
Tall (>60 cm)
3. Number of days from planting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of the
plants produced tillers.
4. Number of tillers produced. The number of tillers was counted just before
booting using ten hills per treatment.
5. Number of productive tillers per hill. The number of productive tillers was
counted using 10 hills per treatment selected randomly. Only the plants which produced
panicles were considered productive.
6. Number of days from transplanting to booting. This was taken when 50% of the
total plants in a plot booted as shown by the swelling of the upper flag leaf sheath.
7. Number of days from heading to ripening. This was taken when at least 80%
of the panicles turn yellow.
8. Panicle exertion. This was observed as the extent to which the panicle is
exerted above the flag sheath at near maturity. The following rating scale was used:
Scale
Description
1
Enclosed (panicle is partly or entirely enclosed within
the leaf sheath of the flag leaf blade)
2
Partly exerted (panicle base is slightly beneath
the collar of the flag leaf blade)
3
Just exerted (panicles base coincides with the collar
of the flag leaf blade)
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Scale
Description
4
Moderately well exerted (panicle base is above the
collar of the flag leaf blade)
5
Well exerted (panicle base appears as well above the
collar of the flag leaf blade)
9. Number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. This was recorded from by
counting the number of filled and unfilled grains at heading.
10. Height at maturity (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the
tip at harvesting using 10 samples per plot selected randomly.
11. Harvest index. This was taken from 10 hill samples per treatment by using the
formula:
Weight of Dried Filled Grains
Harvest index = x 100
Total Weight of Dried Plants with Grains
12. Percentage impurities. This was taken by segregating and weighing impurities
from 20 grams rice samples. Impurities was counted using the formula:
Total Weight – Weight of Types
% Impurities = x 100
Total Weight (20g)
C. Pest and disease incidence
1. Stem borer damage evaluation. Field rating was based on actual number of
panicles affected using the three middle of the plot as sampling area. Ten sample hills
were selected at random where white heads were counted ten days before harvest. The
following standard scale was used (Phil Rice, 1996):
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Scale
Description
Rating
1
1- 5 white heads
Resistant
2
6 – 10 white heads
Moderately resistant
3
11- 15 white heads
Intermediate
4
16 – 25 white heads
Moderately susceptible
5
26 and above white heads
Susceptible
2. Blast resistance (neck rot). Evaluation of the severity of rice blast was taken
from the plant at the center rows per hill. Ten sample hills were taken randomly.
Computation on percent infection was done using the formula (Phil Rice, 1996):
No. of Panicle Infected
% Infection = x 100
Total Number of Panicle
Scale
Description
Rating
1
0-5% are affected by blast
Resistant
2
6-25% are affected by blast
Intermediate
3
26% and above are affected by blast
Susceptible
D. Yield and Yield Components
1. Yield per plot (kg). Grain yield per plot was taken after threshing and drying at
14% moisture content (MC) then weighed.
2. 1000 – grain weight (g). Random sample of 1000 well-developed, whole
grains, dried to 13% moisture content was weighed on a sensitive balance.
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3. Computed yield per hectare. This was taken by converting grain yield per
treatment into yield per hectare using the following ratio and proportion:
Yield per Plot (kg)
Yield/ha = x 10,000
Plot size
E. Cost and Return Analysis
1. ROCE. This was the actual expenses during the conduct of the study and
computed using the formula:
Net Income
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE): x 100
Total Cost Production
F. Sensory evaluation. This was taken by distributing a sample of cooked rice
which is sealed in small cellophane together with plastic spoon. Each person was given a
sample with score sheet to indicate the following. The rating scales for each criteria were
as follows:
a. Aroma
Scale
Description
1
Bland taste
2
Slightly perceptible
3
Moderate
4
Strong aroma
5
Very strong aroma
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b. Taste
Scale
Description
1
Blunt taste
2
Slightly tasty
3
Moderate tasty
4
Strong perceptible
5
Very strong taste
c. Texture
Scale
Description
1
Very soft
2
Moderately soft
3
Slightly hard
4
Moderately hard
5
Very hard
d. General acceptability
Scale
Description
1
Like very extremely
2
Like very much
3
Like moderately
4
Dislike slightly
5
Neither like nor dislike
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Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and light
intensity from the October to January 2011. It was observed that the temperature ranged
from 29.5-31.0°C, relative humidity ranged from 59-79%, and rainfall from 119-683 ml.
The strongest light intensity recorded was on the month of November and
followed by October.
In 1997, Rebuelta stated that normal light and high temperature increase the
number of tillers while the number of spikelet per plot increases as temperature drops.
Plant Vigor
The plant vigor at seedling stage of the ten glutinous rice was normal and all of
the seedling had 4 to 5 leaves with no tillers.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and light intensity from October 2010 to
January 2011
AVERAGE RELATIVE
RAINFALL LIGHT
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
INTENSITY
MONTH
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
(°C)
(%) (%)
(ml)
(Lux)
October
30.00
68.00 75.00
503.00
1315.00
November
30.50
71.00 79.00
683.00
1169.00
December
31.00
59.00 64.00
119.00
854.00
January
29.50
69.00 76.00
313.00
974.00
MEAN
30.25
66.75 73.00
404.50
1078.00
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Seedling Height
Significant differences on the seedling height of the ten traditional varieties of rice
are observed (Table 2). The seedling was measured from the base to the tip of the longest
leaf using a ruler. It was observed that Lablabi significantly produced the tallest seedlings
with a mean of 29.87 cm. On the other hand, the shortest seedling was noted from Luk-ab
with a height of 19.98 cm. The significant differences among the treatments could be
attributed to their varietal characteristics or adaptability to the environment.
Table 2. Seedling height of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
SEEDLING HEIGHT
(cm)
Balatinaw
26.12b
Balatingi
22.00d
Bayabas
20.62de
Diket Red
23.86c
Kintoman
22.22d
Lasbakan
25.19bc
Lablabi
29.87a
Makabusog
20.98de
Muri
25.11bc
Luk-ab
19.98e
CV (%)
4.05
Means followed by common letters are significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
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Number of Days from Transplanting
to Tillering
The number of days from transplanting to tillering of the ten rice varieties is
shown in Table 3. It was observed that Lablabi and Makabsog were the earliest to tiller
which is 22 days after transplanting. Tillering in rice is an important agronomic trait for
grain production. Dominance of the early-tillers is encouraged to preclude the production
of late-tillers (Yoshida, 1981).
Number of Days from
Transplanting to Booting
The number of days from transplanting to booting of the ten rice varieties is
shown in Table 3. Kintoman, Lasbakan and Luk-ab booted earlier at 71 days as compared
to other varieties that booted later. Muri was latest to boot at 92 days after transplanting.
Rice varieties that boot later are more vulnerable to larval infestation of insect pest
(Guang, 1980).
Number of Days from
Heading to Ripening
Bayabas, Muri and Luk-ab ripened early at 21days after heading (Table 3). The
latest to ripen was Lasbakan and Lablabi at 36 days. The differences among the rice
varieties could be attributed to their genetic make-up or adaptability to the environment.
(Yoshida, 1981). Early ripening is an advantage to farmers who prefer to harvest their
plant earlier also.
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Table 3. Numbers of days from transplanting to tillering, transplanting to booting, and
heading to ripening of the ten glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
VARIETY
TRANSPLANTNG TRANSPLANTING HEADING TO
TO TILLERING
TO BOOTING
RIPENING
Balatinaw
29b
78c
22d
Balatingi
29b
78c
22d
Bayabas
29b
85b
21e
Diket Red
36a
85b
26c
Kintoman
22c
71d
26c
Lasbakan
36a
71d
36a
Lablabi
22c
85b
36a
Makabusog
22c
85b
28b
Muri
29b
92a
21e
Luk-ab
29b
71d
21e
CV (%)
0
0
0
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Number of Total Tillers
As shown in Table 4, Muri had the highest number of tillers (20) while Balatinaw,
Lablabi, and Lasbakan produced only 8 tillers. Not all tillers produced head, some tillers
died while others remained at the vegetative stage. This often happens since there is
competition among tillers for nutrients and light (UPLB, 1983).
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TABLE 4. Number of total and productive tillers and panicle exertion of the ten
glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER
VARIETY
TOTAL
PRODUCTIVE
PANICLE
TILLERS
TILLERS
EXERTION
Balatinaw
8d
4e
Just exerted
Balatingi
15b
10ab
Moderately
well exerted
Bayabas
14b
11a
Just exerted
Diket Red
14b
6cde
Just exerted
Kintoman
9d
5cde
Moderately
well exerted
Lasbakan
8d
5de
Just exerted
Lablabi
8d
6cde
Just exerted
Makabsog
13b
9abc
Well exerted
Muri
19a
7cde
Just exerted
Luk-ab
14b
7bed
Moderately
well exerted
CV (%)
17.70
23.78
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Number of Productive Tillers
Table 4 shows that the highest number of productive tillers was produced by
Bayabas with a mean of 11. The production of tillers alone may not be a good gauge of
the yield potential of rice (UPLB, 1983).
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Panicle Exertion
Results show that among all the varieties evaluated only Makabsog had well
exerted panicle which means the panicle base appears well above the collar of the flag
leaf blade. The other varieties had just exerted to moderately well exerted panicles.
Panicle exertion or the distance between flag leaf and panicle is one important
morphological trait of rice that seriously affect the production of seeds in rice (Virmani,
1988).
Number of Filled and Unfilled
Grains per Panicle
No significant differences were observed on the number of filled and unfilled
grains of the ten glutinous rice varieties (Table 5). Among the different rice varieties
evaluated, Diket Red had the highest number of filled grains (75) while Balatinaw had
the lowest filled grains (45). Muri and Bayabas had the highest number of unfilled grains
per panicle (25).
Reaction to Stem Borer, Blast
and Birds Infestation
All of the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast. However, all of the
varieties including those with awn were infested by birds.
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Table 5. Number of filled grains and unfilled grains of the ten glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER
VARIETY
FILLED
UNFILLED
GRAINS
GRAINS
Balatinaw
45
24
Balatingi
59
23
Bayabas
70
25
Diket Red
75
21
Kintoman
66
15
Lasbakan
63
22
Lablabi
46
25
Makabsog
65
23
Muri
61
25
Luk-ab
72
18
CV (%)
20.10
31.28
Height at Maturity
The height of the ten glutinous rice was measured from the base of the plant to the
panicle tip including the awn at harvest (Table 6). Makabsog was the tallest at 126.17 cm
while Balatangi was the shortest (103.50 cm). Short varieties usually have high yield
(Sachiko, 2010) and are preferred by farmers for ease in harvesting.
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Table 6. Height at maturity of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
HEIGHT AT
MATURITY
(cm)
Balatinaw
103.53e
Balatingi
103.50e
Bayabas
104.47e
Diket Red
113.70c
Kintoman
109.07d
Lasbakan
115.77c
Lablabi
109.10d
Makabsog
126.17a
Muri
113.80c
Luk-ab
119.50b
CV (%)
1.85
Means followed by common letters significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Weight of 1000 Filled Grains
The weight of 1000 filled grains of ten rice varieties is shown in Table 7. It was
observed that Muri significantly had the highest weight of 32.48g of 1000 filled grains.
The high grain weight of Muri may be attributed to the presence of awns.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
25
Yield per Plot
Statistical analysis showed the highly significant differences on the yield of the
ten varieties evaluated (Table 7). Diket Red obtained the highest yield per plot of
573.33g/5m2. In the previous study done by Tay-eo from 2009-2010 at Kapangan,
Bayabas had the highest yield.
Table 7. Weight of 1,000 filled grains, yield per plot, and computed yield per hectare of
the ten glutinous rice varieties
WEIGHT OF
YIELD PER
COMPUTED YIELD PER
1000 FILLED
PLOT
HECTARE
VARIETY
GRAINS
(g/5m2)
(t/ha)
(g)
Balatinaw
23.95d
250.00de
0.50ef
Balatingi
29.45b
312.67cd
0.62cde
Bayabas
20.63e
423.33b
0.85b
Diket Red
26.30c
573.33a
1.15a
Kintoman
25.25cd
279.33cde
0.56def
Lasbakan
20.65e
258.00cde
0.51def
Lablabi
24.38cd
213.00e
0.42f
Makabsog
23.89d
326.33cd
0.65cde
Muri
32.48a
346.67bc
0.69bcd
Luk-ab
21.80e
243.33de
0.49bc
CV (%)
4.58
15.77
15.86
Means followed by common letters are significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
26
Computed Yield per Hectare
As shown in Table 7, Diket red produced the highest yield per hectare of 1.15
tons/. This value is still low compared to the 3.63tons/ha expected from traditional rice
(PCARRD, 2011). The low yield of all the varieties tested may be attributed to infestation
of birds during ripening stage and non- application of any fertilizer.
Return On Cash Expense
Diket red had the highest return on cash expenses (52.86%). Balatinaw,
Balatangi, Kintoman, Lasbakan, Lablabi, Makabsog, Muri and Lak-ab had negative
ROCE due to low yield and infestation of birds.
Table 8. Cost and return analysis of the ten glutinous rice varieties
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET
ROCE
g/5m2
INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
VARIETY
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Balatinaw
250.00
20.00
30.00
-10
-33.33
Balatingi
312.67
25.01
30.00
-4.98
-16.6o
Bayabas
423.33
33.86
30.00
3.86
12.86
Diket Red
573.33
45.86
30.00
15.86
52.86
Kintoman
279.33
22.34
30.00
-7.65
-25.50
Lasbakan
258.00
20.64
30.00
-9.36
-31.20
Lablabi
213.00
17.04
30.00
-12.96
-43.20
Makabsog
326.33
26.10
30.00
-3.89
-12.96
Muri
346.67
27.73
30.00
-2.26
-7.53
Luk-ab
243.33
19.46
30.00
-10.53
-35.10
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
27
Sensory Evaluation
Aroma. Bayabas and Lablabi had slightly perceptive aroma while the rest of the
varieties had moderate aroma. Aroma is the most important quality trait of traditional
rice, which differentiates the highly valued aromatic rice from the other rice types
(Subha, 2010).
Taste. Kintoman, Lablabi, and Muri had slightly tasty grains while the grains of
the other varieties were bland. The taste of traditional rice is identified with the gourmet
collection of fine rice meals and ethnically inspired recipes from around the globe
(Subha, 2010).
Table 9. Sensory evaluation of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
AROMA
TASTE
TEXTURE
GENERAL
ACCEPTABILITY
Balatinaw
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Balatingi
Moderate
Bland
Moderately
Liked moderately
soft
Bayabas
Slightly
Bland
Very soft
Liked very much
perceptive
Diket Red
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked very much
Kintoman
Moderate
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked moderately
Lasbakan
Moderate
Bland
Moderately
Liked very much
soft
Lablabi
Slightly
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked very much
perceptive
Makabsog
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Muri
Moderate
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked very much
Luk-ab
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
28
Texture. Only Balatangi and Lasbakan have moderately soft grains while the
other varieties had very soft grains. Glutinous rice naturally has soft grains that are easily
cooked (Subha, 2010).
General acceptability. Bayabas, Diket Red, Lasbakan, Lablabi, and Muri were
liked very much by the panelists. These varieties had either very soft grains which were
slightly tasty or had moderate aroma.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The plant vigor at seedling stage of the ten varieties was normal. Lablabi
produced the tallest seedling while Luk-ab had the shortest. After transplanting, Lablabi
and Makabsog were the earliest to tiller and Lasbakan and Diket red were the latest.
Kintoman, Lasbakan and Luk-ab were the earliest to boot at 71 days whereas Muri was
the latest. The earliest variety to ripen was Bayabas, Muri and Luk-ab at 21 days after
heading while Lablabi and Lasbakan took 36 days.
Muri produced the highest number of tillers while Balatinaw and Lablabi
produced only 8. But the highest number of productive tillers recorded was from
Bayabas. No significant differences were observed on the number of filled and unfilled
grains. Diket red had the highest number of filled grains while Balatinaw had the lowest
filled grains. Furthermore, Makabsog was the tallest at 126.17 cm while Balatangi was
the shortest. All the rice varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast but were infested
by birds including those with awn.
Muri had the highest weight of 1000 filled grains followed by Balatangi and Diket
Red. The highest total and computed yield was recorded from Balatangi and Diket Red.
Diket Red also had the highest return on cash expenses (ROCE).
The cooked grains of the varieties had slightly perceptive to moderate aroma,
were bland to slightly tasty, had moderately to very soft grains, and were liked
moderately or liked much by panelists.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
30
Conclusion
Based on the results, although Diket Red was the latest to produce tillers, boot,
and ripen, it produced the highest yield and ROCE. All of the varieties were resistant to
stem borer and blast but only Diket Red and Bayabas had positive ROCE.
Recommendation
Based on the results, Diket Red is recommended for production at Kapangan,
Benguet.
Application of fertilizers is also recommended to enhance the yield of Diket Red.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
31
LITERATURE CITED
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Rice System. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher. P. 1.
BITAGA, J.E. 2002. Paddy Rice Post Harvest Industry in Developing Countries. Laguna:
Philrice Research Institute P. 1.
CAFÉ, A. 2010. Native Rice to Save Deteriorating Ifugao Rice Terraces. Retrieved
December 2011. From http://affleap.com/native-rice-to-save-deteriorating-
ifugao-rice-terraces/.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PHILRICE). 2000. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and
Philrice research institute. Pp. 5-10.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUE (PHILRICE). 2002. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and
Philrice research institute. P. 44.
EVENSON, R.E 1996. Rice Research in Asia Progress and Priories. USA: Science
Publisher Inc. Pp.1-25.
GUANG H.W 1980. Rice improvement in China and other Asian Countries. China:
International Rice Research Institute and Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Science. P. 37.
NANDA J.S 2000. Rice Breeding and genetic research priorities and challenges. USA:
Science publisher Inc. Pp. 1-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEACRH INSTITUTE. 1993. Philippine Rice R and D
Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Philrice research institute. Pp 2-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEACRH INSTITUTE. 1996. Philippine rice R and D
Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Phil Rice. Pp. 1-13.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and RESOURCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2011. Short message service. Retrieved
march 2011. from www.pcarrd. dost. gov. ph.
ROTTGER U. 1992. Paddy deterioration in the humid tropic. Germany: German agency
for technical cooperation. P. 23.
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Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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REBUELTA, P.I. 1997. Rice Specialist Training Courch on IPM- Weather, Climate and
Rice Production. March 12 1997 Nueva Ecija: PhilRice. Pp. 19-22.
SACHIKO J. 2010. Rice farming. Retrieved March 2011 from: http:
//www.ricefarming.com/home /issues/2010-05/2010_MaySS.htmlLouisiana.
SHEELY, J.E., P.L. MITCHEL and J. HARDY, 2000.Redisigning rice photosynthesis to
increase yield. Los Baños, Laguna: IRRI. Pp3-4.
SINGH, K. and KHUSH, G.S.2000.Aromatic rice. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH
Publishing P 15.
SCHILLER, J.M., M.B.CHANGPENGXAY, B.LIAQUIST, and S.APPARAO.2006.
Rice in Laos. Laguna: IRRI. P. 291.
SUBHA, R.S, 2010. Aroma association in Global popular Aromatic rice Cultivars in
Tropical Environment. Malaysia: Institute of Biological Science. Pp.1 -14.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS. 1983. Rice Production Manual
for NFAC-UPLB Country side Action Program.UPLB, Laguna, Philippines.
Pp.7-16.
VIRMANI, R. 1988. Rice Research and Development. Laguna: IRRI. P. 11.
WORK and CAREW, J. 1995.Producing Vegetable Crops. The Interstate Printers and
Publisher, Inc. Pp. 2, 238.
YOSHIDA, S. 1981. Fundamentals of Rice crop science. Laguna: IRRI. Pp. 30-32, 67-
70.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant vigor
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
3
3
3
9
3
Balatingi
3
3
3
9
3
Bayabas
3
3
3
9
3
Diket Red
3
3
3
9
3
Kintoman
3
3
3
9
3
Lasbakan
3
3
3
9
3
Lablabi
3
3
3
9
3
Makabsog
3
3
3
9
3
Muri
3
3
3
9
3
Luk-ab
3
3
3
9
3
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
34
Appendix Table 2. Panicle Exertion
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
3
3
3
9
3
Balatingi
4
4
4
12
4
Bayabas
3
3
3
9
3
Diket Red
3
3
3
9
3
Kintoman
4
4
4
12
4
Lasbakan
3
3
3
9
3
Lablabi
3
3
3
9
3
Makabsog
5
5
5
15
5
Muri
3
3
3
9
3
Luk-ab
4
4
4
12
4
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
35
Appendix Table 3. Seedling height (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
26.10
26.55
25.71
78.36
26.12 b
Balatingi
21.37
24.04
20.61
66.02
22.00 d
Bayabas
19.76
20.34
21.75
61.85
20.62 de
Diket Red
24.92
23.12
23.54
71.58
23.86 c
Kintoman
22.11
22.78
21.77
66.66
22.22 d
Lasbakan
26.24
24.88
24.46
75.58
25.19 bc
Lablabi
30.25
29.33
30.04
89.62
29.87 a
Makabsog
21.15
21.46
20.33
62.94
20.98 de
Muri
26.10
24.04
25.18
75.32
25.11 bc
Luk-ab
21.10
19.19
19.66
59.95
19.98 e
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.836
0.919
Treatment
9
251.576
27.953
30.62**
2.43 3.52
Error
18
16.433
0.913
TOTAL
29
269.846
** Highly significant
CV (%) = 4.05
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
29
29
29
87
29 b
Balatingi
29
29
29
87
29 b
Bayabas
29
29
29
87
29 b
Diket Red
36
36
36
108
36 a
Kintoman
22
22
22
66
22 c
Lasbakan
36
36
36
108
36 a
Lablabi
22
22
22
66
22 c
Makabsog
22
22
22
66
22 c
Muri
29
29
29
87
29 b
Luk-ab
29
29
29
87
29 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
720.443
80.049
240145.8**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
37
Appendix Table 5. Number of days from transplanting to booting
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
78
78
78
234
78 c
Balatingi
78
78
78
234
78 c
Bayabas
85
85
85
255
85 b
Diket Red
85
85
85
255
85 b
Kintoman
71
71
71
213
71 d
Lasbakan
71
71
71
213
71 d
Lablabi
85
85
85
255
85 b
Makabsog
85
85
85
255
85 b
Muri
92
92
92
276
92 a
Luk ab
71
71
71
213
71 d
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
1484.283
164.920
494776.1**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 6. Number of tillers produced
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
8
10
7
25
8.33 d
Balatingi
13
15
18
46
15.33 b
Bayabas
12
14
17
43
14.33 b
Diket Red
15
11
16
42
14.00 b
Kintoman
8
12
8
28
9.33 cd
Lasbakan
8
8
7
23
7.67 d
Lablabi
9
8
8
25
8.33 d
Makabsog
10
15
13
38
12.67 bc
Muri
10
11
8
29
19.67 a
Luk-ab
14
16
12
42
14.00 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
8.467
4.233
Treatment
9
237.633
26.404
6.52**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
72.867
4.048
TOTAL
29
318.967
**- Highly significant CV (%) = 17.70
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
39
Appendix Table 7. Number of productive tillers
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
4
5
3
12
4.00 e
Balatingi
10
9
11
30
10.00 ab
Bayabas
10
13
9
32
10.67 a
Diket Red
4
8
5
17
5.67 cde
Kintoman
6
6
4
16
5.33 cde
Lasbakan
6
5
4
15
5.00 de
Lablabi
5
5
7
17
5.67 cde
Makabsog
8
10
8
26
8.67 abc
Muri
5
5
10
20
6.67 cde
Luk-ab
6
7
9
22
7.33 bed
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
4.200
2.100
Treatment
9
134.033
14.893
5.53**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
48.467
2.693
TOTAL
29
186.700
**-highly significant CV (%) = 23.78
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 8. Number of filled grains at heading per panicle
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
44
34
57
135
45.00
Balatingi
67
63
46
176
58.66
Bayabas
76
57
78
211
70.33
Diket Red
67
80
77
224
74.66
Kintoman
56
67
75
198
66.00
Lasbakan
68
75
45
188
62.66
Lablabi
65
46
36
147
46.00
Makabsog
54
65
77
196
65.33
Muri
64
67
51
182
60.66
Luk-ab
56
87
74
217
72.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
40.067
20.033
Treatment
9
2498.800
277.644
1.76 ns
2.43
3.52
Error
18
2838.600
157,700
TOTAL
29
5377.467
ns- not significant
CV (%) = 20.10
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
41
Appendix Table 9. Number of unfilled grains per panicle
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
32
25
16
73
24.33
Balatingi
24
19
26
69
23.00
Bayabas
20
26
28
74
24.67
Diket Red
20
24
19
63
21.00
Kintoman
19
15
12
46
15.33
Lasbakan
16
22
27
65
21.67
Lablabi
34
17
24
75
25.00
Makabsog
16
34
18
68
22.67
Muri
15
35
24
74
24.67
Luk-ab
23
14
16
53
17.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
22.200
11.100
Treatment
9
283.33
31.481
0.66
2.43
3.52
Error
18
852.467
47.359
TOTAL
29
1158.000
ns- not significant CV(%) = 31.28
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 10. Number of day from heading to ripening
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
22
22
22
66
22
Balatingi
22
22
22
66
22
Bayabas
21
21
21
63
21
Diket Red
26
26
26
78
26
Kintoman
26
26
26
78
26
Lasbakan
36
36
36
108
36
Lablabi
36
36
36
108
36
Makabsog
28
28
28
84
28
Muri
21
21
21
63
21
Luk-ab
21
21
21
63
21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
931.923
103.547
310638.6**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
43
Appendix Table 11. Height at maturity
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
100.9
105.8
103.9
310.6
103.53 e
Balatingi
103.5
102.8
104.2
310.5
103.5 e
Bayabas
104.3
104.6
104.5
313.4
104.47 e
Diket Red
111.3
117.7
112.1
341.1
113.7 c
Kintoman
107.8
109.3
110.1
327.2
109.07 d
Lasbakan
117.3
114.8
115.2
347.3
115.77 c
Lablabi
107.9
109.3
110.1
327.3
109.10 d
Makabsog
124.0
126.9
127.6
378.5
126.17 a
Muri
111.0
118.8
111.6
341.4
113.80 c
Luk-ab
121.3
118.9
118.3
358.5
119.50 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
19.358
9.679
Treatment
9
1484.299
164.922
38.55**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
77.815
4.279
TOTAL
29
1580.672
**highly significant CV (%) = 1.85
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
44
Appendix Table 12. Stem borer evaluation (white heads)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
1
1
1
3
1
Balatingi
1
1
1
3
1
Bayabas
1
1
1
3
1
Diket Red
1
1
1
3
1
Kintoman
1
1
1
3
1
Lasbakan
1
1
1
3
1
Lablabi
1
1
1
3
1
Makabsog
1
1
1
3
1
Muri
1
1
1
3
1
Luk-ab
1
1
1
3
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
45
Appendix Table 13. Blast Evaluation (neck rot)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
1
1
1
3
1
Balatingi
1
1
1
3
1
Bayabas
1
1
1
3
1
Diket Red
1
1
1
3
1
Kintoman
1
1
1
3
1
Lasbakan
1
1
1
3
1
Lablabi
1
1
1
3
1
Makabsog
1
1
1
3
1
Muri
1
1
1
3
1
Luk-ab
1
1
1
3
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
46
Appendix Table 14. Weight of 1000 filled grains
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
26.94
22.71
22.19
71.84
23.95 d
Balatingi
28.59
30.12
29.64
88.35
29.45 b
Bayabas
19.52
20.19
22.19
61.90
20.63 e
Diket Red
26.94
25.83
26.13
79.90
26.30 c
Kintoman
25.38
26.06
24.32
75.76
25.25 cd
Lasbakan
20.66
21.03
20.26
61.95
20.65 e
Lablabi
24.24
24.97
23.92
73.19
24.38 cd
Makabsog
23.53
23.92
24.22
71.67
23.89 d
Muri
33.13
33.17
31.13
97.43
32.48 a
Luk-ab
21.65
21.92
21.83
65.40
21.80 e
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.324
0.662
Treatment
9
384.804
42.756
32.88**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
23.406
1.300
TOTAL
29
409.535
** highly significant CV (%) = 4.58
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
47
Appendix Table 15. Yield per plot
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
237
293
220
750
250.00 de
Balatingi
320
354
264
938
312.67 cd
Bayabas
420
450
400
1270
423.33 b
Diket Red
580
550
590
1720
573.33 a
Kintoman
213
300
325
838
279.33 cde
Lasbakan
265
319
190
774
258.00 cde
Lablabi
260
215
164
639
213.00 e
Makabsog
334
390
255
979
326.33 cd
Muri
410
330
300
1040
346.67 bc
Luk-ab
210
200
320
730
243.33 de
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
7035.800
3,517.900
Treatment
9
309,952.533
34439.170
13.20
2.43
3.52
Error
18
46,600.867
2588.937
TOTAL
29
363,589.200
** Highly significant CV (%) = 15.77
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
48
Appendix Table 16. Computed yield per hectare (Kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
.47
.58
.44
1.49
.50 ef
Balatingi
.64
.70
.52
1.86
.62 cde
Bayabas
.84
.90
.80
2.54
.85 b
Diket Red
1.16
1.10
1.18
3.44
1.15 a
Kintoman
.42
.60
.65
1.67
.56 def
Lasbakan
.53
.63
.38
1.54
.51 def
Lablabi
.52
.43
.32
1.27
.42 f
Makabusog
.66
.78
.51
1.95
.65 cde
Muri
.82
.66
.60
2.08
.69 bcd
Luk-ab
.42
.40
.64
1.46
.49 bc
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.028
0.014
Treatment
9
1.250
0.139
13.34**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
0.187
0.010
TOTAL
29
1.465
**-Highly significant CV%=15.86
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011. On Farm Trial of Glutinous Traditional Rice
Varieties (Oryza Sativa L.) in Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine Sagalla, MSc
ABSTRACT
The ten different varieties of glutinous rice varieties were evaluated to identify the best
varieties with the highest yield and resistance to pest and to determine the profitability of
growing the ten glutinous rice varieties under Belingbelis, Kapangan, Benguet.
Based on the results, Diket Red was the highest yielder and was the most profitable. All
the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………
ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………………………………..
3
Importance to Rice to the Economy ……………………………………………...
3
Challenges in Rice Production …………………………………………………...
4
Importance of Grain Quality of Rice ……………………………………………..
4
Temperature Requirement ………………………………………………………..
5
Pest Control Management ………………………………………………………..
5
Importance of Varietal Evaluation ………………………………………………..
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………...
17
Meteorological Data ……………………………………………………………....
17
Plant vigor ………………………………………………………………………...
17
Seedling Height …………………………………………………………………...
18
Number of Days Transplanting to Tillering ……………………………………...
19
Number of Days
from Transplanting to Booting …………………………………………………...
19
Number of Days
from Heading to Ripening ………………………………………………………..
19
Number of Total Tillers …………………………………………………………..
20
Number of Productive Tillers …………………………………………………….
21
Panicle Exertion …………………………………………………………………..
22
Number of Filled
and Unfilled Grains
per Panicle ………………………………………………………………………...
22
Reaction to Stem borer
and Blast and Birds
22
Infestation …………………………………………………………………….......
Height at Maturity ………………………………………………………………..
23
Weight of 1000 filled Grains ……………………………………………………..
24
Yield per Plot ……………………………………………………………………...
25
Computed yield per Hectare ……………………………………………………...
26
Return On Cash Expenses ………………………………………………………..
26
Sensory Evaluation ………………………………………………………………..
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………..
29
Summary …………………………………………………………………………..
29
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….
30
Recommendations ………………………………………………………………...
30
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………………....
31
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………….
33
1
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops produced
for human consumption. In fact, 95 percent of rice production in the world is found in
Asia (Evenson et al., 1996).
In Benguet, most of the underutilized land have been converted to paddy or
planted to perennial crops and only a few areas are continuously planted to upland
traditional rice (CECAP and PhilRice, 2000). Production of traditional varieties of rice is
beneficial due to the following characteristics namely: resistance to several insect pest
and diseases, adapted to low temperature, low fertilizer requirements, good eating quality
and market price (CECAP and PhilRice, 2002).
However, previous studies on traditional rice production observed that production
of traditional rice is slow and decreasing due to the introduction of high yielding varieties
to the highland farmers. The introduction of modern rice varieties may result in diversity
loss of glutinous traditional rice. Furthermore, traditional rice is still preferred by some
of the local consumers and used in some of their rituals.
The growing demand of glutinous rice in the US has also encouraged more
farmers to propagate and go into commercial production of various native varieties of
rice in the different provinces in the Cordillera region. Such a move not only helps in a
bid to preserve the centuries old deteriorating rice terraces but it would bring forth a good
source of income and livelihood to farmers in the region. With the increasing demand of
the native rice varieties in the world market that fetches a buying price of $5 to $10 per
kilo, it could be a substantial income for the farmers in augmenting their meager income
(Cafe, 2010).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Due to the potential of glutinous rice in the region and its importance to the local
economy as a source of income, a concerted drive should be done to evaluate the growth
and yield of traditional rice varieties (Rottger, 1992).
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the growth and yield of the ten glutinous traditional rice varieties in
Kapangan, Benguet;
2. identify the best glutinous rice varieties based on its performance and
resistance to pests; and
3. determine the profitability of growing the different glutinous traditional rice
variety
The experiment was conducted at BelingBelis, Kapangan, and Benguet from
September to January 2011.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance to Rice to the Economy
Rice production and consumption are positively associated with low income and
poverty of the 23 countries in the world that produce more than one million tons of rice.
Almost half have a per capita income of less than 500 dollars. These are countries
categorized by the World bank as the least developed. Rice is one of the cheapest sources
food energy and their main source of protein. As income increases, people demand
relatively by higher quality food, and resources are shifted from production of rice
production of other food and non farm goods with high income elasticity demand. The
importance of rice to national economy further dwindles as agriculture’s shares in the
national income decline with a faster growth in non farm incomes. Increasing
productivity of rice sector however is an important means of raising the purchasing
capacity of the poor and alleviation of poverty in low income countries (Evenson et al.,
1996).
Rice has always been one of the most important foods in the world. It is estimated
that 40 percent of the world population takes rice as a major sources of food; 1.6 Billion
people in Asia takes rice as their mainstay food. Rice is produced in 111 countries in the
world. The region with high population density and the most rapid population growth
produce and consume the most rice. Furthermore, rice is the staple food for more than
half of the world’s population in Asia alone. Most of the consumers who depend on rice
as their primary food live less developed countries. It is foreseen that the world’s
population may exceed 8 billion by 2025 and will need about 765 million tons of rice, 70
percent than what we consume today (Nanda, 2000).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Challenges in Rice Production
The Unites Nations recent population projected indicates that each year almost 80
Million people are likely to be added to the world’s population during the next quarter
century. The world population would increase by 35 percent from 35 billion 1995 to 7.67
billion by 2020. The population increase ill more than 45 percent in developing countries.
Over the period, the absolute population increases will e at highest in Asia, but the
relative increased will be greatest in sub-saharan dessert Africa, where population is
expected to almost double (Evenson et al., 1996).
Currently, Asian rice production increase at an annual rate of only 1.4 percent,
which is below the population growth rate. By the year 2025, we need to produce about
60 percent more rice than what we produced today to meet the growing demand. About
70 percent of the additional production will have to come from irrigated riceland and 20
percent from the favorable rain-fed lowland which was already extensively cultivated.
Further, intensification of their riceland must be pursued against the backdrop of
shrinking land area and decreasing availability and increasing cost of production input,
water, fertilizer, chemical, labor and energy (Balasubramanian, 1999).
Importance of Grain Quality of Rice
It is very difficult to define with precision as preferences for quality vary from
country to country. Few people realize its complexity and various quality components are
involved. The concept of quality varies according to the preparation for which the grains
are to be used. Although some of the desired quality characteristics by grower; millers
and consumers may be the same yet each may place different emphasis on various quality
characteristics. For instance, the miller’s basis of quality is dependent upon total recovery
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
5
and proportion of the head and broken rice on milling. Consumers based their concept of
quality on the grain appearance, size and shape of the grains, the behavior upon cooking,
the taste, tenderness, and flavor of the cook rice (Singh and Khush, 2000).
Temperature Requirement
Cool temperature, little sunshine condition prevailing in the Cordillera generally
results in low rice yield. Average rice yield in the region is currently placed at 2.1 tons
per hectare. Planting during wet season usually results to sterility of the spikelets
(CECAP and PhilRice, 2000).
Pest Control Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can make a contribution to environmental
sensitive farming. Using GM or conventional crops with resistance to pest are an
important part of IPM. Rotation of cultivars with different patterns of resistance is
necessary to manage pest damage at the farm (Sheely et al., 2000).
Importance of Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is important to observe performance characters which yield,
earliness, vigor, maturity and quality because varieties has a wide range of differences of
a plant in size and yield performance (Work and Carew, 1995). Furthermore, PRRI
(1993) stated that varietal evaluation is an important in agro-ecology that stabilize the
yield at a higher level that facilitates the production of efficient qualities of seed
recommended varieties and encourage further seed increase for the farmer use.
High yielding and improve cultivars are known to play an important role in
boosting production. Large number of indigenous and exotic accessories of various plants
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
6
is evaluated and the number of cultivars are selected and recommended for mass growing
(Bitaga, 2002).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 150 square meters was thoroughly cleaned and prepared (Figures 1 to
4). The area was divided into three blocks consisting of ten seedbeds each measuring 1m
x 5m. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).
The varieties used in the study were selections from a previous experiment done
in Kapangan Benguet. The following varieties were:
Variety
Source
Balatinaw
Kabayan
Balatangi
Sablan
Bayabas
Kapangan
Diket Red
Kabayan
Kinwoman
Kibungan
Lasbakan
Kibungan
Lablabi
Kibungan
Makabsog
Sablan
Muri
Kapangan
Luk-ab Sablan
One cultivar was transplanted in each seed bed to avoid mixture of the different
varieties. The seedlings were planted on the straight line spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm.
All recommended management practices for rice were uniformly followed in all
treatments such as weeding and others.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Figure 1. Land preparation and cleaning before sowing
Figure 2. Seeds broadcasted on beds
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
9
Figure 3. Rice seedlings before transplanting at the experimental area
Figure 4. Overview of the experimental area at BelingBelis, Kapangan, Benguet
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Data Gathered:
A. Meteorological data. The temperature and relative humidity were taken using
a hygrometer. Rainfall was also taken by placing plastic containers within the field to
collect water when precipitation occurred. The volume of water collected was measured
using a graduated cylinder. Rainfall was recorded by getting the average volume of water
from the plastic container. Light intensity was taken using a digital light meter.
B. Agronomic Characters
All ratings used were the rating scales by PhilRice (1996).
1. Plant vigor. This was taken before transplanting using the following scale:
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Majority of the seedlings have 5
Very vigorous
or more leaves with 2-3 tillers
2
Majorities of the seedlings have 1-5
Vigorous
leaves with 1-2 tillers
3
Most of the seedlings have 4 leaves
Normal
without tillers
4
Most of the seedlings have 3-4 leaves
Weak
without tillers
5
Most of the seedlings turned
Very weak
yellow and thin
2. Seedling height (cm). This was measured from the base of the shoot to the tip
of the tallest leaf blade to the nearest cm. Average of ten seedlings was measured before
transplanting.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Scale
Remarks
1
Short (<30 cm)
2
Intermediate (~45 cm)
3
Tall (>60 cm)
3. Number of days from planting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of the
plants produced tillers.
4. Number of tillers produced. The number of tillers was counted just before
booting using ten hills per treatment.
5. Number of productive tillers per hill. The number of productive tillers was
counted using 10 hills per treatment selected randomly. Only the plants which produced
panicles were considered productive.
6. Number of days from transplanting to booting. This was taken when 50% of the
total plants in a plot booted as shown by the swelling of the upper flag leaf sheath.
7. Number of days from heading to ripening. This was taken when at least 80%
of the panicles turn yellow.
8. Panicle exertion. This was observed as the extent to which the panicle is
exerted above the flag sheath at near maturity. The following rating scale was used:
Scale
Description
1
Enclosed (panicle is partly or entirely enclosed within
the leaf sheath of the flag leaf blade)
2
Partly exerted (panicle base is slightly beneath
the collar of the flag leaf blade)
3
Just exerted (panicles base coincides with the collar
of the flag leaf blade)
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Scale
Description
4
Moderately well exerted (panicle base is above the
collar of the flag leaf blade)
5
Well exerted (panicle base appears as well above the
collar of the flag leaf blade)
9. Number of filled and unfilled grains per panicle. This was recorded from by
counting the number of filled and unfilled grains at heading.
10. Height at maturity (cm). This was measured from the base of the plant to the
tip at harvesting using 10 samples per plot selected randomly.
11. Harvest index. This was taken from 10 hill samples per treatment by using the
formula:
Weight of Dried Filled Grains
Harvest index = x 100
Total Weight of Dried Plants with Grains
12. Percentage impurities. This was taken by segregating and weighing impurities
from 20 grams rice samples. Impurities was counted using the formula:
Total Weight – Weight of Types
% Impurities = x 100
Total Weight (20g)
C. Pest and disease incidence
1. Stem borer damage evaluation. Field rating was based on actual number of
panicles affected using the three middle of the plot as sampling area. Ten sample hills
were selected at random where white heads were counted ten days before harvest. The
following standard scale was used (Phil Rice, 1996):
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Scale
Description
Rating
1
1- 5 white heads
Resistant
2
6 – 10 white heads
Moderately resistant
3
11- 15 white heads
Intermediate
4
16 – 25 white heads
Moderately susceptible
5
26 and above white heads
Susceptible
2. Blast resistance (neck rot). Evaluation of the severity of rice blast was taken
from the plant at the center rows per hill. Ten sample hills were taken randomly.
Computation on percent infection was done using the formula (Phil Rice, 1996):
No. of Panicle Infected
% Infection = x 100
Total Number of Panicle
Scale
Description
Rating
1
0-5% are affected by blast
Resistant
2
6-25% are affected by blast
Intermediate
3
26% and above are affected by blast
Susceptible
D. Yield and Yield Components
1. Yield per plot (kg). Grain yield per plot was taken after threshing and drying at
14% moisture content (MC) then weighed.
2. 1000 – grain weight (g). Random sample of 1000 well-developed, whole
grains, dried to 13% moisture content was weighed on a sensitive balance.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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14
3. Computed yield per hectare. This was taken by converting grain yield per
treatment into yield per hectare using the following ratio and proportion:
Yield per Plot (kg)
Yield/ha = x 10,000
Plot size
E. Cost and Return Analysis
1. ROCE. This was the actual expenses during the conduct of the study and
computed using the formula:
Net Income
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE): x 100
Total Cost Production
F. Sensory evaluation. This was taken by distributing a sample of cooked rice
which is sealed in small cellophane together with plastic spoon. Each person was given a
sample with score sheet to indicate the following. The rating scales for each criteria were
as follows:
a. Aroma
Scale
Description
1
Bland taste
2
Slightly perceptible
3
Moderate
4
Strong aroma
5
Very strong aroma
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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15
b. Taste
Scale
Description
1
Blunt taste
2
Slightly tasty
3
Moderate tasty
4
Strong perceptible
5
Very strong taste
c. Texture
Scale
Description
1
Very soft
2
Moderately soft
3
Slightly hard
4
Moderately hard
5
Very hard
d. General acceptability
Scale
Description
1
Like very extremely
2
Like very much
3
Like moderately
4
Dislike slightly
5
Neither like nor dislike
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
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Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
17
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, amount of rainfall and light
intensity from the October to January 2011. It was observed that the temperature ranged
from 29.5-31.0°C, relative humidity ranged from 59-79%, and rainfall from 119-683 ml.
The strongest light intensity recorded was on the month of November and
followed by October.
In 1997, Rebuelta stated that normal light and high temperature increase the
number of tillers while the number of spikelet per plot increases as temperature drops.
Plant Vigor
The plant vigor at seedling stage of the ten glutinous rice was normal and all of
the seedling had 4 to 5 leaves with no tillers.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and light intensity from October 2010 to
January 2011
AVERAGE RELATIVE
RAINFALL LIGHT
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
INTENSITY
MONTH
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
(°C)
(%) (%)
(ml)
(Lux)
October
30.00
68.00 75.00
503.00
1315.00
November
30.50
71.00 79.00
683.00
1169.00
December
31.00
59.00 64.00
119.00
854.00
January
29.50
69.00 76.00
313.00
974.00
MEAN
30.25
66.75 73.00
404.50
1078.00
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
18
Seedling Height
Significant differences on the seedling height of the ten traditional varieties of rice
are observed (Table 2). The seedling was measured from the base to the tip of the longest
leaf using a ruler. It was observed that Lablabi significantly produced the tallest seedlings
with a mean of 29.87 cm. On the other hand, the shortest seedling was noted from Luk-ab
with a height of 19.98 cm. The significant differences among the treatments could be
attributed to their varietal characteristics or adaptability to the environment.
Table 2. Seedling height of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
SEEDLING HEIGHT
(cm)
Balatinaw
26.12b
Balatingi
22.00d
Bayabas
20.62de
Diket Red
23.86c
Kintoman
22.22d
Lasbakan
25.19bc
Lablabi
29.87a
Makabusog
20.98de
Muri
25.11bc
Luk-ab
19.98e
CV (%)
4.05
Means followed by common letters are significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
19
Number of Days from Transplanting
to Tillering
The number of days from transplanting to tillering of the ten rice varieties is
shown in Table 3. It was observed that Lablabi and Makabsog were the earliest to tiller
which is 22 days after transplanting. Tillering in rice is an important agronomic trait for
grain production. Dominance of the early-tillers is encouraged to preclude the production
of late-tillers (Yoshida, 1981).
Number of Days from
Transplanting to Booting
The number of days from transplanting to booting of the ten rice varieties is
shown in Table 3. Kintoman, Lasbakan and Luk-ab booted earlier at 71 days as compared
to other varieties that booted later. Muri was latest to boot at 92 days after transplanting.
Rice varieties that boot later are more vulnerable to larval infestation of insect pest
(Guang, 1980).
Number of Days from
Heading to Ripening
Bayabas, Muri and Luk-ab ripened early at 21days after heading (Table 3). The
latest to ripen was Lasbakan and Lablabi at 36 days. The differences among the rice
varieties could be attributed to their genetic make-up or adaptability to the environment.
(Yoshida, 1981). Early ripening is an advantage to farmers who prefer to harvest their
plant earlier also.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Table 3. Numbers of days from transplanting to tillering, transplanting to booting, and
heading to ripening of the ten glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER OF DAYS FROM
VARIETY
TRANSPLANTNG TRANSPLANTING HEADING TO
TO TILLERING
TO BOOTING
RIPENING
Balatinaw
29b
78c
22d
Balatingi
29b
78c
22d
Bayabas
29b
85b
21e
Diket Red
36a
85b
26c
Kintoman
22c
71d
26c
Lasbakan
36a
71d
36a
Lablabi
22c
85b
36a
Makabusog
22c
85b
28b
Muri
29b
92a
21e
Luk-ab
29b
71d
21e
CV (%)
0
0
0
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Number of Total Tillers
As shown in Table 4, Muri had the highest number of tillers (20) while Balatinaw,
Lablabi, and Lasbakan produced only 8 tillers. Not all tillers produced head, some tillers
died while others remained at the vegetative stage. This often happens since there is
competition among tillers for nutrients and light (UPLB, 1983).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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TABLE 4. Number of total and productive tillers and panicle exertion of the ten
glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER
VARIETY
TOTAL
PRODUCTIVE
PANICLE
TILLERS
TILLERS
EXERTION
Balatinaw
8d
4e
Just exerted
Balatingi
15b
10ab
Moderately
well exerted
Bayabas
14b
11a
Just exerted
Diket Red
14b
6cde
Just exerted
Kintoman
9d
5cde
Moderately
well exerted
Lasbakan
8d
5de
Just exerted
Lablabi
8d
6cde
Just exerted
Makabsog
13b
9abc
Well exerted
Muri
19a
7cde
Just exerted
Luk-ab
14b
7bed
Moderately
well exerted
CV (%)
17.70
23.78
Means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Number of Productive Tillers
Table 4 shows that the highest number of productive tillers was produced by
Bayabas with a mean of 11. The production of tillers alone may not be a good gauge of
the yield potential of rice (UPLB, 1983).
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
22
Panicle Exertion
Results show that among all the varieties evaluated only Makabsog had well
exerted panicle which means the panicle base appears well above the collar of the flag
leaf blade. The other varieties had just exerted to moderately well exerted panicles.
Panicle exertion or the distance between flag leaf and panicle is one important
morphological trait of rice that seriously affect the production of seeds in rice (Virmani,
1988).
Number of Filled and Unfilled
Grains per Panicle
No significant differences were observed on the number of filled and unfilled
grains of the ten glutinous rice varieties (Table 5). Among the different rice varieties
evaluated, Diket Red had the highest number of filled grains (75) while Balatinaw had
the lowest filled grains (45). Muri and Bayabas had the highest number of unfilled grains
per panicle (25).
Reaction to Stem Borer, Blast
and Birds Infestation
All of the varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast. However, all of the
varieties including those with awn were infested by birds.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
23
Table 5. Number of filled grains and unfilled grains of the ten glutinous rice varieties
NUMBER
VARIETY
FILLED
UNFILLED
GRAINS
GRAINS
Balatinaw
45
24
Balatingi
59
23
Bayabas
70
25
Diket Red
75
21
Kintoman
66
15
Lasbakan
63
22
Lablabi
46
25
Makabsog
65
23
Muri
61
25
Luk-ab
72
18
CV (%)
20.10
31.28
Height at Maturity
The height of the ten glutinous rice was measured from the base of the plant to the
panicle tip including the awn at harvest (Table 6). Makabsog was the tallest at 126.17 cm
while Balatangi was the shortest (103.50 cm). Short varieties usually have high yield
(Sachiko, 2010) and are preferred by farmers for ease in harvesting.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
24
Table 6. Height at maturity of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
HEIGHT AT
MATURITY
(cm)
Balatinaw
103.53e
Balatingi
103.50e
Bayabas
104.47e
Diket Red
113.70c
Kintoman
109.07d
Lasbakan
115.77c
Lablabi
109.10d
Makabsog
126.17a
Muri
113.80c
Luk-ab
119.50b
CV (%)
1.85
Means followed by common letters significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Weight of 1000 Filled Grains
The weight of 1000 filled grains of ten rice varieties is shown in Table 7. It was
observed that Muri significantly had the highest weight of 32.48g of 1000 filled grains.
The high grain weight of Muri may be attributed to the presence of awns.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
25
Yield per Plot
Statistical analysis showed the highly significant differences on the yield of the
ten varieties evaluated (Table 7). Diket Red obtained the highest yield per plot of
573.33g/5m2. In the previous study done by Tay-eo from 2009-2010 at Kapangan,
Bayabas had the highest yield.
Table 7. Weight of 1,000 filled grains, yield per plot, and computed yield per hectare of
the ten glutinous rice varieties
WEIGHT OF
YIELD PER
COMPUTED YIELD PER
1000 FILLED
PLOT
HECTARE
VARIETY
GRAINS
(g/5m2)
(t/ha)
(g)
Balatinaw
23.95d
250.00de
0.50ef
Balatingi
29.45b
312.67cd
0.62cde
Bayabas
20.63e
423.33b
0.85b
Diket Red
26.30c
573.33a
1.15a
Kintoman
25.25cd
279.33cde
0.56def
Lasbakan
20.65e
258.00cde
0.51def
Lablabi
24.38cd
213.00e
0.42f
Makabsog
23.89d
326.33cd
0.65cde
Muri
32.48a
346.67bc
0.69bcd
Luk-ab
21.80e
243.33de
0.49bc
CV (%)
4.58
15.77
15.86
Means followed by common letters are significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
26
Computed Yield per Hectare
As shown in Table 7, Diket red produced the highest yield per hectare of 1.15
tons/. This value is still low compared to the 3.63tons/ha expected from traditional rice
(PCARRD, 2011). The low yield of all the varieties tested may be attributed to infestation
of birds during ripening stage and non- application of any fertilizer.
Return On Cash Expense
Diket red had the highest return on cash expenses (52.86%). Balatinaw,
Balatangi, Kintoman, Lasbakan, Lablabi, Makabsog, Muri and Lak-ab had negative
ROCE due to low yield and infestation of birds.
Table 8. Cost and return analysis of the ten glutinous rice varieties
YIELD
GROSS
COST OF
NET
ROCE
g/5m2
INCOME PRODUCTION INCOME
(%)
VARIETY
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Balatinaw
250.00
20.00
30.00
-10
-33.33
Balatingi
312.67
25.01
30.00
-4.98
-16.6o
Bayabas
423.33
33.86
30.00
3.86
12.86
Diket Red
573.33
45.86
30.00
15.86
52.86
Kintoman
279.33
22.34
30.00
-7.65
-25.50
Lasbakan
258.00
20.64
30.00
-9.36
-31.20
Lablabi
213.00
17.04
30.00
-12.96
-43.20
Makabsog
326.33
26.10
30.00
-3.89
-12.96
Muri
346.67
27.73
30.00
-2.26
-7.53
Luk-ab
243.33
19.46
30.00
-10.53
-35.10
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Sensory Evaluation
Aroma. Bayabas and Lablabi had slightly perceptive aroma while the rest of the
varieties had moderate aroma. Aroma is the most important quality trait of traditional
rice, which differentiates the highly valued aromatic rice from the other rice types
(Subha, 2010).
Taste. Kintoman, Lablabi, and Muri had slightly tasty grains while the grains of
the other varieties were bland. The taste of traditional rice is identified with the gourmet
collection of fine rice meals and ethnically inspired recipes from around the globe
(Subha, 2010).
Table 9. Sensory evaluation of the ten glutinous rice varieties
VARIETY
AROMA
TASTE
TEXTURE
GENERAL
ACCEPTABILITY
Balatinaw
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Balatingi
Moderate
Bland
Moderately
Liked moderately
soft
Bayabas
Slightly
Bland
Very soft
Liked very much
perceptive
Diket Red
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked very much
Kintoman
Moderate
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked moderately
Lasbakan
Moderate
Bland
Moderately
Liked very much
soft
Lablabi
Slightly
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked very much
perceptive
Makabsog
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Muri
Moderate
Slightly tasty
Very soft
Liked very much
Luk-ab
Moderate
Bland
Very soft
Liked moderately
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
28
Texture. Only Balatangi and Lasbakan have moderately soft grains while the
other varieties had very soft grains. Glutinous rice naturally has soft grains that are easily
cooked (Subha, 2010).
General acceptability. Bayabas, Diket Red, Lasbakan, Lablabi, and Muri were
liked very much by the panelists. These varieties had either very soft grains which were
slightly tasty or had moderate aroma.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The plant vigor at seedling stage of the ten varieties was normal. Lablabi
produced the tallest seedling while Luk-ab had the shortest. After transplanting, Lablabi
and Makabsog were the earliest to tiller and Lasbakan and Diket red were the latest.
Kintoman, Lasbakan and Luk-ab were the earliest to boot at 71 days whereas Muri was
the latest. The earliest variety to ripen was Bayabas, Muri and Luk-ab at 21 days after
heading while Lablabi and Lasbakan took 36 days.
Muri produced the highest number of tillers while Balatinaw and Lablabi
produced only 8. But the highest number of productive tillers recorded was from
Bayabas. No significant differences were observed on the number of filled and unfilled
grains. Diket red had the highest number of filled grains while Balatinaw had the lowest
filled grains. Furthermore, Makabsog was the tallest at 126.17 cm while Balatangi was
the shortest. All the rice varieties were resistant to stem borer and blast but were infested
by birds including those with awn.
Muri had the highest weight of 1000 filled grains followed by Balatangi and Diket
Red. The highest total and computed yield was recorded from Balatangi and Diket Red.
Diket Red also had the highest return on cash expenses (ROCE).
The cooked grains of the varieties had slightly perceptive to moderate aroma,
were bland to slightly tasty, had moderately to very soft grains, and were liked
moderately or liked much by panelists.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
30
Conclusion
Based on the results, although Diket Red was the latest to produce tillers, boot,
and ripen, it produced the highest yield and ROCE. All of the varieties were resistant to
stem borer and blast but only Diket Red and Bayabas had positive ROCE.
Recommendation
Based on the results, Diket Red is recommended for production at Kapangan,
Benguet.
Application of fertilizers is also recommended to enhance the yield of Diket Red.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
31
LITERATURE CITED
BALASUBRAMANIAN V., HERDT R.W. and M. HOSSAIN. 1999. Management in
Rice System. New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher. P. 1.
BITAGA, J.E. 2002. Paddy Rice Post Harvest Industry in Developing Countries. Laguna:
Philrice Research Institute P. 1.
CAFÉ, A. 2010. Native Rice to Save Deteriorating Ifugao Rice Terraces. Retrieved
December 2011. From http://affleap.com/native-rice-to-save-deteriorating-
ifugao-rice-terraces/.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PHILRICE). 2000. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and
Philrice research institute. Pp. 5-10.
CENTRAL CORDILLERA AGRICULTURAL PROGAMMED (CECAP) AND
PHILPPINES RICE RESEARCH INSTITUE (PHILRICE). 2002. Highland
Rice production in the Philippines. Nueva Ecija: Agricultural program and
Philrice research institute. P. 44.
EVENSON, R.E 1996. Rice Research in Asia Progress and Priories. USA: Science
Publisher Inc. Pp.1-25.
GUANG H.W 1980. Rice improvement in China and other Asian Countries. China:
International Rice Research Institute and Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Science. P. 37.
NANDA J.S 2000. Rice Breeding and genetic research priorities and challenges. USA:
Science publisher Inc. Pp. 1-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEACRH INSTITUTE. 1993. Philippine Rice R and D
Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Philrice research institute. Pp 2-3.
PHILIPPINES RICE RESEACRH INSTITUTE. 1996. Philippine rice R and D
Highlights. Nueva Ecija: Phil Rice. Pp. 1-13.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY and RESOURCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 2011. Short message service. Retrieved
march 2011. from www.pcarrd. dost. gov. ph.
ROTTGER U. 1992. Paddy deterioration in the humid tropic. Germany: German agency
for technical cooperation. P. 23.
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Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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REBUELTA, P.I. 1997. Rice Specialist Training Courch on IPM- Weather, Climate and
Rice Production. March 12 1997 Nueva Ecija: PhilRice. Pp. 19-22.
SACHIKO J. 2010. Rice farming. Retrieved March 2011 from: http:
//www.ricefarming.com/home /issues/2010-05/2010_MaySS.htmlLouisiana.
SHEELY, J.E., P.L. MITCHEL and J. HARDY, 2000.Redisigning rice photosynthesis to
increase yield. Los Baños, Laguna: IRRI. Pp3-4.
SINGH, K. and KHUSH, G.S.2000.Aromatic rice. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH
Publishing P 15.
SCHILLER, J.M., M.B.CHANGPENGXAY, B.LIAQUIST, and S.APPARAO.2006.
Rice in Laos. Laguna: IRRI. P. 291.
SUBHA, R.S, 2010. Aroma association in Global popular Aromatic rice Cultivars in
Tropical Environment. Malaysia: Institute of Biological Science. Pp.1 -14.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS. 1983. Rice Production Manual
for NFAC-UPLB Country side Action Program.UPLB, Laguna, Philippines.
Pp.7-16.
VIRMANI, R. 1988. Rice Research and Development. Laguna: IRRI. P. 11.
WORK and CAREW, J. 1995.Producing Vegetable Crops. The Interstate Printers and
Publisher, Inc. Pp. 2, 238.
YOSHIDA, S. 1981. Fundamentals of Rice crop science. Laguna: IRRI. Pp. 30-32, 67-
70.
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Plant vigor
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
3
3
3
9
3
Balatingi
3
3
3
9
3
Bayabas
3
3
3
9
3
Diket Red
3
3
3
9
3
Kintoman
3
3
3
9
3
Lasbakan
3
3
3
9
3
Lablabi
3
3
3
9
3
Makabsog
3
3
3
9
3
Muri
3
3
3
9
3
Luk-ab
3
3
3
9
3
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Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
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Appendix Table 2. Panicle Exertion
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
3
3
3
9
3
Balatingi
4
4
4
12
4
Bayabas
3
3
3
9
3
Diket Red
3
3
3
9
3
Kintoman
4
4
4
12
4
Lasbakan
3
3
3
9
3
Lablabi
3
3
3
9
3
Makabsog
5
5
5
15
5
Muri
3
3
3
9
3
Luk-ab
4
4
4
12
4
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Appendix Table 3. Seedling height (cm)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
26.10
26.55
25.71
78.36
26.12 b
Balatingi
21.37
24.04
20.61
66.02
22.00 d
Bayabas
19.76
20.34
21.75
61.85
20.62 de
Diket Red
24.92
23.12
23.54
71.58
23.86 c
Kintoman
22.11
22.78
21.77
66.66
22.22 d
Lasbakan
26.24
24.88
24.46
75.58
25.19 bc
Lablabi
30.25
29.33
30.04
89.62
29.87 a
Makabsog
21.15
21.46
20.33
62.94
20.98 de
Muri
26.10
24.04
25.18
75.32
25.11 bc
Luk-ab
21.10
19.19
19.66
59.95
19.98 e
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.836
0.919
Treatment
9
251.576
27.953
30.62**
2.43 3.52
Error
18
16.433
0.913
TOTAL
29
269.846
** Highly significant
CV (%) = 4.05
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
36
Appendix Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to tillering
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
29
29
29
87
29 b
Balatingi
29
29
29
87
29 b
Bayabas
29
29
29
87
29 b
Diket Red
36
36
36
108
36 a
Kintoman
22
22
22
66
22 c
Lasbakan
36
36
36
108
36 a
Lablabi
22
22
22
66
22 c
Makabsog
22
22
22
66
22 c
Muri
29
29
29
87
29 b
Luk-ab
29
29
29
87
29 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
720.443
80.049
240145.8**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
37
Appendix Table 5. Number of days from transplanting to booting
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
78
78
78
234
78 c
Balatingi
78
78
78
234
78 c
Bayabas
85
85
85
255
85 b
Diket Red
85
85
85
255
85 b
Kintoman
71
71
71
213
71 d
Lasbakan
71
71
71
213
71 d
Lablabi
85
85
85
255
85 b
Makabsog
85
85
85
255
85 b
Muri
92
92
92
276
92 a
Luk ab
71
71
71
213
71 d
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
1484.283
164.920
494776.1**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
38
Appendix Table 6. Number of tillers produced
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
8
10
7
25
8.33 d
Balatingi
13
15
18
46
15.33 b
Bayabas
12
14
17
43
14.33 b
Diket Red
15
11
16
42
14.00 b
Kintoman
8
12
8
28
9.33 cd
Lasbakan
8
8
7
23
7.67 d
Lablabi
9
8
8
25
8.33 d
Makabsog
10
15
13
38
12.67 bc
Muri
10
11
8
29
19.67 a
Luk-ab
14
16
12
42
14.00 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
8.467
4.233
Treatment
9
237.633
26.404
6.52**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
72.867
4.048
TOTAL
29
318.967
**- Highly significant CV (%) = 17.70
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
39
Appendix Table 7. Number of productive tillers
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
4
5
3
12
4.00 e
Balatingi
10
9
11
30
10.00 ab
Bayabas
10
13
9
32
10.67 a
Diket Red
4
8
5
17
5.67 cde
Kintoman
6
6
4
16
5.33 cde
Lasbakan
6
5
4
15
5.00 de
Lablabi
5
5
7
17
5.67 cde
Makabsog
8
10
8
26
8.67 abc
Muri
5
5
10
20
6.67 cde
Luk-ab
6
7
9
22
7.33 bed
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
4.200
2.100
Treatment
9
134.033
14.893
5.53**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
48.467
2.693
TOTAL
29
186.700
**-highly significant CV (%) = 23.78
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
40
Appendix Table 8. Number of filled grains at heading per panicle
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
44
34
57
135
45.00
Balatingi
67
63
46
176
58.66
Bayabas
76
57
78
211
70.33
Diket Red
67
80
77
224
74.66
Kintoman
56
67
75
198
66.00
Lasbakan
68
75
45
188
62.66
Lablabi
65
46
36
147
46.00
Makabsog
54
65
77
196
65.33
Muri
64
67
51
182
60.66
Luk-ab
56
87
74
217
72.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
40.067
20.033
Treatment
9
2498.800
277.644
1.76 ns
2.43
3.52
Error
18
2838.600
157,700
TOTAL
29
5377.467
ns- not significant
CV (%) = 20.10
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
41
Appendix Table 9. Number of unfilled grains per panicle
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
32
25
16
73
24.33
Balatingi
24
19
26
69
23.00
Bayabas
20
26
28
74
24.67
Diket Red
20
24
19
63
21.00
Kintoman
19
15
12
46
15.33
Lasbakan
16
22
27
65
21.67
Lablabi
34
17
24
75
25.00
Makabsog
16
34
18
68
22.67
Muri
15
35
24
74
24.67
Luk-ab
23
14
16
53
17.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
22.200
11.100
Treatment
9
283.33
31.481
0.66
2.43
3.52
Error
18
852.467
47.359
TOTAL
29
1158.000
ns- not significant CV(%) = 31.28
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
42
Appendix Table 10. Number of day from heading to ripening
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
22
22
22
66
22
Balatingi
22
22
22
66
22
Bayabas
21
21
21
63
21
Diket Red
26
26
26
78
26
Kintoman
26
26
26
78
26
Lasbakan
36
36
36
108
36
Lablabi
36
36
36
108
36
Makabsog
28
28
28
84
28
Muri
21
21
21
63
21
Luk-ab
21
21
21
63
21
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.001
0.000
Treatment
9
931.923
103.547
310638.6**
2.46
3.60
Error
18
0.006
0.000
TOTAL
29
**-highly significant CV (%) = 0.00%
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
43
Appendix Table 11. Height at maturity
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
100.9
105.8
103.9
310.6
103.53 e
Balatingi
103.5
102.8
104.2
310.5
103.5 e
Bayabas
104.3
104.6
104.5
313.4
104.47 e
Diket Red
111.3
117.7
112.1
341.1
113.7 c
Kintoman
107.8
109.3
110.1
327.2
109.07 d
Lasbakan
117.3
114.8
115.2
347.3
115.77 c
Lablabi
107.9
109.3
110.1
327.3
109.10 d
Makabsog
124.0
126.9
127.6
378.5
126.17 a
Muri
111.0
118.8
111.6
341.4
113.80 c
Luk-ab
121.3
118.9
118.3
358.5
119.50 b
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
19.358
9.679
Treatment
9
1484.299
164.922
38.55**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
77.815
4.279
TOTAL
29
1580.672
**highly significant CV (%) = 1.85
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
44
Appendix Table 12. Stem borer evaluation (white heads)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
1
1
1
3
1
Balatingi
1
1
1
3
1
Bayabas
1
1
1
3
1
Diket Red
1
1
1
3
1
Kintoman
1
1
1
3
1
Lasbakan
1
1
1
3
1
Lablabi
1
1
1
3
1
Makabsog
1
1
1
3
1
Muri
1
1
1
3
1
Luk-ab
1
1
1
3
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
45
Appendix Table 13. Blast Evaluation (neck rot)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
1
1
1
3
1
Balatingi
1
1
1
3
1
Bayabas
1
1
1
3
1
Diket Red
1
1
1
3
1
Kintoman
1
1
1
3
1
Lasbakan
1
1
1
3
1
Lablabi
1
1
1
3
1
Makabsog
1
1
1
3
1
Muri
1
1
1
3
1
Luk-ab
1
1
1
3
1
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
46
Appendix Table 14. Weight of 1000 filled grains
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
26.94
22.71
22.19
71.84
23.95 d
Balatingi
28.59
30.12
29.64
88.35
29.45 b
Bayabas
19.52
20.19
22.19
61.90
20.63 e
Diket Red
26.94
25.83
26.13
79.90
26.30 c
Kintoman
25.38
26.06
24.32
75.76
25.25 cd
Lasbakan
20.66
21.03
20.26
61.95
20.65 e
Lablabi
24.24
24.97
23.92
73.19
24.38 cd
Makabsog
23.53
23.92
24.22
71.67
23.89 d
Muri
33.13
33.17
31.13
97.43
32.48 a
Luk-ab
21.65
21.92
21.83
65.40
21.80 e
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
1.324
0.662
Treatment
9
384.804
42.756
32.88**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
23.406
1.300
TOTAL
29
409.535
** highly significant CV (%) = 4.58
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
47
Appendix Table 15. Yield per plot
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
237
293
220
750
250.00 de
Balatingi
320
354
264
938
312.67 cd
Bayabas
420
450
400
1270
423.33 b
Diket Red
580
550
590
1720
573.33 a
Kintoman
213
300
325
838
279.33 cde
Lasbakan
265
319
190
774
258.00 cde
Lablabi
260
215
164
639
213.00 e
Makabsog
334
390
255
979
326.33 cd
Muri
410
330
300
1040
346.67 bc
Luk-ab
210
200
320
730
243.33 de
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
7035.800
3,517.900
Treatment
9
309,952.533
34439.170
13.20
2.43
3.52
Error
18
46,600.867
2588.937
TOTAL
29
363,589.200
** Highly significant CV (%) = 15.77
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
48
Appendix Table 16. Computed yield per hectare (Kg)
REPLICATION
VARIETY
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Balatinaw
.47
.58
.44
1.49
.50 ef
Balatingi
.64
.70
.52
1.86
.62 cde
Bayabas
.84
.90
.80
2.54
.85 b
Diket Red
1.16
1.10
1.18
3.44
1.15 a
Kintoman
.42
.60
.65
1.67
.56 def
Lasbakan
.53
.63
.38
1.54
.51 def
Lablabi
.52
.43
.32
1.27
.42 f
Makabusog
.66
.78
.51
1.95
.65 cde
Muri
.82
.66
.60
2.08
.69 bcd
Luk-ab
.42
.40
.64
1.46
.49 bc
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
OF
FREEDOM SQUARES SQUARES
F
0.05
0.01
Replication
2
0.028
0.014
Treatment
9
1.250
0.139
13.34**
2.43
3.52
Error
18
0.187
0.010
TOTAL
29
1.465
**-Highly significant CV%=15.86
Growth and Yield of Five Corn Entries Intercropped with Bush Bean under Organic
Production in La Trinidad, Benguet. TOMIN, SORIEL HAZAN APRIL 2011
Document Outline
- On Farm Trial of Glutinous Traditional RiceVarieties (Oryza Sativa L.) in Kapangan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED