BIBLIOGRAPHY BALIWEN, MARY CLAIRE D. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BALIWEN, MARY CLAIRE D. APRIL 2007. Loan Delinquency Control
Practices of Primary Cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Florentino B. Landacan, Jr., BS.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted primarily to identify the practices of primary
cooperatives with credit operation in Kapangan, Benguet on loan delinquency control.
The study was conducted from January to February, 2007.
A prepared survey questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data
were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and
percentage.
Findings showed that majority of the cooperatives with credit operation in
Kapangan, Benguet were operating for quite a period since they already reached at least
ten years of operation. It was found out that agricultural loan is the one mostly availed of
by the borrowers.
Almost all of the cooperatives had written policies which they implemented
strictly to their members. Each cooperative has a credit committee; however, only few
cooperatives hired managers and other staffs engaged in loans. The requirements of the
cooperatives for borrowing loans are share capital, co-makers, collaterals, savings deposit
and business plan. The share capital was required by all the cooperatives.
As to the practices to control loan delinquency, most of the cooperatives
conducted credit investigation and monitored the projects of their borrowers to ensure
that the loans were used properly. The cooperatives may force the borrowers to pay or
return immediately their loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans
anymore once the cooperative found out that the loan was not used for the intended
project.
All of the cooperatives explained to their borrowers the terms and conditions of
their loan before releasing it. The cooperatives reminded also their borrowers regarding
their due date through a reminder letter or letting any officer or the collector to go
personally to remind them. All the cooperatives responded that their borrowers personally
brought their payments to their cooperative.
The most preventive actions perceived by the cooperatives to be done to control
loan delinquency are as follows: they inform their borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and accurate
records on loans of all the borrowers. On the other hand , the most remedial actions
perceived by the borrowers to collect delinquent loans are: send notices and collection
letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse; ask the help of other officers in
collecting. Most of the cooperatives had problems on the negative attitudes displayed by
their borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of staff, lack
of commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among the borrowers.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ……………………………………………….……………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………..
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale …………… ……………………………….…………………
1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………..
2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………..........
3
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………
4
Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………….……………
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Loan Delinquency ……………………………………………………..
5
Causes of Loan Delinquency ………………………………………….
5
Practices to Control Loan Delinquency ……………………………….
5
Loan Policies ……… ……………………………………………………
6
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study ………………………………………….
7
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………
7
Data Collection ………………………………………………...............
9
iii
Data Gathered …………………………………………………………….
10
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Information on the Cooperatives ………………………………............
10
Practices of Cooperatives to Control
Loan Delinquency …………………………………………….............
13
Preventive Actions to Control Loan
Delinquency as Perceived by the
Cooperatives ……………………………………………………...........
23
Remedial Actions to Collect Delinquent
Loans as Perceived by the Cooperatives ………………………………
25
Problems Encountered by the Cooperatives
in Controlling Loan Delinquency ……………………………...............
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………………….................
28
Conclusions …………………………………………………................
30
Recommendations ……………………………………………………..
31
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………….
33
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Letter to the Respondents…………….…………………….
34
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………
35
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Pozel (1981) defined cooperative as an association of people who have joined
together for a common project that their joint efforts create an amount of strength that is
greater than the sum of the individual’s amount of energy.
The cooperative movement serves as an attempt to curb the excess of capitalism,
the economic system that is widely established in the world today that tends to favor rich
men capable of doing business. As a result, wealth is only concentrated into the hands of
few rich people. On the other hand, cooperatives seek the needs for basic economic
reform by using methods as integral instrument for the development of the poor people.
The cooperative is an instrument used to strengthen and develop the potentials of
the people in building up a capital for productive investment. In addition, cooperatives
empower the people and uplift them from dependency towards self-reliance.
Cooperatives operate in a highly competitive market of lending. Obviously, cooperatives
are generally hard up in setting their lending operations at first but as soon as they are
able to perfect their services and have installed sound operating system then they could
be in a better position to face the market squarely.
The signing of the Cooperative Code of the Philippines (RA 6938) and the
creation of the Cooperative Development Authority (RA 6939) in 1990 under the Aquino
Administration provided firm grounds for the development of cooperatives. Incentives,
such as tax exemption, paved the way for the sprouting of cooperatives elsewhere in the
country.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
2
However, the growth of cooperatives in our country is hindered by many factors
such as the lack of proper understanding and internalizing the cooperative principles and
philosophies by the members and persons managing the cooperative lack the adequate
knowledge and skills in cooperative management. Most cooperatives do not even
installed adequate system as a safeguard against unscrupulous officers and staff who take
advantage of their position to grant loans illegally to themselves, relatives, and to
acquaintances.
It has been noted that cooperatives with credit service are primarily faced with the
problem on loan delinquency which if not properly managed and accounted for would
result to tremendous financial loss of the cooperative that would lessen the members’
trust and confidence in it. This means that loan delinquency is a problem in a cooperative
that needs an immediate attention and solution if the cooperative aims to exist longer to
serve its members. The occurrence of loan delinquency is a circumstance that any
cooperative could not avoid; however, it should be controlled or minimized so that it will
not hamper the cooperative’s operation that would probably lead to its bankruptcy.
Primary cooperatives operating in the municipality of Kapangan, Benguet are not
spared from the problem on loan delinquency. Therefore, this study was conducted
mainly to determine the practices of the primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet on
how loan delinquency is controlled.
Statement of the Problem
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:
1. What is the type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers?
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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2. What are the practices of primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet to control
loan delinquency?
3. What are the preventive actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency?
4. What are the remedial actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to collect delinquent loans?
5. What are the problems encountered by the Primary Cooperatives in Kapangan,
Benguet to control loan delinquency control?
6. What are the possible solutions on how to control loan delinquency?
Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
1. To find out the type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers;
2. To identify the practices of primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet to
control loan delinquency;
3. To find out the preventive actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency;
4. To find out the remedial actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to collect delinquent loans;
5. To identify the problems encountered by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency; and
6. To provide possible solutions on the problems identified.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Importance of the Study
One of the common and serious problems that most cooperatives incur is loan
delinquency. This has been a perennial problem affecting cooperatives whether old or
newly organized. Moreover, many researches pointed out loan delinquency as the main
cause of bankruptcy among cooperatives.
The results of this study would give information on the various practices that
primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet have done with regard to loan delinquency
control. The identified good practices will be maintained by the cooperatives and
adopted by other cooperatives for their own benefits. Furthermore, the results could be
used by the Cooperative’s officers as basis or guide in formulating their credit policies or
strengthening their current policies on credit.
Generally, the results of the study could be used by any person who will conduct a
related research.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study concentrates primarily on the practices of primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet with credit operation on loan delinquency control. It also includes the
preventive and remedial actions perceived by the cooperatives to control loan
delinquency and the problems that the cooperatives encounter with regard to loan
delinquency control.
The study was conducted among the operating Primary Cooperatives in the
municipality of Kapagan, Benguet from January to February, 2007.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Loan Delinquency
Loan delinquency refers to the failure of the borrower to meet payments of loan
on due time. Supanga (2002) stated that loan delinquency has been a big problem of
cooperatives. The failure to recognize this problem and institute the necessary remedies
could demoralize both members and officers that will ultimately lead to the failure of the
cooperative.
Causes of Loan Delinquency
Supanga (2002) further enumerated the common causes of loan delinquency as:
irrelevance of loan policies, irresponsible processing system, weak collection system,
lack of security on loans, poor example of officers, several loans and lack of cooperative
education.
In addition, Diclas (2005) found out in her study that the cause of delinquency can
be minimized right from the making of the loan policies and even after the loan has been
granted. Giving credit counseling to members is a one way of improving lending
operations. She recommended that the released loans should be periodically followed up
to assure a viable and healthy project that will guarantee full repayment and satisfaction
to the cooperative and the borrowers.
Practices to Control Loan Delinquency
Agustin (2000) found out in her study that training decreases delinquency rate.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
6
Through trainings, members of the cooperative became aware of their duties and
responsibilities and benefits from the cooperative.
Furthermore, Foronda (1983) noted that in case of non-repayment of loans, a
grace period is given to the borrowers to pay. The borrower will set the time he will pay
the loan if he has valid reason. The bank will issue a foreclosure of the property offered
as collateral when there is a failure to pay the loan. If the borrower does not repay, he will
be deprived of future loans from the cooperative.
Pozel (1981) stated that establishing a good working relationship with the
cooperative can go a long way. He feels sure that many relationships have been
unsuccessful as a result of an incomplete understanding between the lender and the
borrower. He also noted that before the loan is made, the lending institution determines
the credit standing and the character of the members and of his job, the desirability of his
property, the size of the capital, and the amount and length of loan to ensure that the
loans be repaid.
Loan Policies
These pertain to the entire contract between the cooperative and its members as
creditors to as when and how much they will pay. These are guiding rules in the granting
and treatment of loans.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Kapangan is one of the fast growing municipalities in Benguet. It is located about
twenty- nine (29) kilometers away from La Trinidad, the Capital Town of Benguet. It is bounded
on the north by the municipality of Kibungan, on the south by the municipalities of Tublay and
Sablan, on the east by the municipality of Atok and on the west by the Province of La Union.
As a rural area and a developing municipality, it realizes the need of full cooperation of
all sectors including the cooperatives in order to at ain progress. Therefore, the municipality of
Kapangan strongly supports the cooperative movement. In fact, it has sixteen (16) primary
cooperatives operating under its jurisdiction, which are mostly multipurpose.
The study was conducted among the Primary Cooperatives with credit service in
Kapangan, Benguet from January to February, 2007. Figure 1 shows the map of
Kapangan, Benguet showing the locale of the different cooperatives studied.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study are the managers of the different operating primary
cooperatives with credit service in Kapangan, Benguet. In the case of some cooperatives that
have no manager, a member of their Board of Directors becomes the respondent. The
respondents of the study are shown in Table 1.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 1. The respondents of the study and their address
NAME OF COOPERATIVE
ADDRESS
Balakbak Multipurpose Cooperative
Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
Datakan Proper Multipurpose Cooperative Datakan Proper, Kapangan, Benguet
GBDAIS Multipurpose Cooperative
Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
Hil side Multipurpose Cooperative
Datakan, Kapangan, Benguet
Kapangan Central Credit and Savings
Poblacion, Kapangan, Benguet
Cooperative
Kapangan District Teachers and
Lomon Paykek, Kapangan, Benguet
Employees Credit Cooperative
Mabuhay Multipurpose Cooperative
Paykek, Kapangan, Benguet
PETALL (Poking, Eho, Tacal, Longboy,
Longboy Labueg, Kapangan, Benguet
Labueg) Multipurpose Cooperative
Sagubo Multipurpose Cooperative
Sagubo, Kapangan, Benguet
TACU (Taba-ao, Cuba) Multipurpose
Taba-ao, Kapangan, Benguet
Cooperative
Data Col ection
A structured survey questionnaire was used to gather the data and information needed in
this study. The questionnaire was personal y delivered to the respondents and was col ected by
the researcher personal y. Questions arose from the respondents were answered or clarified by the
researcher.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
9
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the practices on loan delinquency control of the primary
cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet with credit operation.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were summarized, analyzed and tabulated according to the objectives
of the study. The statistical tools used are frequency and percentage.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Information on the Cooperatives
This section presents a brief information regarding the cooperatives with credit
operation in Kapangan, Benguet as to the number of years they were in operation, types
of loans offered and the type of loan mostly availed of by their borrowers.
Number of years in operation. Four (40%) cooperatives were in operation for less
than ten years, three (30%) cooperatives operated from 10 to 20 years and another three
(30%) cooperatives operated for more than twenty years. The result implies that majority
of the cooperatives with credit operation in Kapangan, Benguet have existed for a quite
long period giving quality services to their members with an ultimate objective of
uplifting their socio-economic condition.
Type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers. The types of loan offered by the
cooperatives are agricultural loan, commercial loan, salary loan, industrial loan and
emergency loan. From Table 2, it is noted that agricultural loan was mostly availed of by
the borrowers. This is an indication that most of the borrowers are farmers wherein the
said type of loan is being used to finance their farm operation. However, some
cooperatives mentioned that most of their borrowers availed of the emergency loan
usually used for paying tuition fees of their children and other endeavors that are urgent
in nature and the commercial loan purposely for buy and sell business.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 2. Number of years in operation of the cooperatives and type of loan mostly availed
of by the borrowers
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Number of years in operation
Below 10 years
4
40
10 years – 20 years
3
30
Above 20 years
3
30
TOTAL
10
100
Types of loan mostly availed of by
the borrowers
Agricultural Loan
8
80
Emergency Loan
7
50
Commercial Loan
7
80
Industrial Loan
5
50
Salary Loan
2
20
TOTAL
12
*Multiple response
Cooperatives with written loan policies. Table 3 shows that almost all (90%) of
the cooperatives had written loan policies. These loan policies were written in the
cooperative’s by-laws, manual of operation or brochures. According to these
cooperatives, their loan policies were presented and approved by the General Assembly
before they are implemented. The results show that most of the cooperatives designed a
guide in administering their loans that is a necessity for the success of the cooperatives if
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
12
implemented properly. Written loan policies are desirable because they serve as a
permanent and reliable reference by the cooperative officers and members or anyone who
would use it. However, one (10%) cooperative had no written loan policies because its
officers did not put them into record but were just verbally disseminated it to the
members.
Table 3. Distribution of cooperatives according to the availability of written loan policies
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
With written loan policies
9
90
Without written loan policies
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Cooperatives with functional credit committees. A credit committee is created
under the by-laws of the cooperative and shall be responsible for the credit management
of the cooperative. It shall process, evaluate and act upon loan applications and exercise
general supervision including collection of loans. If all the members of credit committee
work together, it would lessen if not totally eliminate loan delinquency among the
borrowers. Credit committee is functional if its members are doing their responsibilities
set in the bylaws while it is non-functional if its members are not performing their tasks
like conducting meeting.
Table 4 shows that all cooperatives created their own credit committee; however,
only 9 (90%) of the cooperatives claimed that they had functional credit committees. One
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
13
(10%) cooperative had a non-functional credit committee.
Table 4. Distribution of cooperatives as to the presence of credit committee
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
With functional credit committee
9
90
With non-functional credit committee
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Staff involved in loan operation of the cooperatives. Five (50%) cooperatives had
managers; three (30%) cooperatives have loan officers, one (10%) cooperative has a
loan’s clerk and a collector (Table 5). This implies that only few cooperatives hired full-
time managers and other staff assigned to loans. It is observed that the cooperatives with
hired staff are those financially stable and those that have many borrowers. For some of
the cooperatives, instead of hiring full time- staff they utilized their officers such as their
Board of Directors and committee members in the administration of their credit
management. Furthermore, some cooperatives hired only one person to do all the
functions related to loans, like for example the manager only.
Practices of Cooperatives to Control Loan Delinquency
Strict implementation of loan policies. Nine (90%) cooperatives responded that
they were implemented their loan policies strictly, while one (10%) cooperative
mentioned it did not strictly implement its loan policies (Table 6).
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
14
The results show that most of the cooperatives strictly implemented their policies
on loans. This means that any member who borrows from the cooperative must first
comply with all the requirements for loans set by the cooperatives. Only one cooperative
was not so strict it gave considerations to the situation of its borrowers. A case-to-case
basis is sometimes used by this cooperative when dealing with the borrowers.
Table 5. Staff involved in the loan operation of the cooperatives
POSITION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Manager
5
50
Loan Officer
3
30
Loan’s Clerk
1
10
Collector
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
*Multiple Response
Table 6. Distribution of cooperatives as to the implementation of their loan policies
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Strictly implementing the loan policies
9
90
Not strictly implementing the loan
1
10
policies
TOTAL
10
100
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
15
Requirements for availing of loans. Table 7 shows the loan requirements imposed
by the cooperatives for the borrowers to comply with before they could be able to avail of
loans. All the cooperatives’ main requirements for borrowing is share capital. This
means that a borrower should be a member in the cooperative as confirmed by the share
capital he invested in the cooperative. Seven (70%) of the cooperatives required co-
makers who must be a member in good standing in the cooperative. Most of the
cooperatives required two co-makers per borrower and 5 or 50% of the cooperatives
required that a borrower must have saving deposits in the cooperative. Some cooperatives
let the borrower-depositors to sign a withdrawal slip. In case of non-payment by the
borrower, the cooperative could easily withdraw the deposit of the borrower as his
payment. Five or 50% of the cooperatives required collaterals such as real estate either
titled or tax declaration, chattel and functional appliances. Two (20%) of the cooperatives
required their borrowers to prepare a business plan. Furthermore, all the cooperatives
said that it is necessary for all their borrowers to submit or accomplish all the
requirements for loans before getting their loans be approved and released.
Table 7. Requirements for availing of loan
REQUIREMENTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Share Capital
10
100
Co-makers
7
70
Savings deposit
5
50
Collateral
5
50
Business plan
2
20
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Orientation on the terms and conditions of loan. Table 8 shows the number of
cooperatives that explain to their borrowers regarding the terms and conditions of their
loans.
It shows that all (100%) of the cooperatives were explaining to their borrowers
regarding the terms and conditions of their loans before releasing the money. The term of
the loan, due date, mode of payment, how much is the amortization per payment, the
penalty and surcharge for not paying on time are only some of the information being
explained to the borrowers by the cooperatives.
Table 8. Response of cooperatives as to whether they explain the terms and conditions of
the loan
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Explain
10
100
Do not explain
-
-
TOTAL
10
100
Conduct of credit investigation. Credit investigation is performed to evaluate the
applicant’s character, credit standing and integrity (Miranda, 2004).
Table 9 shows the number of cooperatives that conducted Credit investigation to
their applicants. Nine (90%) cooperatives responded that they conducted credit
investigation. These cooperatives mentioned that they usually had their credit
investigation to their neighboring cooperatives, moneylenders in the community and to
the lending institutions operating in the place. Only one cooperative never subjected its
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
17
borrowers under credit investigation since the way of paying their loans is through salary
deduction. This particular cooperative would just look into the net salary of the borrower
whether it is sufficient to meet its monthly amortizations or enough to satisfy the loan
thus, the cooperative did not mind if their borrower has other loans outside the
cooperative.
Table 9. Response of cooperatives whether they conduct credit investigation (CI)
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Conduct CI
9
90
Do not conduct CI
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Conduct of project monitoring. Table 10 shows the number of cooperatives that
monitored the project of the borrowers to see where they invested their loans.
Six (60%) of the cooperatives stated they did not monitor the project where their
borrowers used their loans. They just trusted their borrowers that they used it for the
purpose they have stated in their loan applications and that the operation is managed
properly by the borrowers. Three or 30% of the cooperatives stated that they regularly
conducted project monitoring among their borrowers to ensure that the loans they got
from the cooperative were used properly for the intended purpose and to check whether
the operation of the project was properly handled by the borrowers. One (10%)
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
18
cooperative responded that it conducted project monitoring on a irregular basis depending
on the availability of its staff to visit the borrower’s project.
Table 10. Response of cooperatives as to how often they conduct project monitoring
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Always
3
30
Never
6
60
Sometimes
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Mode of collecting loan payments by the cooperatives. Table 11 shows the ways
by which the borrowers pay their loans to the cooperatives. All cooperatives stated that
their borrowers personally brought their payments to the cooperative. The borrowers are
used to this kind of practice since almost all cooperatives have no collector; therefore, the
cooperatives informed and requested their borrowers to bring their payments to their
office. Moreover, the cooperatives are located near the residence of their members thus
they have no hard time in going to their cooperative. Three (30%) cooperatives responded
that their borrowers gave their payments to someone who happens to visit the
cooperative. According to these cooperatives, some of their borrowers are office workers
or business persons so they have no time to come to the cooperative forcing them to send
their payments through to someone who goes to the cooperative, usually a co-member or
family member. One (10%) cooperative said that its borrowers pay their payments to the
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
19
collector. Another one (10%) cooperative mentioned that the payments of its borrowers
was collected through salary deduction as is in the case of the Kapangan District
Teachers and Employees Credit Cooperative where their borrowers are teachers and staff
receiving a monthly salary.
Table 11. Mode of collecting loan payments by the cooperatives
MODE OF COLLECTION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
They personally pay it to the cooperative
10
100
They give to someone who goes to the
3
30
cooperative
Through the collector
1
10
Through payroll deduction
1
10
TOTAL
15
Actions of cooperatives to borrowers for not using their loans for the intended
purpose. Table 12 shows the actions of the cooperatives to borrowers who are found out
that did not use their loans in the intended purpose stated in their loan application.
If the cooperatives found out their borrowers diverted their loans to other
purposes, four (40%) cooperatives would force their borrowers to pay or return
immediately their loans in the cooperative, another four (40%) cooperatives said the
borrowers can not anymore avail of loans, three (30%) cooperatives would subject them
to regular monitoring, three (30%) would impose fines or penalty and at the same time
give warning not to do it again.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 12. Actions of cooperatives to borrowers for not using their loans for the intended
purpose
ACTIONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Force the borrower to immediately pay
4
40
the loans
Disallow the borrower to avail of the next
4
40
loans
Strictly monitor the borrower
3
30
Impose fine or penalty
2
20
TOTAL
15
*Multiple response
Ways in reminding and time of giving reminders to borrowers regarding their due
date. Most (80%) cooperatives sent reminder letters to their borrowers to let them be
aware of their due date, three or 30% of the cooperatives let their officers or collector to
personally remind the borrowers and three (30%) cooperatives used text messaging. One
cooperative responded that it is during the general assembly it remind the borrowers
(Table 13). The result implies that most of the cooperatives utilized the formal way of
reminding their borrowers through reminder letters.
Table 13 shows the time when the cooperatives reminded their borrowers of their
due date. Six cooperatives reminded their borrowers two weeks before the due date, three
cooperatives said one week before their borrower’s due date while only one cooperative
said one month before the due date.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
21
The result implies that the cooperatives made their borrowers aware of their due
date and they gave enough time for their borrowers to prepare their payments.
Table 13. Ways in reminding and time of giving reminders to borrowers regarding their
due date
WAYS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Through a reminder letter
8
80
Personal approach by the collector or
4
40
officer
Through text messaging
3
30
During general assembly
1
10
TOTAL
16
TIME
Two weeks before the due date
6
60
A week before the due date
3
30
A month before the due date
1
10
TOTAL
10
10
Remedies used by the cooperatives to collect from delinquent borrowers. In Table
14, the various collection tools the cooperatives used to collect from the delinquent
borrowers are shown.
Most (70%) of the cooperatives used notices or collection letters, four or 40% of
the cooperatives re-structured the loans of their borrowers and another 4 (40%)
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
22
cooperatives that were automatically deducted from the savings and some of the share
capital of the borrowers to offset their unpaid loans while only 3 (30%) cooperatives
responded that their officers helped in the collection.
Table 14. Remedies used by the cooperatives to collect from delinquent borrowers
TOOLS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
By sending notice or collection letter
7
70
By restructuring the loan
4
40
By deducting their unpaid accounts from
4
40
their savings and share capital
By sending collector or officer to collect
3
30
TOTAL
18
Use of legal action against borrowers who cannot settle their loan after having
exhausting all remedies. Majority or 80% of the cooperatives had no experience in
subjecting their borrowers to legal action is they could not settle their loans after
exhausting all the remedies to collect from them. The main reason given by the
cooperatives for not taking legal actions was their incapacity to hire the services of
lawyer to pursue cases against said borrowers. Only two (20%) cooperatives said that
they were able to subject their borrowers to legal action (Table 15). These are the
cooperatives that foreclosed the collateral of their borrowers.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
23
Table 15. Response of cooperatives as to whether they used legal action against the
borrowers who cannot settle their loans after exhausting all remedies to collect
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Use legal action
2
20
Do not use legal action
8
80
TOTAL
10
100
Preventive Actions to Control Loan Delinquency
as Perceived by the Cooperatives
A list of preventive actions to control loan delinquency is shown in Table 16. The
respondents were asked what preventive actions they perceived to control loan
delinquency.
All the cooperatives agreed that the preventive actions they use to control loan
delinquency are by informing the borrowers on their responsibilities and duties such as
paying their loans on time, maintaining up-to-date and accurate records on loans of all the
borrowers and implementing strictly the loan policies. Nine or 90% of the cooperatives
mentioned that loan forms must be properly filled-up by the borrowers and these forms to
be kept properly at the cooperative’s office and the terms and conditions of loans should
be well explained to the borrowers. There are eight (80%) cooperatives that said the
occurrence of loan delinquency could be controlled by giving reminder letters to the
borrowers to keep them well informed on the updates of their payments and due date. On
the other hand, seven (70%) cooperatives had to ensure that all their borrowers must
comply with the loan requirements. Six or 60% of the cooperatives had to screen the
applicants thoroughly to ensure that borrowers use their loans for the intended purposes,
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
24
inform the co-makers and spouse of the borrowers on their duties and obligations, submit
loan reports to the Board of Directors on a regular basis for them to monitor the
performance of payments of the borrowers and administer appropriate solutions if
problem arises. Five cooperatives mentioned that satisfactory service should be provided
to the borrowers. Three (30%) cooperatives said that collectors should be employed while
only one cooperative answered that project monitoring should be conducted regularly and
lastly, another one cooperative mentioned that loan delinquency could be controlled by
sending the persons in-charge in loans to seminars of loan’s collection for them to acquire
knowledge and skills on collecting payments from their borrowers.
The results show that most of the preventive actions listed in Table 17 were done
by most of the cooperatives as ways of controlling loan delinquency. However, all these
preventive actions should be done by all the cooperatives to minimize the occurrence of
loan delinquency among their borrowers..
Table 16. Preventive actions to control loan delinquency as perceived by the cooperatives
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Inform the borrowers on their responsibilities
and duties such as their payments on time.
10
100
Maintain up-to-date and accurate records on
the loans of all borrowers.
10
100
Strictly implement the loan policies of the
cooperative.
10
10
Insure that the loan forms should be properly
filled-up by the borrowers and filed at the
cooperative office.
9
90
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
25
Table 16…continuation
The terms and conditions of the loan should be
properly explained to the borrowers
9
90
Give reminder letters.
8
80
Insure that the borrowers comply with all loan
requirements.
7
70
Screen the loan applicants thoroughly as to
their capacity, character and collaterals.
6
60
Insure that the loan of the borrower is used in
its purpose.
6
60
Inform co-makers and spouse of the borrowers
6
60
on their duties and responsibilities.
Submit reports on loans regularly to the Board
of Directors.
6
60
Provide satisfactory service to the borrowers.
5
50
Employ collectors whose main job is to collect
payments from the borrowers.
3
30
Conduct regular monitoring on the project of
1
10
the borrowers.
Conduct seminar on loans collection for the
person involved in it.
1
10
Remedial Actions to Collect Delinquent Loans
as Perceived by the Cooperatives
Table 17 presents the remedial actions in controlling loan delinquency. The
respondents were asked to identify what remedial actions they perceived to control loan
delinquency.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
26
It is noted that all the cooperatives responded that sending notices and collection
letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse is the primary remedial action to be
done. Nine or 90%, asking the help of officers in the collection since their staff is few and
who spend most of its time in the office. Six or 60% of the cooperatives would ask the
delinquent borrowers to sign a promissory note on when they will pay their loans, five or
50% of the cooperatives would design a repayment schedule that the delinquent
borrowers should follow, four or 40% of the cooperatives would restructure the loans of
the borrower and one cooperative would collect payments from the borrower’s spouse
and co-maker/s and give amnesty on fines to motivate the borrowers to settle their
delinquent loans.
Table 17. Remedial actions to collect delinquent loans as perceived by the cooperatives
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Send notices and collection letters to the
delinquents, co-makers and spouse.
10
100
Ask the help of other officers in the collection.
9
90
Let the delinquents to do promissory note on
when to pay.
6
60
Design a plan of payment with the delinquents
and strictly implement it.
5
50
Restructure the loans of the delinquents.
4
40
Make collection to the delinquent’s co-makers
and spouse.
1
10
Provide amnesty on fines.
1
10
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
27
Problems Encountered by the Cooperatives
in Controlling Loan Delinquency
Table 18 shows the problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan
delinquency.
Seven of the cooperatives had problem on the negative attitudes displayed by their
borrowers in repaying their loans. These cooperatives mentioned that some borrowers
were very hard to collect even they have money to pay. They also fabricated stories just
to have reasons why they could not pay. Moreover, they did not show up or attend
meetings and activities of the cooperative to avoid being collected by the staff.
Six cooperatives mentioned that they have a few staff that is why they could not work
well with the problems concerning their borrowers. Five cooperatives said lack of
committed officers who will help in controlling loan delinquency while three
cooperatives mentioned that they could no longer find their borrowers since they have
already transferred to another place.
Table 18. Problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan delinquency
ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Negative attitudes of the borrowers
7
70
Lack of commitment among the officers
5
50
Transfer of residence of the borrowers
3
30
Lack of staff
6
60
TOTAL
21
*multiple response
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
As of December, 2006, there are 16 primary cooperatives operating in the
municipality of Kapangan, Benguet; however, only ten cooperatives have credit operation
(CDA-CAR). The managers or Board of Directors of the cooperatives with credit
operation were taken as the respondents of the study with one respondent for every
cooperative.
The study was conducted primarily to identify the practices of primary
cooperatives with credit operation on loan delinquency control, to find out the preventive
and remedial actions perceived by the cooperatives to control loan delinquency and to
identify the problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan delinquency.
A prepared survey questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data
were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and
percentage.
Findings showed that majority of the cooperatives with credit operation in
Kapangan, Benguet were operating for quite a period since they already reached at least
ten years of operation. The cooperatives offered agricultural loan, emergency loan, salary
loan, commercial loan, educational loan and emergency loan. It was found out that
agricultural loan is the one mostly availed of by the borrowers.
On the practices to control loan delinquency, almost all of the cooperatives had
written policies which they implemented strictly to their members. Each cooperative has
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
29
a credit committee; however; one cooperative claimed that members of its credit
committee is inactive.
Moreover, only few cooperatives hired full-time managers and other staffs
engaged in loans. Some cooperatives utilized their officers in the administration of their
credit management.
The requirements of the cooperatives for borrowing loans are share capital, co-
makers, collaterals, savings deposit and business plan. The share capital was required by
all the cooperatives.
Furthermore, most of the cooperatives conducted credit investigation to their
applicants and usually to their neighboring cooperatives. Majority of the cooperatives
also monitored the projects of their borrowers to ensure that the loans were used properly.
In addition, the cooperatives may force the borrowers to pay or return immediately their
loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans anymore once the
cooperative found out that the loan was not used for the intended project.
All of the cooperatives explained to their borrowers the terms and conditions of
their loan before releasing it. The cooperatives reminded also their borrowers regarding
their due date through a reminder letter or letting any officer or the collector to go
personally to remind them. Reminding the borrowers regarding their due date was done
two weeks before the due date by most of the cooperatives.
With regard to the payment, all the cooperatives responded that their borrowers
personally brought their payments to their cooperative.
It was determined that out of the five cooperatives that required collaterals in
borrowing loans, two cooperatives had already foreclosed collaterals of some of their
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
30
delinquent borrowers. Majority of the cooperatives had no experience in subjecting their
borrowers to legal actions if they cannot settle their loans after exhausting all possible
remedies to collect dues from them.
The preventive actions perceived by the cooperatives to be done to control loan
delinquency are as follows: they inform their borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and accurate
records on loans of all the borrowers and implement strictly their loan policies.
Moreover, some of the cooperatives mentioned that loan forms must be filled-up by the
borrowers and kept at the cooperative’s office.
On the other hand , the remedial actions perceived by the borrowers to collect
delinquent loans are: send notices and collection letters to the delinquents, co-makers and
spouse; ask the help of other officers in collecting and let the delinquent borrowers sign a
promissory note on when they will pay.
Most of the cooperatives had problems on the negative attitudes displayed by their
borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of staff, lack of
commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among the borrowers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The borrowers mostly availed of the agricultural loan from the cooperatives.
2. Almost all of the cooperatives had written policies which they implemented
strictly.
3. Members of credit committees of almost all of the cooperatives are active.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
31
4. Few cooperatives employed full-time management staff assigned to loans.
5. Loan requirements for loans are share capital, collateral, co-makers, business
plan. Share capital was required by all the cooperatives.
6. Almost all of the cooperatives conducted credit investigation.
7. Majority of the cooperatives monitored the project/s where the borrowers used
their loans.
8. Most of the cooperatives forced the borrowers to pay or return immediately
their loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans once the loan
was not used for the intended project.
9. The preventive actions perceived by the all of the cooperatives to control loan
delinquency are as follows: inform their borrowers their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and
accurate records on loans of all the borrowers and implement strictly their
loan policies.
10. The remedial actions perceived by the all the respondents to collect delinquent
loan was to send notices and collection letters to the delinquents.
11. Most of the cooperatives had problem on the negative attitudes of their
borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of
staff, lack of commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among
the borrowers.
Recommendations
The following recommendations were drawn from the findings and conclusions:
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
32
1. There must be a continuous strict implementation on the loan policies because
this makes the borrower realize that the cooperative is serious enough in its
drive to control or minimize loan delinquency. Loan policies are to be applied
to all the members regardless of their status in life, income, etc., thus the
cooperative that did not implement strictly its loan policies must strict in order
to avoid being accused as bias or giving favors to some members.
2. Project monitoring should be done by all the cooperatives to ensure that the
borrowers do not divert their loans to other purposes especially to non-
productive activities to avoid the difficulty in repaying of their loans.
3. To control loan delinquency effectively, the preventive and remedial actions
should be practiced by all the cooperatives.
4. The cooperative should come up with activities or programs that aim to
improve negative attitudes of the members regarding repayment of their loans.
It should also expose both officers and members to successful credit
cooperatives where they can observe other practices that will encourage or
influence them to be efficient and active members.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
AGUSTIN, L.M. 2000. Perceived effects of training on the performance of cooperative
in Kibungan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State Univesrity, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp 5-6.
DICLAS, J.A. 2005. Management problems of cooperatives in Baguio City: A Baby
Thesis. Easter College, Inc. Baguio City. Pp 1-10.
FORONDA, C. M. 1983. Comparative economic analysis of loans granted by three rural
banks in Ilocos Sur. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.Pp 40.
POZEL, M.C. 1981. Farmers Cooperatives. United State of America Agriculture
Cooperative Service: USA. Pp5.
SUPANGA, M.P. 2002. Implementation of loan policies of Philex Employees Credit
cooperative in Philex, Pacdal, Tuba, Benguet. A Baby Thesis. Easter College, Inc.
Baguio City. Pp 11.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND
AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2007
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!!!
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis titled, LOAN DELINQUENCY CONTROL PRACTICES OF
PRIMARY COOPERATIVES IN KAPANGAN, BENGUET”, as partial requirements
for graduation.
In this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the attached
questionnaire. Your kind assistance will enable me to complete all the requirements in
due time. Rest assured that all your answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much and God Bless!!!
Respectfully yours,
MARY CLAIRE D. BALIWEN
NOTED:
FLORENTINO B. LANDACAN
Adviser
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
35
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIUCLTURAL ECONOMICS AND
AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2007
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!!!
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis titled, “Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary
Cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet”, as partial requirements for graduation.
this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the attached
questionnaire. Your kind assistance will enable me to complete all the requirements in
due time. Rest assured that all your answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much.
Truly yours,
MARY CLAIRE D. BALIWEN
NOTED:
FLORENTINO B. LANDACAN
Adviser
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
36
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
I. Information on the Cooperatives
Name of the Cooperative: __________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________________
Number of years in operation: ______________________________________________
Types of loan offered: ____________________________________________________
Type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers: ______________________________
Do you have written policies?
Yes_____
No _____
If available, have you been strictly implementing?
Yes_____
No _____
Do you have functional credit committee?
Yes_____
No _____
Who are your staff involved in loans operation and many of them?
__________ Manager
__________ Loan clerk
__________ Loan officer
__________Collector
_________others, pls specify: ______________________________________
II. Practices on Loan Delinquency Control
What are your loan requirements?
_________share capital
_________savings deposit
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
37
_________business permit
_________co-makers
a) how many co-makers do you require _____________
b) what are their qualifications ____________________
__________collateral
a) what kind of collateral do you accept __________________________
Do you conduct credit investigation?
Yes_____
No _____
If yes, where do you usually conduct it?
__________ to other cooperatives in the place
__________ to the private lending firms operating in the place
__________ others, pls specify ________________________________________
Do you orient your borrowers on the term and conditions of their loans?
Yes_____
No _____
Do you visit the project where the borrowers used their loan?
Yes_____
No _____
What actions do you undertake if you find out that the borrowers did not used their loan
for the intended purposes?
___________ force to pay or return the loan in the cooperative
___________ a penalty is imposed
___________ disqualify him/her to avail of loans again
___________ subject the borrower to strict monitoring
___________others, pls specify
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
38
How do you collect loans?
___________ the borrowers personally pay it to the cooperative
___________they just send it to someone who go to the cooperative
___________through the collector
Do you remind the borrowers regarding their due date? Yes_____ No _____
If yes, how do you remind them?
___________through a reminder letter
__________ through the collector or officer
__________ through text messaging
__________others, pls. specify ______________________________________
How do you collect delinquent loans?
__________ by giving notice/collection letters
__________ by sending staff
___________ by restructuring the loan
__________ by collecting from their co-makers
__________others, pls specify: ________________________________
If the borrowers cannot really pay after exhausting all remedies, do you subject them to
legal actions?
Yes_____
No _____
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
39
III. Perceived Preventive Actions to Control Loan Deliquency
Put a check mark on the actions you perceived to control the occurrence of loan
delinquency in your cooperative.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
_______ Inform the borrowers on their responsibilities and duties such as their
payments on time.
_______ Maintain up-to-date and accurate records on the loans of all borrowers.
_______ Strictly implement the loan policies of the cooperative.
_______ Insure that the loan forms should be properly filled-up by the borrowers
and filed at the cooperative office.
_______ The terms and conditions of the loan should be properly explained to the
borrowers
_______ Give reminder letters.
_______ Insure that the borrowers comply with all loan requirements.
_______ Screen the loan applicants thoroughly as to their capacity, character and
collaterals.
_______ Insure that the loan of the borrower is used in its purpose.
_______ Inform co-makers and spouse of the borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities.
_______ Submit reports on loans regularly to the Board of Directors.
_______ Provide satisfactory service to the borrowers.
_______ Employ collectors whose main job is to collect payments from the
borrowers.
_______ Conduct regular monitoring on the project of the borrowers.
_______ Conduct seminar on loans collection for the person involved in it.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
40
IV. Perceived Remedial Actions to Collect Loan Delinquency
Put a check mark on the actions you perceived to collect delinquent loans
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
_______ Send notices and collection letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse.
_______ Ask the help of other officers in the collection.
_______ Let the delinquents to do promissory note on when to pay.
_______ Design a plan of payment with the delinquents and strictly implement it.
_______ Restructure the loans of the delinquents.
_______ Make collection to the delinquent’s co-makers and spouse.
_______ Provide amnesty on fines.
V. What problems have you encountered with regards to your loan delinquency control?
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
BALIWEN, MARY CLAIRE D. APRIL 2007. Loan Delinquency Control
Practices of Primary Cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Florentino B. Landacan, Jr., BS.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted primarily to identify the practices of primary
cooperatives with credit operation in Kapangan, Benguet on loan delinquency control.
The study was conducted from January to February, 2007.
A prepared survey questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data
were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and
percentage.
Findings showed that majority of the cooperatives with credit operation in
Kapangan, Benguet were operating for quite a period since they already reached at least
ten years of operation. It was found out that agricultural loan is the one mostly availed of
by the borrowers.
Almost all of the cooperatives had written policies which they implemented
strictly to their members. Each cooperative has a credit committee; however, only few
cooperatives hired managers and other staffs engaged in loans. The requirements of the
cooperatives for borrowing loans are share capital, co-makers, collaterals, savings deposit
and business plan. The share capital was required by all the cooperatives.
As to the practices to control loan delinquency, most of the cooperatives
conducted credit investigation and monitored the projects of their borrowers to ensure
that the loans were used properly. The cooperatives may force the borrowers to pay or
return immediately their loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans
anymore once the cooperative found out that the loan was not used for the intended
project.
All of the cooperatives explained to their borrowers the terms and conditions of
their loan before releasing it. The cooperatives reminded also their borrowers regarding
their due date through a reminder letter or letting any officer or the collector to go
personally to remind them. All the cooperatives responded that their borrowers personally
brought their payments to their cooperative.
The most preventive actions perceived by the cooperatives to be done to control
loan delinquency are as follows: they inform their borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and accurate
records on loans of all the borrowers. On the other hand , the most remedial actions
perceived by the borrowers to collect delinquent loans are: send notices and collection
letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse; ask the help of other officers in
collecting. Most of the cooperatives had problems on the negative attitudes displayed by
their borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of staff, lack
of commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among the borrowers.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography ………………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ……………………………………………….……………………
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………..
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale …………… ……………………………….…………………
1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………..
2
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………..........
3
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………
4
Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………….……………
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Loan Delinquency ……………………………………………………..
5
Causes of Loan Delinquency ………………………………………….
5
Practices to Control Loan Delinquency ……………………………….
5
Loan Policies ……… ……………………………………………………
6
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study ………………………………………….
7
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………
7
Data Collection ………………………………………………...............
9
iii
Data Gathered …………………………………………………………….
10
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Information on the Cooperatives ………………………………............
10
Practices of Cooperatives to Control
Loan Delinquency …………………………………………….............
13
Preventive Actions to Control Loan
Delinquency as Perceived by the
Cooperatives ……………………………………………………...........
23
Remedial Actions to Collect Delinquent
Loans as Perceived by the Cooperatives ………………………………
25
Problems Encountered by the Cooperatives
in Controlling Loan Delinquency ……………………………...............
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………………….................
28
Conclusions …………………………………………………................
30
Recommendations ……………………………………………………..
31
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………….
33
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Letter to the Respondents…………….…………………….
34
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………
35
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Pozel (1981) defined cooperative as an association of people who have joined
together for a common project that their joint efforts create an amount of strength that is
greater than the sum of the individual’s amount of energy.
The cooperative movement serves as an attempt to curb the excess of capitalism,
the economic system that is widely established in the world today that tends to favor rich
men capable of doing business. As a result, wealth is only concentrated into the hands of
few rich people. On the other hand, cooperatives seek the needs for basic economic
reform by using methods as integral instrument for the development of the poor people.
The cooperative is an instrument used to strengthen and develop the potentials of
the people in building up a capital for productive investment. In addition, cooperatives
empower the people and uplift them from dependency towards self-reliance.
Cooperatives operate in a highly competitive market of lending. Obviously, cooperatives
are generally hard up in setting their lending operations at first but as soon as they are
able to perfect their services and have installed sound operating system then they could
be in a better position to face the market squarely.
The signing of the Cooperative Code of the Philippines (RA 6938) and the
creation of the Cooperative Development Authority (RA 6939) in 1990 under the Aquino
Administration provided firm grounds for the development of cooperatives. Incentives,
such as tax exemption, paved the way for the sprouting of cooperatives elsewhere in the
country.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
2
However, the growth of cooperatives in our country is hindered by many factors
such as the lack of proper understanding and internalizing the cooperative principles and
philosophies by the members and persons managing the cooperative lack the adequate
knowledge and skills in cooperative management. Most cooperatives do not even
installed adequate system as a safeguard against unscrupulous officers and staff who take
advantage of their position to grant loans illegally to themselves, relatives, and to
acquaintances.
It has been noted that cooperatives with credit service are primarily faced with the
problem on loan delinquency which if not properly managed and accounted for would
result to tremendous financial loss of the cooperative that would lessen the members’
trust and confidence in it. This means that loan delinquency is a problem in a cooperative
that needs an immediate attention and solution if the cooperative aims to exist longer to
serve its members. The occurrence of loan delinquency is a circumstance that any
cooperative could not avoid; however, it should be controlled or minimized so that it will
not hamper the cooperative’s operation that would probably lead to its bankruptcy.
Primary cooperatives operating in the municipality of Kapangan, Benguet are not
spared from the problem on loan delinquency. Therefore, this study was conducted
mainly to determine the practices of the primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet on
how loan delinquency is controlled.
Statement of the Problem
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:
1. What is the type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers?
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
3
2. What are the practices of primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet to control
loan delinquency?
3. What are the preventive actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency?
4. What are the remedial actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to collect delinquent loans?
5. What are the problems encountered by the Primary Cooperatives in Kapangan,
Benguet to control loan delinquency control?
6. What are the possible solutions on how to control loan delinquency?
Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
1. To find out the type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers;
2. To identify the practices of primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet to
control loan delinquency;
3. To find out the preventive actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency;
4. To find out the remedial actions perceived by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to collect delinquent loans;
5. To identify the problems encountered by the primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet to control loan delinquency; and
6. To provide possible solutions on the problems identified.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
4
Importance of the Study
One of the common and serious problems that most cooperatives incur is loan
delinquency. This has been a perennial problem affecting cooperatives whether old or
newly organized. Moreover, many researches pointed out loan delinquency as the main
cause of bankruptcy among cooperatives.
The results of this study would give information on the various practices that
primary cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet have done with regard to loan delinquency
control. The identified good practices will be maintained by the cooperatives and
adopted by other cooperatives for their own benefits. Furthermore, the results could be
used by the Cooperative’s officers as basis or guide in formulating their credit policies or
strengthening their current policies on credit.
Generally, the results of the study could be used by any person who will conduct a
related research.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study concentrates primarily on the practices of primary cooperatives in
Kapangan, Benguet with credit operation on loan delinquency control. It also includes the
preventive and remedial actions perceived by the cooperatives to control loan
delinquency and the problems that the cooperatives encounter with regard to loan
delinquency control.
The study was conducted among the operating Primary Cooperatives in the
municipality of Kapagan, Benguet from January to February, 2007.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Loan Delinquency
Loan delinquency refers to the failure of the borrower to meet payments of loan
on due time. Supanga (2002) stated that loan delinquency has been a big problem of
cooperatives. The failure to recognize this problem and institute the necessary remedies
could demoralize both members and officers that will ultimately lead to the failure of the
cooperative.
Causes of Loan Delinquency
Supanga (2002) further enumerated the common causes of loan delinquency as:
irrelevance of loan policies, irresponsible processing system, weak collection system,
lack of security on loans, poor example of officers, several loans and lack of cooperative
education.
In addition, Diclas (2005) found out in her study that the cause of delinquency can
be minimized right from the making of the loan policies and even after the loan has been
granted. Giving credit counseling to members is a one way of improving lending
operations. She recommended that the released loans should be periodically followed up
to assure a viable and healthy project that will guarantee full repayment and satisfaction
to the cooperative and the borrowers.
Practices to Control Loan Delinquency
Agustin (2000) found out in her study that training decreases delinquency rate.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
6
Through trainings, members of the cooperative became aware of their duties and
responsibilities and benefits from the cooperative.
Furthermore, Foronda (1983) noted that in case of non-repayment of loans, a
grace period is given to the borrowers to pay. The borrower will set the time he will pay
the loan if he has valid reason. The bank will issue a foreclosure of the property offered
as collateral when there is a failure to pay the loan. If the borrower does not repay, he will
be deprived of future loans from the cooperative.
Pozel (1981) stated that establishing a good working relationship with the
cooperative can go a long way. He feels sure that many relationships have been
unsuccessful as a result of an incomplete understanding between the lender and the
borrower. He also noted that before the loan is made, the lending institution determines
the credit standing and the character of the members and of his job, the desirability of his
property, the size of the capital, and the amount and length of loan to ensure that the
loans be repaid.
Loan Policies
These pertain to the entire contract between the cooperative and its members as
creditors to as when and how much they will pay. These are guiding rules in the granting
and treatment of loans.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Kapangan is one of the fast growing municipalities in Benguet. It is located about
twenty- nine (29) kilometers away from La Trinidad, the Capital Town of Benguet. It is bounded
on the north by the municipality of Kibungan, on the south by the municipalities of Tublay and
Sablan, on the east by the municipality of Atok and on the west by the Province of La Union.
As a rural area and a developing municipality, it realizes the need of full cooperation of
all sectors including the cooperatives in order to at ain progress. Therefore, the municipality of
Kapangan strongly supports the cooperative movement. In fact, it has sixteen (16) primary
cooperatives operating under its jurisdiction, which are mostly multipurpose.
The study was conducted among the Primary Cooperatives with credit service in
Kapangan, Benguet from January to February, 2007. Figure 1 shows the map of
Kapangan, Benguet showing the locale of the different cooperatives studied.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study are the managers of the different operating primary
cooperatives with credit service in Kapangan, Benguet. In the case of some cooperatives that
have no manager, a member of their Board of Directors becomes the respondent. The
respondents of the study are shown in Table 1.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 1. The respondents of the study and their address
NAME OF COOPERATIVE
ADDRESS
Balakbak Multipurpose Cooperative
Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
Datakan Proper Multipurpose Cooperative Datakan Proper, Kapangan, Benguet
GBDAIS Multipurpose Cooperative
Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
Hil side Multipurpose Cooperative
Datakan, Kapangan, Benguet
Kapangan Central Credit and Savings
Poblacion, Kapangan, Benguet
Cooperative
Kapangan District Teachers and
Lomon Paykek, Kapangan, Benguet
Employees Credit Cooperative
Mabuhay Multipurpose Cooperative
Paykek, Kapangan, Benguet
PETALL (Poking, Eho, Tacal, Longboy,
Longboy Labueg, Kapangan, Benguet
Labueg) Multipurpose Cooperative
Sagubo Multipurpose Cooperative
Sagubo, Kapangan, Benguet
TACU (Taba-ao, Cuba) Multipurpose
Taba-ao, Kapangan, Benguet
Cooperative
Data Col ection
A structured survey questionnaire was used to gather the data and information needed in
this study. The questionnaire was personal y delivered to the respondents and was col ected by
the researcher personal y. Questions arose from the respondents were answered or clarified by the
researcher.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
9
Data Gathered
The data gathered were the practices on loan delinquency control of the primary
cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet with credit operation.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were summarized, analyzed and tabulated according to the objectives
of the study. The statistical tools used are frequency and percentage.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Information on the Cooperatives
This section presents a brief information regarding the cooperatives with credit
operation in Kapangan, Benguet as to the number of years they were in operation, types
of loans offered and the type of loan mostly availed of by their borrowers.
Number of years in operation. Four (40%) cooperatives were in operation for less
than ten years, three (30%) cooperatives operated from 10 to 20 years and another three
(30%) cooperatives operated for more than twenty years. The result implies that majority
of the cooperatives with credit operation in Kapangan, Benguet have existed for a quite
long period giving quality services to their members with an ultimate objective of
uplifting their socio-economic condition.
Type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers. The types of loan offered by the
cooperatives are agricultural loan, commercial loan, salary loan, industrial loan and
emergency loan. From Table 2, it is noted that agricultural loan was mostly availed of by
the borrowers. This is an indication that most of the borrowers are farmers wherein the
said type of loan is being used to finance their farm operation. However, some
cooperatives mentioned that most of their borrowers availed of the emergency loan
usually used for paying tuition fees of their children and other endeavors that are urgent
in nature and the commercial loan purposely for buy and sell business.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 2. Number of years in operation of the cooperatives and type of loan mostly availed
of by the borrowers
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Number of years in operation
Below 10 years
4
40
10 years – 20 years
3
30
Above 20 years
3
30
TOTAL
10
100
Types of loan mostly availed of by
the borrowers
Agricultural Loan
8
80
Emergency Loan
7
50
Commercial Loan
7
80
Industrial Loan
5
50
Salary Loan
2
20
TOTAL
12
*Multiple response
Cooperatives with written loan policies. Table 3 shows that almost all (90%) of
the cooperatives had written loan policies. These loan policies were written in the
cooperative’s by-laws, manual of operation or brochures. According to these
cooperatives, their loan policies were presented and approved by the General Assembly
before they are implemented. The results show that most of the cooperatives designed a
guide in administering their loans that is a necessity for the success of the cooperatives if
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
12
implemented properly. Written loan policies are desirable because they serve as a
permanent and reliable reference by the cooperative officers and members or anyone who
would use it. However, one (10%) cooperative had no written loan policies because its
officers did not put them into record but were just verbally disseminated it to the
members.
Table 3. Distribution of cooperatives according to the availability of written loan policies
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
With written loan policies
9
90
Without written loan policies
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Cooperatives with functional credit committees. A credit committee is created
under the by-laws of the cooperative and shall be responsible for the credit management
of the cooperative. It shall process, evaluate and act upon loan applications and exercise
general supervision including collection of loans. If all the members of credit committee
work together, it would lessen if not totally eliminate loan delinquency among the
borrowers. Credit committee is functional if its members are doing their responsibilities
set in the bylaws while it is non-functional if its members are not performing their tasks
like conducting meeting.
Table 4 shows that all cooperatives created their own credit committee; however,
only 9 (90%) of the cooperatives claimed that they had functional credit committees. One
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
13
(10%) cooperative had a non-functional credit committee.
Table 4. Distribution of cooperatives as to the presence of credit committee
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
With functional credit committee
9
90
With non-functional credit committee
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Staff involved in loan operation of the cooperatives. Five (50%) cooperatives had
managers; three (30%) cooperatives have loan officers, one (10%) cooperative has a
loan’s clerk and a collector (Table 5). This implies that only few cooperatives hired full-
time managers and other staff assigned to loans. It is observed that the cooperatives with
hired staff are those financially stable and those that have many borrowers. For some of
the cooperatives, instead of hiring full time- staff they utilized their officers such as their
Board of Directors and committee members in the administration of their credit
management. Furthermore, some cooperatives hired only one person to do all the
functions related to loans, like for example the manager only.
Practices of Cooperatives to Control Loan Delinquency
Strict implementation of loan policies. Nine (90%) cooperatives responded that
they were implemented their loan policies strictly, while one (10%) cooperative
mentioned it did not strictly implement its loan policies (Table 6).
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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The results show that most of the cooperatives strictly implemented their policies
on loans. This means that any member who borrows from the cooperative must first
comply with all the requirements for loans set by the cooperatives. Only one cooperative
was not so strict it gave considerations to the situation of its borrowers. A case-to-case
basis is sometimes used by this cooperative when dealing with the borrowers.
Table 5. Staff involved in the loan operation of the cooperatives
POSITION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Manager
5
50
Loan Officer
3
30
Loan’s Clerk
1
10
Collector
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
*Multiple Response
Table 6. Distribution of cooperatives as to the implementation of their loan policies
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Strictly implementing the loan policies
9
90
Not strictly implementing the loan
1
10
policies
TOTAL
10
100
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
15
Requirements for availing of loans. Table 7 shows the loan requirements imposed
by the cooperatives for the borrowers to comply with before they could be able to avail of
loans. All the cooperatives’ main requirements for borrowing is share capital. This
means that a borrower should be a member in the cooperative as confirmed by the share
capital he invested in the cooperative. Seven (70%) of the cooperatives required co-
makers who must be a member in good standing in the cooperative. Most of the
cooperatives required two co-makers per borrower and 5 or 50% of the cooperatives
required that a borrower must have saving deposits in the cooperative. Some cooperatives
let the borrower-depositors to sign a withdrawal slip. In case of non-payment by the
borrower, the cooperative could easily withdraw the deposit of the borrower as his
payment. Five or 50% of the cooperatives required collaterals such as real estate either
titled or tax declaration, chattel and functional appliances. Two (20%) of the cooperatives
required their borrowers to prepare a business plan. Furthermore, all the cooperatives
said that it is necessary for all their borrowers to submit or accomplish all the
requirements for loans before getting their loans be approved and released.
Table 7. Requirements for availing of loan
REQUIREMENTS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Share Capital
10
100
Co-makers
7
70
Savings deposit
5
50
Collateral
5
50
Business plan
2
20
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Orientation on the terms and conditions of loan. Table 8 shows the number of
cooperatives that explain to their borrowers regarding the terms and conditions of their
loans.
It shows that all (100%) of the cooperatives were explaining to their borrowers
regarding the terms and conditions of their loans before releasing the money. The term of
the loan, due date, mode of payment, how much is the amortization per payment, the
penalty and surcharge for not paying on time are only some of the information being
explained to the borrowers by the cooperatives.
Table 8. Response of cooperatives as to whether they explain the terms and conditions of
the loan
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Explain
10
100
Do not explain
-
-
TOTAL
10
100
Conduct of credit investigation. Credit investigation is performed to evaluate the
applicant’s character, credit standing and integrity (Miranda, 2004).
Table 9 shows the number of cooperatives that conducted Credit investigation to
their applicants. Nine (90%) cooperatives responded that they conducted credit
investigation. These cooperatives mentioned that they usually had their credit
investigation to their neighboring cooperatives, moneylenders in the community and to
the lending institutions operating in the place. Only one cooperative never subjected its
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
17
borrowers under credit investigation since the way of paying their loans is through salary
deduction. This particular cooperative would just look into the net salary of the borrower
whether it is sufficient to meet its monthly amortizations or enough to satisfy the loan
thus, the cooperative did not mind if their borrower has other loans outside the
cooperative.
Table 9. Response of cooperatives whether they conduct credit investigation (CI)
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Conduct CI
9
90
Do not conduct CI
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Conduct of project monitoring. Table 10 shows the number of cooperatives that
monitored the project of the borrowers to see where they invested their loans.
Six (60%) of the cooperatives stated they did not monitor the project where their
borrowers used their loans. They just trusted their borrowers that they used it for the
purpose they have stated in their loan applications and that the operation is managed
properly by the borrowers. Three or 30% of the cooperatives stated that they regularly
conducted project monitoring among their borrowers to ensure that the loans they got
from the cooperative were used properly for the intended purpose and to check whether
the operation of the project was properly handled by the borrowers. One (10%)
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
18
cooperative responded that it conducted project monitoring on a irregular basis depending
on the availability of its staff to visit the borrower’s project.
Table 10. Response of cooperatives as to how often they conduct project monitoring
FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Always
3
30
Never
6
60
Sometimes
1
10
TOTAL
10
100
Mode of collecting loan payments by the cooperatives. Table 11 shows the ways
by which the borrowers pay their loans to the cooperatives. All cooperatives stated that
their borrowers personally brought their payments to the cooperative. The borrowers are
used to this kind of practice since almost all cooperatives have no collector; therefore, the
cooperatives informed and requested their borrowers to bring their payments to their
office. Moreover, the cooperatives are located near the residence of their members thus
they have no hard time in going to their cooperative. Three (30%) cooperatives responded
that their borrowers gave their payments to someone who happens to visit the
cooperative. According to these cooperatives, some of their borrowers are office workers
or business persons so they have no time to come to the cooperative forcing them to send
their payments through to someone who goes to the cooperative, usually a co-member or
family member. One (10%) cooperative said that its borrowers pay their payments to the
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
19
collector. Another one (10%) cooperative mentioned that the payments of its borrowers
was collected through salary deduction as is in the case of the Kapangan District
Teachers and Employees Credit Cooperative where their borrowers are teachers and staff
receiving a monthly salary.
Table 11. Mode of collecting loan payments by the cooperatives
MODE OF COLLECTION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
They personally pay it to the cooperative
10
100
They give to someone who goes to the
3
30
cooperative
Through the collector
1
10
Through payroll deduction
1
10
TOTAL
15
Actions of cooperatives to borrowers for not using their loans for the intended
purpose. Table 12 shows the actions of the cooperatives to borrowers who are found out
that did not use their loans in the intended purpose stated in their loan application.
If the cooperatives found out their borrowers diverted their loans to other
purposes, four (40%) cooperatives would force their borrowers to pay or return
immediately their loans in the cooperative, another four (40%) cooperatives said the
borrowers can not anymore avail of loans, three (30%) cooperatives would subject them
to regular monitoring, three (30%) would impose fines or penalty and at the same time
give warning not to do it again.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
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Table 12. Actions of cooperatives to borrowers for not using their loans for the intended
purpose
ACTIONS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Force the borrower to immediately pay
4
40
the loans
Disallow the borrower to avail of the next
4
40
loans
Strictly monitor the borrower
3
30
Impose fine or penalty
2
20
TOTAL
15
*Multiple response
Ways in reminding and time of giving reminders to borrowers regarding their due
date. Most (80%) cooperatives sent reminder letters to their borrowers to let them be
aware of their due date, three or 30% of the cooperatives let their officers or collector to
personally remind the borrowers and three (30%) cooperatives used text messaging. One
cooperative responded that it is during the general assembly it remind the borrowers
(Table 13). The result implies that most of the cooperatives utilized the formal way of
reminding their borrowers through reminder letters.
Table 13 shows the time when the cooperatives reminded their borrowers of their
due date. Six cooperatives reminded their borrowers two weeks before the due date, three
cooperatives said one week before their borrower’s due date while only one cooperative
said one month before the due date.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
21
The result implies that the cooperatives made their borrowers aware of their due
date and they gave enough time for their borrowers to prepare their payments.
Table 13. Ways in reminding and time of giving reminders to borrowers regarding their
due date
WAYS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Through a reminder letter
8
80
Personal approach by the collector or
4
40
officer
Through text messaging
3
30
During general assembly
1
10
TOTAL
16
TIME
Two weeks before the due date
6
60
A week before the due date
3
30
A month before the due date
1
10
TOTAL
10
10
Remedies used by the cooperatives to collect from delinquent borrowers. In Table
14, the various collection tools the cooperatives used to collect from the delinquent
borrowers are shown.
Most (70%) of the cooperatives used notices or collection letters, four or 40% of
the cooperatives re-structured the loans of their borrowers and another 4 (40%)
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
22
cooperatives that were automatically deducted from the savings and some of the share
capital of the borrowers to offset their unpaid loans while only 3 (30%) cooperatives
responded that their officers helped in the collection.
Table 14. Remedies used by the cooperatives to collect from delinquent borrowers
TOOLS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
By sending notice or collection letter
7
70
By restructuring the loan
4
40
By deducting their unpaid accounts from
4
40
their savings and share capital
By sending collector or officer to collect
3
30
TOTAL
18
Use of legal action against borrowers who cannot settle their loan after having
exhausting all remedies. Majority or 80% of the cooperatives had no experience in
subjecting their borrowers to legal action is they could not settle their loans after
exhausting all the remedies to collect from them. The main reason given by the
cooperatives for not taking legal actions was their incapacity to hire the services of
lawyer to pursue cases against said borrowers. Only two (20%) cooperatives said that
they were able to subject their borrowers to legal action (Table 15). These are the
cooperatives that foreclosed the collateral of their borrowers.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
23
Table 15. Response of cooperatives as to whether they used legal action against the
borrowers who cannot settle their loans after exhausting all remedies to collect
RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Use legal action
2
20
Do not use legal action
8
80
TOTAL
10
100
Preventive Actions to Control Loan Delinquency
as Perceived by the Cooperatives
A list of preventive actions to control loan delinquency is shown in Table 16. The
respondents were asked what preventive actions they perceived to control loan
delinquency.
All the cooperatives agreed that the preventive actions they use to control loan
delinquency are by informing the borrowers on their responsibilities and duties such as
paying their loans on time, maintaining up-to-date and accurate records on loans of all the
borrowers and implementing strictly the loan policies. Nine or 90% of the cooperatives
mentioned that loan forms must be properly filled-up by the borrowers and these forms to
be kept properly at the cooperative’s office and the terms and conditions of loans should
be well explained to the borrowers. There are eight (80%) cooperatives that said the
occurrence of loan delinquency could be controlled by giving reminder letters to the
borrowers to keep them well informed on the updates of their payments and due date. On
the other hand, seven (70%) cooperatives had to ensure that all their borrowers must
comply with the loan requirements. Six or 60% of the cooperatives had to screen the
applicants thoroughly to ensure that borrowers use their loans for the intended purposes,
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
24
inform the co-makers and spouse of the borrowers on their duties and obligations, submit
loan reports to the Board of Directors on a regular basis for them to monitor the
performance of payments of the borrowers and administer appropriate solutions if
problem arises. Five cooperatives mentioned that satisfactory service should be provided
to the borrowers. Three (30%) cooperatives said that collectors should be employed while
only one cooperative answered that project monitoring should be conducted regularly and
lastly, another one cooperative mentioned that loan delinquency could be controlled by
sending the persons in-charge in loans to seminars of loan’s collection for them to acquire
knowledge and skills on collecting payments from their borrowers.
The results show that most of the preventive actions listed in Table 17 were done
by most of the cooperatives as ways of controlling loan delinquency. However, all these
preventive actions should be done by all the cooperatives to minimize the occurrence of
loan delinquency among their borrowers..
Table 16. Preventive actions to control loan delinquency as perceived by the cooperatives
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Inform the borrowers on their responsibilities
and duties such as their payments on time.
10
100
Maintain up-to-date and accurate records on
the loans of all borrowers.
10
100
Strictly implement the loan policies of the
cooperative.
10
10
Insure that the loan forms should be properly
filled-up by the borrowers and filed at the
cooperative office.
9
90
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
25
Table 16…continuation
The terms and conditions of the loan should be
properly explained to the borrowers
9
90
Give reminder letters.
8
80
Insure that the borrowers comply with all loan
requirements.
7
70
Screen the loan applicants thoroughly as to
their capacity, character and collaterals.
6
60
Insure that the loan of the borrower is used in
its purpose.
6
60
Inform co-makers and spouse of the borrowers
6
60
on their duties and responsibilities.
Submit reports on loans regularly to the Board
of Directors.
6
60
Provide satisfactory service to the borrowers.
5
50
Employ collectors whose main job is to collect
payments from the borrowers.
3
30
Conduct regular monitoring on the project of
1
10
the borrowers.
Conduct seminar on loans collection for the
person involved in it.
1
10
Remedial Actions to Collect Delinquent Loans
as Perceived by the Cooperatives
Table 17 presents the remedial actions in controlling loan delinquency. The
respondents were asked to identify what remedial actions they perceived to control loan
delinquency.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
26
It is noted that all the cooperatives responded that sending notices and collection
letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse is the primary remedial action to be
done. Nine or 90%, asking the help of officers in the collection since their staff is few and
who spend most of its time in the office. Six or 60% of the cooperatives would ask the
delinquent borrowers to sign a promissory note on when they will pay their loans, five or
50% of the cooperatives would design a repayment schedule that the delinquent
borrowers should follow, four or 40% of the cooperatives would restructure the loans of
the borrower and one cooperative would collect payments from the borrower’s spouse
and co-maker/s and give amnesty on fines to motivate the borrowers to settle their
delinquent loans.
Table 17. Remedial actions to collect delinquent loans as perceived by the cooperatives
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Send notices and collection letters to the
delinquents, co-makers and spouse.
10
100
Ask the help of other officers in the collection.
9
90
Let the delinquents to do promissory note on
when to pay.
6
60
Design a plan of payment with the delinquents
and strictly implement it.
5
50
Restructure the loans of the delinquents.
4
40
Make collection to the delinquent’s co-makers
and spouse.
1
10
Provide amnesty on fines.
1
10
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
27
Problems Encountered by the Cooperatives
in Controlling Loan Delinquency
Table 18 shows the problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan
delinquency.
Seven of the cooperatives had problem on the negative attitudes displayed by their
borrowers in repaying their loans. These cooperatives mentioned that some borrowers
were very hard to collect even they have money to pay. They also fabricated stories just
to have reasons why they could not pay. Moreover, they did not show up or attend
meetings and activities of the cooperative to avoid being collected by the staff.
Six cooperatives mentioned that they have a few staff that is why they could not work
well with the problems concerning their borrowers. Five cooperatives said lack of
committed officers who will help in controlling loan delinquency while three
cooperatives mentioned that they could no longer find their borrowers since they have
already transferred to another place.
Table 18. Problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan delinquency
ACTIONS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Negative attitudes of the borrowers
7
70
Lack of commitment among the officers
5
50
Transfer of residence of the borrowers
3
30
Lack of staff
6
60
TOTAL
21
*multiple response
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
As of December, 2006, there are 16 primary cooperatives operating in the
municipality of Kapangan, Benguet; however, only ten cooperatives have credit operation
(CDA-CAR). The managers or Board of Directors of the cooperatives with credit
operation were taken as the respondents of the study with one respondent for every
cooperative.
The study was conducted primarily to identify the practices of primary
cooperatives with credit operation on loan delinquency control, to find out the preventive
and remedial actions perceived by the cooperatives to control loan delinquency and to
identify the problems encountered by the cooperatives in controlling loan delinquency.
A prepared survey questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The data
were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and
percentage.
Findings showed that majority of the cooperatives with credit operation in
Kapangan, Benguet were operating for quite a period since they already reached at least
ten years of operation. The cooperatives offered agricultural loan, emergency loan, salary
loan, commercial loan, educational loan and emergency loan. It was found out that
agricultural loan is the one mostly availed of by the borrowers.
On the practices to control loan delinquency, almost all of the cooperatives had
written policies which they implemented strictly to their members. Each cooperative has
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
29
a credit committee; however; one cooperative claimed that members of its credit
committee is inactive.
Moreover, only few cooperatives hired full-time managers and other staffs
engaged in loans. Some cooperatives utilized their officers in the administration of their
credit management.
The requirements of the cooperatives for borrowing loans are share capital, co-
makers, collaterals, savings deposit and business plan. The share capital was required by
all the cooperatives.
Furthermore, most of the cooperatives conducted credit investigation to their
applicants and usually to their neighboring cooperatives. Majority of the cooperatives
also monitored the projects of their borrowers to ensure that the loans were used properly.
In addition, the cooperatives may force the borrowers to pay or return immediately their
loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans anymore once the
cooperative found out that the loan was not used for the intended project.
All of the cooperatives explained to their borrowers the terms and conditions of
their loan before releasing it. The cooperatives reminded also their borrowers regarding
their due date through a reminder letter or letting any officer or the collector to go
personally to remind them. Reminding the borrowers regarding their due date was done
two weeks before the due date by most of the cooperatives.
With regard to the payment, all the cooperatives responded that their borrowers
personally brought their payments to their cooperative.
It was determined that out of the five cooperatives that required collaterals in
borrowing loans, two cooperatives had already foreclosed collaterals of some of their
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
30
delinquent borrowers. Majority of the cooperatives had no experience in subjecting their
borrowers to legal actions if they cannot settle their loans after exhausting all possible
remedies to collect dues from them.
The preventive actions perceived by the cooperatives to be done to control loan
delinquency are as follows: they inform their borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and accurate
records on loans of all the borrowers and implement strictly their loan policies.
Moreover, some of the cooperatives mentioned that loan forms must be filled-up by the
borrowers and kept at the cooperative’s office.
On the other hand , the remedial actions perceived by the borrowers to collect
delinquent loans are: send notices and collection letters to the delinquents, co-makers and
spouse; ask the help of other officers in collecting and let the delinquent borrowers sign a
promissory note on when they will pay.
Most of the cooperatives had problems on the negative attitudes displayed by their
borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of staff, lack of
commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among the borrowers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The borrowers mostly availed of the agricultural loan from the cooperatives.
2. Almost all of the cooperatives had written policies which they implemented
strictly.
3. Members of credit committees of almost all of the cooperatives are active.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
31
4. Few cooperatives employed full-time management staff assigned to loans.
5. Loan requirements for loans are share capital, collateral, co-makers, business
plan. Share capital was required by all the cooperatives.
6. Almost all of the cooperatives conducted credit investigation.
7. Majority of the cooperatives monitored the project/s where the borrowers used
their loans.
8. Most of the cooperatives forced the borrowers to pay or return immediately
their loans or they will not be allowed anymore to avail of loans once the loan
was not used for the intended project.
9. The preventive actions perceived by the all of the cooperatives to control loan
delinquency are as follows: inform their borrowers their duties and
responsibilities such as paying their loans on time, maintain an up-to-date and
accurate records on loans of all the borrowers and implement strictly their
loan policies.
10. The remedial actions perceived by the all the respondents to collect delinquent
loan was to send notices and collection letters to the delinquents.
11. Most of the cooperatives had problem on the negative attitudes of their
borrowers in repaying their loans. Other problems encountered are lack of
staff, lack of commitment among the officers and transfer of residence among
the borrowers.
Recommendations
The following recommendations were drawn from the findings and conclusions:
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
32
1. There must be a continuous strict implementation on the loan policies because
this makes the borrower realize that the cooperative is serious enough in its
drive to control or minimize loan delinquency. Loan policies are to be applied
to all the members regardless of their status in life, income, etc., thus the
cooperative that did not implement strictly its loan policies must strict in order
to avoid being accused as bias or giving favors to some members.
2. Project monitoring should be done by all the cooperatives to ensure that the
borrowers do not divert their loans to other purposes especially to non-
productive activities to avoid the difficulty in repaying of their loans.
3. To control loan delinquency effectively, the preventive and remedial actions
should be practiced by all the cooperatives.
4. The cooperative should come up with activities or programs that aim to
improve negative attitudes of the members regarding repayment of their loans.
It should also expose both officers and members to successful credit
cooperatives where they can observe other practices that will encourage or
influence them to be efficient and active members.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
AGUSTIN, L.M. 2000. Perceived effects of training on the performance of cooperative
in Kibungan, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State Univesrity, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp 5-6.
DICLAS, J.A. 2005. Management problems of cooperatives in Baguio City: A Baby
Thesis. Easter College, Inc. Baguio City. Pp 1-10.
FORONDA, C. M. 1983. Comparative economic analysis of loans granted by three rural
banks in Ilocos Sur. BS. Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.Pp 40.
POZEL, M.C. 1981. Farmers Cooperatives. United State of America Agriculture
Cooperative Service: USA. Pp5.
SUPANGA, M.P. 2002. Implementation of loan policies of Philex Employees Credit
cooperative in Philex, Pacdal, Tuba, Benguet. A Baby Thesis. Easter College, Inc.
Baguio City. Pp 11.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND
AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2007
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!!!
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis titled, LOAN DELINQUENCY CONTROL PRACTICES OF
PRIMARY COOPERATIVES IN KAPANGAN, BENGUET”, as partial requirements
for graduation.
In this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the attached
questionnaire. Your kind assistance will enable me to complete all the requirements in
due time. Rest assured that all your answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much and God Bless!!!
Respectfully yours,
MARY CLAIRE D. BALIWEN
NOTED:
FLORENTINO B. LANDACAN
Adviser
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
35
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIUCLTURAL ECONOMICS AND
AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2007
Sir/Madam:
Greetings!!!
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis titled, “Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary
Cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet”, as partial requirements for graduation.
this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the attached
questionnaire. Your kind assistance will enable me to complete all the requirements in
due time. Rest assured that all your answers will be kept confidential.
Thank you very much.
Truly yours,
MARY CLAIRE D. BALIWEN
NOTED:
FLORENTINO B. LANDACAN
Adviser
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
36
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
I. Information on the Cooperatives
Name of the Cooperative: __________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________________
Number of years in operation: ______________________________________________
Types of loan offered: ____________________________________________________
Type of loan mostly availed of by the borrowers: ______________________________
Do you have written policies?
Yes_____
No _____
If available, have you been strictly implementing?
Yes_____
No _____
Do you have functional credit committee?
Yes_____
No _____
Who are your staff involved in loans operation and many of them?
__________ Manager
__________ Loan clerk
__________ Loan officer
__________Collector
_________others, pls specify: ______________________________________
II. Practices on Loan Delinquency Control
What are your loan requirements?
_________share capital
_________savings deposit
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
37
_________business permit
_________co-makers
a) how many co-makers do you require _____________
b) what are their qualifications ____________________
__________collateral
a) what kind of collateral do you accept __________________________
Do you conduct credit investigation?
Yes_____
No _____
If yes, where do you usually conduct it?
__________ to other cooperatives in the place
__________ to the private lending firms operating in the place
__________ others, pls specify ________________________________________
Do you orient your borrowers on the term and conditions of their loans?
Yes_____
No _____
Do you visit the project where the borrowers used their loan?
Yes_____
No _____
What actions do you undertake if you find out that the borrowers did not used their loan
for the intended purposes?
___________ force to pay or return the loan in the cooperative
___________ a penalty is imposed
___________ disqualify him/her to avail of loans again
___________ subject the borrower to strict monitoring
___________others, pls specify
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
38
How do you collect loans?
___________ the borrowers personally pay it to the cooperative
___________they just send it to someone who go to the cooperative
___________through the collector
Do you remind the borrowers regarding their due date? Yes_____ No _____
If yes, how do you remind them?
___________through a reminder letter
__________ through the collector or officer
__________ through text messaging
__________others, pls. specify ______________________________________
How do you collect delinquent loans?
__________ by giving notice/collection letters
__________ by sending staff
___________ by restructuring the loan
__________ by collecting from their co-makers
__________others, pls specify: ________________________________
If the borrowers cannot really pay after exhausting all remedies, do you subject them to
legal actions?
Yes_____
No _____
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
39
III. Perceived Preventive Actions to Control Loan Deliquency
Put a check mark on the actions you perceived to control the occurrence of loan
delinquency in your cooperative.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
_______ Inform the borrowers on their responsibilities and duties such as their
payments on time.
_______ Maintain up-to-date and accurate records on the loans of all borrowers.
_______ Strictly implement the loan policies of the cooperative.
_______ Insure that the loan forms should be properly filled-up by the borrowers
and filed at the cooperative office.
_______ The terms and conditions of the loan should be properly explained to the
borrowers
_______ Give reminder letters.
_______ Insure that the borrowers comply with all loan requirements.
_______ Screen the loan applicants thoroughly as to their capacity, character and
collaterals.
_______ Insure that the loan of the borrower is used in its purpose.
_______ Inform co-makers and spouse of the borrowers on their duties and
responsibilities.
_______ Submit reports on loans regularly to the Board of Directors.
_______ Provide satisfactory service to the borrowers.
_______ Employ collectors whose main job is to collect payments from the
borrowers.
_______ Conduct regular monitoring on the project of the borrowers.
_______ Conduct seminar on loans collection for the person involved in it.
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
40
IV. Perceived Remedial Actions to Collect Loan Delinquency
Put a check mark on the actions you perceived to collect delinquent loans
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
_______ Send notices and collection letters to the delinquents, co-makers and spouse.
_______ Ask the help of other officers in the collection.
_______ Let the delinquents to do promissory note on when to pay.
_______ Design a plan of payment with the delinquents and strictly implement it.
_______ Restructure the loans of the delinquents.
_______ Make collection to the delinquent’s co-makers and spouse.
_______ Provide amnesty on fines.
V. What problems have you encountered with regards to your loan delinquency control?
Loan Delinquency Control Practices of Primary Cooperatives
in Kapangan, Benguet. / Marie Claire D. Baliwen. 2007
Document Outline
- Loan Delinquency ControlPractices of Primary Cooperatives in Kapangan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Loan Delinquency
- Causes of Loan Delinquency
- Practices to Control Loan Delinquency
- Loan Policies
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Information on the Cooperatives
- Practices of Cooperatives to Control Loan Delinquency
- Preventive Actions to Control Loan Delinquencyas Perceived by the Cooperatives
- Remedial Actions to Collect Delinquent Loansas Perceived by the Cooperatives
- Problems Encountered by the Cooperativesin Controlling Loan Delinquency
- LITERATURE CITED
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE