BIBLIOGRAPHY LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012. Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for
Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to pre-test the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” leaflet of
ATI-CAR. It was conducted from December 2011 to February 2012.
To determine the socio demographic profiles of the respondents; how the leaflet is
perceived in terms of; content; typography; lay-out and graphics, the problems encountered by the
respondents in using the leaflet and the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the
leaflet, data were obtained from the respondents thru interview schedule.
Results revealed that a leaflet that has a clear content, readable, has a good layout and used
usual graphics contributes to its effectiveness, stakeholders prefer leaflets with simplified words,
localized language and with artistic presentation and stakeholders perceive leaflets as effective if it
contains sufficient information on the topic it presents.
It is recommended that the leaflet maybe improved in terms of content, typography, lay-
out, and graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams), the leaflet may use simple words for the respondents
to easily understand the topic and should be translated to local dialect, brochure can also be produce
for more detailed description of the ‘Organic Fermented feeds Leaflet”, the leaflet should be pre-
tested to other areas and the leaflet maybe evaluated by experts, layout artists and graphic designers.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Swine Raising is a very popular enterprise in the Philippines such that there is a
rapid increase of backyard producers, which dominates the swine industry and healthy
viable commercial sectors. Despite the crisis facing the swine industry, still many people
are venturing in this enterprise.
The Agricultural Training Institute in the Cordillera Administrative Region (ATI-
CAR) in Benguet State University offers a ladderized training program in Livestock
Development to farmers, entrepreneurs and rural women and youth. And by using
Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials, ATI-CAR was able to
disseminate, inform and even educate people about Livestock Development.
A leaflet was developed by ATI-CAR to support its program on Livestock
Development is entitled “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs”. This leaflet contains the
formulation of fermented feeds and the procedures in formulating organic feeds.
Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials are tools used to
influence or change the knowledge base, attitudes, beliefs, values, behavior or norms
within individuals or group of individual (ICPD, 1998 as cited by Enkiwe, 2007).
One of the rural communities venturing into swine production is in Paco,
Mankayan, Benguet. This is a place gifted with natural resources. Within the community,
mining and farming are their main sources of income. And because it is in the countryside
and they have the space, a wide population in this area ventures to swine raising as their
other source of livelihood. But because of the increasing cost of feeds, a
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
combination of commercial feeds and indigenous feedstuff became the common type of
food to the swines in the locality.
Having seen the role of the leaflet, “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” of ATI-
CAR to swine raisers, the researcher then recognizes the necessity to evaluate and improve
the leaflet to support the program of ATI-CAR in Livestock Development in rural areas.
This study might as well help the respondents by using the leaflet as an information
material to disseminate alternative source of swine feeds.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to solve the following:
1. What are the socio demographic profiles of the respondents?
2. How is the leaflet perceived in terms of:
a. Content
b. Typography
c. Lay-out
d. Graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams)
3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet?
4. What are the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. Determine the socio demographic profiles of the respondents;
2. Determine how the leaflet is perceived in terms of:
a. Content
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
b. Typography
c. Lay-out
d. Graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams)
3. Determine the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet;
4. Determine the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet;
5. Produce an improved version of the leaflet.
Importance of the Study
The results of the study can contribute and help the ATI- CAR to make their leaflet
more effective as a tool for information dissemination.
The result of the study can be used by the ATI-CAR in making their material
efficient and effective to the users. This study can serve as their guide in maintaining or
improving their materials.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The result of the study only focus on the evaluation of the leaflet entitled “Organic
and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” used by the ATI-CAR. Evaluation of other communication
materials used by the agency was not included.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evaluation
Content. The leaflet is the main promotional tool used by organizations and
projects, whether their purpose is to make the organization known or to publicize an action
or event. Among the options for presentation tools, the leaflet is the simplest and most
accessible (Anonymous, n.d).
According to Crassweller (2011), the high level of “print only” readership by all
age groups demonstrates the value of the printed product. So, is it the platform for delivery
that is important? Is it the content? Or is it how the content is delivered?
In the study of Hung and Hsien (2007), it was stated that the learners further
reported that they were not used to long texts and that they either lost patience or their eyes
easily tired from reading on line. Comprehensibility dropped as they increasingly struggled
towards the end of the texts. Possibly, instead of using extensive reading strategies, such
as contextual guessing, the participants immediately sought help whenever they stumbled
across words they did not understand. Another explanation is that learners’ comprehension
difficulty might derived from sources other than vocabulary, such as complicated sentence
patterns, their limited ability to grasp main ideas or the different contexts and idiomatic
nature of familiar words.
Typography. According to Harris and Lester (2002), typography clarifies,
illuminate and augment content. It can help or hinder the process of reading. The
integration of typography and the other elements of design (color, image, space and so on)
can create powerful and effective messages. Typography is also tied to the technology for
which it was created and the culture from which it was designed.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Typography, as defined in wisegeek.com, refers to the arrangement of text on a
page, and appears in some form or another in all instances of written communication.
Depending on the purpose, typography can be used for optimum readability, impact, or an
artistic statement. Quality typography can make a big difference in communications,
because it can impact the way the reader sees and feels about the topic being discussed. At
the most basic, typography is a combination of font, size, spacing, and color.
A font of type is a collection of letters, numbers and other devices such as
punctuation marks and others, all of the same character and belonging to the same family.
A family of type is a collection of fonts and series all of the same basic design, but in
different sizes and weights or widths.
Lay-out. Layout is the sizing, spacing, and placement of content within a window
or page. Effective layout is crucial in helping users find what they are looking for quickly,
as well as making the appearance visually appealing. Effective layout can make the
difference between designs that users immediately understand and those that leave users
feeling puzzled and overwhelmed (Windows Dev Center, 2011). Layout is the design and
formatting of a page for publication. Layout used to be done by manually laying the
elements of a page in place and fixing them to the page with wax. Now, most layouts are
done onscreen, using a computer program, and there may never be a hard copy of the page
(Computer User Inc, 2007).
Shamsi (2005) added that lay-out is the arrangement of headlines, text, artwork and
white space on a page or pages. Lay-out could be static or dynamic.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Graphics. Reading text and graphics is common issue in lighting design and
practice. Legibility of text and graphics is often measured using the Legibility Index,
conventionally defined as the distance at which material can be read with perfect accuracy
(the legibility distance) divided by the character height (Cai and Green, n.d).
Effects of the Material
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d), graphics are product of graphic
art. Graphic representations are pictures, map, or graph used for illustration. It is also
pictorial image displayed on a computer screen. The art of science of drawing as
representation of an object in two-dimensional surface according to mathematical rules of
projection goes with statements of Wikipedia that graphics are visual representations of
some surface to brand, uniform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs,
drawings, Line Arts, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration,
and color.
According to Bix (2002), the major function of textual messages and graphic
elements is communication. The graphic/text combination can evoke emotional responses
or convey information for purposes as varied as motivating a sale to furthering a cause.
Problems Encountered Using the Material
Today, most dictionaries merely explain the meanings of words. However, they
neither tell users enough about the association of the word to other word(s), nor they
provide enough information of the way words combine in a grammatical framework.
Although thesauri provide synonyms and related words in groups of word sentence, they
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
are limited and that users cannot search words for use in a broad grammatical context. If
one looks up synonyms on a thesaurus, she/he may find words alternatives. A corpus holds
sets of substitutes of words appropriate in specific grammatical frameworks (Qiao, 1997).
The number of instructional materials has increase and there is wider variety,
however, creating innovative learning opportunities for all students remain a fundamental
challenge and elusive for few to many teachers (Jernagin, 2002).
As stated by psywarrior.com, a high illiteracy rate reduces the effectiveness and
usefulness of the printed message. Printing operations require special, extensive,
continuing logistical support. Dissemination is time-consuming and costly, requiring the
use of special facilities and complex coordination. As printed material must be physically
delivered to the target audience, the enemy can prevent or interfere with its dissemination.
It is less timely than other means of communication. It can be collected and destroyed by
the enemy. It can be altered by overprinting. Where prohibited, it can readily be uncovered
by search and stringent penalties imposed for possession. Development and design of
effective printed material requires trained and knowledgeable personnel.
Leaflet and its Purpose
As stated by psywarrior.com a leaflet is a written or pictorial message on a single
sheet of paper. It has no standard size, shape, or format. In selecting the size, shape, and
weight of the paper, the primary consideration is that the papers accommodate the message
and be easy to distribute. The recommended size, provided the message can be
accommodated, is 15.24 centimeters by 7.72 centimeters (6 by 3 inches) on 7.25- or 9.06-
kilogram paper (16- or 20-pound). Leaflets of this size and weight have very favorable
aerial dissemination characteristics.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Leaflet production is affected by the physical characteristics of paper, such as
shape, texture, quality, size, and weight. Legibility and color reproduction are noticeably
affected by paper quality and texture. A high grade of paper is needed for correct color
reproduction. Quality also affects durability. Safe conduct passes should always be printed
on durable, high quality paper.
The printed word has a high degree of acceptance, credibility, and prestige. Printed
matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without distortion. It allows
for the reinforcing use of photographs and graphic illustrations which can be understood
by illiterates. It is permanent and the message will not change unless it is physically altered.
It can be disseminated and read or viewed by a larger, widespread target audience. It can
be reread for reinforcement. Complex and lengthy material can be explained in detail. It
can be hidden and read in private. Messages can be printed on almost any surface, including
useful items. Printed material can gain prestige by acknowledging authoritative and expert
authors. This is particularly important in those societies where the printed word is
authoritative.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Mankayan is a first class municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines.
According to the 2007 census, it has a population of people 34,563 in 6,495 households.
The former municipal district of Mankayan was converted into a municipality in 1955.
Mankayan is politically subdivided into 12 barangays namely; Balili, Bedbed, Bulalacao,
Cabiten, Colalo, Guinaoang, Paco, Poblacion, Sapid, Suyoc, Tabio, and Taneg
The study was conducted in Paco, one barangay of Mankayan, Benguet (See Figure
1). Paco had 6,576 residents by the end of 2007.
Because of the mine in the municipality, this area is composed of different culture
because of the combination of the people from different regions.
The area was chosen for the study because despite from mining and farming, swine
raising is also considered as one of their source of livelihood.
The study was conducted on December 2011 to February 2012.
Subject of the Study
The study evaluated the “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” leaflet of ATI-
CAR located at BSU Compound, La Trinidad, Benguet. The size of the leaflet is 8.5” x
13”, there are pictures in the leaflet and they are all colored. The print medium is composed
of three columns, and the font size used were font 12 and the type of letters were Times
New Roman. The content of the leaflet was the ingredients in the formulation of fermented
feeds and the procedures in formulating Organic Feeds (See Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Respondents of the Study
There were 40 respondents of the study. The respondents were chosen through
purposive sampling. The criterion in choosing them was if they are engaged in swine
production.
The respondents were chosen base on the highest population of swine raisers in the
said area of the study.
Data Collection
An interview schedule was used as a tool for gathering information from the
respondents. Some of the questions in the evaluation are based on the instruments of Isiong
(2008) from his thesis entitled, “Evaluation of Production Guides used by Agricultural
Technicians in Atok, La Trinidad, Benguet”.
The questions were translated into local dialect during the interview for the
respondents to understand.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include: the socio demographic profile of the respondents; the
effectiveness of the leaflet in terms of: content, readability, lay-out and graphics (pictures,
tables, diagrams); the perceptions of the respondents on the effects of leaflet to users; the
problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet and the suggestions of the
respondents for the improvement of the leaflet.
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted using frequency
counts, ranking and percentage.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the respondents socio-demographic profile in terms of sex, age, civil
status, number of years in swine raising and their highest educational attainment.
Out of the 40 respondents, thirty six (90%) of them were female and four (10%)
were male. Based on the data, age bracket of 32-36 and 42-46 had a total of nine (22.5%)
respondents each. The youngest respondents were 27 years old while the oldest was 56
years old. Majority of the respondents were in the middle of 27 to 56 years of age.
Most (95%) of the respondents were married, they are housewives and only two
(5%) of them were widow/er.
In the data, 12 (30%) of the respondents were high school graduates and seven
(17.5%) of them reached elementary level. This implies that all respondents had a formal
education.
It could be noted that 27.5% of the respondents were engaged in swine raising for
2-3 years while half of the respondents were engaged in swine raising for almost 4-7 years.
Some respondents said that they started venturing into swine raising when they got married
and have nothing else to do during their leisure time.
Effectiveness of the Leaflets
Content. Table 2 presents how effective the content of the leaflet was as a whole as
perceived by the respondents. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents agreed that the content
of the leaflet has a clear purpose, organized and significant. Thus, in this regard, the printed
material’s content was effective to the users. This result supports the
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(N=40)
(%)
Sex
Male
4
10.0
Female
36
90.0
TOTAL
40
100
Age
27-31
3
7.5
32-36
9
22.5
37-41
5
12.5
42-46
9
22.5
47-51
8
20.0
52-56
6
15.0
TOTAL
40
100
Civil Status
Married
38
95.00
Widow
2
5.00
TOTAL
40
100
Highest Educational Attainment
Elementary Graduate
4
10.0
Elementary Level
7
17.5
High School Graduate
12
30.0
High School Level
6
15.0
College Level
5
12.5
College Graduate
6
15.0
TOTAL
40
100
No. of Years in Swine Raising
2-3
11
27.5
4-5
10
25.0
6-7
10
25.0
8-9
4
10.0
10-11
4
10.0
12-13
1
2.5
TOTAL
40
100
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Ratings of the respondents on the content of the leaflet
CITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Clear purpose
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Organized
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Significant
24
60.0
16
40.0
100
statement of Wilson (2007) that one of the major contributors to a good first impression is
how easy your content to read. Content should have a clear message and purpose.
However, when the researcher was in the middle of asking the respondents about
their rating in the leaflet’s content they already implied that the leaflet cannot easily
understood without the researcher’s assistance. It occurred to them that the leaflet cannot
be used as a reference because it is incomplete.
Typography. Table 3 shows that almost all (97.5%) of the respondents agreed that
the leaflet is clear, readable and was easily understood. Also, majority (95%) of the
respondents said that the material has thick and big letterings and the words were easily
determined meaning, the spacing of the words were identified right away.
These findings confirm the statement of Cadiz (1991) that in the lettering of any
material, the material will be easier to understand if proper sizes of text are used. Also,
Cadiz added that in using simple letterings without tails/serifs, one should consider the
spacing since this contributes to the readability of a material.
Some of the respondents stated that the typography of the leaflet is just fine because
according to them, they still have a good eye sight and not to old to read the
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Ratings of the respondents on the typography of the leaflet
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Clear and readable
39
97.5
1
2.5
100
Easily understood
39
97.5
1
2.5
100
Thick and big letterings
38
95.0
2
5.0
100
Words easily determined
38
95.0
2
5.0
100
Background enhances readability
33
82.5
7
17.5
100
material without glasses. Only two, the oldest among the respondents disagreed that the
letterings of the leaflet were thick and big.
Layout. Table 4 presents the rating of the respondents on the layout of the leaflet.
Most of the respondents said that the layout of the production guide was well organized,
neat and shows unity/harmony. This outcome satisfies the report of IRRI (1990)
emphasizing that lay outing should apply the principles of balance, unity, simplicity,
emphasis and contrast.
Most (82.5%) of the respondents said that the layout was simple. This result does
not apply the statement of Cadiz (1991) that in general, two types of layout maybe
employed, the symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical layouts evenly distribute the
visual element in two sides of the given axis, whether vertical, horizontal or diagonal.
Asymmetrical layouts achieve an uneven weight distribution of elements on a given space.
Table 4. Rating of the respondents on the layout of the leaflet
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Neat
37
92.5
3
7.5
100
Simple
33
82.5
7
17.5
100
There is unity/harmony
25
62.5
15
37.5
100
Well Organized
23
57.5
17
42.5
100
Well developed and shows
16
40.0
24
60.0
100
preparedness
Artistic
9
22.5
31
77.5
100
Some of the respondents who reached college level and those who graduated
commented that the leaflet is too simple compared to the leaflets they saw during their
college days.
In addition, most of the respondents also said that the leaflet was not developed
well and does not show preparedness because some of them said that pictures were not well
edited and not very clear to the readers. These findings agreed to the statement of
Thorse (1994) that pictures can function as a blocking element that inhibits the
development of an association between the written word and its spoken response and it
may mean in many different ways, as well as mean in different things.
Graphics. Table 5 presented that most of the respondents agreed that all items are
important on the leaflet (72.5%), the leaflet had appropriate graphics (70%), the graphics
are eye catching (70%) and the graphics stimulates interest (62.5%).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Although this is the result of the evaluation, most of the respondents who agreed
on the graphics are those who have highest educational attainment of elementary level to
high school graduate.
In contrast, majority of the respondents said that the graphics and its labels are not
easily understood (25%) since there are no labels written below each graphics. They added
that the items should be labeled to help them easily identify the pictures in the leaflet.
This result contradicts the statement of Eunson (2005) that within the visual itself,
different parts-lines, slices of a pie, and so on can be labeled using words placed within the
graph or figure, or lines from different parts leading to explanatory words.
Some (40%) of the respondents said that the graphics were not easily identified.
Table 5. Rating of the respondents on the graphics of the leaflet
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
All items are important on the leaflet
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Use appropriate graphics
28
70.0
12
30.0
100
Graphics are eye catching
28
70.0
12
30.0
100
Graphic stimulates interest
25
62.5
15
37.5
100
Graphics are easily identified
16
40.0
24
60.0
100
Graphics are easily understood
10
25.0
30
75.0
100
Labels of the graphics are easily
9
22.5
31
77.5
100
understand
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Most of the graphics shows some ingredients of the feeds that are not familiar to
the respondents. This result did not meet the statement of Eunson (2005) that successful
communication is critically affected by the way in which you present the data, or its look.
Some ideas can be conveyed more effectively using graphic or visual communication
techniques.
Problems Encountered in Using the Leaflet
Table 7 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet.
More than half (67.6%) of the respondnets said that the number one problem they
encountered in using the leaflet was that the sentences and words used in the leaflet was
not easily understood. The names of the ingredients of the feeds were difficult to
understand by the respondents because they are not familiar to these names.
In the ranking of the result, it shows that the second problem encountered by the
respondents were the information in the leaflet. The IEC material does not supplement all
the information needed by the respondents. They said that they need more details about the
organic fermented feeds.
For this result, it contradicts the statement of Cadiz (1991) that manuals,
handbooks, brochures and leaflet provide details about a learning task, such as technology
in technology transfer, and they provide enough practical information that technology user
need so that they can correctly apply an innovation. Oftentimes, the type of publication
required depends on how extensive is the message or the learning task to be learned.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet
CRITERIA
PERCENTAGE
RANKING
Not easily understood
67.5
1
Not enough information
60.0
2
Dull color of the picture
12.5
3
Small size of the leaflet
10.0
4
Font style and size is small
7.5
5
*Multiple responses
Respondents’ Suggestions for the Improvement of the Leaflet
Table 8 shows the summary of the suggestions of the respondents for the
improvement of the leaflet as a whole. In the ranking, the words should be simplified rank
as the first in the suggestion of the evaluators. Most (67.5%) of the respondents said that
the words used in the leaflet was difficult to understand. For these reason, during the
interview, respondents even ask for the researcher’s assistance to explain some words in
the material.
This result supports the study of Hung and Hsien (2007) wherein they stated that
comprehensibility dropped as they increasingly struggled toward the end of the texts.
Possibly, instead of using extensive reading strategies, such as contextual guessing, the
participants immediately sought for help whenever they stumbled across words they did
not understand.
More than half (60%) of the respondents suggested that the words used in the leaflet
and the ingredients in making the organic fermented feeds should be explained
Table 8. Suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the material
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
SUGGESTIONS
PERCENTAGE RANKING
Words should be simplified
32.5
1
There should be enough information
27.5
2
The language should be localized
17.5
3
Make it more artistic
15.0
4
well. The respondents also added that there should be enough information in the leaflet.
They commented that the information that was provided in the material was incomplete.
Improved Version of the Leaflet
The improved version of the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Pigs” leaflet has a size
of 8.5”x 13, it is composed of three columns, and the font size were font 12 and the type
of letters were Times New Roman. A white background is used in the material. The
improved leaflet used drawings to illustrate the ingredients and procedures in making the
organic fermented feeds. These revisions on the leaflet were based on the suggestions of
the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet. The researcher used local dialect in the
material (See Figure 4 and Figure 5)
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Pigs”
leaflet from Agricultural Training Institute in the Cordillera Administrative Region (ATI-
CAR) in Benguet State University.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the socio demographic profiles of the
respondents; determine how effective are the leaflet in terms of content, typography, lay-
out and graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams); determine the problems encountered by the
respondents in using the leaflet; determine the suggestions of the respondents for the
improvement of the leaflet; and produce an improve version of the leaflet.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. A leaflet that has a clear content, readable, has a good layout and used usual
graphics contributes to its effectiveness.
2. Stakeholders prefer leaflets with simplified words, localized language and with
artistic presentation.
3. Stakeholders perceive leaflets as effective if it contains sufficient information on
the topic it presents.
Recommendations
1. The leaflet maybe improved in terms of content, typography, lay-out, and
graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
2. The leaflet may use simple words for the respondents to easily understand the
topic and should be translated to local dialect.
3. Brochure can also be produce for more detailed description of the ‘Organic
Fermented feeds Leaflet”.
4. The leaflet should be pre-tested to other areas.
5. The leaflet maybe evaluated by experts, layout artists and graphic designers.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. n.d. Leaflet. Retrieved January 6, 2012 from web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-
S/11606749051Sheet08_Leaflet.pdf
BIX, L. 2002. The Elements of Text and Message Design and Their Impact on Message
Legibility.
Retrieved
December
13,
2011
from
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JDC/Spri
CAI, H. and P.A. GREEN. n.d. New Definition of Legibility Index to Examine Off-Axis
Viewing of Text and Graphics. University of Michigan. P.1. Retrieved December
16, 2011 from http://www.personal.umich.edu/hcai/IESNA%20paper_HYC12.pdf
CRASSWELLER, A. 2011. Newspapers: Reader-Created or Newspaper-Curated?
Retrieved July 21, 2011 from http://www.inma.org/blogs/value-content/post.cfm
COMPUTER USER INC. 2007. Layout. Retrieved November 29, 2011 from
http://www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/definition.html?lookup=3795
ENKIWE, G. C. 2007. Evaluation of Two IEC Materials on Cordillera Regional Autonomy
for La Trinidad Barangay Officials. Pp. 34-35.
HARRIS, C. R. and P. M. LESTER. 2002. Visual Journalism: A Guide for New Media
Professionals. 75 Arlington street, Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon: A
Pearson Education Company. Pp. 90-92, 165, 173, 185.
HUNG, T. H. and C. L. HSIEN. 2007. Vocabulary Learning In an Automated Graded
Reading Program. Language Learning and Technology. Vol. II. Pp. 64-82.
JERNAGIN, S. S. 2002. Selection Process for Using Instructional Media. Retrieved
January 16, 2010 from http://www.msstate.edu./
MERRIAM-WEBSTER. n.d. Graphics. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved
December 10 from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/graphics
PSYWARRIOR.COM. n.d. Psychological Operations/Warfare Leaflets. Retrieved
December 18, 2011 from http://www.psywarrior.com/leaflet2.html
QIAO, H. L. 1997. Research Projects in Corpus-Based Computational Linguistics.
Retrieved February 14, 2008 from http://gandalf.aksis.uib.no/qiao/pr-
combdict.html
SHAMSI, J. 2005. Journalism: The News. Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi: Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd. 4374/4B. Pp. 145, 163-167.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
WINDOWS DEV CENTER. 2011. Layout. Retrieved December 26, 2011 from
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511279.aspx
WISEGEEK.COM. n. d. Typography. Retrieved July 27, 2011 from
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-typography.htm
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012. Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for
Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to pre-test the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” leaflet of
ATI-CAR. It was conducted from December 2011 to February 2012.
To determine the socio demographic profiles of the respondents; how the leaflet is
perceived in terms of; content; typography; lay-out and graphics, the problems encountered by the
respondents in using the leaflet and the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the
leaflet, data were obtained from the respondents thru interview schedule.
Results revealed that a leaflet that has a clear content, readable, has a good layout and used
usual graphics contributes to its effectiveness, stakeholders prefer leaflets with simplified words,
localized language and with artistic presentation and stakeholders perceive leaflets as effective if it
contains sufficient information on the topic it presents.
It is recommended that the leaflet maybe improved in terms of content, typography, lay-
out, and graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams), the leaflet may use simple words for the respondents
to easily understand the topic and should be translated to local dialect, brochure can also be produce
for more detailed description of the ‘Organic Fermented feeds Leaflet”, the leaflet should be pre-
tested to other areas and the leaflet maybe evaluated by experts, layout artists and graphic designers.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Swine Raising is a very popular enterprise in the Philippines such that there is a
rapid increase of backyard producers, which dominates the swine industry and healthy
viable commercial sectors. Despite the crisis facing the swine industry, still many people
are venturing in this enterprise.
The Agricultural Training Institute in the Cordillera Administrative Region (ATI-
CAR) in Benguet State University offers a ladderized training program in Livestock
Development to farmers, entrepreneurs and rural women and youth. And by using
Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials, ATI-CAR was able to
disseminate, inform and even educate people about Livestock Development.
A leaflet was developed by ATI-CAR to support its program on Livestock
Development is entitled “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs”. This leaflet contains the
formulation of fermented feeds and the procedures in formulating organic feeds.
Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials are tools used to
influence or change the knowledge base, attitudes, beliefs, values, behavior or norms
within individuals or group of individual (ICPD, 1998 as cited by Enkiwe, 2007).
One of the rural communities venturing into swine production is in Paco,
Mankayan, Benguet. This is a place gifted with natural resources. Within the community,
mining and farming are their main sources of income. And because it is in the countryside
and they have the space, a wide population in this area ventures to swine raising as their
other source of livelihood. But because of the increasing cost of feeds, a
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
combination of commercial feeds and indigenous feedstuff became the common type of
food to the swines in the locality.
Having seen the role of the leaflet, “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” of ATI-
CAR to swine raisers, the researcher then recognizes the necessity to evaluate and improve
the leaflet to support the program of ATI-CAR in Livestock Development in rural areas.
This study might as well help the respondents by using the leaflet as an information
material to disseminate alternative source of swine feeds.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to solve the following:
1. What are the socio demographic profiles of the respondents?
2. How is the leaflet perceived in terms of:
a. Content
b. Typography
c. Lay-out
d. Graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams)
3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet?
4. What are the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. Determine the socio demographic profiles of the respondents;
2. Determine how the leaflet is perceived in terms of:
a. Content
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
b. Typography
c. Lay-out
d. Graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams)
3. Determine the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet;
4. Determine the suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet;
5. Produce an improved version of the leaflet.
Importance of the Study
The results of the study can contribute and help the ATI- CAR to make their leaflet
more effective as a tool for information dissemination.
The result of the study can be used by the ATI-CAR in making their material
efficient and effective to the users. This study can serve as their guide in maintaining or
improving their materials.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The result of the study only focus on the evaluation of the leaflet entitled “Organic
and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” used by the ATI-CAR. Evaluation of other communication
materials used by the agency was not included.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evaluation
Content. The leaflet is the main promotional tool used by organizations and
projects, whether their purpose is to make the organization known or to publicize an action
or event. Among the options for presentation tools, the leaflet is the simplest and most
accessible (Anonymous, n.d).
According to Crassweller (2011), the high level of “print only” readership by all
age groups demonstrates the value of the printed product. So, is it the platform for delivery
that is important? Is it the content? Or is it how the content is delivered?
In the study of Hung and Hsien (2007), it was stated that the learners further
reported that they were not used to long texts and that they either lost patience or their eyes
easily tired from reading on line. Comprehensibility dropped as they increasingly struggled
towards the end of the texts. Possibly, instead of using extensive reading strategies, such
as contextual guessing, the participants immediately sought help whenever they stumbled
across words they did not understand. Another explanation is that learners’ comprehension
difficulty might derived from sources other than vocabulary, such as complicated sentence
patterns, their limited ability to grasp main ideas or the different contexts and idiomatic
nature of familiar words.
Typography. According to Harris and Lester (2002), typography clarifies,
illuminate and augment content. It can help or hinder the process of reading. The
integration of typography and the other elements of design (color, image, space and so on)
can create powerful and effective messages. Typography is also tied to the technology for
which it was created and the culture from which it was designed.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Typography, as defined in wisegeek.com, refers to the arrangement of text on a
page, and appears in some form or another in all instances of written communication.
Depending on the purpose, typography can be used for optimum readability, impact, or an
artistic statement. Quality typography can make a big difference in communications,
because it can impact the way the reader sees and feels about the topic being discussed. At
the most basic, typography is a combination of font, size, spacing, and color.
A font of type is a collection of letters, numbers and other devices such as
punctuation marks and others, all of the same character and belonging to the same family.
A family of type is a collection of fonts and series all of the same basic design, but in
different sizes and weights or widths.
Lay-out. Layout is the sizing, spacing, and placement of content within a window
or page. Effective layout is crucial in helping users find what they are looking for quickly,
as well as making the appearance visually appealing. Effective layout can make the
difference between designs that users immediately understand and those that leave users
feeling puzzled and overwhelmed (Windows Dev Center, 2011). Layout is the design and
formatting of a page for publication. Layout used to be done by manually laying the
elements of a page in place and fixing them to the page with wax. Now, most layouts are
done onscreen, using a computer program, and there may never be a hard copy of the page
(Computer User Inc, 2007).
Shamsi (2005) added that lay-out is the arrangement of headlines, text, artwork and
white space on a page or pages. Lay-out could be static or dynamic.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Graphics. Reading text and graphics is common issue in lighting design and
practice. Legibility of text and graphics is often measured using the Legibility Index,
conventionally defined as the distance at which material can be read with perfect accuracy
(the legibility distance) divided by the character height (Cai and Green, n.d).
Effects of the Material
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d), graphics are product of graphic
art. Graphic representations are pictures, map, or graph used for illustration. It is also
pictorial image displayed on a computer screen. The art of science of drawing as
representation of an object in two-dimensional surface according to mathematical rules of
projection goes with statements of Wikipedia that graphics are visual representations of
some surface to brand, uniform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs,
drawings, Line Arts, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs,
maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration,
and color.
According to Bix (2002), the major function of textual messages and graphic
elements is communication. The graphic/text combination can evoke emotional responses
or convey information for purposes as varied as motivating a sale to furthering a cause.
Problems Encountered Using the Material
Today, most dictionaries merely explain the meanings of words. However, they
neither tell users enough about the association of the word to other word(s), nor they
provide enough information of the way words combine in a grammatical framework.
Although thesauri provide synonyms and related words in groups of word sentence, they
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
are limited and that users cannot search words for use in a broad grammatical context. If
one looks up synonyms on a thesaurus, she/he may find words alternatives. A corpus holds
sets of substitutes of words appropriate in specific grammatical frameworks (Qiao, 1997).
The number of instructional materials has increase and there is wider variety,
however, creating innovative learning opportunities for all students remain a fundamental
challenge and elusive for few to many teachers (Jernagin, 2002).
As stated by psywarrior.com, a high illiteracy rate reduces the effectiveness and
usefulness of the printed message. Printing operations require special, extensive,
continuing logistical support. Dissemination is time-consuming and costly, requiring the
use of special facilities and complex coordination. As printed material must be physically
delivered to the target audience, the enemy can prevent or interfere with its dissemination.
It is less timely than other means of communication. It can be collected and destroyed by
the enemy. It can be altered by overprinting. Where prohibited, it can readily be uncovered
by search and stringent penalties imposed for possession. Development and design of
effective printed material requires trained and knowledgeable personnel.
Leaflet and its Purpose
As stated by psywarrior.com a leaflet is a written or pictorial message on a single
sheet of paper. It has no standard size, shape, or format. In selecting the size, shape, and
weight of the paper, the primary consideration is that the papers accommodate the message
and be easy to distribute. The recommended size, provided the message can be
accommodated, is 15.24 centimeters by 7.72 centimeters (6 by 3 inches) on 7.25- or 9.06-
kilogram paper (16- or 20-pound). Leaflets of this size and weight have very favorable
aerial dissemination characteristics.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Leaflet production is affected by the physical characteristics of paper, such as
shape, texture, quality, size, and weight. Legibility and color reproduction are noticeably
affected by paper quality and texture. A high grade of paper is needed for correct color
reproduction. Quality also affects durability. Safe conduct passes should always be printed
on durable, high quality paper.
The printed word has a high degree of acceptance, credibility, and prestige. Printed
matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without distortion. It allows
for the reinforcing use of photographs and graphic illustrations which can be understood
by illiterates. It is permanent and the message will not change unless it is physically altered.
It can be disseminated and read or viewed by a larger, widespread target audience. It can
be reread for reinforcement. Complex and lengthy material can be explained in detail. It
can be hidden and read in private. Messages can be printed on almost any surface, including
useful items. Printed material can gain prestige by acknowledging authoritative and expert
authors. This is particularly important in those societies where the printed word is
authoritative.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Mankayan is a first class municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines.
According to the 2007 census, it has a population of people 34,563 in 6,495 households.
The former municipal district of Mankayan was converted into a municipality in 1955.
Mankayan is politically subdivided into 12 barangays namely; Balili, Bedbed, Bulalacao,
Cabiten, Colalo, Guinaoang, Paco, Poblacion, Sapid, Suyoc, Tabio, and Taneg
The study was conducted in Paco, one barangay of Mankayan, Benguet (See Figure
1). Paco had 6,576 residents by the end of 2007.
Because of the mine in the municipality, this area is composed of different culture
because of the combination of the people from different regions.
The area was chosen for the study because despite from mining and farming, swine
raising is also considered as one of their source of livelihood.
The study was conducted on December 2011 to February 2012.
Subject of the Study
The study evaluated the “Organic and Fermented Feeds for Pigs” leaflet of ATI-
CAR located at BSU Compound, La Trinidad, Benguet. The size of the leaflet is 8.5” x
13”, there are pictures in the leaflet and they are all colored. The print medium is composed
of three columns, and the font size used were font 12 and the type of letters were Times
New Roman. The content of the leaflet was the ingredients in the formulation of fermented
feeds and the procedures in formulating Organic Feeds (See Figure 2 and Figure 3).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Respondents of the Study
There were 40 respondents of the study. The respondents were chosen through
purposive sampling. The criterion in choosing them was if they are engaged in swine
production.
The respondents were chosen base on the highest population of swine raisers in the
said area of the study.
Data Collection
An interview schedule was used as a tool for gathering information from the
respondents. Some of the questions in the evaluation are based on the instruments of Isiong
(2008) from his thesis entitled, “Evaluation of Production Guides used by Agricultural
Technicians in Atok, La Trinidad, Benguet”.
The questions were translated into local dialect during the interview for the
respondents to understand.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include: the socio demographic profile of the respondents; the
effectiveness of the leaflet in terms of: content, readability, lay-out and graphics (pictures,
tables, diagrams); the perceptions of the respondents on the effects of leaflet to users; the
problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet and the suggestions of the
respondents for the improvement of the leaflet.
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted using frequency
counts, ranking and percentage.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the respondents socio-demographic profile in terms of sex, age, civil
status, number of years in swine raising and their highest educational attainment.
Out of the 40 respondents, thirty six (90%) of them were female and four (10%)
were male. Based on the data, age bracket of 32-36 and 42-46 had a total of nine (22.5%)
respondents each. The youngest respondents were 27 years old while the oldest was 56
years old. Majority of the respondents were in the middle of 27 to 56 years of age.
Most (95%) of the respondents were married, they are housewives and only two
(5%) of them were widow/er.
In the data, 12 (30%) of the respondents were high school graduates and seven
(17.5%) of them reached elementary level. This implies that all respondents had a formal
education.
It could be noted that 27.5% of the respondents were engaged in swine raising for
2-3 years while half of the respondents were engaged in swine raising for almost 4-7 years.
Some respondents said that they started venturing into swine raising when they got married
and have nothing else to do during their leisure time.
Effectiveness of the Leaflets
Content. Table 2 presents how effective the content of the leaflet was as a whole as
perceived by the respondents. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents agreed that the content
of the leaflet has a clear purpose, organized and significant. Thus, in this regard, the printed
material’s content was effective to the users. This result supports the
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(N=40)
(%)
Sex
Male
4
10.0
Female
36
90.0
TOTAL
40
100
Age
27-31
3
7.5
32-36
9
22.5
37-41
5
12.5
42-46
9
22.5
47-51
8
20.0
52-56
6
15.0
TOTAL
40
100
Civil Status
Married
38
95.00
Widow
2
5.00
TOTAL
40
100
Highest Educational Attainment
Elementary Graduate
4
10.0
Elementary Level
7
17.5
High School Graduate
12
30.0
High School Level
6
15.0
College Level
5
12.5
College Graduate
6
15.0
TOTAL
40
100
No. of Years in Swine Raising
2-3
11
27.5
4-5
10
25.0
6-7
10
25.0
8-9
4
10.0
10-11
4
10.0
12-13
1
2.5
TOTAL
40
100
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Ratings of the respondents on the content of the leaflet
CITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Clear purpose
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Organized
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Significant
24
60.0
16
40.0
100
statement of Wilson (2007) that one of the major contributors to a good first impression is
how easy your content to read. Content should have a clear message and purpose.
However, when the researcher was in the middle of asking the respondents about
their rating in the leaflet’s content they already implied that the leaflet cannot easily
understood without the researcher’s assistance. It occurred to them that the leaflet cannot
be used as a reference because it is incomplete.
Typography. Table 3 shows that almost all (97.5%) of the respondents agreed that
the leaflet is clear, readable and was easily understood. Also, majority (95%) of the
respondents said that the material has thick and big letterings and the words were easily
determined meaning, the spacing of the words were identified right away.
These findings confirm the statement of Cadiz (1991) that in the lettering of any
material, the material will be easier to understand if proper sizes of text are used. Also,
Cadiz added that in using simple letterings without tails/serifs, one should consider the
spacing since this contributes to the readability of a material.
Some of the respondents stated that the typography of the leaflet is just fine because
according to them, they still have a good eye sight and not to old to read the
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 3. Ratings of the respondents on the typography of the leaflet
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Clear and readable
39
97.5
1
2.5
100
Easily understood
39
97.5
1
2.5
100
Thick and big letterings
38
95.0
2
5.0
100
Words easily determined
38
95.0
2
5.0
100
Background enhances readability
33
82.5
7
17.5
100
material without glasses. Only two, the oldest among the respondents disagreed that the
letterings of the leaflet were thick and big.
Layout. Table 4 presents the rating of the respondents on the layout of the leaflet.
Most of the respondents said that the layout of the production guide was well organized,
neat and shows unity/harmony. This outcome satisfies the report of IRRI (1990)
emphasizing that lay outing should apply the principles of balance, unity, simplicity,
emphasis and contrast.
Most (82.5%) of the respondents said that the layout was simple. This result does
not apply the statement of Cadiz (1991) that in general, two types of layout maybe
employed, the symmetrical and asymmetrical. Symmetrical layouts evenly distribute the
visual element in two sides of the given axis, whether vertical, horizontal or diagonal.
Asymmetrical layouts achieve an uneven weight distribution of elements on a given space.
Table 4. Rating of the respondents on the layout of the leaflet
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
Neat
37
92.5
3
7.5
100
Simple
33
82.5
7
17.5
100
There is unity/harmony
25
62.5
15
37.5
100
Well Organized
23
57.5
17
42.5
100
Well developed and shows
16
40.0
24
60.0
100
preparedness
Artistic
9
22.5
31
77.5
100
Some of the respondents who reached college level and those who graduated
commented that the leaflet is too simple compared to the leaflets they saw during their
college days.
In addition, most of the respondents also said that the leaflet was not developed
well and does not show preparedness because some of them said that pictures were not well
edited and not very clear to the readers. These findings agreed to the statement of
Thorse (1994) that pictures can function as a blocking element that inhibits the
development of an association between the written word and its spoken response and it
may mean in many different ways, as well as mean in different things.
Graphics. Table 5 presented that most of the respondents agreed that all items are
important on the leaflet (72.5%), the leaflet had appropriate graphics (70%), the graphics
are eye catching (70%) and the graphics stimulates interest (62.5%).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Although this is the result of the evaluation, most of the respondents who agreed
on the graphics are those who have highest educational attainment of elementary level to
high school graduate.
In contrast, majority of the respondents said that the graphics and its labels are not
easily understood (25%) since there are no labels written below each graphics. They added
that the items should be labeled to help them easily identify the pictures in the leaflet.
This result contradicts the statement of Eunson (2005) that within the visual itself,
different parts-lines, slices of a pie, and so on can be labeled using words placed within the
graph or figure, or lines from different parts leading to explanatory words.
Some (40%) of the respondents said that the graphics were not easily identified.
Table 5. Rating of the respondents on the graphics of the leaflet
CRITERIA
AGREE
DISAGREE
TOTAL
f
%
f
%
%
(n=40)
(n=40)
All items are important on the leaflet
29
72.5
11
27.5
100
Use appropriate graphics
28
70.0
12
30.0
100
Graphics are eye catching
28
70.0
12
30.0
100
Graphic stimulates interest
25
62.5
15
37.5
100
Graphics are easily identified
16
40.0
24
60.0
100
Graphics are easily understood
10
25.0
30
75.0
100
Labels of the graphics are easily
9
22.5
31
77.5
100
understand
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Most of the graphics shows some ingredients of the feeds that are not familiar to
the respondents. This result did not meet the statement of Eunson (2005) that successful
communication is critically affected by the way in which you present the data, or its look.
Some ideas can be conveyed more effectively using graphic or visual communication
techniques.
Problems Encountered in Using the Leaflet
Table 7 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet.
More than half (67.6%) of the respondnets said that the number one problem they
encountered in using the leaflet was that the sentences and words used in the leaflet was
not easily understood. The names of the ingredients of the feeds were difficult to
understand by the respondents because they are not familiar to these names.
In the ranking of the result, it shows that the second problem encountered by the
respondents were the information in the leaflet. The IEC material does not supplement all
the information needed by the respondents. They said that they need more details about the
organic fermented feeds.
For this result, it contradicts the statement of Cadiz (1991) that manuals,
handbooks, brochures and leaflet provide details about a learning task, such as technology
in technology transfer, and they provide enough practical information that technology user
need so that they can correctly apply an innovation. Oftentimes, the type of publication
required depends on how extensive is the message or the learning task to be learned.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Problems encountered by the respondents in using the leaflet
CRITERIA
PERCENTAGE
RANKING
Not easily understood
67.5
1
Not enough information
60.0
2
Dull color of the picture
12.5
3
Small size of the leaflet
10.0
4
Font style and size is small
7.5
5
*Multiple responses
Respondents’ Suggestions for the Improvement of the Leaflet
Table 8 shows the summary of the suggestions of the respondents for the
improvement of the leaflet as a whole. In the ranking, the words should be simplified rank
as the first in the suggestion of the evaluators. Most (67.5%) of the respondents said that
the words used in the leaflet was difficult to understand. For these reason, during the
interview, respondents even ask for the researcher’s assistance to explain some words in
the material.
This result supports the study of Hung and Hsien (2007) wherein they stated that
comprehensibility dropped as they increasingly struggled toward the end of the texts.
Possibly, instead of using extensive reading strategies, such as contextual guessing, the
participants immediately sought for help whenever they stumbled across words they did
not understand.
More than half (60%) of the respondents suggested that the words used in the leaflet
and the ingredients in making the organic fermented feeds should be explained
Table 8. Suggestions of the respondents for the improvement of the material
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
SUGGESTIONS
PERCENTAGE RANKING
Words should be simplified
32.5
1
There should be enough information
27.5
2
The language should be localized
17.5
3
Make it more artistic
15.0
4
well. The respondents also added that there should be enough information in the leaflet.
They commented that the information that was provided in the material was incomplete.
Improved Version of the Leaflet
The improved version of the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Pigs” leaflet has a size
of 8.5”x 13, it is composed of three columns, and the font size were font 12 and the type
of letters were Times New Roman. A white background is used in the material. The
improved leaflet used drawings to illustrate the ingredients and procedures in making the
organic fermented feeds. These revisions on the leaflet were based on the suggestions of
the respondents for the improvement of the leaflet. The researcher used local dialect in the
material (See Figure 4 and Figure 5)
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to evaluate the “Organic Fermented Feeds for Pigs”
leaflet from Agricultural Training Institute in the Cordillera Administrative Region (ATI-
CAR) in Benguet State University.
Specifically, the study aimed to determine the socio demographic profiles of the
respondents; determine how effective are the leaflet in terms of content, typography, lay-
out and graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams); determine the problems encountered by the
respondents in using the leaflet; determine the suggestions of the respondents for the
improvement of the leaflet; and produce an improve version of the leaflet.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. A leaflet that has a clear content, readable, has a good layout and used usual
graphics contributes to its effectiveness.
2. Stakeholders prefer leaflets with simplified words, localized language and with
artistic presentation.
3. Stakeholders perceive leaflets as effective if it contains sufficient information on
the topic it presents.
Recommendations
1. The leaflet maybe improved in terms of content, typography, lay-out, and
graphics (pictures, tables, diagrams).
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
2. The leaflet may use simple words for the respondents to easily understand the
topic and should be translated to local dialect.
3. Brochure can also be produce for more detailed description of the ‘Organic
Fermented feeds Leaflet”.
4. The leaflet should be pre-tested to other areas.
5. The leaflet maybe evaluated by experts, layout artists and graphic designers.
Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012
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Pre-testing of “Organic Fermented Feeds for Feeds” Leaflet of ATI-CAR among swine
raisers in Paco, Mankayan, Benguet | LIMOG, JONALYN S. APRIL 2012