BIBLIOGRAPHY PANICO, ADAMSON A. APRIL 2006. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PANICO, ADAMSON A. APRIL 2006. Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries
in a Transitional Organic Farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: determine the agronomic characters of ten potato
entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet; determine the best
potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the
economic benefits of growing different potato entries organically and determine which of
the entries will be selected by the transitional organic farmer.
The potato entries evaluated differed in terms of plant height and weight of
marketable tubers produced. Entry 380251.17 produced the tallest plants. Entry 13.1.1
was the most resistant to late blight at 60 DAP. For the marketable yield, 13.1.1
significantly produced the highest but was not significantly different with 676089. Entry
380251.17 gave comparable yield with entries 13.1.1 and 676089.
Return on cash expense (ROCE) was positive for all entries for seed tuber potato
production. For table potato production, five entries obtained a positive ROCE. Based on
yield, ROCE and selection made by the farmer, entries 13.1.1, 676070 and 676089, are
recommended for organic production at Englandad, Atok, Benguet.
Potatoes produced from stem cuttings are more profitable if sold as seed tubers.
The different potato entries can be further evaluated in other organic farms and planting
months so as to verify their adaptation and profitability.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract……… ……………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………. iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………….…. 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………… 16
Meteorological Data ………………………………………………….. 17
Soil Chemical Properties …………………………………………….. 17
Plant Vigor……………………………………………………………. 18
Canopy Cover………………………………………………………… 19
Plant Height……………………………………………………….….. 20
Late Blight……………………………………………………………. 21
Weight of Marketable Tuber………………………… ……………… 22
Weight of Non-Marketable Tuber……………………………………. 22
Total Yield……………………………………………………………. 22
Dry Matter Content …………………………………………………... 24
Farmer’s Selection ……………………………………………………. 25
Return on Cash Expense………………………………………….…... 26
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………….… 28
Summary………………………………………………………………
28
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….
28
Recommendation………………………………………………………
28
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………. 30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………... 32
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Potato
(
Solanum tuberosum L. ) locally known as “patatas” is a high value crop
and ranks first among the vegetable grown in Benguet and mountain Province. Potato is a
crop important for its nutritional value. It is primarily a source of carbohydrates or
energy food with 18% starch, 2% protein, 1% ash or mineral and 78 % of water (FRDL,
1995). Potato can also contribute to the government effort to attain self- sufficiency in
food and to reduce malnutrition because potato contain high an\\mount of quality calorie
and nutritive value. (HARRDEC, 1996).
Potato plays an important part in providing needed qualitative and quantitative
sufficiency of food for developing countries (Horton, 1996). On the other hand,
production of this important crop is limited due to high production costs and limited
available land. To have high profit, farmers rely on purchased inputs to intensity the
potato production system. (Potts, 1983). Today, the problem faced by the farmers is cost
of chemical fertilizers, low yielding seeds or planting materials and soil degradation
because of inappropriate management and monocropping practice. Furthermore, many
farmers are still uncertain which variety will be planted and to renew their non-
productive traditional varieties. Hence, farmers need new cultivars with resistance to pest
and diseases, high yielding and adaptable to its environments. Planting of new varieties
would be better if farmers would shift to alternative ways of production rather than the
conventional way. Shifting to organic farming appears to be a logical alternative in
minimizing chemical inputs. In addition, alternative farming system can achieve net
returns that are comparable to those of conventional farms. (Katen, 1979 and Lockeretz et
al., 1981). Organic farming methods are practical an economical to increase yield,
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
2
conserve the soil and maintain water quality (NPRCRTC, 1998). The shifting of
convention to organic farming has three years transition. The farm is considered a
transitional farm. Evaluation of potato entries in a transitional organic farm would be one
of the first steps in shifting to organic farming. In organic farming, it is important that
varieties should be resistant to pest and diseases so as to minimize if not use chemical
pesticides.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the agronomic characters of different potato entries in a transitional
organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet;
2. determine the best potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and
diseases;
3. determine the economic benefits of growing different potato entries
organically; and
4. determine which of entries will be selected by the transitional organic
farmer.
The study was conducted in an organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet from
October 2005 to January 2006.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition and importance of organic farming
Organic farming methods are practical and economical ways to increase yield,
conserve the soil and maintain the water quantity and lower operating costs. Organic
farms produce the same amount of yield of the same quality for the costs as conventional
farmers of the same size. Moreover, organic farms are relatively free form the possible
toxicities to the soil and to flora and fauna in general (NPRCRTC, 1998).
“Organic farming all various forms of sustainable agriculture such as organic
agriculture, biodynamic agriculture and natural way of farming share a concern for the
health and welfare of the farmer in the future. A way of farming that avoids the use of
synthetic fertilizer as well as genetically modified (GMOs) and usually subscribes to the
principles of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming management relies on the
developing biological diversity in the field to disrupt habitat for pest organisms, and
replenishment of the soil fertility. While they have different practices, they are guided
with the seven principles of sustainable agriculture; ecologically sound, economic
viability, socially just/equity, cultural sensitivity, appropriate technology, holistic science
and human development” (Briones, 1997).
Anonymous (2002) defined organic farming as whole system approach that works
to optimize the natural fertility resources of the farm. This is done through traditional
practices of recycling farm-produced livestock manure, composting, crop rotation, green
manuring and crop residue management. Organic agriculture also looks to local waste
product manures from confinement feeding food processing waste etc. to supplement soil
fertility economically.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Organic farmers apply the soil and build soil organic matter with cover crops,
compost and biologically based soil amendments. Organic matter in the soil produces
healthy plants that are better able to resist disease and insects. Organic farmers' primary
strategy in controlling pests and diseases is prevention through good plant nutrition and
management. Organic farmers use cover crops and crop rotations to change the field
ecology, effectively disrupting habitat for weeds, insects, and disease organisms. Weeds
are controlled through crop rotation, mechanical tillage, and hand weeding, as well as
through cover crops, mulches, flame weeding, and other management methods. Organic
farming relies on a diverse population of soil organisms, beneficial insects, and birds to
keep pests in check. When pest populations get out of balance, growers implement a
variety of strategies such as the use of insect predators, mating disruption, traps and
barriers (Anonymous, 2005).
Components of organic farming
Use of organic fertilizer and organic matter. Kinoshita (1972) as cited by Tomilas
(1996) reported that application of organic fertilizer in sufficient amount improves soil
structure. The organic fertilizer improves the organic content of the soil and increase the
quantity of nutrient element for the plant growth and development and decreases bulk
density of the soil. Organic matter in the soil can also increase water absorption and
lessens water run-off, leaching and erosion. Balaoing (1995) noted the nutrient content of
organic fertilizer particularly rice straw which are N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and S. Further, he
cited that organic fertilizer stimulates and increases the microbial populations in the soil.
The use of organic fertilizer likewise minimizes pollution because the rotten wastes can
be recycled into compost.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Importance of organic matter. Soil organic matter contributes to good soil
structure and water-holding capacity Dart and Murphy (1989). Parnes (1986) claimed that
organic matter is the principal source of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The soil
organism discards most of the calcium, magnesium and potassium in the decaying
organic residues during the first stage of decomposition and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants. Organic matter, though its effect on the physical condition of the soil
increases the amount of water available for the plant growth. Cho (1986) cited that
organic matter is the principal reservoir of nitrogen and other nutrients. It increases the
soil buffering capacity and Helps maintain the good soil texture and protect soil from
erosion and maintain a healthy community of soil microorganism. Organic matter also
reduces fluctuations in soil pH, improves soil aeration, facilitate the activities of
microorganism and serves as additional source of nutrient needed by the plants (Vander,
1997).
EL-nadi (1995) cited that the availability of nutrients in organic fertilizers is low
due to the slow release of nutrients during decomposition, and upon decomposition of
organic matter nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium calcium, magnesium
and other elements which the plant require for its growth and development are available.
Knott (1976) claimed that application of organic fertilizer to the soil prior to
planting or sowing time results in high yields. Manure provides nutrients and also humus,
which improves the physical condition of the soil. Further, decompose farm manure is
applied at a rate of 10-20 tons/ha. After the first plowing, this amount will slowly provide
nitrogen during the vegetative growth the crop. However, full benefits of such practices
would be realized over a period of 2-3 yrs.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Lang (1995) found that organic matter facilitate plowing and cultivating in potato
plants. Potato tubers develop and maintain their normal shape better in soil with adequate
organic matter. Menzi (1996) reported that organic fertilizers generally contain the
essential element for proper plant growth. They assure the farmer for lower inorganic
inputs. According to reports organic fertilizer are 50-60% cheaper than inorganic
fertilizer. Moreover, organic fertilizer can be used to replace up to 50% of the inorganic
fertilizer need of the farmer and at present found to be increasing the yield of crop.
Organic fertilizer has long lasting effect in restoring the fertility of the soil as Brady
(1974) claimed that farm manures are considered degraded animal and plant material that
tend to increase the yield of crops.
Koshino (1990) claimed that nutrient elements organic fertilizers are released
slowly, which is particularly important in avoiding salt injury, insuring a continuous
supply of nutrients during the growing season and producing products of better quality.
Use of compost in organic farm. Sangatnan and Sangatnan (1990) claimed that
successive applications of compost enrich the soil organic matter and improve the
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Compost application also builds
up the absorbing capacity of the soil. Soils with compost have less water evaporation than
the soil without compost applied. Therefore, compost is recommended in crop
production, to increase crop yield and to minimize water evaporation from the soil.
Source of organic matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost. Chicken manure is more extensively used
in the province of Benguet than any other kind of manure. The farmers usually apply 20
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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to 30 tons per hectare (Bautista, et al. 1983). The kind of organic materials according to
source are crop residues, green manure, pig manure, cattle manure, poultry, used of
mushroom compost, municipal refuse, and residues after soil extraction and residues
from processing animal product (Bucu, 1991).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and air that used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
Diverse cropping. Diverse ecosystems in nature have a higher degree of stability
than those with only a few species. This is also true for agroecosystems. Farms with
diverse crops have a better chance of supporting beneficial insects and other organisms
that assist in pollination and pest management. Diversity above ground also suggests
diversity in the soil, providing better nutrient cycling, disease suppression, tilth, and
nitrogen fixation. Diverse cropping should be practiced so that there will be lesser pest
infestation and no use of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides. Sanitation is also practiced to
reduce alternate hosts of the insects and minimize infestation (Anonymous, 2005).
Importance of variety evaluation in organic farming
Bautista and Mabesa (1997) cited that selecting the right variety would minimize
problem associated with water and fertilizer management. Varieties should be high
yielding, pest and disease resistant and early maturing so that production would entail
less expense and ensure more profit. HARRDEC (1996) further cited varietal that
evaluation is important in order to observe performance character such as yield, earliness,
vigor, maturity and keeping quality because different varieties have wide range of
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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differences in plant size and in yield performance. However, the varieties to be selected
should be high yielding, insect and diseases resistant and early maturing.
There is a variation in the yielding ability of the different varieties when grown
under the same method of culture. A variety yield well in one region is not a guarantee
that it will perform well in another region (Reily and Shry, 1991). In addition, choosing
variety that is most suited to the prevailing climatic condition could assure success at
lowest possible cost per hectare. In choosing the right variety, the adaptability to climatic
condition, potential, yield, maturity, resistant to insect pest and diseases and market
demand must be consider (Anonymous, 2000).
Varietal evaluation in potato. Murakami (1991) conducted an on-farm potato
evaluation and found not all clones were not superior as those in the in the on- station
trial. Out of the 22 clones only two clones exhibited comparable level of yield ability,
adaptability and stability with their popular local variety. Thus, as a role, new clones
usually differ in cultural characteristics. Therefore, several series of evaluation must be
made at different strategic location and seasons.
Beukema (1985) stated that clonal selection and evaluation is important in a
breeding program. The standard procedure involves the selection of healthy- looking and
high yielding plant in the field. Tubers of each selected are harvested and kept separate to
be planted in the next season trial. Plants are carefully inspected for any abnormalities
and if found in the first generation (F1) clones are rejected and remove right away from
the field. Hence, successful potato production begins with long-term labor intensively
breeding.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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MATEIALS AND METHODS
The farm and Farmer’s Practices
The Farm
The transitional organic farm is located at Englandad, Sayangan, Atok, Benguet
as shown in fig.1. The farm is specifically located on the top of the mountain with an
elevation of 2,300 meters above sea level.
The farm has sandy loam soil and was previously planted with carrots. Other
crops planted during the conduct of the study were cala lily and other grasses which
served as insect repellant and barriers (Lesoc, 2005).
The Farmer
Mrs. Toria Lesoc is 45 years old transitional organic practitioner. She attended
several training/ seminars on organic farming. Since her first training in 2000, she shifted
to organic farming. She also attended trainings held at BSU from 2005-2006.
She is practicing organic farming for the last three years.
Practices of the Farmer
Land
preparation. The farmer prepared the land one week before planting.
Practices during land preparation include weeding, raised beds (plot) for planting and
application of basal fertilizer. Land preparation usually done manually by using hand
tools like grab hoe, Japanese hoe and sharp wooden stick use for weeding, planting and
for harvesting.
Planting. The farmer plants early morning or in the late afternoon of the day.
Direct planting is the usual practiced for all crops.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Fertilization. The farmer incorporate farm-made compost into the soil as a basal
fertilizer during land preparation. One month after planting, compost is side-dressed.
Organic fertilizer is thus applied twice during the crop duration.
Water
management. The plants are irrigated once or twice a week after planting
throughout the growing period. Irrigation is however, not maintained due to limited
supply of water.
Pest
management. The farmer control pests by hand picking, removing of the
hosts plant and planting of repellant plants. Chemical pesticides are not applied.
Seed selection. The farmer prefers varieties resistant to insects and diseases, high
yielding and adapted to the local condition.
The Experiment Proper
Planting Materials
Fifteen potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings were acquired from the
Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center (NPRCRTC). These
entries were selected from an observational trial for organic production at Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Land Preparation, Experimental Design and Treatments
An area of 150 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks. Each
block contained 15 plots with a dimension of 1 m x 5 m. The experiment was laid out
following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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The treatments were as follows:
TREATMENT
ENTRY
ORIGIN
A1
380251.17
CIP, Peru
A2
384558.10
CIP, Peru
A3
676070
CIP, Peru
A4
Ganza
CIP, Peru
A5
573275
CIP, Peru
A6
676089
CIP, Peru
A7
5.19.2.2
Philippines
A8
Kennebec
USA
A9
575003
CIP, Peru
A10
13.1.1
CIP, Peru
Planting and Fertilizer Application
Rooted potato stem cuttings were planted in a double row plot with a distance of
25 cm x 30 cm between hills and rows. The entries were equally applied with compost
made from chicken dung, sunflower, pig manure and crop residues from the farm
thoroughly mixed with the soil as basal fertilizer before planting.
Cultural Management Practices
The farmer’s management practices in organic potato production were followed.
These include planting of marigold around the blocks to serve as insect repellant and
wind barrier and use of fruit fly catcher.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Data Gathered
I. Meteorological Data. Temperature and relative humidity was taken using a wet and
dry bulb psychrometer.
II. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken to the Bureau of soils, Pacdal,
Baguio City for the analysis of:
1. Organic matter (%)
2. Nitrogen (%)
3. Phosphorous (ppm)
4. Potassium (pm)
5. pH
III. Growth Parameters
1. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 35 and 65 days after planting (DAP) using
the CIP rating scale (NPRCRTC, 2000).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are weak w/ few stems and
Poor vigor
leaves; very pale
2
Plants are weak w/ few thin stems
Less vigorous
and leaves; pale
3
Better than less vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong w/
Vigorous
robust stems and leaves; leaves are
light green in color
5
Plants are strong w/ robust stems
Highly vigorous
and leaves; leaves are light to
dark green in color
2. Canopy cover. This was taken during the vegetative stage at 30,45, 60, and 75
DAP using a wooden frame 120 cm x 6 cm having equally sized 12 x 6 grids. Holding
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
13
the grid over the foliage of four representative previously marked plants, grids covered
with effective leaves were counted.
3. Plant height (cm). This was measured using ten random sample plants per
plot at 30 DAP. Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of tallest shoot.
IV. Pest and Disease Incidence
Late Blight incidence. This was observed started at 45, 60 and 75 DAP using
the CIP Scale (Henfling, 1982).
Blight Scale
Description
1
1
No blight to be seen
01-1
1
Very few plants in larger plants with lesions. Not
more than lesion per 10m of row (+/-30plants).
1.1- 2
2 Up to 10 small lesions per plants.
3.1-10
3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant, or up to 1in each
20 leaflet attack.
10.1-24 4 Most plants are visibly attacked and 1 in 3 leaflets
infected. Multiple infections per leaflets.
25-29
5 Nearly every leaflet with lesions. Multiple infections
per leaflets are common. Field or plot looks green,
but all plants in plots are blighted.
47-50 6 Every plant blighted and half the leaf area destroyed
by ploy looks green, freckled, and brown, blight is
very obvious.
75-90 7 As previous, but ¾ of each plant blighted branches
over helming killed off, and the only green leafs, if
any, there are the top of the plant shade of plants
maybe more spindly due to extensive foliage loss.
Plots look neither brown nor green.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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1-1-97 8 Some leaves and most stems are green. Plot looks
brown with some leaves patches.
97.1-99.9 9 Few green leaves almost all with blight lesions
remain. Many stem lesions. Plot looks brown.
________________________________________________________________________
Description: 1=Highly resistant; 2-3 = Resistant; 4-5 Moderately resistant; 6-7=
Moderately susceptible; 8-9 = Susceptible.
V. Yield and Yield Components
1.Weight of marketable tubers per plot (g). All marketable tubers, which are of
marketable size, not malformed and without 10 % greening of the total surface area
were counted and weighted at harvest.
3. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (g). This was taken by weighing all
non-marketable tubers at harvest which were cracked, severely scabbed, deformed, pest
damaged, rotten tuber and with more than 10% greening.
4. Total yield per plot(g). The sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tuber yield in each plot were weighted.
6. Dry matter content (%). This was taken by slicing three sample tubers of
medium, big, small into very small cubes (3-4 m3). These cubes were mixed together to
get a good representative of 100 g. Three100 g samples were taken as replicates and
oven-dried at 800C for 36 hours. The dry matter content was computed using the formula:
a. % Dry matter content (DMC) = 100- MC
Fresh weight – Oven-dried weight
b. %Moisture (MC) = ------------------------------------------- x 100
Fresh weight
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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VI. Cost and Return Analysis. All production cost were recorded and net profit was
obtained. Return on cash expense was computed as:
Net Profit
ROCE = ----------------------------------- x 100
Total cost of production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means were tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological data
Table 1 shows the temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the
study . The Highest temperature was 22.25oC in the month of December and lowest
temperature is 14.25oC. Relative humidity range from 82-94%.
Relative humidity was observed to be high. This condition might have affected
the occurrence of late blight during the conduct of the study.
Soil chemical properties
Table 2 shows the pH, OM,N,P and K before planting and after harvesting. The
soil had an original pH of 6.34 and 4.5 OM. These are known to be ideal for potato
production. According to Lambert (1995) normal soil contains 1-4 % organic matter.
Table 1. Temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study
MONTH WEEK TEMPERATURE (oC ) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
NOVEMBER 4th
17.5
86
DECEMBER 1st
18.0
82
2nd
14.75
86
3rd
14.25
94
4th
22.25
94
JANUARY 1st
17.25
86
2nd
3rd
16.5
90
MEAN 15.92
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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As for Nitrogen, the initial content of the soil was 0.0225 after harvesting, it decreased to
0.2. The decreased could be due to the high demand of the nutrient by the crop. As for
Phosphorous and Potassium, the original contents of the soil slightly increased. This may
due to the kind of compost used by the farmer.
The soil pH 6.34 before planting and at harvesting soil pH 6.23 was obtained. It
appears that soils have slightly reduction of pH which was due to slow release of organic
nutrient required by the plant.
Growth Parameters
Plant Vigor
Table 3 shows that all plants are highly vigorous at 35 DAP. At 65 DAP, potato
entries 380251.17, Ganza, 573275 and Kennebec showed a decrease in their plant vigor.
The poor vigor of the different potato genotypes grown organically may be due to
unfavorable temperature during the conduct of the study. Very low temperature might
have contributed to low vigor of the plants during the conduct of the study. Many studies
show that low temperature affect growth of plants. Figure 1 shows the plants at 30 DAP.
Table 2. Soil chemical properties of the experimental area before planting and after
planting
pH OM N P K
(%)
(%) (ppm) (ppm)
Before planting 6.34
4.5
0.225
395
676
After planting
6.23
4.0
0.2
405
752
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Fig. 1. Overview of plants at 30 DAP
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
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Table 3. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 35 and 65 DAP
ENTRY PLANT VIGOR
35 DAP 65 DAP
380251.17
5 2ab
384558.10
5 1bc
676070
5 2ab
Ganza
5
1ab
573275
5 1ab
676089
5 3a
5.19.2.2
5 2ab
Kennebec
5 1ab
575003
5 2ab
13.1.1
5 3a
Rating scale: 1 – Poor vigor; 2 – Less vigorous; 3 – Vigorous; 4 – Moderately
vigorous; 5 – Highly vigorous.
Canopy Cover
Table 4 shows the canopy cover of different potato entries taken at 30, 45, 60 and
75 DAP. It was observed that at 30 to 60 DAP, 380251.17 and 676089 had the highest
canopy cover and Kennebec had the lowest. However, there were no significant
differences among the entries. At 60 DAP, it was observed that the canopy decreased in
most of the entries. This could be due to the severe late blight infestation caused by high
relative humidity. Further observation revealed that 676089 and 13.1.1 which maintained
the highest canopy covers were observed to be moderately resistant to late blight.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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Table 4. Canopy cover of ten potato entries at 30, 45 and 60 DAP
ENTRY CANOPY COVER*
30 DAP 45 DAP 60 DAP
380251.17 26
27
6c
384558.10
21
18
6c
676070
20
23
15bc
Ganza
19
15
16bc
573275
22
24
16bc
676089
22
27
25ab
5.19.2.2
18
21
15bc
Kennebec
19
10
5c
575003
20
14
14bc
13.1.1
24
31
29a
CV (%) 15.38 16.90 33.98
*Means with common letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
Plant Height
Table 5 and Figure 2 show the height of ten potato entries at 30 DAP. It was
observed that tallest plants were produced by 380251.17 which are significantly different
with the other entries. On the other hand, Ganza produced the shortest plants among to
the entries. The differences in height could be attributed to their genotypic characteristics
and adaptation to the place.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
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Table 5. Plant height of ten potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY HEIGHT*
(cm)
380251.17
21.80a
384558.10
11.91def
676070
14.41cd
Ganza
9.22f
573275
10.82ef
676089
18.94b
5.19.2.2
17.23bc
Kennebec
12.50cd
575003
16.80bc
13.1.1
18.18b
CV (%) 11.26
*Means with common letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.5)
Late Blight Incidence
It was observed that all of the potato entries had various reactions to late blight
(Table 6). This could be due to the high relative humidity which is favorable to late
blight infection. At 75 DAP, most of the plants were infected with late blight which
could be due to high relative humidity which favored late blight infection.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
22
Table 6. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 45, 60 and 75 DAP
ENTRY LATE BLIGHT INCIDENCE
45 DAP 60 DAP 75 DAP
380251.17
4cd
6b
9a
384558.10
6ab
8a
9a
676070
4cd
6b
8b
Ganza
6ab
8a
9a
573275
4cd
6b
9a
676089
3d
5bc
7c
5.19.2.2
4cd
5bc
9a
Kennebec
7a
9a
9a
575003
5bc
6b
8b
13.1.1
3d
4c
7c
Description: 1= Highly resistant; 2 –3 = Resistant; 4 –5 = Moderately resistant;
6 – 7 = Moderately susceptible; 8 – 9 = Susceptible.
Yield and Yield Components
Weight of Marketable Tubers per Plant
Table 7 shows the weight of marketable tubers. Among the entries 13.1.1
produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers which was followed by 6760789. On
the other hand, Ganza produced the lowest weight of marketable tubers. It was observed
that the entries which produced high marketable yield had the high canopy covers and
were resistant to late blight.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
23
Weight of Non- Marketable Tuber Per Plant
No significant differences were observed among the entries evaluated. Entry
13.1.1 produced the heaviest weight of non-marketable tubers. Entry 676070 produced
the lowest weight of non-marketable tubers.
Total Yield Per Plant
Significant
differences
in
total yield per plant were observed among the entries as
shown in Table 7. Entry 13.1.1 significantly produced the heaviest total yield. The high
yield could be explained by their differences in canopy cover and late blight resistance.
Figure 2 presents the tubers of the potato entries at harvest.
Table 7. Yield of ten potato entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok,
Benguet
ENTRY YIELD (g/ plant)
MARKETABLE* NON-MARKETABLE TOTAL YIELD*
380251.17 36.80ab
8.75
46.67ab
384558.10
8.73c
7.94
16.67bc
676070
23.95bc
2.84
26.67bc
Ganza
4.79c
7.21
12.00c
573275
22.98bc
4.75
27.67bc
676089
48.10a
10.75
59.00a
5.19.2.2
6.19c
6.56
12.67c
Kennebec
10.23c
4.06
14.33c
575003
11.57c
5.89
17.67bc
13.1.1
53.76a
15.94
69.67a
CV (%) 39.9
24.17
27.27
*Means with common letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
24
384558.10
380251.17
A1
A2
676070
GANZA
A3
A4
573275
676089
A5
A6
5.19.2.2
KENNEBEC
A7
A8
575003
13.1.1
A10
A9
Fig. 2. Tubers of ten potato entries at harvest
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
25
Dry Matter Content
Table 8 shows the dry matter content of tubers of the potato entries evaluated.
There were no significant differences observed. Numerically, however, 13.1.1 had the
highest dry matter content. Entry 676070 had the lowest dry matter content.
Table 8. Dry matter content of ten potato entries
ENTRY DRY MATTER CONTENT
(%)
380251.17
21
384558.10
17
676070
16
Ganza
21
573275
23
676089
19
5.19.2.2
20
Kennebec
19
575003
17
13.1.1
24
CV (%) 15.55
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
26
Cost and Return Analysis
The cost and return analysis on potato production in a transitional organic farm is
shown in Table 9. Among the evaluated entries 13.1.1 had the highest return on cash
expense (ROCE). High ROCE could be attributed to high marketable yield produced. It
was observed that all entries have high return on cash expense for seed production. For
table potato production, there were five entries which have negative return on cash
expense. This could be due low marketable yield.
Table 9. Cost and return analysis in seed potato production (per 5 m2 basis)
COST OF TOTAL # GROSS NET ROCE
ENTRY
OF
PROD’N* TUBERS ** INCOME INCOME (%)
(Php) (Php) (Php)
380251.17
56.60
40
80 23.4
41
384558.10
56.60
80
160 103.4
182
676070
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
Ganza
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
573275
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
676089
56.60
67
133 76.73
134
5.19.2.2
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
Kennebec
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
575003
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
13.1.1
56.60
153 266 209.4
370
*Total cost of production includes cost of compost and labor.
* *Tubers were sold at P2.00 per piece. (NPRCRTC, 2005).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
27
Table 10. Cost and return analysis in table potato production (per 5 m2 basis)
COST OF WEIGHT GROSS NET ROCE
ENTRY
OF
PROD’N* POTATO** INCOME INCOME (%)
(PhP) (kg) (Php) (Php)
380251.17
56.60
4.42 176.8
120.2
212.37
384558.10
56.60
1.05 4.0
-14.6 -25.80
676070
56.60
2.87 114.8 58.2 102.83
Ganza
56.60
0.57 22.8
-33.8 -59.71
573275
56.60
2.76 110.4 53.8 95.05
676089
65.60
5.77 230.8 174.2 307.77
5.19.2.2
56.60
0.74 29.6 -27 -47.70
Kennebec
56.60 1.23 49.2
-74 -13.07
575003
56.60
1.39 55.6 -1
-1.77
13.1.1
56.60
6.45 258
201.4 355.8
*Total cost of production includes cost of compost and labor.
**Tubers were sold at P40.00 per kg.
Farmer’s Selection
Tables 11 shows the entries selected by the transitional organic farmer. Entries
380251.17,676070,573275,676089 and 13.1.1 were the best entries selected by the
farmers. The reasons are; adaptability in the locality, resistance to late blight and high
yield. According to Lesoc (2005) resistant and adapted entries in the locality usually
produce high yield if planted under favorable condition.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
28
Table 11. Farmer’s selection and reasons for choice
ENTRY REASON
380251.17
Large tubers produced with smooth skin and more eyes
676070
High yield, tubers have smooth skin, good shape and good color
573275
High yield, tubers have smooth skin and good shape
676089
High yield, tubers have good shape, smooth skin and more
marketable tubers produced
13.1.1
High yield and tubers have good shape, smooth skin, less non-
marketable
tubers
produced
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This was conducted to: determine the agronomic characters of ten different potato
entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet; determine the best
potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the
economic benefits of growing different potato entries organically and determine which
of entries will be selected by the organic farmer.
Among the ten potato entries evaluated, there were significant differences
observed for the height, canopy cover and weight of marketable tubers produced. Entry
380251.17 produced the tallest plants. Entry 13.1.1 had the highest canopy cover and
produced the highest weight of marketable tubers and total yield and is the most resistant
to late blight. In terms of ROCE, entries 13.1.1 676089 and 676070 obtained the highest
for both seed production and table potatoes.
Conclusion
Entries 13.1.l, 676070 and 676o89 had the best performance in terms of canopy
cover, resistance to late blight and high yield under transitional organic farm at
Englanadad, Atok, Benguet. Entries 13.1.1, 384558.10 and 676089 are profitable for
seedtuber production and table potatoes. Yield and quality of the tubers are the main
basis for selection of the transitional organic farmer as exhibited by entries 13.1.1,
380251.17 and 676070.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
30
Recommendation
Entries 13.1.1, 676070 and 676089 are recommended for organic production at
Englandad, Atok Benguet.
Potatoes produced from stem cuttings were more profitable if sold as seed
tubers. The different potato entries can be further evaluated in other organic farms and
other planting months so as to verify their adaptation and profitability.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
31
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fertilizer technology center. Extn.Bull. P. 30-35.
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Inc. Pp. 28
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LESOC, T. 2005. Personal communication. Englanadad, Atok, Benguet.
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Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
34
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 35 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
5
5
5
15
5
384558.10
5
5
5
15
5
676070
5
5
5
15
5
Ganza
5
4
5
14
5
573275
5
5
5
15
5
676089
5
5
5
15
5
5.19.2.2
5
5
5
15
5
Kennebec
5
5
5
15
5
575003
5
5
4
14
5
13.1.1 5 5 5 15 5
TOTAL 50 49 49
148 50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.067 0.33
Treatment 9 28.000 3.111 4.44ns 2.44 3.60
Error 18 1.267 0.070
TOTAL 29 1.867
ns = Not Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.38%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
35
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 65 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
1
2
2
5
2ab
384558.10
0
1
2
3
1bc
676070
1
2
2
5
2ab
Ganza
1
2
1
4
1bc
573275
0
2
1
3
1bc
676089
4
3
3
10
3a
5.19.2.2
2
2
1
5
2ab
Kennebec
0
0
0
0
0c
575003
3
1
1
5
2ab
13.1.1
4
2
4
10
3a
TOTAL 16
17
17
50 16.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.067 0.33
Treatment 9 28.000 3.111 4.44** 2.44 3.60
Error 18 1.267 0.070
TOTAL 29 1.867
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 20.82%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
36
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
farm at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
27
26
26
79
26
384558.10
18
28
18
64
21
676070 21 22 16 59 20
Ganza
16
19
21
56
19
573275 23 22 21 66 22
676089 21 23 22 66 22
5.19.2.2
18
18
19
55
18
Kennebec
21
23
19
58
19
575003 19 23 19 61 20
13.1.1 31
21
20
72
24
TOTAL 215
225
196
636 211
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 43.400 21.700
Treatment 9 170.133 18.904 1.78ns 2.44 3.60
Error 18 191.267 10.626
TOTAL 29 404.800
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 15.38%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
37
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
farm at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
25
32
24
81
27
384558.10
12
29
13
54
18
676070 26 27 16 69 23
Ganza
13
17
16
46
15
573275 28 17 27 72 24
676089 22 28 30 80 27
5.19.2.2
19
20
24
63
21
Kennebec
9
16
5
30
10
575003
17
14
11
42
14
13.1.1 51
23
18
92
31
TOTAL 222
223
184
629
209.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 98.867 49.433
Treatment 9 1156.967 128.552 2.23ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 1039.133 57.730
TOTAL 29 2294.967
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 16.90%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
38
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries at 60 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
9 10
0 19
6c
384558.10
4 10
3 17
6c
676070
8 24
14
46
15bc
Ganza
12
10
26
48
16abc
573275
18
8
21
47
16abc
676089 18 21 37 76 25ab
5.19.2.2
15
18
13
46
15bc
Kennebec
3 10
3 16
5c
575003 11 10 20 41 14bc
13.1.1 41
19
27
87
29a
TOTAL 139 140
164
443
147
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 40.067 20.033
Treatment 9 1684.267 187.115 3.41* 2.46 3.60
Error 18 987.267 54.848
TOTAL 29 2711.367
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 33.98 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
39
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Plant height (cm) of ten potato entries at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
24.93
18.69
21.78
65.4 21.80a
384558.10
13.55
13.43
8.75
35.73 11.91def
676070
16
13.2
14.04
43.24 14.41cd
Ganza
9.96
7.41
10.28
27.65 9.22f
573275
10.67
10.75
11.03
32.45 10.82ef
676089
21.2
17.7
17.91
56.81 18.94b
5.19.2.2
17.37
17.39
16.92
51.68 17.23bc
Kennebec
15.76
10.44
11.3
37.5 12.50dc
575003
16.7
18.67
15.03
50.4 16.80bc
13.1.1
20.58
18.3
15.67
54.55 18.18b
TOTAL 166.72 145.98 142.71 455.41 151.81
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 33.911 16.955
Treatment 9 440.500 48.944 16.76** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 52.565 2.920
TOTAL 29 526.976
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 11.26 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
40
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
4 6 3 13
4cd
384558.10
6 6 5 17
6ab
676070
5 4 3 12
4cd
Ganza
6 7 5 18
6ab
572375
4 6 2 12
4cd
676089
3 4 1 8 3d
5.19.2.2
5 5 1 11
4cd
Kennebec
7 6 7 20
7a
575003
6 5 4 15
5bc
13.1.1 2 4 2 8 3d
TOTAL 48
53
33
134
44.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 21.667 10.833
Treatment 9 49.467 4.496 6.06** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 16.333 0.907
TOTAL 29 87.467
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 21.33 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
41
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 60 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
38251.17
7 6 5 18
6b
384558.10
9
8
6
23
8a
676070
7
6
5
18
6b
Ganza
8
8
8
24
8a
573275
7
6
4
17
6b
676089
6
5
4
15
5bc
5.19.2.2
7
5
4
16
5bc
Kennnebec
9
9
9
27
9a
575003
6
6
7
19
6b
13.1.1
5
5
3
13
4c
TOTAL 71
64
55
190
63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 12.867 6.433
Treatment 9 57.333 6.370 10.96** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 10.467 0.581
TOTAL 29 80.667
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 12.04 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
42
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 75 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
9 9 8 26
9a
384558.10
9
9
9
27
9a
676070
9
8
8
25
8b
Ganza
9
9
9
27
9a
573275
9
9
8
26
9a
676089
7
7
7
21
7c
5.19.2.2
9
8
9
26
9a
Kennebec
9
9
9
27
9a
575003
8
8
8
24
8b
13.1.1
6
8
7
21
7c
TOTAL 84
84
84
250
84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.267 0.133
Treatment 9 16.000 1.778 7.27** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 4.400 0.244
TOTAL 29 20.667
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.93 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
43
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of marketable tubers (g) of ten potato entries in a
transitional organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
32.35
39.47
38.57
110.39 36.80ab
384558.10
11.90
11.36
2.94
26.20
8.73c
676070
14.52
31.25
26.09
71.86 23.95bc
Ganza
8.57
2.94
2.86
14.37
4.79c
573275
23.61
8.57
36.76
68.94 22.98bc
676089
33.33
36.84
74.14
144.31
48.10a
5.19.2.2
2.94
8.06
7.58
18.58
6.19c
Kennebec
12.00
10.00
8.70
30.70
10.23c
675003
10.00
15.00
9.72
34.72
11.57c
13.1.1
75.68
15.91
69.70
161.29
53.76a
TOTAL 224.9 179.4 277.06 681.36 227.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.200 0.100
Treatment 9 16.033 1.781 3.79** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 8.467 0.470
TOTAL 29 24.700
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 13.91 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
44
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Weight of non - marketable tubers (g) of ten potato entries in a
transitional organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
32.35
39.47
38.57
110.39 36.80ab
384558.10
11.90
11.36
2.94
26.20
8.73c
676070
14.52
31.25
26.09
71.86 23.95bc
Ganza
8.57
2.94
2.86
14.37
4.79c
573275
23.61
8.57
36.76
68.94 22.98bc
676089
33.33
36.84
74.14
144.31
48.10a
5.19.2.2
2.94
8.06
7.58
18.58
6.19c
Kennebec
12.00
10.00
8.70
30.70
10.23c
575003
10.00
15.00
9.72
34.72
11.57c
13.1.1
75.68
15.91
69.70
161.29
53.76a
TOTAL 224.9 179.4 277.06 681.36 227.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 4.736 2.368
Treatment 9 383.571 42.619 2.91ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 263.339 14.630
TOTAL 29 651.646
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 24.17 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
45
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Total yield of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
production
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
37
51
49
137 45.67ab
384558.10
21
23
6
50
16.67bc
676070
18
34
28
80
26.67bc
Ganza
16
10
10
36
12c
573275
28
16
40
83
27.67bc
676089
42
49
86
177
59a
5.19.2.2
10
11
17
38
12.67c
Kennebec
18
14
11
43
14.33c
575503
16
22
15
53
1767bc
13.1.1
100
23
86
209
69.67a
TOTAL 306 253 348 906 302
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 452.600 226.300
Treatment 9 11627.467 1291.941 4.80** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 4842.733 269.041
TOTAL 29 16922.800
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 27.27 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
46
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Dry matter content of different potato entries in a transitional
organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 20 26 17 63 21
384558.10
17
17
17
51
17
676070
15
16
16
47
16
Ganza
17
17
28
62
21
573275
24
23
22
69
23
676089
20
19
18
57
19
5.19.2.2
19
21
20
60
20
Kennebec
23
20
15
58
19
575003
17
16
17
50
17
13.1.1
24
22
25
71
24
TOTAL 196
197 195
588
196
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.200 0.100
Treatment 9 187.867 20.874 2.25ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 167.133 9.285
TOTAL 29 355.200
ns - Not significant
Coefficient of Variance =15.55 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
PANICO, ADAMSON A. APRIL 2006. Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries
in a Transitional Organic Farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to: determine the agronomic characters of ten potato
entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet; determine the best
potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the
economic benefits of growing different potato entries organically and determine which of
the entries will be selected by the transitional organic farmer.
The potato entries evaluated differed in terms of plant height and weight of
marketable tubers produced. Entry 380251.17 produced the tallest plants. Entry 13.1.1
was the most resistant to late blight at 60 DAP. For the marketable yield, 13.1.1
significantly produced the highest but was not significantly different with 676089. Entry
380251.17 gave comparable yield with entries 13.1.1 and 676089.
Return on cash expense (ROCE) was positive for all entries for seed tuber potato
production. For table potato production, five entries obtained a positive ROCE. Based on
yield, ROCE and selection made by the farmer, entries 13.1.1, 676070 and 676089, are
recommended for organic production at Englandad, Atok, Benguet.
Potatoes produced from stem cuttings are more profitable if sold as seed tubers.
The different potato entries can be further evaluated in other organic farms and planting
months so as to verify their adaptation and profitability.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract……… ……………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………. iii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………… 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………….…. 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………… 16
Meteorological Data ………………………………………………….. 17
Soil Chemical Properties …………………………………………….. 17
Plant Vigor……………………………………………………………. 18
Canopy Cover………………………………………………………… 19
Plant Height……………………………………………………….….. 20
Late Blight……………………………………………………………. 21
Weight of Marketable Tuber………………………… ……………… 22
Weight of Non-Marketable Tuber……………………………………. 22
Total Yield……………………………………………………………. 22
Dry Matter Content …………………………………………………... 24
Farmer’s Selection ……………………………………………………. 25
Return on Cash Expense………………………………………….…... 26
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…………….… 28
Summary………………………………………………………………
28
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….
28
Recommendation………………………………………………………
28
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………. 30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………... 32
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Potato
(
Solanum tuberosum L. ) locally known as “patatas” is a high value crop
and ranks first among the vegetable grown in Benguet and mountain Province. Potato is a
crop important for its nutritional value. It is primarily a source of carbohydrates or
energy food with 18% starch, 2% protein, 1% ash or mineral and 78 % of water (FRDL,
1995). Potato can also contribute to the government effort to attain self- sufficiency in
food and to reduce malnutrition because potato contain high an\\mount of quality calorie
and nutritive value. (HARRDEC, 1996).
Potato plays an important part in providing needed qualitative and quantitative
sufficiency of food for developing countries (Horton, 1996). On the other hand,
production of this important crop is limited due to high production costs and limited
available land. To have high profit, farmers rely on purchased inputs to intensity the
potato production system. (Potts, 1983). Today, the problem faced by the farmers is cost
of chemical fertilizers, low yielding seeds or planting materials and soil degradation
because of inappropriate management and monocropping practice. Furthermore, many
farmers are still uncertain which variety will be planted and to renew their non-
productive traditional varieties. Hence, farmers need new cultivars with resistance to pest
and diseases, high yielding and adaptable to its environments. Planting of new varieties
would be better if farmers would shift to alternative ways of production rather than the
conventional way. Shifting to organic farming appears to be a logical alternative in
minimizing chemical inputs. In addition, alternative farming system can achieve net
returns that are comparable to those of conventional farms. (Katen, 1979 and Lockeretz et
al., 1981). Organic farming methods are practical an economical to increase yield,
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
2
conserve the soil and maintain water quality (NPRCRTC, 1998). The shifting of
convention to organic farming has three years transition. The farm is considered a
transitional farm. Evaluation of potato entries in a transitional organic farm would be one
of the first steps in shifting to organic farming. In organic farming, it is important that
varieties should be resistant to pest and diseases so as to minimize if not use chemical
pesticides.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the agronomic characters of different potato entries in a transitional
organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet;
2. determine the best potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and
diseases;
3. determine the economic benefits of growing different potato entries
organically; and
4. determine which of entries will be selected by the transitional organic
farmer.
The study was conducted in an organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet from
October 2005 to January 2006.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition and importance of organic farming
Organic farming methods are practical and economical ways to increase yield,
conserve the soil and maintain the water quantity and lower operating costs. Organic
farms produce the same amount of yield of the same quality for the costs as conventional
farmers of the same size. Moreover, organic farms are relatively free form the possible
toxicities to the soil and to flora and fauna in general (NPRCRTC, 1998).
“Organic farming all various forms of sustainable agriculture such as organic
agriculture, biodynamic agriculture and natural way of farming share a concern for the
health and welfare of the farmer in the future. A way of farming that avoids the use of
synthetic fertilizer as well as genetically modified (GMOs) and usually subscribes to the
principles of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming management relies on the
developing biological diversity in the field to disrupt habitat for pest organisms, and
replenishment of the soil fertility. While they have different practices, they are guided
with the seven principles of sustainable agriculture; ecologically sound, economic
viability, socially just/equity, cultural sensitivity, appropriate technology, holistic science
and human development” (Briones, 1997).
Anonymous (2002) defined organic farming as whole system approach that works
to optimize the natural fertility resources of the farm. This is done through traditional
practices of recycling farm-produced livestock manure, composting, crop rotation, green
manuring and crop residue management. Organic agriculture also looks to local waste
product manures from confinement feeding food processing waste etc. to supplement soil
fertility economically.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
4
Organic farmers apply the soil and build soil organic matter with cover crops,
compost and biologically based soil amendments. Organic matter in the soil produces
healthy plants that are better able to resist disease and insects. Organic farmers' primary
strategy in controlling pests and diseases is prevention through good plant nutrition and
management. Organic farmers use cover crops and crop rotations to change the field
ecology, effectively disrupting habitat for weeds, insects, and disease organisms. Weeds
are controlled through crop rotation, mechanical tillage, and hand weeding, as well as
through cover crops, mulches, flame weeding, and other management methods. Organic
farming relies on a diverse population of soil organisms, beneficial insects, and birds to
keep pests in check. When pest populations get out of balance, growers implement a
variety of strategies such as the use of insect predators, mating disruption, traps and
barriers (Anonymous, 2005).
Components of organic farming
Use of organic fertilizer and organic matter. Kinoshita (1972) as cited by Tomilas
(1996) reported that application of organic fertilizer in sufficient amount improves soil
structure. The organic fertilizer improves the organic content of the soil and increase the
quantity of nutrient element for the plant growth and development and decreases bulk
density of the soil. Organic matter in the soil can also increase water absorption and
lessens water run-off, leaching and erosion. Balaoing (1995) noted the nutrient content of
organic fertilizer particularly rice straw which are N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and S. Further, he
cited that organic fertilizer stimulates and increases the microbial populations in the soil.
The use of organic fertilizer likewise minimizes pollution because the rotten wastes can
be recycled into compost.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
5
Importance of organic matter. Soil organic matter contributes to good soil
structure and water-holding capacity Dart and Murphy (1989). Parnes (1986) claimed that
organic matter is the principal source of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The soil
organism discards most of the calcium, magnesium and potassium in the decaying
organic residues during the first stage of decomposition and these nutrients are quickly
available to plants. Organic matter, though its effect on the physical condition of the soil
increases the amount of water available for the plant growth. Cho (1986) cited that
organic matter is the principal reservoir of nitrogen and other nutrients. It increases the
soil buffering capacity and Helps maintain the good soil texture and protect soil from
erosion and maintain a healthy community of soil microorganism. Organic matter also
reduces fluctuations in soil pH, improves soil aeration, facilitate the activities of
microorganism and serves as additional source of nutrient needed by the plants (Vander,
1997).
EL-nadi (1995) cited that the availability of nutrients in organic fertilizers is low
due to the slow release of nutrients during decomposition, and upon decomposition of
organic matter nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium calcium, magnesium
and other elements which the plant require for its growth and development are available.
Knott (1976) claimed that application of organic fertilizer to the soil prior to
planting or sowing time results in high yields. Manure provides nutrients and also humus,
which improves the physical condition of the soil. Further, decompose farm manure is
applied at a rate of 10-20 tons/ha. After the first plowing, this amount will slowly provide
nitrogen during the vegetative growth the crop. However, full benefits of such practices
would be realized over a period of 2-3 yrs.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
6
Lang (1995) found that organic matter facilitate plowing and cultivating in potato
plants. Potato tubers develop and maintain their normal shape better in soil with adequate
organic matter. Menzi (1996) reported that organic fertilizers generally contain the
essential element for proper plant growth. They assure the farmer for lower inorganic
inputs. According to reports organic fertilizer are 50-60% cheaper than inorganic
fertilizer. Moreover, organic fertilizer can be used to replace up to 50% of the inorganic
fertilizer need of the farmer and at present found to be increasing the yield of crop.
Organic fertilizer has long lasting effect in restoring the fertility of the soil as Brady
(1974) claimed that farm manures are considered degraded animal and plant material that
tend to increase the yield of crops.
Koshino (1990) claimed that nutrient elements organic fertilizers are released
slowly, which is particularly important in avoiding salt injury, insuring a continuous
supply of nutrients during the growing season and producing products of better quality.
Use of compost in organic farm. Sangatnan and Sangatnan (1990) claimed that
successive applications of compost enrich the soil organic matter and improve the
physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Compost application also builds
up the absorbing capacity of the soil. Soils with compost have less water evaporation than
the soil without compost applied. Therefore, compost is recommended in crop
production, to increase crop yield and to minimize water evaporation from the soil.
Source of organic matter
The most common natural organic fertilizers in the Philippines are chicken
manure, hog manure, and sunflower compost. Chicken manure is more extensively used
in the province of Benguet than any other kind of manure. The farmers usually apply 20
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
7
to 30 tons per hectare (Bautista, et al. 1983). The kind of organic materials according to
source are crop residues, green manure, pig manure, cattle manure, poultry, used of
mushroom compost, municipal refuse, and residues after soil extraction and residues
from processing animal product (Bucu, 1991).
The decomposition of organic materials is a digestive process of bacteria, fungi
and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen. It is a common to pile organic raw material
with sufficient supply of water and air that used to compost (Inoko, 1985).
Diverse cropping. Diverse ecosystems in nature have a higher degree of stability
than those with only a few species. This is also true for agroecosystems. Farms with
diverse crops have a better chance of supporting beneficial insects and other organisms
that assist in pollination and pest management. Diversity above ground also suggests
diversity in the soil, providing better nutrient cycling, disease suppression, tilth, and
nitrogen fixation. Diverse cropping should be practiced so that there will be lesser pest
infestation and no use of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides. Sanitation is also practiced to
reduce alternate hosts of the insects and minimize infestation (Anonymous, 2005).
Importance of variety evaluation in organic farming
Bautista and Mabesa (1997) cited that selecting the right variety would minimize
problem associated with water and fertilizer management. Varieties should be high
yielding, pest and disease resistant and early maturing so that production would entail
less expense and ensure more profit. HARRDEC (1996) further cited varietal that
evaluation is important in order to observe performance character such as yield, earliness,
vigor, maturity and keeping quality because different varieties have wide range of
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
8
differences in plant size and in yield performance. However, the varieties to be selected
should be high yielding, insect and diseases resistant and early maturing.
There is a variation in the yielding ability of the different varieties when grown
under the same method of culture. A variety yield well in one region is not a guarantee
that it will perform well in another region (Reily and Shry, 1991). In addition, choosing
variety that is most suited to the prevailing climatic condition could assure success at
lowest possible cost per hectare. In choosing the right variety, the adaptability to climatic
condition, potential, yield, maturity, resistant to insect pest and diseases and market
demand must be consider (Anonymous, 2000).
Varietal evaluation in potato. Murakami (1991) conducted an on-farm potato
evaluation and found not all clones were not superior as those in the in the on- station
trial. Out of the 22 clones only two clones exhibited comparable level of yield ability,
adaptability and stability with their popular local variety. Thus, as a role, new clones
usually differ in cultural characteristics. Therefore, several series of evaluation must be
made at different strategic location and seasons.
Beukema (1985) stated that clonal selection and evaluation is important in a
breeding program. The standard procedure involves the selection of healthy- looking and
high yielding plant in the field. Tubers of each selected are harvested and kept separate to
be planted in the next season trial. Plants are carefully inspected for any abnormalities
and if found in the first generation (F1) clones are rejected and remove right away from
the field. Hence, successful potato production begins with long-term labor intensively
breeding.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
9
MATEIALS AND METHODS
The farm and Farmer’s Practices
The Farm
The transitional organic farm is located at Englandad, Sayangan, Atok, Benguet
as shown in fig.1. The farm is specifically located on the top of the mountain with an
elevation of 2,300 meters above sea level.
The farm has sandy loam soil and was previously planted with carrots. Other
crops planted during the conduct of the study were cala lily and other grasses which
served as insect repellant and barriers (Lesoc, 2005).
The Farmer
Mrs. Toria Lesoc is 45 years old transitional organic practitioner. She attended
several training/ seminars on organic farming. Since her first training in 2000, she shifted
to organic farming. She also attended trainings held at BSU from 2005-2006.
She is practicing organic farming for the last three years.
Practices of the Farmer
Land
preparation. The farmer prepared the land one week before planting.
Practices during land preparation include weeding, raised beds (plot) for planting and
application of basal fertilizer. Land preparation usually done manually by using hand
tools like grab hoe, Japanese hoe and sharp wooden stick use for weeding, planting and
for harvesting.
Planting. The farmer plants early morning or in the late afternoon of the day.
Direct planting is the usual practiced for all crops.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
10
Fertilization. The farmer incorporate farm-made compost into the soil as a basal
fertilizer during land preparation. One month after planting, compost is side-dressed.
Organic fertilizer is thus applied twice during the crop duration.
Water
management. The plants are irrigated once or twice a week after planting
throughout the growing period. Irrigation is however, not maintained due to limited
supply of water.
Pest
management. The farmer control pests by hand picking, removing of the
hosts plant and planting of repellant plants. Chemical pesticides are not applied.
Seed selection. The farmer prefers varieties resistant to insects and diseases, high
yielding and adapted to the local condition.
The Experiment Proper
Planting Materials
Fifteen potato entries grown from rooted stem cuttings were acquired from the
Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center (NPRCRTC). These
entries were selected from an observational trial for organic production at Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Land Preparation, Experimental Design and Treatments
An area of 150 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into three blocks. Each
block contained 15 plots with a dimension of 1 m x 5 m. The experiment was laid out
following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
11
The treatments were as follows:
TREATMENT
ENTRY
ORIGIN
A1
380251.17
CIP, Peru
A2
384558.10
CIP, Peru
A3
676070
CIP, Peru
A4
Ganza
CIP, Peru
A5
573275
CIP, Peru
A6
676089
CIP, Peru
A7
5.19.2.2
Philippines
A8
Kennebec
USA
A9
575003
CIP, Peru
A10
13.1.1
CIP, Peru
Planting and Fertilizer Application
Rooted potato stem cuttings were planted in a double row plot with a distance of
25 cm x 30 cm between hills and rows. The entries were equally applied with compost
made from chicken dung, sunflower, pig manure and crop residues from the farm
thoroughly mixed with the soil as basal fertilizer before planting.
Cultural Management Practices
The farmer’s management practices in organic potato production were followed.
These include planting of marigold around the blocks to serve as insect repellant and
wind barrier and use of fruit fly catcher.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
12
Data Gathered
I. Meteorological Data. Temperature and relative humidity was taken using a wet and
dry bulb psychrometer.
II. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken to the Bureau of soils, Pacdal,
Baguio City for the analysis of:
1. Organic matter (%)
2. Nitrogen (%)
3. Phosphorous (ppm)
4. Potassium (pm)
5. pH
III. Growth Parameters
1. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 35 and 65 days after planting (DAP) using
the CIP rating scale (NPRCRTC, 2000).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are weak w/ few stems and
Poor vigor
leaves; very pale
2
Plants are weak w/ few thin stems
Less vigorous
and leaves; pale
3
Better than less vigorous
Moderately
vigorous
4
Plants are moderately strong w/
Vigorous
robust stems and leaves; leaves are
light green in color
5
Plants are strong w/ robust stems
Highly vigorous
and leaves; leaves are light to
dark green in color
2. Canopy cover. This was taken during the vegetative stage at 30,45, 60, and 75
DAP using a wooden frame 120 cm x 6 cm having equally sized 12 x 6 grids. Holding
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
13
the grid over the foliage of four representative previously marked plants, grids covered
with effective leaves were counted.
3. Plant height (cm). This was measured using ten random sample plants per
plot at 30 DAP. Plants were measured from the base up to the tip of tallest shoot.
IV. Pest and Disease Incidence
Late Blight incidence. This was observed started at 45, 60 and 75 DAP using
the CIP Scale (Henfling, 1982).
Blight Scale
Description
1
1
No blight to be seen
01-1
1
Very few plants in larger plants with lesions. Not
more than lesion per 10m of row (+/-30plants).
1.1- 2
2 Up to 10 small lesions per plants.
3.1-10
3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant, or up to 1in each
20 leaflet attack.
10.1-24 4 Most plants are visibly attacked and 1 in 3 leaflets
infected. Multiple infections per leaflets.
25-29
5 Nearly every leaflet with lesions. Multiple infections
per leaflets are common. Field or plot looks green,
but all plants in plots are blighted.
47-50 6 Every plant blighted and half the leaf area destroyed
by ploy looks green, freckled, and brown, blight is
very obvious.
75-90 7 As previous, but ¾ of each plant blighted branches
over helming killed off, and the only green leafs, if
any, there are the top of the plant shade of plants
maybe more spindly due to extensive foliage loss.
Plots look neither brown nor green.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
14
1-1-97 8 Some leaves and most stems are green. Plot looks
brown with some leaves patches.
97.1-99.9 9 Few green leaves almost all with blight lesions
remain. Many stem lesions. Plot looks brown.
________________________________________________________________________
Description: 1=Highly resistant; 2-3 = Resistant; 4-5 Moderately resistant; 6-7=
Moderately susceptible; 8-9 = Susceptible.
V. Yield and Yield Components
1.Weight of marketable tubers per plot (g). All marketable tubers, which are of
marketable size, not malformed and without 10 % greening of the total surface area
were counted and weighted at harvest.
3. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (g). This was taken by weighing all
non-marketable tubers at harvest which were cracked, severely scabbed, deformed, pest
damaged, rotten tuber and with more than 10% greening.
4. Total yield per plot(g). The sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tuber yield in each plot were weighted.
6. Dry matter content (%). This was taken by slicing three sample tubers of
medium, big, small into very small cubes (3-4 m3). These cubes were mixed together to
get a good representative of 100 g. Three100 g samples were taken as replicates and
oven-dried at 800C for 36 hours. The dry matter content was computed using the formula:
a. % Dry matter content (DMC) = 100- MC
Fresh weight – Oven-dried weight
b. %Moisture (MC) = ------------------------------------------- x 100
Fresh weight
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
15
VI. Cost and Return Analysis. All production cost were recorded and net profit was
obtained. Return on cash expense was computed as:
Net Profit
ROCE = ----------------------------------- x 100
Total cost of production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
differences among the treatment means were tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
16
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological data
Table 1 shows the temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the
study . The Highest temperature was 22.25oC in the month of December and lowest
temperature is 14.25oC. Relative humidity range from 82-94%.
Relative humidity was observed to be high. This condition might have affected
the occurrence of late blight during the conduct of the study.
Soil chemical properties
Table 2 shows the pH, OM,N,P and K before planting and after harvesting. The
soil had an original pH of 6.34 and 4.5 OM. These are known to be ideal for potato
production. According to Lambert (1995) normal soil contains 1-4 % organic matter.
Table 1. Temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study
MONTH WEEK TEMPERATURE (oC ) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
NOVEMBER 4th
17.5
86
DECEMBER 1st
18.0
82
2nd
14.75
86
3rd
14.25
94
4th
22.25
94
JANUARY 1st
17.25
86
2nd
3rd
16.5
90
MEAN 15.92
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
17
As for Nitrogen, the initial content of the soil was 0.0225 after harvesting, it decreased to
0.2. The decreased could be due to the high demand of the nutrient by the crop. As for
Phosphorous and Potassium, the original contents of the soil slightly increased. This may
due to the kind of compost used by the farmer.
The soil pH 6.34 before planting and at harvesting soil pH 6.23 was obtained. It
appears that soils have slightly reduction of pH which was due to slow release of organic
nutrient required by the plant.
Growth Parameters
Plant Vigor
Table 3 shows that all plants are highly vigorous at 35 DAP. At 65 DAP, potato
entries 380251.17, Ganza, 573275 and Kennebec showed a decrease in their plant vigor.
The poor vigor of the different potato genotypes grown organically may be due to
unfavorable temperature during the conduct of the study. Very low temperature might
have contributed to low vigor of the plants during the conduct of the study. Many studies
show that low temperature affect growth of plants. Figure 1 shows the plants at 30 DAP.
Table 2. Soil chemical properties of the experimental area before planting and after
planting
pH OM N P K
(%)
(%) (ppm) (ppm)
Before planting 6.34
4.5
0.225
395
676
After planting
6.23
4.0
0.2
405
752
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
18
Fig. 1. Overview of plants at 30 DAP
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
19
Table 3. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 35 and 65 DAP
ENTRY PLANT VIGOR
35 DAP 65 DAP
380251.17
5 2ab
384558.10
5 1bc
676070
5 2ab
Ganza
5
1ab
573275
5 1ab
676089
5 3a
5.19.2.2
5 2ab
Kennebec
5 1ab
575003
5 2ab
13.1.1
5 3a
Rating scale: 1 – Poor vigor; 2 – Less vigorous; 3 – Vigorous; 4 – Moderately
vigorous; 5 – Highly vigorous.
Canopy Cover
Table 4 shows the canopy cover of different potato entries taken at 30, 45, 60 and
75 DAP. It was observed that at 30 to 60 DAP, 380251.17 and 676089 had the highest
canopy cover and Kennebec had the lowest. However, there were no significant
differences among the entries. At 60 DAP, it was observed that the canopy decreased in
most of the entries. This could be due to the severe late blight infestation caused by high
relative humidity. Further observation revealed that 676089 and 13.1.1 which maintained
the highest canopy covers were observed to be moderately resistant to late blight.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
20
Table 4. Canopy cover of ten potato entries at 30, 45 and 60 DAP
ENTRY CANOPY COVER*
30 DAP 45 DAP 60 DAP
380251.17 26
27
6c
384558.10
21
18
6c
676070
20
23
15bc
Ganza
19
15
16bc
573275
22
24
16bc
676089
22
27
25ab
5.19.2.2
18
21
15bc
Kennebec
19
10
5c
575003
20
14
14bc
13.1.1
24
31
29a
CV (%) 15.38 16.90 33.98
*Means with common letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
Plant Height
Table 5 and Figure 2 show the height of ten potato entries at 30 DAP. It was
observed that tallest plants were produced by 380251.17 which are significantly different
with the other entries. On the other hand, Ganza produced the shortest plants among to
the entries. The differences in height could be attributed to their genotypic characteristics
and adaptation to the place.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
21
Table 5. Plant height of ten potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY HEIGHT*
(cm)
380251.17
21.80a
384558.10
11.91def
676070
14.41cd
Ganza
9.22f
573275
10.82ef
676089
18.94b
5.19.2.2
17.23bc
Kennebec
12.50cd
575003
16.80bc
13.1.1
18.18b
CV (%) 11.26
*Means with common letters are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.5)
Late Blight Incidence
It was observed that all of the potato entries had various reactions to late blight
(Table 6). This could be due to the high relative humidity which is favorable to late
blight infection. At 75 DAP, most of the plants were infected with late blight which
could be due to high relative humidity which favored late blight infection.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
22
Table 6. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 45, 60 and 75 DAP
ENTRY LATE BLIGHT INCIDENCE
45 DAP 60 DAP 75 DAP
380251.17
4cd
6b
9a
384558.10
6ab
8a
9a
676070
4cd
6b
8b
Ganza
6ab
8a
9a
573275
4cd
6b
9a
676089
3d
5bc
7c
5.19.2.2
4cd
5bc
9a
Kennebec
7a
9a
9a
575003
5bc
6b
8b
13.1.1
3d
4c
7c
Description: 1= Highly resistant; 2 –3 = Resistant; 4 –5 = Moderately resistant;
6 – 7 = Moderately susceptible; 8 – 9 = Susceptible.
Yield and Yield Components
Weight of Marketable Tubers per Plant
Table 7 shows the weight of marketable tubers. Among the entries 13.1.1
produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers which was followed by 6760789. On
the other hand, Ganza produced the lowest weight of marketable tubers. It was observed
that the entries which produced high marketable yield had the high canopy covers and
were resistant to late blight.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
23
Weight of Non- Marketable Tuber Per Plant
No significant differences were observed among the entries evaluated. Entry
13.1.1 produced the heaviest weight of non-marketable tubers. Entry 676070 produced
the lowest weight of non-marketable tubers.
Total Yield Per Plant
Significant
differences
in
total yield per plant were observed among the entries as
shown in Table 7. Entry 13.1.1 significantly produced the heaviest total yield. The high
yield could be explained by their differences in canopy cover and late blight resistance.
Figure 2 presents the tubers of the potato entries at harvest.
Table 7. Yield of ten potato entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok,
Benguet
ENTRY YIELD (g/ plant)
MARKETABLE* NON-MARKETABLE TOTAL YIELD*
380251.17 36.80ab
8.75
46.67ab
384558.10
8.73c
7.94
16.67bc
676070
23.95bc
2.84
26.67bc
Ganza
4.79c
7.21
12.00c
573275
22.98bc
4.75
27.67bc
676089
48.10a
10.75
59.00a
5.19.2.2
6.19c
6.56
12.67c
Kennebec
10.23c
4.06
14.33c
575003
11.57c
5.89
17.67bc
13.1.1
53.76a
15.94
69.67a
CV (%) 39.9
24.17
27.27
*Means with common letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
24
384558.10
380251.17
A1
A2
676070
GANZA
A3
A4
573275
676089
A5
A6
5.19.2.2
KENNEBEC
A7
A8
575003
13.1.1
A10
A9
Fig. 2. Tubers of ten potato entries at harvest
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
25
Dry Matter Content
Table 8 shows the dry matter content of tubers of the potato entries evaluated.
There were no significant differences observed. Numerically, however, 13.1.1 had the
highest dry matter content. Entry 676070 had the lowest dry matter content.
Table 8. Dry matter content of ten potato entries
ENTRY DRY MATTER CONTENT
(%)
380251.17
21
384558.10
17
676070
16
Ganza
21
573275
23
676089
19
5.19.2.2
20
Kennebec
19
575003
17
13.1.1
24
CV (%) 15.55
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
26
Cost and Return Analysis
The cost and return analysis on potato production in a transitional organic farm is
shown in Table 9. Among the evaluated entries 13.1.1 had the highest return on cash
expense (ROCE). High ROCE could be attributed to high marketable yield produced. It
was observed that all entries have high return on cash expense for seed production. For
table potato production, there were five entries which have negative return on cash
expense. This could be due low marketable yield.
Table 9. Cost and return analysis in seed potato production (per 5 m2 basis)
COST OF TOTAL # GROSS NET ROCE
ENTRY
OF
PROD’N* TUBERS ** INCOME INCOME (%)
(Php) (Php) (Php)
380251.17
56.60
40
80 23.4
41
384558.10
56.60
80
160 103.4
182
676070
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
Ganza
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
573275
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
676089
56.60
67
133 76.73
134
5.19.2.2
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
Kennebec
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
575003
56.60
40
80
23.4
41
13.1.1
56.60
153 266 209.4
370
*Total cost of production includes cost of compost and labor.
* *Tubers were sold at P2.00 per piece. (NPRCRTC, 2005).
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
27
Table 10. Cost and return analysis in table potato production (per 5 m2 basis)
COST OF WEIGHT GROSS NET ROCE
ENTRY
OF
PROD’N* POTATO** INCOME INCOME (%)
(PhP) (kg) (Php) (Php)
380251.17
56.60
4.42 176.8
120.2
212.37
384558.10
56.60
1.05 4.0
-14.6 -25.80
676070
56.60
2.87 114.8 58.2 102.83
Ganza
56.60
0.57 22.8
-33.8 -59.71
573275
56.60
2.76 110.4 53.8 95.05
676089
65.60
5.77 230.8 174.2 307.77
5.19.2.2
56.60
0.74 29.6 -27 -47.70
Kennebec
56.60 1.23 49.2
-74 -13.07
575003
56.60
1.39 55.6 -1
-1.77
13.1.1
56.60
6.45 258
201.4 355.8
*Total cost of production includes cost of compost and labor.
**Tubers were sold at P40.00 per kg.
Farmer’s Selection
Tables 11 shows the entries selected by the transitional organic farmer. Entries
380251.17,676070,573275,676089 and 13.1.1 were the best entries selected by the
farmers. The reasons are; adaptability in the locality, resistance to late blight and high
yield. According to Lesoc (2005) resistant and adapted entries in the locality usually
produce high yield if planted under favorable condition.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
28
Table 11. Farmer’s selection and reasons for choice
ENTRY REASON
380251.17
Large tubers produced with smooth skin and more eyes
676070
High yield, tubers have smooth skin, good shape and good color
573275
High yield, tubers have smooth skin and good shape
676089
High yield, tubers have good shape, smooth skin and more
marketable tubers produced
13.1.1
High yield and tubers have good shape, smooth skin, less non-
marketable
tubers
produced
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This was conducted to: determine the agronomic characters of ten different potato
entries in a transitional organic farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet; determine the best
potato entries in terms of yield and resistance to pest and diseases; determine the
economic benefits of growing different potato entries organically and determine which
of entries will be selected by the organic farmer.
Among the ten potato entries evaluated, there were significant differences
observed for the height, canopy cover and weight of marketable tubers produced. Entry
380251.17 produced the tallest plants. Entry 13.1.1 had the highest canopy cover and
produced the highest weight of marketable tubers and total yield and is the most resistant
to late blight. In terms of ROCE, entries 13.1.1 676089 and 676070 obtained the highest
for both seed production and table potatoes.
Conclusion
Entries 13.1.l, 676070 and 676o89 had the best performance in terms of canopy
cover, resistance to late blight and high yield under transitional organic farm at
Englanadad, Atok, Benguet. Entries 13.1.1, 384558.10 and 676089 are profitable for
seedtuber production and table potatoes. Yield and quality of the tubers are the main
basis for selection of the transitional organic farmer as exhibited by entries 13.1.1,
380251.17 and 676070.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
30
Recommendation
Entries 13.1.1, 676070 and 676089 are recommended for organic production at
Englandad, Atok Benguet.
Potatoes produced from stem cuttings were more profitable if sold as seed
tubers. The different potato entries can be further evaluated in other organic farms and
other planting months so as to verify their adaptation and profitability.
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
31
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Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
34
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 35 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
5
5
5
15
5
384558.10
5
5
5
15
5
676070
5
5
5
15
5
Ganza
5
4
5
14
5
573275
5
5
5
15
5
676089
5
5
5
15
5
5.19.2.2
5
5
5
15
5
Kennebec
5
5
5
15
5
575003
5
5
4
14
5
13.1.1 5 5 5 15 5
TOTAL 50 49 49
148 50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.067 0.33
Treatment 9 28.000 3.111 4.44ns 2.44 3.60
Error 18 1.267 0.070
TOTAL 29 1.867
ns = Not Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.38%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
35
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Plant vigor of ten potato entries at 65 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
1
2
2
5
2ab
384558.10
0
1
2
3
1bc
676070
1
2
2
5
2ab
Ganza
1
2
1
4
1bc
573275
0
2
1
3
1bc
676089
4
3
3
10
3a
5.19.2.2
2
2
1
5
2ab
Kennebec
0
0
0
0
0c
575003
3
1
1
5
2ab
13.1.1
4
2
4
10
3a
TOTAL 16
17
17
50 16.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.067 0.33
Treatment 9 28.000 3.111 4.44** 2.44 3.60
Error 18 1.267 0.070
TOTAL 29 1.867
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 20.82%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
36
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
farm at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
27
26
26
79
26
384558.10
18
28
18
64
21
676070 21 22 16 59 20
Ganza
16
19
21
56
19
573275 23 22 21 66 22
676089 21 23 22 66 22
5.19.2.2
18
18
19
55
18
Kennebec
21
23
19
58
19
575003 19 23 19 61 20
13.1.1 31
21
20
72
24
TOTAL 215
225
196
636 211
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 43.400 21.700
Treatment 9 170.133 18.904 1.78ns 2.44 3.60
Error 18 191.267 10.626
TOTAL 29 404.800
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 15.38%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
37
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
farm at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY ______________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
25
32
24
81
27
384558.10
12
29
13
54
18
676070 26 27 16 69 23
Ganza
13
17
16
46
15
573275 28 17 27 72 24
676089 22 28 30 80 27
5.19.2.2
19
20
24
63
21
Kennebec
9
16
5
30
10
575003
17
14
11
42
14
13.1.1 51
23
18
92
31
TOTAL 222
223
184
629
209.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 98.867 49.433
Treatment 9 1156.967 128.552 2.23ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 1039.133 57.730
TOTAL 29 2294.967
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 16.90%
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
38
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Plant canopy cover of ten potato entries at 60 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
9 10
0 19
6c
384558.10
4 10
3 17
6c
676070
8 24
14
46
15bc
Ganza
12
10
26
48
16abc
573275
18
8
21
47
16abc
676089 18 21 37 76 25ab
5.19.2.2
15
18
13
46
15bc
Kennebec
3 10
3 16
5c
575003 11 10 20 41 14bc
13.1.1 41
19
27
87
29a
TOTAL 139 140
164
443
147
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 40.067 20.033
Treatment 9 1684.267 187.115 3.41* 2.46 3.60
Error 18 987.267 54.848
TOTAL 29 2711.367
* = Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 33.98 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
39
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Plant height (cm) of ten potato entries at 30 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
24.93
18.69
21.78
65.4 21.80a
384558.10
13.55
13.43
8.75
35.73 11.91def
676070
16
13.2
14.04
43.24 14.41cd
Ganza
9.96
7.41
10.28
27.65 9.22f
573275
10.67
10.75
11.03
32.45 10.82ef
676089
21.2
17.7
17.91
56.81 18.94b
5.19.2.2
17.37
17.39
16.92
51.68 17.23bc
Kennebec
15.76
10.44
11.3
37.5 12.50dc
575003
16.7
18.67
15.03
50.4 16.80bc
13.1.1
20.58
18.3
15.67
54.55 18.18b
TOTAL 166.72 145.98 142.71 455.41 151.81
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 33.911 16.955
Treatment 9 440.500 48.944 16.76** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 52.565 2.920
TOTAL 29 526.976
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 11.26 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
40
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 45 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
4 6 3 13
4cd
384558.10
6 6 5 17
6ab
676070
5 4 3 12
4cd
Ganza
6 7 5 18
6ab
572375
4 6 2 12
4cd
676089
3 4 1 8 3d
5.19.2.2
5 5 1 11
4cd
Kennebec
7 6 7 20
7a
575003
6 5 4 15
5bc
13.1.1 2 4 2 8 3d
TOTAL 48
53
33
134
44.68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 21.667 10.833
Treatment 9 49.467 4.496 6.06** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 16.333 0.907
TOTAL 29 87.467
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 21.33 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
41
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 60 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
38251.17
7 6 5 18
6b
384558.10
9
8
6
23
8a
676070
7
6
5
18
6b
Ganza
8
8
8
24
8a
573275
7
6
4
17
6b
676089
6
5
4
15
5bc
5.19.2.2
7
5
4
16
5bc
Kennnebec
9
9
9
27
9a
575003
6
6
7
19
6b
13.1.1
5
5
3
13
4c
TOTAL 71
64
55
190
63
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 12.867 6.433
Treatment 9 57.333 6.370 10.96** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 10.467 0.581
TOTAL 29 80.667
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 12.04 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
42
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Late blight incidence of ten potato entries at 75 DAP
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
9 9 8 26
9a
384558.10
9
9
9
27
9a
676070
9
8
8
25
8b
Ganza
9
9
9
27
9a
573275
9
9
8
26
9a
676089
7
7
7
21
7c
5.19.2.2
9
8
9
26
9a
Kennebec
9
9
9
27
9a
575003
8
8
8
24
8b
13.1.1
6
8
7
21
7c
TOTAL 84
84
84
250
84
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.267 0.133
Treatment 9 16.000 1.778 7.27** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 4.400 0.244
TOTAL 29 20.667
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.93 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
43
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Weight of marketable tubers (g) of ten potato entries in a
transitional organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
32.35
39.47
38.57
110.39 36.80ab
384558.10
11.90
11.36
2.94
26.20
8.73c
676070
14.52
31.25
26.09
71.86 23.95bc
Ganza
8.57
2.94
2.86
14.37
4.79c
573275
23.61
8.57
36.76
68.94 22.98bc
676089
33.33
36.84
74.14
144.31
48.10a
5.19.2.2
2.94
8.06
7.58
18.58
6.19c
Kennebec
12.00
10.00
8.70
30.70
10.23c
675003
10.00
15.00
9.72
34.72
11.57c
13.1.1
75.68
15.91
69.70
161.29
53.76a
TOTAL 224.9 179.4 277.06 681.36 227.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.200 0.100
Treatment 9 16.033 1.781 3.79** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 8.467 0.470
TOTAL 29 24.700
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 13.91 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
44
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Weight of non - marketable tubers (g) of ten potato entries in a
transitional organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
32.35
39.47
38.57
110.39 36.80ab
384558.10
11.90
11.36
2.94
26.20
8.73c
676070
14.52
31.25
26.09
71.86 23.95bc
Ganza
8.57
2.94
2.86
14.37
4.79c
573275
23.61
8.57
36.76
68.94 22.98bc
676089
33.33
36.84
74.14
144.31
48.10a
5.19.2.2
2.94
8.06
7.58
18.58
6.19c
Kennebec
12.00
10.00
8.70
30.70
10.23c
575003
10.00
15.00
9.72
34.72
11.57c
13.1.1
75.68
15.91
69.70
161.29
53.76a
TOTAL 224.9 179.4 277.06 681.36 227.1
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 4.736 2.368
Treatment 9 383.571 42.619 2.91ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 263.339 14.630
TOTAL 29 651.646
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 24.17 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
45
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Total yield of ten potato entries in a transitional organic
production
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
37
51
49
137 45.67ab
384558.10
21
23
6
50
16.67bc
676070
18
34
28
80
26.67bc
Ganza
16
10
10
36
12c
573275
28
16
40
83
27.67bc
676089
42
49
86
177
59a
5.19.2.2
10
11
17
38
12.67c
Kennebec
18
14
11
43
14.33c
575503
16
22
15
53
1767bc
13.1.1
100
23
86
209
69.67a
TOTAL 306 253 348 906 302
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 452.600 226.300
Treatment 9 11627.467 1291.941 4.80** 2.46 3.60
Error 18 4842.733 269.041
TOTAL 29 16922.800
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 27.27 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
46
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Dry matter content of different potato entries in a transitional
organic farm
REPLICATION
ENTRY _____________________________ TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 20 26 17 63 21
384558.10
17
17
17
51
17
676070
15
16
16
47
16
Ganza
17
17
28
62
21
573275
24
23
22
69
23
676089
20
19
18
57
19
5.19.2.2
19
21
20
60
20
Kennebec
23
20
15
58
19
575003
17
16
17
50
17
13.1.1
24
22
25
71
24
TOTAL 196
197 195
588
196
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
DEGREES
TABULATED
SOURCE OF
SUM OF MEAN COMPUTED
OF
F
VARIATION SQUARE SQUARE
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication 2 0.200 0.100
Treatment 9 187.867 20.874 2.25ns 2.46 3.60
Error 18 167.133 9.285
TOTAL 29 355.200
ns - Not significant
Coefficient of Variance =15.55 %
Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries in a Transitional Organic Farm
at Englandad, Atok, Benguet / Adamson A. Panico. 2006
Document Outline
- Agronomic Characters of Potato Entries
in a Transitional Organic Farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES