BIBLIOGRAPHY CALAMA, GRACE L. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CALAMA, GRACE L. APRIL 2006. Characterization and Correlation of
Characters at Vegetative Stage in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Cabanao, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2005 to
June 2005 to characterize the 16 selected rice landraces collected from Benguet Province
based on vegetative characters. Correlation analysis was also done in the different
vegetative characters measured.
There were 16 rice landraces of Benguet field evaluated namely; Bongkitan,
Butalga, Diket, Diset, Kabal, Kintoman, Lalay, Longgot, Makamining, Maximu, Monay,
Nawal, Oplan, Red diket, Saba and Walay. The landraces were characterized before the
seeds were sown and differences in grain characters were observed.
Significant differences were observed in number of days from transplanting to
tillering, leaf angle, leaf area, initial height, height at 130 DAT, stem diameter, and
number of tillers per hill. Leaf length and number of nodes per plant showed significant
differences among the landraces.
In the correlation analysis, there was significant positive correlation between
number of days from transplanting to tillering and number of tillers, leaf length, leaf area
and height at 130 DAT, stem diameter and number of nodes. However, negative
significant correlation was obtained between number of tillers to leaf length and stem
diameter. The findings revealed that almost all the characters are correlated, thus, such
characters could be used as selection indices during the vegetative stage of rice landraces.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Grain Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Number of Days From Transplanting to Tillering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Leaf Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Other Leaf Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Number of Nodes per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Stem Diameter and Stem Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Internode Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Number of Tillers Per Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Pest and Disease Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Correlation Among Vegetative Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a well-known cereal plant cultivated in warm and cool
areas. It provides 25 - 80% calories of the daily diet of over 2.7 billion people and a good
source of protein, minerals and vitamins (White, 1994). It provides employment and
income to the largest sector of the rural population in most Asian countries. In the
Philippines, rice plays an important role in the stabilization of the Philippine economy.
Filipinos are highly and entirely dependent on rice as their staple food and hence the
lifeblood of the nation. It comprises the whole of their diet. Nearly all their agricultural
endeavor revolves as well as much of their hope is inclined to it (IRRI, 1971).
Furthermore, rice throughout the country is consumed primarily in plain boiled
form and in other various preparations. In areas where rice is the staple food, it is
processed in many, varied and often novel products such that it appears in breakfast
cereals, soup and baby food and in a wide array of traditional rice products "kakanin"
mostly in the form of snacks or desserts (Bean et al, 1983). In industry, rice hulls are used
as insulation materials and ingredient in the liquid chemical furfural. Dried stalks in Asia
are used to hatch roofs, weave sandals, baskets and hats (Teason, 1994).
Although many studies had been conducted in research stations to increase rice
productions still large number of people face widespread hunger, malnutrition and
poverty. Hence, increasing rice production should be of top priority. One way to increase
rice production is through the use of High Yielding Varieties (HYV's). However, HYV's
potential is achieved by applying more inputs such are fertilizers and pesticides, thus,
there is an additional cost with effects to both humans and environment (Dalrymple,
1986). Another way of increasing rice production is expanding the area of cultivation,
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
2
which would require more people to go into rice farming and perhaps mechanization of
farm operations. However, vast rice lands had been converted to commercial
establishments, residential areas and vegetable gardens, thus could not guarantee food
security.
In the search for improving rice production, there is a need to identify potential
varieties adaptable to specific conditions like those prevailing in the mountainous and
cool areas of Cordillera region. Determining the characteristics of these varieties must be
of significance. These characters maybe physiological and agro morphological in nature.
Along this line, the study of traditional rice would be very useful.
Production of traditional rice is slow and decreasing due to the introduction of
many high yielding rice varieties. However, here in Benguet and other provinces of the
Cordillera region, native rice is still preferred by the people because of its aroma, good
eating quality, minimum inputs and management, adaptability to the locality, stable yield
and their use in traditional practices. The introduction of modem varieties is a growing
disadvantage to the local rice germplasm pool as the traditional rice are fast vanishing.
Before these traditional rices are lost, collection, characterization and stabilization should
be done. Characterization is the first step in the evaluation of germplasm collection. It is
done to establish the identity of each accession basing on the agro morphological
characters of the plant. Standardized descriptions are used so that genetic resources are
more accessible to researchers and plant breeders (Borromeo et al., 1994).
The study aimed to characterize selected rice landraces collection from the
Province of Benguet and to correlate the vegetative characters measured during the
vegetative stage.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
3
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University experimental field at
Cabanao, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2005 to June 2005.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Varietal Characterization
And Varietal Improvement
Borromeo et al. (1994) stated that characterization is the first step in evaluation of
germplasm collection. It is done to establish the identity of each accession basing on the
agro morphological characters of the plant.
Ayfa (1998) cited that increased yields have been the ultimate goal of most plant
breeders. Sometimes, it is accomplished by providing varieties basically more productive
not because of specific improvements but as result of generally greater physiological
efficiency.
Urbanes as cited by Salcedo (2002) stated that in low income countries, research
managers give priority to genetic improvement of seeds to increase their yield potential.
As economies progresses utmost priority is given to research for improving grain quality;
increasing labor productivity, adding value to rice through post harvest operations and
management practices. Additionally, Hirao (1990) reported that national programs have
been studying ways to improve quality and shelf life of traditional and new rice products
to generate income and employment in the rural areas.
The search for genetic variation is of great importance for rice breeding.
Anonymous (1998) reported narrow genetic base of irrigated and upland rice cultivars. It
was observed that 68% of the gene pool of irrigated rice analyzed was derived from only
10 ancestors and maybe even narrower as just 10 ancestors account 78% of the genes in
upland rice. Nevertheless, Rangel (1996) suggested some alternatives for achieving a
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
5
broader genetic base for rice breeding and one of them is the use of landraces (natives) in
multiple crosses with inbreeds elite lines.
Genetic analysis using molecular markers was conduced in .wild species and
landraces of rice. Buso (1998), studied genetic variability of four rice populations with
isozyme and RAPD markers and found out that with both types of markers, a pattern of
greater variation between than within populations indicated that large portion of the total
genetic was attributable. Similarly, Glaszman (1988) studied the pattern of variation
among native rices based on isozyme analysis and found that the geographic pattern of
variation among varieties was largely related to the existence of varietal groups. Hence,
isozyme polymorphism inhibit strong correlations with both environmental and macro
geographic parameters.
The use of biotechnology in the exploitation of the countries biological resources
that geared towards the development of High Yielding Varieties and creation of
competitive products and services in a sustainable and environmental sustainable manner
is recognized in both phases of plant breeding. Some of these techniques are utilization of
molecular markers (molecular mapping of resistant genes), quantitative loci trait (QTL)
for seeding vigor and yield, wide hybridization and genetic transformation technology or
introduction of novel genes into rice, gene cloning and characterization (Obien et al.,
1992). Additionally, the applicability of biotechnology to crop improvement involves
non-conventional plant breeding technique but should mutually complement them by
enhancing efficiency, trait transfer precision and recovery of useful value-added variation
(Duncan, 1997).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
6
Souza and Sorells (1989) reported that pedigree analysis of cultivars is useful for
evaluating the effects of crop improvement and provides a basis for selection of cultivars
use as parent in breeding programs. Likewise, pedigree evaluation could generate vital
information to plant breeders, like the identity of the ancestral parents of crop varieties
upon which the present day varieties are founded (Cuevas et al., 1992).
Characteristics of Landraces in the
Cordillera Region (CAR)
Several native rice varieties of red, dark red, violet and white colored are being
grown in the Cordillera region (Cadatal, 1993). In Benguet Province, the varieties mostly
planted by the farmers are Kintoman, Balatinao, Pinidua, Kayaring, Bassal, Talloy,
Lagawe, Bayabas and Bongkitan. In Kalinga, the popular varieties that farmers preferred.
are Unoy, Ujak, Pinuswoy, Waray and Intan red and white (Landacan, 1992).
Salcedo (2002) cited some characteristics of native rice grown in the Cordillera as
low tillering, awned grains, tall stalks and late maturing.
Characteristics of traditional varieties are mostly tall (l60-200cm) with drooping
and longer leaves, photoperiodic, low yielding late maturing and less responsive to
nitrogen fertilizer (PhilRice, 1995). This can endure environmental conditions such as
submerged regions and low soil fertility.
Maurya and Mall (1986) enumerated characteristics of traditional rice for
waterlogged areas such that they have leafy and longer leaves because of faster growth,
tall stems, profuse tillering and lodging susceptible that cause mutual shading. They have
long growth duration and photoperiodic sensitivity. Peta, Intan and Bengawan which are
native to the tropics belong to this type.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
7
Functional Properties and Nutritional
Composition of Indigenous Rice
Juliano (1998) explained that protein content of milled rice is generally lower at
14% moisture level than unmilled rice. Despite its low protein content, rice is the primary
source of dietary protein in tropical Asia. For nation- wide health status, iron deficiency,
anemia and vitamin A is reportedly prevalent in Asia. In anticipation, low phytate rice
mutant has been developed to be nutritionally important in improving iron (Fe) and zinc
(Zn) availability in rice.
Gonzales (2001) stated that native rice grown in the Cordillera region contains
much higher nutritive value than commercial rice. Accordingly, it contains 476% protein,
475% fiber, 346% calcium, 356% iron, 934% phosphorus, 322% food energy, 306%
complex carbohydrates, 400% riboflavin, 1,306% niacin and 2,033% thiamin which are
essential in human nutrition.
Brown or rough rice reduces blood cholesterol and decreases urinary calcium for
people prone to kidney disorder (Javier, 2001). It contains vitamin B and dietary fibers
that help prevents cancer and an effective laxative.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Raising of Seedlings
There were 16 selected rice landraces collected from Province of Benguet used in
this study; 8 were from Kibungan, 3 from Bakun municipality, two from Itogon, one
from Kapangan municipality, one from Kabayan and one from municipality of Bokod.
Seeds of each landrace was characterized before sowing. Sowing was done and prepared
seedbeds through wet bed method. Necessary labels were placed in each seedbed for
identification during pulling and transplanting.
Transplanting
An experimental area of 145m2 was thoroughly prepared, puddled and leveled for
convenience during transplanting. The area was divided into 3 blocks and further
subdivided into 48 beds. Each bed measured 1 m x 3 m. The study was laid out in the
field using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two seedlings
transplanted per hill following the straight row pattern with planting distance of 25 cm
between hills and rows which were replicated 3 times. Processed chicken manure (PCM)
was broadcasted an hour before during transplanting. Urea and 14-14-14 were
broadcasted at 64 days after transplanting (DAT). Care and maintenance was done
throughout the experimentation period.
Serving as treatments, the following were the landraces used:
Landraces
Place of Collection
T1
Bongkitan
Tinongdan,. Itogon, Benguet
T2
Butalga
Poblacion, Kibungan, Benguet
T3
Diket
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
9
T4
Diset
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T5
Kabal
Poblacion
Kibungan,
Benguet
T6 Kintoman
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T7
Lalay
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T8
Longgot
Poblacion, Kabayan, Benguet
T9
Makamining
Poblacion, Kibungan, Benguet
T10
Maximu
Gadang, Kapangan, Benguet
T11
Monay
Poblacion,
Bakun,
Benguet
T12
Nawal
Tinongdan,
Itogon,
Benguet
T13
Oplan
Poblacion Kibungan, Benguet
T14
Red Diket
Bila, Bokod, Benguet
T15
Saba
Poblacion,
Bakun,
Benguet
T16
Walay
Sinacbat,
Bakun,
Benguet
Data gathered:
The parameters collected were:
1. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, total brightness and
rainfall during the conduct of the study were taken from the BSU- PAGASA station,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
2. Seed/Grain characteristics. This was taken by determining the seed
characteristics of the 16 selected rice landraces before sowing in prepared seedbeds.
3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of
the crops produced tillers.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
10
4. Leaf Characters
a. Leaf length (cm). This was taken by measuring 10 sample leaves per treatment
from the base of the leaf blade to the tip of the leaf at 90 DAT. The middle leaves were
used as samples.
b. Leaf angle. This was taken by measuring the angle form between the leaf blade
and stem using protractor.
c. Leaf area (cm2). This was taken by measuring 10 fully expanded sample leaf
per treatment during growth period using replica weight method:
Area of ordinary paper (cm) x weight of replica (g)
Leaf area (cm2) = ------------------------------------------------------------------
Weight of ordinary paper (g)
d. Leaf sheath color. This was taken using the scale used by Borromeo et al.,
(1994).
Rating
Remarks
1 green
2 purple
lines
3 light
purple
4
purple tips
e. Blade color. This was taken by determining the color of the leaves using the
following scale (Borromeo et al., 1994).
Rating
Remarks
1
pale green
2 green
3 dark
green
4 purple
tips
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
11
5 purple
margins
6
purple blotch
7 purple
f. Blade pubescence. This was taken using the following scale by Borromeo et al.,
(1994).
Rating
Remarks
1 glabrous
2 intermediate
3 pubescent
g. Ligule color. This was taken using the scale used by Borromeo et al., (1994).
Rating
Remarks
0 absent
1 whitish
2 purple
lines
3 purple
h. Auricle color. This was taken using the following scale (Borromeo et al.,
1994).
Rating
Remarks
0 absent
1 pale
green
2 purple
5. Culm/Stem Characteristics
a. Initial height (cm.). This was taken by measuring ten sample plants at 30 DBT
per treatment during pulling from the base to the youngest leaf of the plant using tape
measure.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
12
b. Final height (cm). This was taken by measuring ten sample plants from the
base to the tip of the flag leaf at 130 DAT using tape measure.
c. Stem diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the stem of the same sample
plant at the basal internode using vernier caliper.
d. Stem strength. This was taken using the following scale (Borromeo et al.,
1994).
Rating
Remarks
1- strong
no lodging
3-moderately strong
most plant leaning
5- intermediate
most plant moderately lodging
7 - weak
most plant nearly flat
9-very weak
all plants flat
e. Number of nodes. This was taken by counting the total number of nodes of ten
samples plants.
f. Internode color. This was taken by determining the color of the internode at the
tip of the main stem using the scale by Borromeo (1994).
Rating Remarks
1
green
2
light gold
3
purple lines
4
purple
6. Number of tillers per hill. This was taken by counting the number of tillers of
ten sample hills per treatment.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
13
Pest and Disease Incidence
a. Stemborer infection. This was taken using the following scale (NCT for Rice,
1996).
Index Rating
% Dead Heart % White Head
Description
1
1 – 10 1 – 5
Resistant
3
11 – 20 6 – 10
Moderately Resistant
5
21 – 30 11 – 15
Intermediate
7
31 – 60 16 – 25
Moderately susceptible
9
61 – above 26 – above
Susceptible
b. Rice blast (neck, leaf). This was taken from the center row at hill 4-2.
Computation on percent infection following the formula:
Number of Infected Plants
Percent Infection = --------------------------------------- x 100
Total Number of Plants
Index Rating % Infection
Description
1
0 – 25% Resistant
2 26 – 50% Intermediate
3 51 – 100% Susceptible
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 presents the monthly air temperature (maximum and minimum) relative
humidity (RH), rainfall amount and total sunshine brightness. Mean air temperature
(maximum and minimum)relative humidity, total rain fall amount and total sunshine
brightness were 23.26 oC, 14.77 oC, 77.76%, 6.24 mm and 374.17 mm, respectively.
Maximum
temperature
(24oC) was highest during the month of June and lowest
minimum temperature was obtained in January (11.06 oC).
Leonard and Martin (1970) reported that temperature is the most important factor
in rice production, rice can grow successfully in areas that have mean temperature of 21
oC or above. Furthermore IRRI (1975) as cited by Salcedo (2002) explained that rice is
considered as short day plant which grows better in places with temperature ranges from
21 to 32 oC. Higher than 32 oC and lower than 21oC may cause injury or sterility at
ripening stage. As explained by De data (1981), low temperature (15-20oC) delay panicle
initiation and heading, causes failure of an anther dehiscence and fertilization, spikelet
sterility and poorly filled grains. This could be the reason why rice planted in areas with
temperature lower than 21oC were late maturing and low yielding. In this experiment, it
was observed that grains were not filled resulting to empty grains at harvest.
Relative humidity during the conduct of the study ranged from 70.81% to
85.33%. Belino (1999) cited that RH may affect grain formation during milk stage,
ripening and disease incidence. High RH favors crop growth at vegetative stage while
low humidity favors diseases during grain formation particular in rainfed rice fields.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
15
Total rainfall amount was highest in the month of June (16.35) with the highest
total sunshine brightness (493mm) in the month of February.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
MONTH TEMPERATURE RELATIVE
RAINFALL
TOTAL SUNSHINE
Max Min
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
BRIGHTNESS
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
January 21.29
11.06 00 Trace
383
February 22.40
12.16 77.14
00
493
March 23.31
14.35
70.81 0.91
443
April 23.80
16.11
77.77 2.80
355
May 24.74
16.48
77.74
11.13
287
June 24.01
18.46
85.33
16.35
235
Mean 23.26
14.77
77.76 6.24
374.17
Source: BSU PAG-ASA office
Grain Characteristics
Table 2 shows the source or place of collection of the 16 rice landraces and their
respective grain characteristics such as seed coat color, presence and absence of awn,
color of awn, grain color, aroma and their sources.
Seed coat color. The landraces have different seed coat color but most of them
show light brown seed coat. Four landraces (Butalga, Diket, Red Diket and Dicet)
displayed dark brown seed coat. Lalay, Kabal, Makamining and Luk-ab expressed
speckled seed coat and Kintoman and Gal-ong however, had stripe color of seed coat.
Presence, absence and color of awn. Most of the landraces with brown seed coat
are awned. It was also observed that most of the awned grains exhibited straw awn while
others had black (Monay and Nawal), brown (Red Diket) and white (Saba) awns.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
16
Salcedo (2002) found that some characteristics of rice grown in Cordillera region
as awned grains, low tillering, tall stalks, and late maturing. The present study
corroborates such result.
Table 2. Grain characteristics of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES SOURCE SEED
PRESENCE/ AWN GRAIN
AROMA
COAT
ABSENCE
COLOR
COLOR
COLOR
OF
AWN
Bongkitan Tinongdan,
Light Absent - White Aromatic
Itogon
brown
Butalga Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
Red Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Diket Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
White
Aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Diset Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
Red
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Kabal Poblacion,
Speckled
Absent
-
Red
Aromatic
Kibungan
Kintoman Poblacion,
Striped Absent -
Red
Sligtly
Kibungan
aromatic
Lalay Poblacion,
Speckled
Absent
-
Red
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
Longgot Poblacion,
Light
Absent
- Red Not
aromatic
Kabayan
brown
Makamining Poblacion, Speckled
Present Straw White Aromatic
Kibungan
Maximu Gadang Light Present Straw
White Slightly
Kapangan
brown
aromatic
Monay Poblacion,
Light
Present
Black
White
Not
aromatic
Bakun
brown
Nawal Tinongdan,
Light
Present
Black
Red
Aromatic
Itogon
brown
Oplan Poblacion,
Light
Present
Straw
White
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Red Diket
Bila, Bokod Dark
Present
Brown
Red
Aromatic
brown
Saba Poblacion,
Light
Present
White
Red
Not
aromatic
Bakun
Walay Sinacbat,
Light
Absent
- White
Not
aromatic
Bakun
brown
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
17
Grain
color. Grain color was recorded by determining the color of uncoated seeds.
It was observed that the color of the grains vary from red to white. Varieties with red
grains are Lalay, Butalga, Kabal, Red Diket, Kintoman, Nawal, Saba, Longgot, and
Dicet, while the white grains are Bonkitan, Diket, Oplan, Monay, Walay, Makamining
and Maximu.
Aroma. Observation shows that Lalay, Butalga, Oplan, Monay, Walay, Saba,
Longgot and Dicet are not aromatic. Maximu and Kintoman had slight aroma and the rest
are aromatic. These landraces exhibit the exotic aroma and flavor compared to the fancy
rice (such as jasmine, milagrosa and dinorado) sold in the market that have nutty aroma
and flavor similar to that of roasted nuts or popcorn. This aroma is attributed to a much
higher proportion of 2-acytel – 1-pyroline that is present in all rice but have much higher
concentration in aromatic rice, (Anonymous, 2004).
Number of Days From Transplanting to Tillering
Number of days from transplanting to tillering was recorded when 50% of the
total plant in a bed started producing tillers. It was observed that Saba, Maximu and Dicet
took longer days to produce tillers (Table 3). On the other hand, Longgot was the earliest
to produce tillers among the landraces with average mean of 19.00 days. This finding is
an indicative of the later maturity of Saba, Maximu and Dicet while it would mean earlier
maturity for Longgot, Monay, Makamining and Lalay.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
18
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES DAYS
Bongkitan 21.00abcde
Butalga 22.00abcd
Diket 22.00abc
Diset 23.00a
Kabal 21.00abcde
Kintoman 21.00abcde
Lalay
20.00cde
Longgot 19.00e
Makamining 20.00cde
Maximu 23.00a
Monay 20.007de
Nawal 21.00bcde
Oplan 22.00abcd
Red Diket
21.00abcde
Saba 23.00ab
Walay 20.00cde
CV (%)
5.21
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Leaf Characters
Data on leaf characters such as leaf length, leaf angle and leaf area are presented
in Table 4 while other leaf characteristics such as leaf sheath color, blade color and blade
pubescence, and ligule and auricle color are presented in Table 5.
Leaf
length. This was measured from the base of the leaves to the tip of the
leaves. Results show that leaf has comparable length ranging from 37.96 to 42.25 cm.
Butalga (42.25cm), Makamining (41.08cm) and Nawal (41.09cm) recorded the longest
leaves while Bongkitan (37.96cm), Monay (38.67cm) and Diket (38.92cm) displayed the
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
19
shortest leaves. Further observation shows that the landraces possess relatively long
leaves.
Vergara (1992), reported that long leaves are an indication of drooping. Droopy
leaves means that the lower leaves receive little light, thus, production of food is lesser.
However, Butalga, Nawal and Makamining did not exhibit a high leaf angle which is an
indication of droopy leaves. These findings might contradict other studies reporting that
longer leaves are droopy leaves because they have more weight to carry hence, lesser
photosynthetic efficiency and eventually low yield. However, it should be understood
that different genotypes have different photosynthetic capacity to adapt in the
environment to which they are introduced.
Leaf
angle. Results shows that Red diket variety has the highest leaf angle (29.10)
comparable to Butalga (28.90) and Kintoman (28.63) degrees while Nawal and Lalay
revealed the lowest leaf angle of 21.77 and 22.13. This means that the leaves of the plant
is spreading.
Leaf
area. Highly significant differences were observed among the landraces on
leaf area. Butalga exhibited the largest leaves with an average mean of 24.65 while Saba,
Dicet and Monay had the smallest leaves of 21.19, 21.00 and 20.80cm2, respectively.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
20
Table 4. Leaf characters of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES LEAF
LENGTH
LEAF ANGLE
LEAF AREA
(cm)
(cm2)
Bongkitan 37.96d 23.27bcd 23.14b
Butalga 42.25a 28.90a 24.60a
Diket 38.92bcd 24.43bcd 21.47c
Diset 39.08bcd 23.57bcd 21.00c
Kabal 39.36bcd 23.73bcd 21.64c
Kintoman 40.74abc 28.63a 21.40c
Lalay
40.56abc 22.13cd 23.40b
Longgot 40.12abcd 25.90abcd 21.41c
Makamining 41.08ab 27.03ab 23.58b
Maximu 40.18abcd 24.17bcd 21.59c
Monay 38.67cd 24.10bcd 20.80c
Nawal 41.09ab 21.77d 23.75ab
Oplan 40.52abc 23.97bcd 21.60c
Red Diket
40.09abcd 29.10a 21.60c
Saba 39.75bcd 23.17bcd 21.19c
Walay 40.53abc 26.20abcd 21.67c
CV (%)
2.97
8.37
3.00
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Other Leaf Characters
Leaf sheath color. Other leaf characteristics such as leaf sheath color are
presented in Table 5. Butalga, Makamining and Dicet exhibited purple lines color of leaf
sheath while the other landraces had green color.
Blade color and blade pubescence. Almost all the landraces displayed green
leaves except Red Diket and Kintoman which had dark green; Butalga and Dicet with
purple margins and Makamining with purple tips color of leaves. This could be attributed
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
21
to the leaf sheath color of the plant . Vergara et al., (1992) explained that the more green
color of the plant the higher the carbohydrates production, thus, higher in food
production.
Table 5. Other leaf characteristics of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES LEAF BLADE
BLADE
LIGULE AURICLE
SHEATH
COLOR
PUBESCENCE COLOR
COLOR
COLOR
Bongkitan Green Green Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Butalga Purple
lines
Purple
Intermediate Purple Pale green
margins
lines
Diket Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Diset Purple
lines
Purple
Intermediate Purple Pale green
margins
lines
Kabal Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Kintoman Green Dark Intermediate Whitish
Pale
green
green
Lalay
Green
Green
Intermediate
Purple
Pale green
lines
Longgot Green Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Makamining
Purple lines Purple tips Intermediate
Purple
Pale green
lines
Maximu Green Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Monay Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Nawal Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Oplan Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Red Diket
Green
Dark
Intermediate Purple Pale green
green
lines
Saba Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Walay Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
22
Leaf
pubescence. All landraces exhibited intermediate leaf pubescence. Salcedo
(2002) conducted a study on characterization of collected traditional rices from Mountain
Province and Ifugao Province and found out the same result on leaf pubescence which are
intermediate. This means that some traditional varieties grown in Cordillera region have
hairy and some have smooth or hairless leaves.
Ligule and auricle color. The auricle color of the landraces are all pale green.
Lalay, Butalga, Red Diket, Makamining and Dicet displayed purple lines ligule among
the varieties and the rest had whitish ligule.
Plant Height
Initial
height. Initial height was measured at 30 days before transplanting using
tape measure. Red Diket recorded the tallest rice seedlings at transplanting with an
average mean of 15.20 cm comparable with Saba with 14.78. Makamining, Dicet, Oplan
and Diket revealed the shortest with means of 11.70cm, 12.17 cm, 12.90cm and 12.35 cm
respectively (Table 6).
Final
height. Final height was measured at 130 DAT. Walay and Maximu had the
tallest at 130 DAT with means of 84.98 cm and 83.64 cm. However, statistically they
were not significantly different from each other. Makamining showed the shortest height
at 130 DAT with 63.99 cm.
Walay and Maximu which displayed the tallest plants at 130 DAT also revealed
the highest number of nodes which determines the final height of the plant. This could
mean that the longer the stem, the more nodes component of the plant. However, it
should be consider that different genotypes have different genotypic constitution.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
23
Number of Nodes per Plant
Significant difference was observed in number of nodes per plant. Almost all the
landraces had 4.00 nodes per plant except Maximu, Saba and Walay which has the
highest nodes of 5.00.
Table 6. Plant height and number of nodes of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
NUMBER OF
30DAS 130DAT
NODES
Bongkitan 13.67cd 77.45abc 4.00 b
Butalga 13.29cd 71.39cd 4.00 b
Diket 12.35ef 70.43cd 4.00 b
Diset 12.17ef 73.43cd 4.00 b
Kabal 13.96bc 70.19cd 4.00 b
Kintoman 13.84bcd 74.89bcd 4.00 b
Lalay
13.88bcd 71.73cd 4.00b
Longgot 13.39cd 76.33abcd 4.00 b
Makamining 11.70f 66.90cd 4.00 b
Maximu 14.03bc 83.64ab 5.00 a
Monay 13.83bcd 73.97bcd 4.00 b
Nawal 13.62cd 77.65abc 4.00 b
Oplan 12.90de 68.25cd 4.00 b
Red Diket
15.20a 70.96cd 4.00 b
Saba 14.78ab 75.34abcd 5.00 a
Walay 13.61cd 84.99a 5.00 a
CV (%)
3.91
7.09
7.35
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
24
Stem Diameter and Stem Strength
The stem diameter and stem strength of the different landraces are shown in Table
7.
Stem
diameter. Results revealed that stem size of the 16 landraces ranged from
1.08cm to 0.7 5cm. Highly significant differences were observed among the varieties.
Bongkitan show the widest stem (1.08 cm) while Longgot had the narrowest diameter
with 0.75 cm only.
Table 7. Stem diameter of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES STEM
DIAMETER
STEM STRENGTH
(cm)
Bongkitan 1.08a Strong
Butalga 0.88b Strong
Diket 0.80b Strong
Diset 1.03a Strong
Kabal 0.78b Strong
Kintoman 0.80b Strong
Lalay
1.04a Strong
Longgot 0.75a Strong
Makamining 0.78b Strong
Maximu 1.02a Strong
Monay 1.07a Strong
Nawal 1.07a Strong
Oplan 0.78b Strong
Red Diket
0.78b Strong
Saba 1.07a Strong
Walay 1.04a Strong
CV (%)
19.67
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
25
Stem
strength. It was observed that all the landraces exhibited strong stem m
during the growth stage of the plant indicating that all the landraces are resistant to
lodging. This findings gives support to the explanation that traditional rices are good
sources of resistance and grain quality traits which a plant breeder desires (PhilRice,
2001).
Internode Color
Table 8 shows the internode color of the plant. It was observed that almost all the
landraces displayed purple lines internode except that Lalay, Red Diket and Longgot
exemplified light gold internode. Walay however, is the only variety with green
internode.
Number of Tillers Per Hill
The number of tillers per hill was presented also in Table 8. Every sample hill
consists of two mother rice plants. Result shows that Dicet recorded the highest number
of tillers per hill with mean average of 16.00 comparable with Kabal and Walay (14.00).
Vergara (1992) explained that the number of tillers determines the number of panicles,
thus, the most important in achieving high grain yield. On the other hand Maximu and
Nawal produce the least number of tillers per hill with means of 9.00. This findings
corroborates with the CECAP and PHILRICE (2000) reports that the some characteristics
of traditional rice being grown in the Cordillera region are awned grains, tall stalks, low
tillering and late maturing.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
26
Table 8. Internode color and number of tillers per hill of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES INTERNODE
COLOR NUMBER
OF
TILLERS
PER HILL
Bongkitan Purple
lines
11.00cde
Butalga Purple
lines
12.00cd
Diket Purple
lines
11.00cde
Diset Purple
lines
16.00a
Kabal Purple
lines
14.00abc
Kintoman Purple
lines
10.00de
Lalay
Light gold
1.3.00bcd
Longgot Light
gold
12.00cd
Makamining Purple
lines
11.00cde
Maximu Purple
lines
9.00e
Monay Purple
lines
10.00de
Nawal Purple
lines
9.00e
Oplan Purple
lines
13.00bcd
Red Diket
Light gold
10.00de
Saba Purple
lines
10.00de
Walay Green
14.00abc
CV (%)
7.35
16.49
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Pest and Disease Incidence
There were no spraying of chemical pesticides during the conduct of the study.
Stemborer
damage. Infestation of stemborer damage particularly dead heart was
noted at 35 and 50 days after transplanting (Table 9). Observation shows that there are no
incidence of dead heart infestations both at 35 and 50DAT. All the landraces were
strongly resistant against stemborer.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
27
Rice blast (leaf blast). The Table shows the rice blast infestation particularly in
the leaves of the plant. Results shows that all the landraces exhibit strong resistance to
leaf blast .
Table 9. Reaction of the 16 rice landraces to stemborer and rice blast incidence
LANDRACES
STEMBORER
RICE BLAST
35 DAT
50 DAT
Bongkitan Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Butalga Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Diket Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Diset Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kabal Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kintoman Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Lalay
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Longgot Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Makamining Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Maximu Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Monay Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Nawal Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Oplan Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Red Diket
Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Saba Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Walay Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Correlation Among Vegetative Characters
Table 10 summarizes the correlation coefficient of eight rice characters such as
number of days from transplanting to tillering, leaf length, leaf angle, leaf area, height at
130 DAT, stem diameter, number of nodes per plant and number of tiller per hill.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
28
Strong correlation were noted mainly involving leaf length and number of tillers
per hill produced. Other significant correlations however, were observed involving stem
diameter, height at 130 DAT and number of nodes per plant.
Correlation coefficient of number of day from transplanting to tillering with other
characters were not significant except with number of tiller per hill which has positive
correlation with number of days from transplanting to tillering. This may means that as
the number of days from transplanting to tillering lengthens, the number of tillers per hill
increases.
Significant positive correlation was obtained between leaf length and that of leaf
area and height at 130 DAT, but negative correlated with number of tiller per hill. This
suggest that as the leaf length increases, so is the leaf area and height at 130 DAT. These
results agree with what Tanaka et al., (1966) found by Salcedo (2002) that leaf area is
influenced by leaf length, hence, the longer the leaves, the more bent they are. He further
explained that tall stature plant was associated with long leaves and so NT reduces as the
leaf length increases.
Stem diameter is positively correlated with leaf area and height at 130 DAT
suggesting that an increase in stem diameter will result to a similar increase in the other
two parameters. While, strong negative correlation was obtained between stem diameter
and number of nodes per plant indicating that when stem diameter is greater, fewer
number of tillers are produced.
As to number of nodes per plant, all characters are not significantly correlated
except that of height at 130 DAT which is positively correlated with number of nodes per
plant but not so strong.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
29
The number of tillers per plant produced seem to be the most affected by other
negative traits of rice. It is negatively correlated to both stem diameter and leaf length but
is positively influenced by number of days from transplanting to tillering and leaf angle.
The negative correlation could mean that as the plants produce more tillers, the thinner
the stem and the longer the leaves become, while at the lower tiller number, the stem
becomes wider. Vergara et al., (1990) claims that a lower tiller number type would
ensure a higher number of vascular bundles.
Table 10. Correlation among vegetative characters of 16 rice landraces
DTT
LL
LAn
LAr
FH
Sdm
NN
NT
DTT
1.000
LL
-0.205
1.000
LAn
0.282
-0.280
1.000
LAr
0.279
0.745*
0.449
1.000
FH
0.265
0.791*
-0.325
-0.266
1.000
Sdm -0.256
0.396
-0.402
0.705*
0.658*
1.000
NN
-0.243 -0.164 0.494 0.439 0.547* -0.131 1.000
NT
0.748* -0.835* 0.536* -0.282 0.234 -0.806* 0.377 1.000
Legend:
DTT –
Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
LL
–
Leaf Length
LAn –
Leaf Angle
LAr –
Leaf Area
FH
–
Height at 130 DAT
Sdm –
Stem diameter
NN –
Number of Nodes per plant
NT
–
Number of Tillers per hill
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
There were 16 rice landraces collected from Benguet Province that represented
variability for leaf, stem and grain characters were used in the study. They were
characterized and statistically analyzed from January 2005 to June 2005.
Based on the results, Monay and Longgot were the earliest to produce tillers.
However, neither of the two landraces produce the most number of tillers which
determines the number of panicles and component of yield. Moreover, Dicet produce
more tillers although it took longer days to produce tillers.
As to leaf length, Butalga, Nawal and Makamining displayed the longest leaves,
however, these landraces produce lesser tillers, thus, the three said landraces could be
assumed as medium tillering and low yielding because of this traits.
In terms of leaf angle, Red diket, Butalga and Kintoman had comparable leaf
angle. These landraces exhibited the widest leaf angle which determines the spread of the
leaves. Nonetheless, only Butalga exhibited the longest leaves among the three said
landraces. Furthermore, almost all the landraces expressed dark green to green leaves that
could be attributed to its leaf sheath color with intermediate leaf pubescent.
Among the landraces, Red diket and Saba recorded the tallest seedlings when
transplanted but the tallest at 130 DAT were Walay and Maximu. Saba, Walay and
Maximu displayed the widest stem, nevertheless, all the landraces had strong stem.
For number of nodes, Walay had the most nodes, which could be attributed to its
height. It also displayed green internodes.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
31
Considering the correlation analysis between characters, leaf length revealed most
significant relationship between other characters. While significant correlation was found
between other characters that could be used as selection index for specific characters.
Significant positive correlation were obtained between number of days from
transplanting to tillering, leaf length, height at 130 DAT, stem diameter and number of
nodes per plant indicating that as one character increases so is the other parameter
measured. On the other hand, strong significant negative correlation were observed
between number of tillers per hill, leaf length and stem diameter suggesting that lesser
tillers are produced when leaf length increases and stem diameter expands.
Conclusion
The findings showed differences in leaf and culms/stems characters of the rice
landraces. It showed that leaf length influenced the leaf area as shown by Butalga.
Among the landraces, Oplan has the traits of landrace a rice breeder desired. With these
characters such as short, dark green, and erect leaves (Tanaka et al., 1966), this landrace
could be used in improving the existing rice cultivars. Moreover, the leaf and stem
characters could be used as descriptors to determine the differences among cultivars.
Furthermore,
correlation
analysis among the vegetative characters measured
showed correlations between the characters, thus, such traits could be used as selection
indices.
Recommendation
Although all the landraces studied possess some of the characters desired by rice
breeders, closer observation showed that Oplan displayed more of the characters of plant
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
32
breeder desired such as short, with green leaves, strong stems, and resistant to pest and
diseases. Thus it may be recommended for inclusion in a breeding program or it may be
included in further evaluation for yield and adaptability.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
33
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 1998. Rice-Importance of Characterization. http://www.knowledgebank
com.ph.
ANONYMOUS, 2004. The Aromatics-due to the presence of 2-acetyl, 1-pyroline.
http://www.ikisan.com/links-uparoma.html.
AYFA, N. B. 1998. Screening traditional varieties of rice under Mallango condition. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1, 12.
BEAN, U., R. G. BERGER and P. S. RAO. 1983. Rice and its Uses (Traditional)
http://www.knowledgebank.com/rice.html
BELINO, J. G. 1999. Varietal Evaluation of High Yielding Variety of Rice Under
Lacuas, San Emilio, Ilocos Sur Condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
BORROMEO, T.H., P.L. SANCHEZ, E. J. QUINTANA AND L.M. ENGLE. 1994.
Manual on Rice Genetics Resources Conservation and Genebank Management.
Nueva Ecija. Pp. 22, 46-50.
BUSO, A. B. AND G. R. GLASSMAN. 1998. Landraces characterization using GIS
pattern. http://www.ikisan.com.ph
CADATAL M. D. and A. PEDRO. 1993. Rice Production Technique in the Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR) strategies for research and technology transfer. 6th
National Rice Research Development Review and Planning, Workshop. 3-5
March 1993. Plenary Paper. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
CECAP and PHILRICE. 2000. Highland Rice Production in the Philippines Cordillera.
Nueva Ecija: Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme and Philippine Rice
Research Institute. Pp. 6-10.
CUEVAS, P. R. AND G. PERES. 1992. 8th National Rice R and D Review and Planning
Workshop. 1 3 March 1995.Phillipine Rice Research Institute. Maligaya, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija.
DALRYMPLE, D .G. 1986. Development and Spread of High Yielding Rice Varieties in
Developing Countries. United State of America. Bureau of Science and Technical
Agency for International Development. Pp. 7-8,10.
DE DATTA, S. K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. Singapore, John
Willey and Sons, Inc. Pp. 3, 145-150.
DUNCAN, D. M. 1997. Tissue- cu1ture- induced variation and crop improvement.
Advances in Agronomy. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. (58); 35-36.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
34
GONZALES, B. A. 2001. An International Survey of Methods Used for Evaluation of
the Cooking and Eating Qualities of Milled Rice. IRRI research paper series 77.
International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 27-28.
HIRAO, M. 1990. Trend of Rice Consumption in Japan Farming. Ipn. 24(1):14-16.
IRRI. 1971. The Philippines Recommends for Rice. International Rice Research. Institute
Los Baños, Laguna. Pp.l, 106- 1 07.
JAVIER, Y. M. 2001. Changes in Physico-chemical properties of rice. J. Sci Food Agric.
29: 627-638.
JULIANO, B.O. 1998. Varietal Impact of Rice Quality Cereals Food World. Phil Rice
Research Institute, Maligaya Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. P. 207.
LANDACAN, J. S. 1992. Postharvest handling of selected crops. BS Thesis. BSU La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1, 11-12.
LEONARD, W. H. and J. H. MARTIN. 1970. Principles of Field Crops Production. 2nd
edition New York: McMillan Co. P. 498.
MAURYA, M. R. AND T. C. MALL. 1986. Rice in the Tropics.
http://www.knowledgebank. com.ph
OBIEN, S. R. AND L. SEBASTIAN. 1992. Biotechnology Research for Rice
Improvements in the Philippines. Crop Sci Society in the Philippines. 23:59-63.
PHILRICE. 2001. Varieties and Seeds. Department of Agriculture. Philippine Rice
Research Institute. 1(2): 5-6.
PHILRICE. 1995. Varietal Characteristics of Newly Approved Rice Varieties. DA-
Phil Rice Institute. Maligaya Muños, Nueva Ecija 1(2): 10-13.
RANGEL, E. R. 1996. Characterization of selected landraces in Southeast Asia.
http”//www.ikisan.com.ph.
SALCEDO, G. Q. 2002. Characterization, Evaluation and Correlation Analysis in Ten
Traditional Rice Cultivars at Vegetative Stage. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1, 30, 34.
SOUZA, V. R. AND G. V. SORRELS.1989. 8th National Rice R and D Review and
Planning Workshop. 1 3 March 1995.Phillipine Rice Research Institute.
Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
TANAKA, A., K. KAWANO and J. YAMAGUCHI. 1966. Photosynthesis, Respiration
and Plant Type of the Tropical Rice Plant. IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 25-33.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
35
TEASON J. 1994. World book From Info Finder Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago. Pp.11,
22-114.
VERGARA, B. S. 1992. A farmer’s primer on growing rice. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 48-79.
VERGARA, B. S., B. VENKATESWARLU, M. JONARIA, J. K. AHN, J. K. KIM and
R. M. VISPERAS. 1990. Rationale for a low tillering rice plant type with higher
density grains. Crop Sci Society of the Philippines. 15(1):27-32.
WHITE P.T. 1994. Rice: The essential Harvest- United State of America. National
Geographic Magazine. Pp. 56-57.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
36
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Number of days from transplanting to tillering of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
23.00 21.00 20.00 64.00 21.00
Butalga
21.00 22.00 22.00 65.00 22.00
Diket
22.00 23.00 21.00 66.00 22.00
Diset
24.00 23.00 23.00 70.00 23.00
Kabal
20.00 23.00 21.00 64.00 21.00
Kintoman
19.00 23.00 22.00 64.00 21.00
Lalay
20.00 20.00 20.00 60.00 20.00
Longgot
19.00 19.00 20.00 58.00 19.00
Makamining
20.00 20.00 20.00 60.00 20.00
Maximu
23.00 24.00 23.00 70.00 23.00
Monay
19.00 20.00 20.00 59.00 2.00
Nawal
22.00 20.00 21.00 63.00 21.00
Oplan
22.00 21.00 22.00 65.00 22.00
Red
Diket
23.00 21.00 20.00 64.00 21.00
Saba
24.00 23.00 21.00 68.00 23.00
Walay
20.00 22.00 19.00 61.00 20.00
TOTAL
341.00 345.00 335.00 1,201.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
3.17
1.58
Treatment
15
65.48
4.37
3.55**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
36.83
1.23
TOTAL 47
105.48
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 5.21%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
37
Appendix Table 2. Leaf length (cm) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
37.78 38.82 37.28 113.88 37.96
Butalga
44.40 42.31 40.05 126.76 42.25
Diket
38.53 38.29 39.95 116.77 38.92
Diset
38.44 40.19 38.60 117.23 39.08
Kabal
39.54 38.97 39.58 118.09 39.36
Kintoman
40.42 40.88 40.93 122.23 40.74
Lalay
42.47 41.35 37.85 121.67 40.56
Longgot
39.80 41.86 38.72 120.38 40.12
Makamining
41.84 40.78 40.63 123.25 41.08
Maximu
40.99 40.74 38.80 120.53 40.18
Monay
37.53 38.24 40.24 116.01 38.67
Nawal
41.20 40.37 41.70 123.27 41.09
Oplan
39.55 41.89 40.29 127.73 40.52
Red
Diket
39.79 39.93 40.56 120.28 40.09
Saba
38.88 39.96 40.42 119.26 39.75
Walay
40.91 41.25 39.43 121.59 40.53
TOTAL
642.07 645.83 635.03 1,922.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
3.76
1.88
Treatment
15
51.96
3.46
2.45*
2.02
2.70
Error 30
42.44
1.41
TOTAL 47
98.16
* = significant
Coefficient of Variation = 2.97%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
38
Appendix Table 3. Leaf angle of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
22.30 26.00 21.50 69.80 23.27
Butalga
26.30 28.40 32.00 86.70 28.90
Diket
22.40 23.00 27.90 73.30 24.43
Diset
21.60 25.60 23.50 70.70 23.57
Kabal
21.30 23.50 26.40 71.20 23.73
Kintoman
26.00 30.90 29.00 85.90 28.63
Lalay
22.50 21.90 22.00 66.40 22.13
Longgot
24.20 25.50 28.00 77.70 25.90
Makamining
27.00 26.00 28.10 81.10 27.03
Maximu
23.00 28.00 21.50 72.50 24.17
Monay
22.40 26.40 23.50 72.30 24.10
Nawal
22.40 21.40 21.50 65.30 21.77
Oplan
25.00 22.10 24.80 71.90 23.97
Red
Diket
29.40 30.00 27.90 87.30 29.10
Saba
25.00 23.00 21.50 69.50 23.17
Walay
25.70 23.90 29.00 78.60 26.20
TOTAL
386.50 405.60 408.10 1,200.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
17.45
8.73
Treatment
15
249.59
16.64
3.80
2.02
2.70
Error 30
131.52
4.38
TOTAL 47
398.56
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 8.37%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
39
Appendix Table 4. Leaf area (cm2) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
23.02 23.44 22.95 69.41 23.14
Butalga
25.40 24.70 23.87 73.97 24.66
Diket
21.13 21.40 21.88 64.41 21.47
Diset
22.00 20.18 20.83 63.01 21.00
Kabal
22.00 21.40 21.51 64.91 21.64
Kintoman
21.37 22.06 20.77 64.20 21.40
Lalay
23.05 24.35 22.81 70.21 23.40
Longgot
21.40 20.80 22.03 64.23 21.41
Makamining
23.30 23.38 24.07 70.75 23.58
Maximu
21.97 21.37 21.43 64.77 21.59
Monay
20.23 20.80 21.37 62.40 20.80
Nawal
23.90 24.03 23.33 71.26 23.75
Oplan
21.40 22.03 21.37 64.80 21.60
Red
Diket
21.97 21.40 21.43 64.80 21.60
Saba
20.20 21.97 21.40 63.57 21.19
Walay
21.91 21.60 21.43 65.00 21.67
TOTAL
354.31 354.91 352.48
MEAN
22.41 22.18 22.03
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.1972
0.0986
Treatment
15
61.45501
4.0967
12.32**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
10.0461
0.3349
TOTAL 47
71.6934
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.00%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
40
Appendix Table 5. Initial height (cm) at 30DAS of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
13.14 13.59 14.28 41.01 13.67
Butalga
13.29 13.63 12.96 39.88 13.29
Diket
13.14 11.90 12.00 37.04 12.35
Diset
12.10 11.40 13.00 36.50 12.17
Kabal
13.90 13.99 14.00 41.89 13.96
Kintoman
13.71 13.70 14.12 41.53 13.84
Lalay
13.62 14.15 13.86 41.63 13.88
Longgot
14.09 13.08 13.00 40.17 13.39
Makamining
11.90 11.20 12.00 35.10 11.70
Maximu
14.01 14.08 13.99 42.08 14.03
Monay
13.43 13.76 14.31 41.50 13.83
Nawal
13.37 13.69 13.81 40.87 13.62
Oplan
12.80 13.00 12.90 38.70 12.90
Red
Diket
15.90 14.70 15.00 45.60 15.20
Saba
16.10 14.05 14.20 44.35 14.78
Walay
13.85 13.98 13.00 40.83 13.61
TOTAL
218.35 213.90 216.43 648.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.62
0.31
Treatment
15
36.65
2.44
8.71**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
8.36
0.28
TOTAL 47
45.63
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.91%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
41
Appendix Table 6. Final height (cm) at 130 DAT of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
78.00 80.31 74.05 232.36 77.45
Butalga
78.65 66.40 69.12 214.17 71.39
Diket
68.20 77.33 65.75 211.28 70.43
Diset
78.00 70.00 72.30 220.30 73.43
Kabal
68.00 76.09 66.50 210.59 70.19
Kintoman
72.69 69.00 83.00 224.69 74.89
Lalay
70.18 67.00 78.00 215.18 71.73
Longgot
85.00 74.99 69.00 228.99 76.33
Makamining
65.41 65.00 70.30 200.17 66.90
Maximu
78.00 83.92 89.01 250.93 83.64
Monay
72.80 69.00 80.10 221.90 73.97
Nawal
82.83 74.00 76.12 232.95 77.65
Oplan
67.38 70.44 66.94 204.76 68.25
Red
Diket
75.87 67.00 70.01 212.88 70.96
Saba
75.38 70.66 80.00 226.04 75.34
Walay
80.95 85.01 89.00 254.96 84.99
TOTAL
1,197.34 1,166.15 1,199.20 3,562.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
43.10
21.55
Treatment
15
1,135.10
75.67
2.74**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
829.67
27.66
TOTAL 47
2,007.86
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.09%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
42
Appendix Table 7. Number of nodes per plant of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
3.90 3.70 4.40 4.00 4.00
Butalga
34.00 4.00 4.00 4.37 4.00
Diket
4.60 3.90 3.70 4.07 4.00
Diset
3.90 4.20 4.00 4.03 4.00
Kabal
4.60 4.70 4.20 4.50 4.00
Kintoman
4.40 3.80 3.90 4.03 4.00
Lalay
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.20 4.00
Longgot
4.20 3.90 3.90 4.10 4.00
Makamining
4.70 4.40 4.40 4.50 4.00
Maximu
3.90 4.40 4.30 4.20 5.00
Monay
4.70 3.80 4.00 4.16 4.00
Nawal
4.40 4.60 4.30 4.43 4.00
Oplan
3.90 4.10 4.00 4.00 4.00
Red
Diket
3.80 3.90 4.30 4.00 4.00
Saba
4.70 4.70 4.90 4.77 5.00
Walay
4.90 4.90 4.80 4.87 5.00
TOTAL
69.00 67.60 67.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.05
0.03
Treatment
15
3.64
0.24
2.67*
2.02
2.70
Error 30
2.95
0.09
TOTAL 47
6.64
* = significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.35%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
43
Appendix Table 8. Stem diameter (mm) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
1.08 1.07 1.08 3.23 1.07
Butalga
0.75 0.81 1.08 2.64 0.88
Diket
0.82 0.78 0.81 2.41 0.80
Diset
1.07 0.97 1.06 3.10 1.03
Kabal
0.77 0.76 0.80 2.33 0.78
Kintoman
0.76 0.86 0.77 2.39 0.79
Lalay
1.08 1.07 0.99 3.14 1.04
Longgot
0.75 0.72 0.79 2.26 0.75
Makamining
0.78 0.77 0.78 2.33 0.78
Maximu
1.07 0.92 1.08 3.07 1.02
Monay
1.06 1.08 1.07 3.21 1.07
Nawal
1.08 1.07 1.06 3.21 1.07
Oplan
0.77 0.75 0.82 2.34 0.78
Red
Diket
0.75 0.80 0.80 2.35 0.78
Saba
1.06 1.06 1.08 3.20 1.07
Walay
1.01 1.07 1.06 3.14 1.04
TOTAL
14.66 14.56 15.13 44.35
MEAN
1.466 1.456 1.513
1.475
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.0116
0.0058
Treatment
15
0.8519
0.0568
17.75**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
0.0946
0.0032
TOTAL 47
0.9581
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 6.08%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
44
Appendix Table 9. Number of tillers per hill of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
13.20 8.40 11.10 32.70 11.00
Butalga
14.40 9.00 12.40 35.80 12.00
Diket
10.40 12.30 9.00 31.70 11.00
Diset
15.60 17.10 14.50 47.20 16.00
Kabal
13.60 15.30 14.00 42.90 14.00
Kintoman
10.70 9.50 8.90 29.10 10.00
Lalay
13.10 12.20 13.50 38.80 13.00
Longgot
10.30 11.70 12.70 34.70 12.00
Makamining
10.20 11.40 11.70 33.30 11.00
Maximu
6.30 8.60 12.30 27.20 9.00
Monay
11.40 7.50 11.10 30.00 10.00
Nawal
7.80 10.20 10.00 28.00 9.00
Oplan
10.30 15.70 11.80 37.80 13.00
Red
Diket
9.50 10.80 10.50 30.80 10.00
Saba
13.40 8.10 8.90 30.40 10.00
Walay
13.90 13.40 13.20 40.50 14.00
TOTAL
184.10 181.20 185.60 550.90
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.63
0.31
Treatment
15
162.28
10.82
3.02**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
107.41
3.58
TOTAL 47
270.32
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 16.49%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
CALAMA, GRACE L. APRIL 2006. Characterization and Correlation of
Characters at Vegetative Stage in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Danilo P. Padua, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Cabanao, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2005 to
June 2005 to characterize the 16 selected rice landraces collected from Benguet Province
based on vegetative characters. Correlation analysis was also done in the different
vegetative characters measured.
There were 16 rice landraces of Benguet field evaluated namely; Bongkitan,
Butalga, Diket, Diset, Kabal, Kintoman, Lalay, Longgot, Makamining, Maximu, Monay,
Nawal, Oplan, Red diket, Saba and Walay. The landraces were characterized before the
seeds were sown and differences in grain characters were observed.
Significant differences were observed in number of days from transplanting to
tillering, leaf angle, leaf area, initial height, height at 130 DAT, stem diameter, and
number of tillers per hill. Leaf length and number of nodes per plant showed significant
differences among the landraces.
In the correlation analysis, there was significant positive correlation between
number of days from transplanting to tillering and number of tillers, leaf length, leaf area
and height at 130 DAT, stem diameter and number of nodes. However, negative
significant correlation was obtained between number of tillers to leaf length and stem
diameter. The findings revealed that almost all the characters are correlated, thus, such
characters could be used as selection indices during the vegetative stage of rice landraces.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Grain Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Number of Days From Transplanting to Tillering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Leaf Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Other Leaf Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Plant Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Number of Nodes per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Stem Diameter and Stem Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Internode Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Number of Tillers Per Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Pest and Disease Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Correlation Among Vegetative Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a well-known cereal plant cultivated in warm and cool
areas. It provides 25 - 80% calories of the daily diet of over 2.7 billion people and a good
source of protein, minerals and vitamins (White, 1994). It provides employment and
income to the largest sector of the rural population in most Asian countries. In the
Philippines, rice plays an important role in the stabilization of the Philippine economy.
Filipinos are highly and entirely dependent on rice as their staple food and hence the
lifeblood of the nation. It comprises the whole of their diet. Nearly all their agricultural
endeavor revolves as well as much of their hope is inclined to it (IRRI, 1971).
Furthermore, rice throughout the country is consumed primarily in plain boiled
form and in other various preparations. In areas where rice is the staple food, it is
processed in many, varied and often novel products such that it appears in breakfast
cereals, soup and baby food and in a wide array of traditional rice products "kakanin"
mostly in the form of snacks or desserts (Bean et al, 1983). In industry, rice hulls are used
as insulation materials and ingredient in the liquid chemical furfural. Dried stalks in Asia
are used to hatch roofs, weave sandals, baskets and hats (Teason, 1994).
Although many studies had been conducted in research stations to increase rice
productions still large number of people face widespread hunger, malnutrition and
poverty. Hence, increasing rice production should be of top priority. One way to increase
rice production is through the use of High Yielding Varieties (HYV's). However, HYV's
potential is achieved by applying more inputs such are fertilizers and pesticides, thus,
there is an additional cost with effects to both humans and environment (Dalrymple,
1986). Another way of increasing rice production is expanding the area of cultivation,
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
2
which would require more people to go into rice farming and perhaps mechanization of
farm operations. However, vast rice lands had been converted to commercial
establishments, residential areas and vegetable gardens, thus could not guarantee food
security.
In the search for improving rice production, there is a need to identify potential
varieties adaptable to specific conditions like those prevailing in the mountainous and
cool areas of Cordillera region. Determining the characteristics of these varieties must be
of significance. These characters maybe physiological and agro morphological in nature.
Along this line, the study of traditional rice would be very useful.
Production of traditional rice is slow and decreasing due to the introduction of
many high yielding rice varieties. However, here in Benguet and other provinces of the
Cordillera region, native rice is still preferred by the people because of its aroma, good
eating quality, minimum inputs and management, adaptability to the locality, stable yield
and their use in traditional practices. The introduction of modem varieties is a growing
disadvantage to the local rice germplasm pool as the traditional rice are fast vanishing.
Before these traditional rices are lost, collection, characterization and stabilization should
be done. Characterization is the first step in the evaluation of germplasm collection. It is
done to establish the identity of each accession basing on the agro morphological
characters of the plant. Standardized descriptions are used so that genetic resources are
more accessible to researchers and plant breeders (Borromeo et al., 1994).
The study aimed to characterize selected rice landraces collection from the
Province of Benguet and to correlate the vegetative characters measured during the
vegetative stage.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
3
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University experimental field at
Cabanao, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 2005 to June 2005.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Importance of Varietal Characterization
And Varietal Improvement
Borromeo et al. (1994) stated that characterization is the first step in evaluation of
germplasm collection. It is done to establish the identity of each accession basing on the
agro morphological characters of the plant.
Ayfa (1998) cited that increased yields have been the ultimate goal of most plant
breeders. Sometimes, it is accomplished by providing varieties basically more productive
not because of specific improvements but as result of generally greater physiological
efficiency.
Urbanes as cited by Salcedo (2002) stated that in low income countries, research
managers give priority to genetic improvement of seeds to increase their yield potential.
As economies progresses utmost priority is given to research for improving grain quality;
increasing labor productivity, adding value to rice through post harvest operations and
management practices. Additionally, Hirao (1990) reported that national programs have
been studying ways to improve quality and shelf life of traditional and new rice products
to generate income and employment in the rural areas.
The search for genetic variation is of great importance for rice breeding.
Anonymous (1998) reported narrow genetic base of irrigated and upland rice cultivars. It
was observed that 68% of the gene pool of irrigated rice analyzed was derived from only
10 ancestors and maybe even narrower as just 10 ancestors account 78% of the genes in
upland rice. Nevertheless, Rangel (1996) suggested some alternatives for achieving a
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
5
broader genetic base for rice breeding and one of them is the use of landraces (natives) in
multiple crosses with inbreeds elite lines.
Genetic analysis using molecular markers was conduced in .wild species and
landraces of rice. Buso (1998), studied genetic variability of four rice populations with
isozyme and RAPD markers and found out that with both types of markers, a pattern of
greater variation between than within populations indicated that large portion of the total
genetic was attributable. Similarly, Glaszman (1988) studied the pattern of variation
among native rices based on isozyme analysis and found that the geographic pattern of
variation among varieties was largely related to the existence of varietal groups. Hence,
isozyme polymorphism inhibit strong correlations with both environmental and macro
geographic parameters.
The use of biotechnology in the exploitation of the countries biological resources
that geared towards the development of High Yielding Varieties and creation of
competitive products and services in a sustainable and environmental sustainable manner
is recognized in both phases of plant breeding. Some of these techniques are utilization of
molecular markers (molecular mapping of resistant genes), quantitative loci trait (QTL)
for seeding vigor and yield, wide hybridization and genetic transformation technology or
introduction of novel genes into rice, gene cloning and characterization (Obien et al.,
1992). Additionally, the applicability of biotechnology to crop improvement involves
non-conventional plant breeding technique but should mutually complement them by
enhancing efficiency, trait transfer precision and recovery of useful value-added variation
(Duncan, 1997).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
6
Souza and Sorells (1989) reported that pedigree analysis of cultivars is useful for
evaluating the effects of crop improvement and provides a basis for selection of cultivars
use as parent in breeding programs. Likewise, pedigree evaluation could generate vital
information to plant breeders, like the identity of the ancestral parents of crop varieties
upon which the present day varieties are founded (Cuevas et al., 1992).
Characteristics of Landraces in the
Cordillera Region (CAR)
Several native rice varieties of red, dark red, violet and white colored are being
grown in the Cordillera region (Cadatal, 1993). In Benguet Province, the varieties mostly
planted by the farmers are Kintoman, Balatinao, Pinidua, Kayaring, Bassal, Talloy,
Lagawe, Bayabas and Bongkitan. In Kalinga, the popular varieties that farmers preferred.
are Unoy, Ujak, Pinuswoy, Waray and Intan red and white (Landacan, 1992).
Salcedo (2002) cited some characteristics of native rice grown in the Cordillera as
low tillering, awned grains, tall stalks and late maturing.
Characteristics of traditional varieties are mostly tall (l60-200cm) with drooping
and longer leaves, photoperiodic, low yielding late maturing and less responsive to
nitrogen fertilizer (PhilRice, 1995). This can endure environmental conditions such as
submerged regions and low soil fertility.
Maurya and Mall (1986) enumerated characteristics of traditional rice for
waterlogged areas such that they have leafy and longer leaves because of faster growth,
tall stems, profuse tillering and lodging susceptible that cause mutual shading. They have
long growth duration and photoperiodic sensitivity. Peta, Intan and Bengawan which are
native to the tropics belong to this type.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
7
Functional Properties and Nutritional
Composition of Indigenous Rice
Juliano (1998) explained that protein content of milled rice is generally lower at
14% moisture level than unmilled rice. Despite its low protein content, rice is the primary
source of dietary protein in tropical Asia. For nation- wide health status, iron deficiency,
anemia and vitamin A is reportedly prevalent in Asia. In anticipation, low phytate rice
mutant has been developed to be nutritionally important in improving iron (Fe) and zinc
(Zn) availability in rice.
Gonzales (2001) stated that native rice grown in the Cordillera region contains
much higher nutritive value than commercial rice. Accordingly, it contains 476% protein,
475% fiber, 346% calcium, 356% iron, 934% phosphorus, 322% food energy, 306%
complex carbohydrates, 400% riboflavin, 1,306% niacin and 2,033% thiamin which are
essential in human nutrition.
Brown or rough rice reduces blood cholesterol and decreases urinary calcium for
people prone to kidney disorder (Javier, 2001). It contains vitamin B and dietary fibers
that help prevents cancer and an effective laxative.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Raising of Seedlings
There were 16 selected rice landraces collected from Province of Benguet used in
this study; 8 were from Kibungan, 3 from Bakun municipality, two from Itogon, one
from Kapangan municipality, one from Kabayan and one from municipality of Bokod.
Seeds of each landrace was characterized before sowing. Sowing was done and prepared
seedbeds through wet bed method. Necessary labels were placed in each seedbed for
identification during pulling and transplanting.
Transplanting
An experimental area of 145m2 was thoroughly prepared, puddled and leveled for
convenience during transplanting. The area was divided into 3 blocks and further
subdivided into 48 beds. Each bed measured 1 m x 3 m. The study was laid out in the
field using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two seedlings
transplanted per hill following the straight row pattern with planting distance of 25 cm
between hills and rows which were replicated 3 times. Processed chicken manure (PCM)
was broadcasted an hour before during transplanting. Urea and 14-14-14 were
broadcasted at 64 days after transplanting (DAT). Care and maintenance was done
throughout the experimentation period.
Serving as treatments, the following were the landraces used:
Landraces
Place of Collection
T1
Bongkitan
Tinongdan,. Itogon, Benguet
T2
Butalga
Poblacion, Kibungan, Benguet
T3
Diket
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
9
T4
Diset
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T5
Kabal
Poblacion
Kibungan,
Benguet
T6 Kintoman
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T7
Lalay
Poblacion,
Kibungan,
Benguet
T8
Longgot
Poblacion, Kabayan, Benguet
T9
Makamining
Poblacion, Kibungan, Benguet
T10
Maximu
Gadang, Kapangan, Benguet
T11
Monay
Poblacion,
Bakun,
Benguet
T12
Nawal
Tinongdan,
Itogon,
Benguet
T13
Oplan
Poblacion Kibungan, Benguet
T14
Red Diket
Bila, Bokod, Benguet
T15
Saba
Poblacion,
Bakun,
Benguet
T16
Walay
Sinacbat,
Bakun,
Benguet
Data gathered:
The parameters collected were:
1. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity, total brightness and
rainfall during the conduct of the study were taken from the BSU- PAGASA station,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
2. Seed/Grain characteristics. This was taken by determining the seed
characteristics of the 16 selected rice landraces before sowing in prepared seedbeds.
3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering. This was taken when 50% of
the crops produced tillers.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
10
4. Leaf Characters
a. Leaf length (cm). This was taken by measuring 10 sample leaves per treatment
from the base of the leaf blade to the tip of the leaf at 90 DAT. The middle leaves were
used as samples.
b. Leaf angle. This was taken by measuring the angle form between the leaf blade
and stem using protractor.
c. Leaf area (cm2). This was taken by measuring 10 fully expanded sample leaf
per treatment during growth period using replica weight method:
Area of ordinary paper (cm) x weight of replica (g)
Leaf area (cm2) = ------------------------------------------------------------------
Weight of ordinary paper (g)
d. Leaf sheath color. This was taken using the scale used by Borromeo et al.,
(1994).
Rating
Remarks
1 green
2 purple
lines
3 light
purple
4
purple tips
e. Blade color. This was taken by determining the color of the leaves using the
following scale (Borromeo et al., 1994).
Rating
Remarks
1
pale green
2 green
3 dark
green
4 purple
tips
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
11
5 purple
margins
6
purple blotch
7 purple
f. Blade pubescence. This was taken using the following scale by Borromeo et al.,
(1994).
Rating
Remarks
1 glabrous
2 intermediate
3 pubescent
g. Ligule color. This was taken using the scale used by Borromeo et al., (1994).
Rating
Remarks
0 absent
1 whitish
2 purple
lines
3 purple
h. Auricle color. This was taken using the following scale (Borromeo et al.,
1994).
Rating
Remarks
0 absent
1 pale
green
2 purple
5. Culm/Stem Characteristics
a. Initial height (cm.). This was taken by measuring ten sample plants at 30 DBT
per treatment during pulling from the base to the youngest leaf of the plant using tape
measure.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
12
b. Final height (cm). This was taken by measuring ten sample plants from the
base to the tip of the flag leaf at 130 DAT using tape measure.
c. Stem diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the stem of the same sample
plant at the basal internode using vernier caliper.
d. Stem strength. This was taken using the following scale (Borromeo et al.,
1994).
Rating
Remarks
1- strong
no lodging
3-moderately strong
most plant leaning
5- intermediate
most plant moderately lodging
7 - weak
most plant nearly flat
9-very weak
all plants flat
e. Number of nodes. This was taken by counting the total number of nodes of ten
samples plants.
f. Internode color. This was taken by determining the color of the internode at the
tip of the main stem using the scale by Borromeo (1994).
Rating Remarks
1
green
2
light gold
3
purple lines
4
purple
6. Number of tillers per hill. This was taken by counting the number of tillers of
ten sample hills per treatment.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
13
Pest and Disease Incidence
a. Stemborer infection. This was taken using the following scale (NCT for Rice,
1996).
Index Rating
% Dead Heart % White Head
Description
1
1 – 10 1 – 5
Resistant
3
11 – 20 6 – 10
Moderately Resistant
5
21 – 30 11 – 15
Intermediate
7
31 – 60 16 – 25
Moderately susceptible
9
61 – above 26 – above
Susceptible
b. Rice blast (neck, leaf). This was taken from the center row at hill 4-2.
Computation on percent infection following the formula:
Number of Infected Plants
Percent Infection = --------------------------------------- x 100
Total Number of Plants
Index Rating % Infection
Description
1
0 – 25% Resistant
2 26 – 50% Intermediate
3 51 – 100% Susceptible
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 presents the monthly air temperature (maximum and minimum) relative
humidity (RH), rainfall amount and total sunshine brightness. Mean air temperature
(maximum and minimum)relative humidity, total rain fall amount and total sunshine
brightness were 23.26 oC, 14.77 oC, 77.76%, 6.24 mm and 374.17 mm, respectively.
Maximum
temperature
(24oC) was highest during the month of June and lowest
minimum temperature was obtained in January (11.06 oC).
Leonard and Martin (1970) reported that temperature is the most important factor
in rice production, rice can grow successfully in areas that have mean temperature of 21
oC or above. Furthermore IRRI (1975) as cited by Salcedo (2002) explained that rice is
considered as short day plant which grows better in places with temperature ranges from
21 to 32 oC. Higher than 32 oC and lower than 21oC may cause injury or sterility at
ripening stage. As explained by De data (1981), low temperature (15-20oC) delay panicle
initiation and heading, causes failure of an anther dehiscence and fertilization, spikelet
sterility and poorly filled grains. This could be the reason why rice planted in areas with
temperature lower than 21oC were late maturing and low yielding. In this experiment, it
was observed that grains were not filled resulting to empty grains at harvest.
Relative humidity during the conduct of the study ranged from 70.81% to
85.33%. Belino (1999) cited that RH may affect grain formation during milk stage,
ripening and disease incidence. High RH favors crop growth at vegetative stage while
low humidity favors diseases during grain formation particular in rainfed rice fields.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
15
Total rainfall amount was highest in the month of June (16.35) with the highest
total sunshine brightness (493mm) in the month of February.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study
MONTH TEMPERATURE RELATIVE
RAINFALL
TOTAL SUNSHINE
Max Min
HUMIDITY
AMOUNT
BRIGHTNESS
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
January 21.29
11.06 00 Trace
383
February 22.40
12.16 77.14
00
493
March 23.31
14.35
70.81 0.91
443
April 23.80
16.11
77.77 2.80
355
May 24.74
16.48
77.74
11.13
287
June 24.01
18.46
85.33
16.35
235
Mean 23.26
14.77
77.76 6.24
374.17
Source: BSU PAG-ASA office
Grain Characteristics
Table 2 shows the source or place of collection of the 16 rice landraces and their
respective grain characteristics such as seed coat color, presence and absence of awn,
color of awn, grain color, aroma and their sources.
Seed coat color. The landraces have different seed coat color but most of them
show light brown seed coat. Four landraces (Butalga, Diket, Red Diket and Dicet)
displayed dark brown seed coat. Lalay, Kabal, Makamining and Luk-ab expressed
speckled seed coat and Kintoman and Gal-ong however, had stripe color of seed coat.
Presence, absence and color of awn. Most of the landraces with brown seed coat
are awned. It was also observed that most of the awned grains exhibited straw awn while
others had black (Monay and Nawal), brown (Red Diket) and white (Saba) awns.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
16
Salcedo (2002) found that some characteristics of rice grown in Cordillera region
as awned grains, low tillering, tall stalks, and late maturing. The present study
corroborates such result.
Table 2. Grain characteristics of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES SOURCE SEED
PRESENCE/ AWN GRAIN
AROMA
COAT
ABSENCE
COLOR
COLOR
COLOR
OF
AWN
Bongkitan Tinongdan,
Light Absent - White Aromatic
Itogon
brown
Butalga Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
Red Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Diket Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
White
Aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Diset Poblacion,
Dark
Present
Straw
Red
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Kabal Poblacion,
Speckled
Absent
-
Red
Aromatic
Kibungan
Kintoman Poblacion,
Striped Absent -
Red
Sligtly
Kibungan
aromatic
Lalay Poblacion,
Speckled
Absent
-
Red
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
Longgot Poblacion,
Light
Absent
- Red Not
aromatic
Kabayan
brown
Makamining Poblacion, Speckled
Present Straw White Aromatic
Kibungan
Maximu Gadang Light Present Straw
White Slightly
Kapangan
brown
aromatic
Monay Poblacion,
Light
Present
Black
White
Not
aromatic
Bakun
brown
Nawal Tinongdan,
Light
Present
Black
Red
Aromatic
Itogon
brown
Oplan Poblacion,
Light
Present
Straw
White
Not
aromatic
Kibungan
brown
Red Diket
Bila, Bokod Dark
Present
Brown
Red
Aromatic
brown
Saba Poblacion,
Light
Present
White
Red
Not
aromatic
Bakun
Walay Sinacbat,
Light
Absent
- White
Not
aromatic
Bakun
brown
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
17
Grain
color. Grain color was recorded by determining the color of uncoated seeds.
It was observed that the color of the grains vary from red to white. Varieties with red
grains are Lalay, Butalga, Kabal, Red Diket, Kintoman, Nawal, Saba, Longgot, and
Dicet, while the white grains are Bonkitan, Diket, Oplan, Monay, Walay, Makamining
and Maximu.
Aroma. Observation shows that Lalay, Butalga, Oplan, Monay, Walay, Saba,
Longgot and Dicet are not aromatic. Maximu and Kintoman had slight aroma and the rest
are aromatic. These landraces exhibit the exotic aroma and flavor compared to the fancy
rice (such as jasmine, milagrosa and dinorado) sold in the market that have nutty aroma
and flavor similar to that of roasted nuts or popcorn. This aroma is attributed to a much
higher proportion of 2-acytel – 1-pyroline that is present in all rice but have much higher
concentration in aromatic rice, (Anonymous, 2004).
Number of Days From Transplanting to Tillering
Number of days from transplanting to tillering was recorded when 50% of the
total plant in a bed started producing tillers. It was observed that Saba, Maximu and Dicet
took longer days to produce tillers (Table 3). On the other hand, Longgot was the earliest
to produce tillers among the landraces with average mean of 19.00 days. This finding is
an indicative of the later maturity of Saba, Maximu and Dicet while it would mean earlier
maturity for Longgot, Monay, Makamining and Lalay.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
18
Table 3. Number of days from transplanting to tillering of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES DAYS
Bongkitan 21.00abcde
Butalga 22.00abcd
Diket 22.00abc
Diset 23.00a
Kabal 21.00abcde
Kintoman 21.00abcde
Lalay
20.00cde
Longgot 19.00e
Makamining 20.00cde
Maximu 23.00a
Monay 20.007de
Nawal 21.00bcde
Oplan 22.00abcd
Red Diket
21.00abcde
Saba 23.00ab
Walay 20.00cde
CV (%)
5.21
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Leaf Characters
Data on leaf characters such as leaf length, leaf angle and leaf area are presented
in Table 4 while other leaf characteristics such as leaf sheath color, blade color and blade
pubescence, and ligule and auricle color are presented in Table 5.
Leaf
length. This was measured from the base of the leaves to the tip of the
leaves. Results show that leaf has comparable length ranging from 37.96 to 42.25 cm.
Butalga (42.25cm), Makamining (41.08cm) and Nawal (41.09cm) recorded the longest
leaves while Bongkitan (37.96cm), Monay (38.67cm) and Diket (38.92cm) displayed the
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
19
shortest leaves. Further observation shows that the landraces possess relatively long
leaves.
Vergara (1992), reported that long leaves are an indication of drooping. Droopy
leaves means that the lower leaves receive little light, thus, production of food is lesser.
However, Butalga, Nawal and Makamining did not exhibit a high leaf angle which is an
indication of droopy leaves. These findings might contradict other studies reporting that
longer leaves are droopy leaves because they have more weight to carry hence, lesser
photosynthetic efficiency and eventually low yield. However, it should be understood
that different genotypes have different photosynthetic capacity to adapt in the
environment to which they are introduced.
Leaf
angle. Results shows that Red diket variety has the highest leaf angle (29.10)
comparable to Butalga (28.90) and Kintoman (28.63) degrees while Nawal and Lalay
revealed the lowest leaf angle of 21.77 and 22.13. This means that the leaves of the plant
is spreading.
Leaf
area. Highly significant differences were observed among the landraces on
leaf area. Butalga exhibited the largest leaves with an average mean of 24.65 while Saba,
Dicet and Monay had the smallest leaves of 21.19, 21.00 and 20.80cm2, respectively.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
20
Table 4. Leaf characters of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES LEAF
LENGTH
LEAF ANGLE
LEAF AREA
(cm)
(cm2)
Bongkitan 37.96d 23.27bcd 23.14b
Butalga 42.25a 28.90a 24.60a
Diket 38.92bcd 24.43bcd 21.47c
Diset 39.08bcd 23.57bcd 21.00c
Kabal 39.36bcd 23.73bcd 21.64c
Kintoman 40.74abc 28.63a 21.40c
Lalay
40.56abc 22.13cd 23.40b
Longgot 40.12abcd 25.90abcd 21.41c
Makamining 41.08ab 27.03ab 23.58b
Maximu 40.18abcd 24.17bcd 21.59c
Monay 38.67cd 24.10bcd 20.80c
Nawal 41.09ab 21.77d 23.75ab
Oplan 40.52abc 23.97bcd 21.60c
Red Diket
40.09abcd 29.10a 21.60c
Saba 39.75bcd 23.17bcd 21.19c
Walay 40.53abc 26.20abcd 21.67c
CV (%)
2.97
8.37
3.00
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Other Leaf Characters
Leaf sheath color. Other leaf characteristics such as leaf sheath color are
presented in Table 5. Butalga, Makamining and Dicet exhibited purple lines color of leaf
sheath while the other landraces had green color.
Blade color and blade pubescence. Almost all the landraces displayed green
leaves except Red Diket and Kintoman which had dark green; Butalga and Dicet with
purple margins and Makamining with purple tips color of leaves. This could be attributed
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
21
to the leaf sheath color of the plant . Vergara et al., (1992) explained that the more green
color of the plant the higher the carbohydrates production, thus, higher in food
production.
Table 5. Other leaf characteristics of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES LEAF BLADE
BLADE
LIGULE AURICLE
SHEATH
COLOR
PUBESCENCE COLOR
COLOR
COLOR
Bongkitan Green Green Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Butalga Purple
lines
Purple
Intermediate Purple Pale green
margins
lines
Diket Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Diset Purple
lines
Purple
Intermediate Purple Pale green
margins
lines
Kabal Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Kintoman Green Dark Intermediate Whitish
Pale
green
green
Lalay
Green
Green
Intermediate
Purple
Pale green
lines
Longgot Green Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Makamining
Purple lines Purple tips Intermediate
Purple
Pale green
lines
Maximu Green Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Monay Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Nawal Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Oplan Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Red Diket
Green
Dark
Intermediate Purple Pale green
green
lines
Saba Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Walay Green
Green
Intermediate
Whitish
Pale
green
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
22
Leaf
pubescence. All landraces exhibited intermediate leaf pubescence. Salcedo
(2002) conducted a study on characterization of collected traditional rices from Mountain
Province and Ifugao Province and found out the same result on leaf pubescence which are
intermediate. This means that some traditional varieties grown in Cordillera region have
hairy and some have smooth or hairless leaves.
Ligule and auricle color. The auricle color of the landraces are all pale green.
Lalay, Butalga, Red Diket, Makamining and Dicet displayed purple lines ligule among
the varieties and the rest had whitish ligule.
Plant Height
Initial
height. Initial height was measured at 30 days before transplanting using
tape measure. Red Diket recorded the tallest rice seedlings at transplanting with an
average mean of 15.20 cm comparable with Saba with 14.78. Makamining, Dicet, Oplan
and Diket revealed the shortest with means of 11.70cm, 12.17 cm, 12.90cm and 12.35 cm
respectively (Table 6).
Final
height. Final height was measured at 130 DAT. Walay and Maximu had the
tallest at 130 DAT with means of 84.98 cm and 83.64 cm. However, statistically they
were not significantly different from each other. Makamining showed the shortest height
at 130 DAT with 63.99 cm.
Walay and Maximu which displayed the tallest plants at 130 DAT also revealed
the highest number of nodes which determines the final height of the plant. This could
mean that the longer the stem, the more nodes component of the plant. However, it
should be consider that different genotypes have different genotypic constitution.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
23
Number of Nodes per Plant
Significant difference was observed in number of nodes per plant. Almost all the
landraces had 4.00 nodes per plant except Maximu, Saba and Walay which has the
highest nodes of 5.00.
Table 6. Plant height and number of nodes of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
NUMBER OF
30DAS 130DAT
NODES
Bongkitan 13.67cd 77.45abc 4.00 b
Butalga 13.29cd 71.39cd 4.00 b
Diket 12.35ef 70.43cd 4.00 b
Diset 12.17ef 73.43cd 4.00 b
Kabal 13.96bc 70.19cd 4.00 b
Kintoman 13.84bcd 74.89bcd 4.00 b
Lalay
13.88bcd 71.73cd 4.00b
Longgot 13.39cd 76.33abcd 4.00 b
Makamining 11.70f 66.90cd 4.00 b
Maximu 14.03bc 83.64ab 5.00 a
Monay 13.83bcd 73.97bcd 4.00 b
Nawal 13.62cd 77.65abc 4.00 b
Oplan 12.90de 68.25cd 4.00 b
Red Diket
15.20a 70.96cd 4.00 b
Saba 14.78ab 75.34abcd 5.00 a
Walay 13.61cd 84.99a 5.00 a
CV (%)
3.91
7.09
7.35
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
24
Stem Diameter and Stem Strength
The stem diameter and stem strength of the different landraces are shown in Table
7.
Stem
diameter. Results revealed that stem size of the 16 landraces ranged from
1.08cm to 0.7 5cm. Highly significant differences were observed among the varieties.
Bongkitan show the widest stem (1.08 cm) while Longgot had the narrowest diameter
with 0.75 cm only.
Table 7. Stem diameter of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES STEM
DIAMETER
STEM STRENGTH
(cm)
Bongkitan 1.08a Strong
Butalga 0.88b Strong
Diket 0.80b Strong
Diset 1.03a Strong
Kabal 0.78b Strong
Kintoman 0.80b Strong
Lalay
1.04a Strong
Longgot 0.75a Strong
Makamining 0.78b Strong
Maximu 1.02a Strong
Monay 1.07a Strong
Nawal 1.07a Strong
Oplan 0.78b Strong
Red Diket
0.78b Strong
Saba 1.07a Strong
Walay 1.04a Strong
CV (%)
19.67
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
25
Stem
strength. It was observed that all the landraces exhibited strong stem m
during the growth stage of the plant indicating that all the landraces are resistant to
lodging. This findings gives support to the explanation that traditional rices are good
sources of resistance and grain quality traits which a plant breeder desires (PhilRice,
2001).
Internode Color
Table 8 shows the internode color of the plant. It was observed that almost all the
landraces displayed purple lines internode except that Lalay, Red Diket and Longgot
exemplified light gold internode. Walay however, is the only variety with green
internode.
Number of Tillers Per Hill
The number of tillers per hill was presented also in Table 8. Every sample hill
consists of two mother rice plants. Result shows that Dicet recorded the highest number
of tillers per hill with mean average of 16.00 comparable with Kabal and Walay (14.00).
Vergara (1992) explained that the number of tillers determines the number of panicles,
thus, the most important in achieving high grain yield. On the other hand Maximu and
Nawal produce the least number of tillers per hill with means of 9.00. This findings
corroborates with the CECAP and PHILRICE (2000) reports that the some characteristics
of traditional rice being grown in the Cordillera region are awned grains, tall stalks, low
tillering and late maturing.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
26
Table 8. Internode color and number of tillers per hill of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES INTERNODE
COLOR NUMBER
OF
TILLERS
PER HILL
Bongkitan Purple
lines
11.00cde
Butalga Purple
lines
12.00cd
Diket Purple
lines
11.00cde
Diset Purple
lines
16.00a
Kabal Purple
lines
14.00abc
Kintoman Purple
lines
10.00de
Lalay
Light gold
1.3.00bcd
Longgot Light
gold
12.00cd
Makamining Purple
lines
11.00cde
Maximu Purple
lines
9.00e
Monay Purple
lines
10.00de
Nawal Purple
lines
9.00e
Oplan Purple
lines
13.00bcd
Red Diket
Light gold
10.00de
Saba Purple
lines
10.00de
Walay Green
14.00abc
CV (%)
7.35
16.49
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Pest and Disease Incidence
There were no spraying of chemical pesticides during the conduct of the study.
Stemborer
damage. Infestation of stemborer damage particularly dead heart was
noted at 35 and 50 days after transplanting (Table 9). Observation shows that there are no
incidence of dead heart infestations both at 35 and 50DAT. All the landraces were
strongly resistant against stemborer.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
27
Rice blast (leaf blast). The Table shows the rice blast infestation particularly in
the leaves of the plant. Results shows that all the landraces exhibit strong resistance to
leaf blast .
Table 9. Reaction of the 16 rice landraces to stemborer and rice blast incidence
LANDRACES
STEMBORER
RICE BLAST
35 DAT
50 DAT
Bongkitan Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Butalga Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Diket Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Diset Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kabal Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Kintoman Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Lalay
Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Longgot Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Makamining Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Maximu Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Monay Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Nawal Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Oplan Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Red Diket
Resistant
Resistant Resistant
Saba Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Walay Resistant
Resistant
Resistant
Correlation Among Vegetative Characters
Table 10 summarizes the correlation coefficient of eight rice characters such as
number of days from transplanting to tillering, leaf length, leaf angle, leaf area, height at
130 DAT, stem diameter, number of nodes per plant and number of tiller per hill.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
28
Strong correlation were noted mainly involving leaf length and number of tillers
per hill produced. Other significant correlations however, were observed involving stem
diameter, height at 130 DAT and number of nodes per plant.
Correlation coefficient of number of day from transplanting to tillering with other
characters were not significant except with number of tiller per hill which has positive
correlation with number of days from transplanting to tillering. This may means that as
the number of days from transplanting to tillering lengthens, the number of tillers per hill
increases.
Significant positive correlation was obtained between leaf length and that of leaf
area and height at 130 DAT, but negative correlated with number of tiller per hill. This
suggest that as the leaf length increases, so is the leaf area and height at 130 DAT. These
results agree with what Tanaka et al., (1966) found by Salcedo (2002) that leaf area is
influenced by leaf length, hence, the longer the leaves, the more bent they are. He further
explained that tall stature plant was associated with long leaves and so NT reduces as the
leaf length increases.
Stem diameter is positively correlated with leaf area and height at 130 DAT
suggesting that an increase in stem diameter will result to a similar increase in the other
two parameters. While, strong negative correlation was obtained between stem diameter
and number of nodes per plant indicating that when stem diameter is greater, fewer
number of tillers are produced.
As to number of nodes per plant, all characters are not significantly correlated
except that of height at 130 DAT which is positively correlated with number of nodes per
plant but not so strong.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
29
The number of tillers per plant produced seem to be the most affected by other
negative traits of rice. It is negatively correlated to both stem diameter and leaf length but
is positively influenced by number of days from transplanting to tillering and leaf angle.
The negative correlation could mean that as the plants produce more tillers, the thinner
the stem and the longer the leaves become, while at the lower tiller number, the stem
becomes wider. Vergara et al., (1990) claims that a lower tiller number type would
ensure a higher number of vascular bundles.
Table 10. Correlation among vegetative characters of 16 rice landraces
DTT
LL
LAn
LAr
FH
Sdm
NN
NT
DTT
1.000
LL
-0.205
1.000
LAn
0.282
-0.280
1.000
LAr
0.279
0.745*
0.449
1.000
FH
0.265
0.791*
-0.325
-0.266
1.000
Sdm -0.256
0.396
-0.402
0.705*
0.658*
1.000
NN
-0.243 -0.164 0.494 0.439 0.547* -0.131 1.000
NT
0.748* -0.835* 0.536* -0.282 0.234 -0.806* 0.377 1.000
Legend:
DTT –
Number of Days from Transplanting to Tillering
LL
–
Leaf Length
LAn –
Leaf Angle
LAr –
Leaf Area
FH
–
Height at 130 DAT
Sdm –
Stem diameter
NN –
Number of Nodes per plant
NT
–
Number of Tillers per hill
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
There were 16 rice landraces collected from Benguet Province that represented
variability for leaf, stem and grain characters were used in the study. They were
characterized and statistically analyzed from January 2005 to June 2005.
Based on the results, Monay and Longgot were the earliest to produce tillers.
However, neither of the two landraces produce the most number of tillers which
determines the number of panicles and component of yield. Moreover, Dicet produce
more tillers although it took longer days to produce tillers.
As to leaf length, Butalga, Nawal and Makamining displayed the longest leaves,
however, these landraces produce lesser tillers, thus, the three said landraces could be
assumed as medium tillering and low yielding because of this traits.
In terms of leaf angle, Red diket, Butalga and Kintoman had comparable leaf
angle. These landraces exhibited the widest leaf angle which determines the spread of the
leaves. Nonetheless, only Butalga exhibited the longest leaves among the three said
landraces. Furthermore, almost all the landraces expressed dark green to green leaves that
could be attributed to its leaf sheath color with intermediate leaf pubescent.
Among the landraces, Red diket and Saba recorded the tallest seedlings when
transplanted but the tallest at 130 DAT were Walay and Maximu. Saba, Walay and
Maximu displayed the widest stem, nevertheless, all the landraces had strong stem.
For number of nodes, Walay had the most nodes, which could be attributed to its
height. It also displayed green internodes.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
31
Considering the correlation analysis between characters, leaf length revealed most
significant relationship between other characters. While significant correlation was found
between other characters that could be used as selection index for specific characters.
Significant positive correlation were obtained between number of days from
transplanting to tillering, leaf length, height at 130 DAT, stem diameter and number of
nodes per plant indicating that as one character increases so is the other parameter
measured. On the other hand, strong significant negative correlation were observed
between number of tillers per hill, leaf length and stem diameter suggesting that lesser
tillers are produced when leaf length increases and stem diameter expands.
Conclusion
The findings showed differences in leaf and culms/stems characters of the rice
landraces. It showed that leaf length influenced the leaf area as shown by Butalga.
Among the landraces, Oplan has the traits of landrace a rice breeder desired. With these
characters such as short, dark green, and erect leaves (Tanaka et al., 1966), this landrace
could be used in improving the existing rice cultivars. Moreover, the leaf and stem
characters could be used as descriptors to determine the differences among cultivars.
Furthermore,
correlation
analysis among the vegetative characters measured
showed correlations between the characters, thus, such traits could be used as selection
indices.
Recommendation
Although all the landraces studied possess some of the characters desired by rice
breeders, closer observation showed that Oplan displayed more of the characters of plant
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
32
breeder desired such as short, with green leaves, strong stems, and resistant to pest and
diseases. Thus it may be recommended for inclusion in a breeding program or it may be
included in further evaluation for yield and adaptability.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
33
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 1998. Rice-Importance of Characterization. http://www.knowledgebank
com.ph.
ANONYMOUS, 2004. The Aromatics-due to the presence of 2-acetyl, 1-pyroline.
http://www.ikisan.com/links-uparoma.html.
AYFA, N. B. 1998. Screening traditional varieties of rice under Mallango condition. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1, 12.
BEAN, U., R. G. BERGER and P. S. RAO. 1983. Rice and its Uses (Traditional)
http://www.knowledgebank.com/rice.html
BELINO, J. G. 1999. Varietal Evaluation of High Yielding Variety of Rice Under
Lacuas, San Emilio, Ilocos Sur Condition. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.
BORROMEO, T.H., P.L. SANCHEZ, E. J. QUINTANA AND L.M. ENGLE. 1994.
Manual on Rice Genetics Resources Conservation and Genebank Management.
Nueva Ecija. Pp. 22, 46-50.
BUSO, A. B. AND G. R. GLASSMAN. 1998. Landraces characterization using GIS
pattern. http://www.ikisan.com.ph
CADATAL M. D. and A. PEDRO. 1993. Rice Production Technique in the Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR) strategies for research and technology transfer. 6th
National Rice Research Development Review and Planning, Workshop. 3-5
March 1993. Plenary Paper. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
CECAP and PHILRICE. 2000. Highland Rice Production in the Philippines Cordillera.
Nueva Ecija: Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme and Philippine Rice
Research Institute. Pp. 6-10.
CUEVAS, P. R. AND G. PERES. 1992. 8th National Rice R and D Review and Planning
Workshop. 1 3 March 1995.Phillipine Rice Research Institute. Maligaya, Muñoz,
Nueva Ecija.
DALRYMPLE, D .G. 1986. Development and Spread of High Yielding Rice Varieties in
Developing Countries. United State of America. Bureau of Science and Technical
Agency for International Development. Pp. 7-8,10.
DE DATTA, S. K. 1981. Principles and Practices of Rice Production. Singapore, John
Willey and Sons, Inc. Pp. 3, 145-150.
DUNCAN, D. M. 1997. Tissue- cu1ture- induced variation and crop improvement.
Advances in Agronomy. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. (58); 35-36.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
34
GONZALES, B. A. 2001. An International Survey of Methods Used for Evaluation of
the Cooking and Eating Qualities of Milled Rice. IRRI research paper series 77.
International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 27-28.
HIRAO, M. 1990. Trend of Rice Consumption in Japan Farming. Ipn. 24(1):14-16.
IRRI. 1971. The Philippines Recommends for Rice. International Rice Research. Institute
Los Baños, Laguna. Pp.l, 106- 1 07.
JAVIER, Y. M. 2001. Changes in Physico-chemical properties of rice. J. Sci Food Agric.
29: 627-638.
JULIANO, B.O. 1998. Varietal Impact of Rice Quality Cereals Food World. Phil Rice
Research Institute, Maligaya Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. P. 207.
LANDACAN, J. S. 1992. Postharvest handling of selected crops. BS Thesis. BSU La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1, 11-12.
LEONARD, W. H. and J. H. MARTIN. 1970. Principles of Field Crops Production. 2nd
edition New York: McMillan Co. P. 498.
MAURYA, M. R. AND T. C. MALL. 1986. Rice in the Tropics.
http://www.knowledgebank. com.ph
OBIEN, S. R. AND L. SEBASTIAN. 1992. Biotechnology Research for Rice
Improvements in the Philippines. Crop Sci Society in the Philippines. 23:59-63.
PHILRICE. 2001. Varieties and Seeds. Department of Agriculture. Philippine Rice
Research Institute. 1(2): 5-6.
PHILRICE. 1995. Varietal Characteristics of Newly Approved Rice Varieties. DA-
Phil Rice Institute. Maligaya Muños, Nueva Ecija 1(2): 10-13.
RANGEL, E. R. 1996. Characterization of selected landraces in Southeast Asia.
http”//www.ikisan.com.ph.
SALCEDO, G. Q. 2002. Characterization, Evaluation and Correlation Analysis in Ten
Traditional Rice Cultivars at Vegetative Stage. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1, 30, 34.
SOUZA, V. R. AND G. V. SORRELS.1989. 8th National Rice R and D Review and
Planning Workshop. 1 3 March 1995.Phillipine Rice Research Institute.
Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
TANAKA, A., K. KAWANO and J. YAMAGUCHI. 1966. Photosynthesis, Respiration
and Plant Type of the Tropical Rice Plant. IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 25-33.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
35
TEASON J. 1994. World book From Info Finder Inc., 525 W. Monroe, Chicago. Pp.11,
22-114.
VERGARA, B. S. 1992. A farmer’s primer on growing rice. International Rice Research
Institute. Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 48-79.
VERGARA, B. S., B. VENKATESWARLU, M. JONARIA, J. K. AHN, J. K. KIM and
R. M. VISPERAS. 1990. Rationale for a low tillering rice plant type with higher
density grains. Crop Sci Society of the Philippines. 15(1):27-32.
WHITE P.T. 1994. Rice: The essential Harvest- United State of America. National
Geographic Magazine. Pp. 56-57.
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
36
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Number of days from transplanting to tillering of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
23.00 21.00 20.00 64.00 21.00
Butalga
21.00 22.00 22.00 65.00 22.00
Diket
22.00 23.00 21.00 66.00 22.00
Diset
24.00 23.00 23.00 70.00 23.00
Kabal
20.00 23.00 21.00 64.00 21.00
Kintoman
19.00 23.00 22.00 64.00 21.00
Lalay
20.00 20.00 20.00 60.00 20.00
Longgot
19.00 19.00 20.00 58.00 19.00
Makamining
20.00 20.00 20.00 60.00 20.00
Maximu
23.00 24.00 23.00 70.00 23.00
Monay
19.00 20.00 20.00 59.00 2.00
Nawal
22.00 20.00 21.00 63.00 21.00
Oplan
22.00 21.00 22.00 65.00 22.00
Red
Diket
23.00 21.00 20.00 64.00 21.00
Saba
24.00 23.00 21.00 68.00 23.00
Walay
20.00 22.00 19.00 61.00 20.00
TOTAL
341.00 345.00 335.00 1,201.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
3.17
1.58
Treatment
15
65.48
4.37
3.55**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
36.83
1.23
TOTAL 47
105.48
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 5.21%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
37
Appendix Table 2. Leaf length (cm) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
37.78 38.82 37.28 113.88 37.96
Butalga
44.40 42.31 40.05 126.76 42.25
Diket
38.53 38.29 39.95 116.77 38.92
Diset
38.44 40.19 38.60 117.23 39.08
Kabal
39.54 38.97 39.58 118.09 39.36
Kintoman
40.42 40.88 40.93 122.23 40.74
Lalay
42.47 41.35 37.85 121.67 40.56
Longgot
39.80 41.86 38.72 120.38 40.12
Makamining
41.84 40.78 40.63 123.25 41.08
Maximu
40.99 40.74 38.80 120.53 40.18
Monay
37.53 38.24 40.24 116.01 38.67
Nawal
41.20 40.37 41.70 123.27 41.09
Oplan
39.55 41.89 40.29 127.73 40.52
Red
Diket
39.79 39.93 40.56 120.28 40.09
Saba
38.88 39.96 40.42 119.26 39.75
Walay
40.91 41.25 39.43 121.59 40.53
TOTAL
642.07 645.83 635.03 1,922.93
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
3.76
1.88
Treatment
15
51.96
3.46
2.45*
2.02
2.70
Error 30
42.44
1.41
TOTAL 47
98.16
* = significant
Coefficient of Variation = 2.97%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
38
Appendix Table 3. Leaf angle of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
22.30 26.00 21.50 69.80 23.27
Butalga
26.30 28.40 32.00 86.70 28.90
Diket
22.40 23.00 27.90 73.30 24.43
Diset
21.60 25.60 23.50 70.70 23.57
Kabal
21.30 23.50 26.40 71.20 23.73
Kintoman
26.00 30.90 29.00 85.90 28.63
Lalay
22.50 21.90 22.00 66.40 22.13
Longgot
24.20 25.50 28.00 77.70 25.90
Makamining
27.00 26.00 28.10 81.10 27.03
Maximu
23.00 28.00 21.50 72.50 24.17
Monay
22.40 26.40 23.50 72.30 24.10
Nawal
22.40 21.40 21.50 65.30 21.77
Oplan
25.00 22.10 24.80 71.90 23.97
Red
Diket
29.40 30.00 27.90 87.30 29.10
Saba
25.00 23.00 21.50 69.50 23.17
Walay
25.70 23.90 29.00 78.60 26.20
TOTAL
386.50 405.60 408.10 1,200.20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
17.45
8.73
Treatment
15
249.59
16.64
3.80
2.02
2.70
Error 30
131.52
4.38
TOTAL 47
398.56
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 8.37%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
39
Appendix Table 4. Leaf area (cm2) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
23.02 23.44 22.95 69.41 23.14
Butalga
25.40 24.70 23.87 73.97 24.66
Diket
21.13 21.40 21.88 64.41 21.47
Diset
22.00 20.18 20.83 63.01 21.00
Kabal
22.00 21.40 21.51 64.91 21.64
Kintoman
21.37 22.06 20.77 64.20 21.40
Lalay
23.05 24.35 22.81 70.21 23.40
Longgot
21.40 20.80 22.03 64.23 21.41
Makamining
23.30 23.38 24.07 70.75 23.58
Maximu
21.97 21.37 21.43 64.77 21.59
Monay
20.23 20.80 21.37 62.40 20.80
Nawal
23.90 24.03 23.33 71.26 23.75
Oplan
21.40 22.03 21.37 64.80 21.60
Red
Diket
21.97 21.40 21.43 64.80 21.60
Saba
20.20 21.97 21.40 63.57 21.19
Walay
21.91 21.60 21.43 65.00 21.67
TOTAL
354.31 354.91 352.48
MEAN
22.41 22.18 22.03
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.1972
0.0986
Treatment
15
61.45501
4.0967
12.32**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
10.0461
0.3349
TOTAL 47
71.6934
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.00%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
40
Appendix Table 5. Initial height (cm) at 30DAS of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
13.14 13.59 14.28 41.01 13.67
Butalga
13.29 13.63 12.96 39.88 13.29
Diket
13.14 11.90 12.00 37.04 12.35
Diset
12.10 11.40 13.00 36.50 12.17
Kabal
13.90 13.99 14.00 41.89 13.96
Kintoman
13.71 13.70 14.12 41.53 13.84
Lalay
13.62 14.15 13.86 41.63 13.88
Longgot
14.09 13.08 13.00 40.17 13.39
Makamining
11.90 11.20 12.00 35.10 11.70
Maximu
14.01 14.08 13.99 42.08 14.03
Monay
13.43 13.76 14.31 41.50 13.83
Nawal
13.37 13.69 13.81 40.87 13.62
Oplan
12.80 13.00 12.90 38.70 12.90
Red
Diket
15.90 14.70 15.00 45.60 15.20
Saba
16.10 14.05 14.20 44.35 14.78
Walay
13.85 13.98 13.00 40.83 13.61
TOTAL
218.35 213.90 216.43 648.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.62
0.31
Treatment
15
36.65
2.44
8.71**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
8.36
0.28
TOTAL 47
45.63
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 3.91%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
41
Appendix Table 6. Final height (cm) at 130 DAT of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
78.00 80.31 74.05 232.36 77.45
Butalga
78.65 66.40 69.12 214.17 71.39
Diket
68.20 77.33 65.75 211.28 70.43
Diset
78.00 70.00 72.30 220.30 73.43
Kabal
68.00 76.09 66.50 210.59 70.19
Kintoman
72.69 69.00 83.00 224.69 74.89
Lalay
70.18 67.00 78.00 215.18 71.73
Longgot
85.00 74.99 69.00 228.99 76.33
Makamining
65.41 65.00 70.30 200.17 66.90
Maximu
78.00 83.92 89.01 250.93 83.64
Monay
72.80 69.00 80.10 221.90 73.97
Nawal
82.83 74.00 76.12 232.95 77.65
Oplan
67.38 70.44 66.94 204.76 68.25
Red
Diket
75.87 67.00 70.01 212.88 70.96
Saba
75.38 70.66 80.00 226.04 75.34
Walay
80.95 85.01 89.00 254.96 84.99
TOTAL
1,197.34 1,166.15 1,199.20 3,562.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
43.10
21.55
Treatment
15
1,135.10
75.67
2.74**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
829.67
27.66
TOTAL 47
2,007.86
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.09%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
42
Appendix Table 7. Number of nodes per plant of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
3.90 3.70 4.40 4.00 4.00
Butalga
34.00 4.00 4.00 4.37 4.00
Diket
4.60 3.90 3.70 4.07 4.00
Diset
3.90 4.20 4.00 4.03 4.00
Kabal
4.60 4.70 4.20 4.50 4.00
Kintoman
4.40 3.80 3.90 4.03 4.00
Lalay
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.20 4.00
Longgot
4.20 3.90 3.90 4.10 4.00
Makamining
4.70 4.40 4.40 4.50 4.00
Maximu
3.90 4.40 4.30 4.20 5.00
Monay
4.70 3.80 4.00 4.16 4.00
Nawal
4.40 4.60 4.30 4.43 4.00
Oplan
3.90 4.10 4.00 4.00 4.00
Red
Diket
3.80 3.90 4.30 4.00 4.00
Saba
4.70 4.70 4.90 4.77 5.00
Walay
4.90 4.90 4.80 4.87 5.00
TOTAL
69.00 67.60 67.80
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.05
0.03
Treatment
15
3.64
0.24
2.67*
2.02
2.70
Error 30
2.95
0.09
TOTAL 47
6.64
* = significant
Coefficient of Variation = 7.35%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
43
Appendix Table 8. Stem diameter (mm) of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
1.08 1.07 1.08 3.23 1.07
Butalga
0.75 0.81 1.08 2.64 0.88
Diket
0.82 0.78 0.81 2.41 0.80
Diset
1.07 0.97 1.06 3.10 1.03
Kabal
0.77 0.76 0.80 2.33 0.78
Kintoman
0.76 0.86 0.77 2.39 0.79
Lalay
1.08 1.07 0.99 3.14 1.04
Longgot
0.75 0.72 0.79 2.26 0.75
Makamining
0.78 0.77 0.78 2.33 0.78
Maximu
1.07 0.92 1.08 3.07 1.02
Monay
1.06 1.08 1.07 3.21 1.07
Nawal
1.08 1.07 1.06 3.21 1.07
Oplan
0.77 0.75 0.82 2.34 0.78
Red
Diket
0.75 0.80 0.80 2.35 0.78
Saba
1.06 1.06 1.08 3.20 1.07
Walay
1.01 1.07 1.06 3.14 1.04
TOTAL
14.66 14.56 15.13 44.35
MEAN
1.466 1.456 1.513
1.475
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.0116
0.0058
Treatment
15
0.8519
0.0568
17.75**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
0.0946
0.0032
TOTAL 47
0.9581
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 6.08%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
44
Appendix Table 9. Number of tillers per hill of the 16 rice landraces
LANDRACES REPLICATION
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III
Bongkitan
13.20 8.40 11.10 32.70 11.00
Butalga
14.40 9.00 12.40 35.80 12.00
Diket
10.40 12.30 9.00 31.70 11.00
Diset
15.60 17.10 14.50 47.20 16.00
Kabal
13.60 15.30 14.00 42.90 14.00
Kintoman
10.70 9.50 8.90 29.10 10.00
Lalay
13.10 12.20 13.50 38.80 13.00
Longgot
10.30 11.70 12.70 34.70 12.00
Makamining
10.20 11.40 11.70 33.30 11.00
Maximu
6.30 8.60 12.30 27.20 9.00
Monay
11.40 7.50 11.10 30.00 10.00
Nawal
7.80 10.20 10.00 28.00 9.00
Oplan
10.30 15.70 11.80 37.80 13.00
Red
Diket
9.50 10.80 10.50 30.80 10.00
Saba
13.40 8.10 8.90 30.40 10.00
Walay
13.90 13.40 13.20 40.50 14.00
TOTAL
184.10 181.20 185.60 550.90
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
F
0.05 0.01
Block 2
0.63
0.31
Treatment
15
162.28
10.82
3.02**
2.02
2.70
Error 30
107.41
3.58
TOTAL 47
270.32
** = highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 16.49%
Characterization and Correlation of Characters at Vegetative Stage
in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province / Grace L. Calama. 2006
Document Outline
- Characterization and Correlation of
Characters at Vegetative Stage in Rice Landraces Collected from Benguet Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES