BIBLIOGRAPHY KUMANAB, CHANDA F. APRIL 2006. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KUMANAB, CHANDA F. APRIL 2006. Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing
Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling Emergence Behavior of Parsley. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Pepe E. Toledo, PhD
ABSTRACT
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study was conducted
at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute (HORTI), while the
seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed Technology Section, Vegetable
Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various
durations of sea water pre-sowing seed treatments on the germination and emergence; and
establish the best duration of sea water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and
seedling emergence of parsley.
Pretreating the seeds in sea water for 2 and 10 days considerably increased germination
percentage but 10 days treatment duration was more effective in enhancing germination rate
(G50) and in improving uniformity of germination (G90-G10).
Likewise, priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly increased emergence
percentage, significantly hastened emergence rate (E50) and uniformity of emergence (E90-E10)
but10 days pretreatment was more effective in enhancing emergence rate and in improving
uniformity of seedling emergence. All the seeds primed for 2 to 10 days had increased shoot
and root lengths and seedling dry weight. However, 10 days pretreatment with sea water was
more effective in promoting seedling growth.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance/Uses of Parsley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Presowing Seed Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Sea Water-Based Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Polyethylene Glycol-Based Priming Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Inorganic Salt-Based Priming Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory Germination Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Seedling Emergence Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Parsley (Petroselium crispum L.) was cultivated as early as the 3rd century BC.
The Romans used parsley as a garnish and flavoring. They put it on their tables and
around their necks in the belief that the leaves would absorb fumes. Medieval European
believed that one could kill an enemy by plucking a sprig while speaking the person’s
name. It spread to the America in the 17th century, where it now grows abundantly
(Simon, et al., 1984).
Parsley is one of the best known and most widely used as culinary herb in the
United States. However, parsley is difficult to process because it takes twelve pounds of
fresh parsley to make one pound of dried materials. More people still use the fresh leaves
as garnish in soups, salads, meats, vegetables, and sauces (Hamden, 1984).
Seed priming is a technique to promote early germinative metabolic processes
that result in a rapid and uniform emergence of crops in the field which plays on
important role in the production of various species of vegetable crops (Heydecker and
Coolbear, 1977; Haigh et al., 1986; O’Sullivan and Bouw, 1984; Brock LeHurst and
Dearman, 1983a; 1983b). Adopting this technique in parsley species may lessen the
burden of the farmers in the field operation.
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study was
conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute
(HORTI), while the seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed
Technology Section, Vegetable Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
2
February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various durations of sea water pre-sowing seed
treatments on the germination and emergence; and establish the best duration of sea
water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and seedling emergence of parsley.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
.Description of the Crop
Parsley is a biennial herb native to Europe and Western Asia (Simon, et al.,
1984). The erect-growing parsley reaches a height of 0.3 to 0.7 m and had green leaves
and greenish-yellow flowers in compound umbels with seeds that are smooth, ribbed, and
ovate.
The reported life zone for parsley is 50 to 250C with an unusual precipitation of
0.3 to 4.6 mm and a soil pH of 4.9 to 8.3. The plant prefers a rich moist soil with good
drainage. Seeds germinate very slowly, and therefore a pretreatment soaking is usually
employed to hasten germination. The plant can either be seeded directly or transplanted.
Only a rosette stem growth is produced in the first year with a flowering stem appearing
early in the second year. Several harvests per year are feasible. Commercially produced
parsley seeds are actually mericarps (Hamden, 1984).
Parsley is a rich source of vitamin C and yields a fixed oil, an essential oil, and
tannins. The seeds contain both a fixed and volatile oil, the latter composed of apiol,
mysiticin, tetramethoxybenzene, pinene, and other compounds. The leaf or herb oil is
considered superior to seed oil, as the volatile characteristics are more similar to parsley
leaves. The fixed oil of parsley contains petroseline, plus oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and
other fatty acids (Hamden, 1984).
Importance/Uses of Parsley
The seeds, leaves, and essential oils of parsley are utilized as condiments or
seasoning. Fresh leaves are used for garnishing such food dishes as meat, fish, and
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
4
vegetable. Fresh, dried, and dehydrated leaves flavor a wide array of food products,
including salads, sauces, soups, stews, eggs and processed foods. Parsley seed oil is used
as a fragrance in perfumes, soaps, and creams. The plant is sometimes grown as an
ornamental plants for landscaping.
As a medicinal plant, parsley has traditionally been used as an antispasmodic,
carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, and stomachic. The plant has also been used as a
remedy for asthma, conjunctivitis, dropsy, fever, and jaundice. The essential oil of
parsley seed has been reported to stimulate hepatic regeneration.
Presowing Seed Treatments
First, presowing treatments of seeds can be done to improve germinability and/or
emergence performance not only under favorable but also stressful conditions. Such
treatments involved controlled water hydration of the seed in either pure distilled water,
osmotica (polyethylene glycol, or inorganic salts) and low temperature. The seeds are
allowed to imbibe water in a solution of reduced osmotic potentials so that some initial
steps in the germination process will proceed by radicle emergence or after surface
drying.
Sea Water-Based Treatments
In chive seeds, Dela Cruz (2005) found that sea water as a priming agent
significantly increased germination capacity compared to the dry control seeds. Priming
the seeds at concentration of 60-80% considerably hastened germination (G50). The
uniformity of germination (G90-G10) was markedly improved by 60 to 70% sea water
treatment.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
5
Toledo (1997) found that sea water as a presowing treatment to aged asparagus
seeds impressively increased final seed germination and seedling emergence percentages,
increased germination/emergence rates and uniformity against the dry untreated control
seeds.
Baucas (1998) found that 10% sea water was effective in reducing median
germination times. Likewise, 10-20% sea water treatment significantly reduced median
emergence times and at only 10% solution effectively reduced median spread of
emergence times. Longer seedling shoots and roots were noted at 10 to 40% sea water
treatments.
Polyethylene Glycol-Based Priming Agent
Akers et. al. (1987) showed that parsley seeds leached for three days in aerated
water at 250C and then primed in aerated PEG '8000' solution for 45 days at 250C
improved earliness of germination at temperatures of 5, 15, 20 and 250C, with the largest
improvement at the lowest temperature. Primed seeds germinated significantly faster
than unprimed ones when PEG solutions of -0.25, -0.5 or -0.75 MPa were used as the
germination media instead of distilled water. The latter results supports the hypothesis
that priming induces the development of low cellular osmotic potentials. The priming
effect was not lost during eight months of storage, suggesting a good treatment longevity.
Inorganic Salt-Based Priming Agent
A study conducted at BSU by Valdez (1989) showed that germinating eggplant
seeds at various concentration of KNO 3+ KH2PO4 significantly reduced percentage and
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
6
spread of germination times. Similarly, germinating the seeds at the effect of reduced
mean and spread of germination times when the seeds were germinated at high osmotic
potential (distilled water). Surface drying after priming at 1.5 and 2.0% also tends to be
more effective in improving germination percentage.
A study conducted by Amcay (2005) discovered that priming the seeds with
KNO3 + K3HPO4 significantly increased the percentage of germination. Seed primed at
30% + 30% concentration markedly enhanced germination rates (G50). The different
concentrations considerably improved uniformity of seed germination (G90-G10).
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were commercial seeds of parsley (Petroselinum
crispum L.), sea water (30 ml), filter paper, Erlenmeyer flask, graduated cylinder,
distilled and tap water (170 ml), and modified germination boxes.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments was
as follows:
Code
Duration (days)
D1
2
D2
4
D3
6
D4
8
D5
10
D6
Dry seed
Sterilization. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in 1.0% NaOCl (chlorox)
solution for 10 minutes. The seeds were then washed in distilled water. Surface drying
was done between blotting papers until the seeds flowed freely on the surface of the
paper.
Priming. The seeds were sown on-top of moistened filter paper and allowed to
imbibe in the dark at room temperature in accordance to the treatments following the
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
8
method of Toledo and Coolbear (1988). The treatment were carried out in modified
enclosed germination boxes. The filter paper was supported by glass platform and was
continuously moistened by wicks from a reservoir of 15% sea water solution below. The
boxes were set-up and pre-equilibrated at room temperature overnight after which the
seeds were sown. After pretreatment, the seeds were rinsed in running tap water
followed by final rinsing in distilled water. After washing, the seeds were surface-dried
between blotting papers at room temperature until the seeds will flow freely on the
surface of the paper.
Laboratory germination test. One hundred pre-treated seeds each of four
replications together with the control dry seeds were sown. The same procedure as in the
priming treatment were followed except that pure distilled water was used. The seeds
were allowed to germinate at room temperature. Germinated seeds were counted and
discarded at 24-h intervals until no more seeds germinated. Considered germinants and
counted were seeds that had visible radicles protruding from the seed coat.
Greenhouse seedling emergence test. The same number of seeds and replicates as
in the laboratory germination test together with the control dry seeds were tested under
greenhouse condition. The seeds were sown in a sandy loam soil half-filled seedling
plugs and covered with 1.0 cm of the same soil material. The newly sown seeds were
immediately provided with water. Emergents at hypocotyl protrusion were tag at 24-h
intervals and allowed to develop for 40 days then 12 randomly selected sample plants
were harvested.
The seedlings were watered/irrigated every other day with tap water. After 2
weeks from sowing in the seedling plugs, fertilizer application was done using Peters
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
9
Professional (20-20-20) at the rate of 2.5 g/2.0 li of water. Application of fungicide
(KOCIDE 101) was done after 3 weeks from sowing at the rate of 2.5 g/2.0 li of water.
Data gathering. The data gathered were subjected to variance analysis and mean
separation tests were determined using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were
the following:
1. Laboratory germination test. The following were taken using the method of
Toledo and Coolbear (1988). Considered germinants and counted were seeds with
visible radicle protruding from the seed coat at 24-h intervals. From this the following
were calculated:
a. Germination percentage. The percentage germination was computed
using the formula:
Number of germinants
Germination (%) =
x
100
Number of seeds sown
b. Median germination times (G50, h). The number of seeds germinated
were recorded at 24-h intervals and G50 were computed using the formula:
[(N + 1) /2 - ni]
G50 = ti
+
x (tj -
ti)
nj - ni
c. Median spread of germination times (G90 - G10, h). The number of
seeds germinated were recorded at 24-h intervals.
[(N + 1) /10 - ni]
G10 = ti
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
10
+
x (tj -
ti)
(nj - ni)
where: ni < (N+1) / 10 < nj
[ 9 (N + 1) /10 - ni]
G90 = ti
+
x (tj -
ti)
(nj - ni)
where: ni < [9 (N+1)] / 10 < nj
2. Greenhouse emergence test. Similar procedures of computations as in the
laboratory germination test were used. Considered emergents and counted were
seedlings with visible hypocotyl protruding from the soil surface at 24-h intervals. From
this, the following were calculated aside from the added data gathered:
a. Emergence percentage.
b. Median emergence times (E50, h).
c. Median spread of emergence times (E90 - E10, h).
d. Shoot length (cm). This was measured from the shoot node to the tip
of the longest shoot of 12 randomly selected sample seedlings.
e. Root length (cm). This was measured from the root node to the tip of
the longest root of the same randomly selected sample seedlings in (d.).
f. Dry weight (g). This was taken from the same randomly selected
seedlings in (d) and (e) 40 days after sowing and oven dried at 650C for two days.
3. Documentation of the study in pictures.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory Seed Germination Tests
Percentage germination. Table 1 shows that pretreating the seeds for 2 and 10
days considerably increased germination percentage against the other treatments except 8
days although comparable with each other.
Median germination times. On one hand, 10 days pretreatment markedly
enhanced germination (G50) against the other pretreatment durations. This was followed
by 8, 6, 4 and 2 days which also showed significant enhancement on the germination
rates vis-a-vis the control dry seeds (Table 1).
Spread of germination times. Concerning uniformity of germination, 8 and 10
days pretreatment with sea water promoted similar but significantly uniform (G90-G10)
germination
Table 1. Laboratory germination tests
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
TREATMENT
GERMINATION (%) G50 (h)
G90-G10 (h)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
2 days
95.0a
138.28b
103.70b
4 days
90.0b
106.25c
57.68c
6 days
91.0b
71.79d
27.43d
8 days
93.0ab
39.34e
7.41e
10 days
95.0a
26.50f
5.28e
Dry seeds
91.0b
208.63a
150.71a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
12
than the other treatments. In addition, pre-treatment at 2, 4 and 6 days also showed
promoted considerable uniformity in parsley seeds compared to the control dry seeds, but
the three treatments were not comparable as shown in Table 1.
Seedling Emergence Tests
Percentage emergence. Table 2 shows that priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days
significantly increased emergence percentage against the dry seeds. However, all treated
seeds had comparable percentage of seedling emergence which ranged from 92.00 to
97.00%, compared to only 79.00% in the dry seeds.
Median emergence times. The median seedling emergence times (E50) as affected
by durations of sea water presowing seed treatment is shown in Table 2. All the
pretreated seeds significantly hastened emergence compared to the control dry seeds.
However, 10 days pretreatment was significantly more effective pre-treatment duration
than the other duration treatments.
Median spread of emergence times. Significant differences were likewise
observed on the median spread of emergence times (E90-E10) as affected by sea water
pretreatment durations (Table 2). Pretreating the seeds for 10 days was significantly
more effective in improving uniformity of emergence compared to the other durations
and the control dry seeds. Nevertheless, the other pretreatment durations markedly
improved emergence uniformity against the control dry seeds but were statistically
different with each other. Results further show that as the pre-sowing treatment with sea
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
13
water duration was increased, there was a corresponding increase in the uniformity of
seedling emergence from 160.72 to 63.66 which means that longer duration of treatment
had removed or reduced the inhitors with in the seed that affects the germination rate in
seeds.
Table 2. Seedling emergence tests
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
EMERGENCE (%) E50 (h)
E90-E10 (h)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
97.0a
186.07b
160.72b
97.0a
160.97c
128.98c
92.0a
133.53d
102.32d
97.0a
110.33e
79.88e
94.0a
84.03f
63.66f
79.0b
266.97a
229.02a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Shoot length. Table 3 shows that priming the seeds in sea water for 2 to 10 days
increased shoot lengths compared to the control dry seeds. However, 10 days
pretreatment was markedly more effective in increasing vegetative growth producing the
longest shoots among the seeds with better the other pretreatment durations.
Nevertheless, the other priming durations also promoted seedling growth against the
control dry seeds.
Root length. Among the durations of sea water evaluated as a priming agent, only
10 days duration markedly increased seedling root length compared with the other sea
water durations and the control dry seeds (Table 3). Similarly, 8 days duration
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
14
significantly increased root length over other durations and the control dry seeds.
Likewise, the other pretreatment durations markedly promoted the production of longer
roots compared to the control dry seeds.
Seedling dry weight. Table 3 shows that all the pretreated seeds at different
durations with sea water as a pre-sowing seed treatment had remarkably higher seedling
dry weights
Table 3. Shoot length, root length and dry weight
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
SHOOT
ROOT
DRY
LENGTH (cm)
LENGTH (cm)
WEIGHT (g)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
9.42c
2.81d
0.32d
9.84c
3.26c
0.34cd
11.37b
3.60bc
0.35c
12.02b
3.87b
0.38b
13.43a
4.63a
0.42a
8.12d
1.82e
0.13e
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
compared to the dry control seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment duration was
markedly more effective in improving seedling growth over the other durations.
The increased germination percentage (Table 1) of parsley seeds primed with the
different durations of sea water corroborated with the earlier findings on pre-treated
asparagus seeds (Legueb, 1998), celery seeds (Aniwasal, 2000), parsley seeds (Amcay,
2005), rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) and celery seeds (Mangapan, 2003) but contradicted
with the results obtained by Baucas (1998) on parsley pre-treated seeds. Likewise, the
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
15
improved germination rate (Table 1) was in complete agreement with the results obtained
in pre-treated asparagus seeds (Legueb, 1998), parsley seeds (Baucas, 1998) and
rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) however, refuted the finding of Aniwasal (2000) on celery
seeds. On the other hand, the improved uniformity of germination (Table 1) was also in
complete agreement with the findings observed in asparagus seeds (Baucas, 1998),
rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) and celery seeds (Aniwasal, 2000).
The increased seedling emergence percentage, rate and uniformity of seedling
emergence (Table 2) obtained in this study complemented previous findings in asparagus
seeds (Legueb, 1998), parsley seeds (Baucas, 1998) but not on the rate of emergence of
rosemary seedlings (Pablo, 2004). The markedly increase in seedling dry weight of the
seedlings from pre-treated seeds for 10 days was attributed to earlier seedling emergence.
Documentation
Plate 1 shows the seedling harvested from the sea water pretreated seeds.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study were
conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute
(HORTI), while the seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed
Technology Section, Vegetable Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to
February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various durations of sea water pre-sowing seed
treatments on the germination and emergence; and establish the best duration of sea
water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and seedling emergence of parsley.
Laboratory germination tests. Pretreating the seeds for 2 and 10 days
considerably increased germination percentage against the other treatments except for 8
days duration although were comparable with each other. On one hand, 10 days
pretreatment markedly enhanced germination (G50) compared to the other pretreatment
durations. This was followed by pre-treatment for 8, 6, 4 and 2 days which also showed
significant enhancement on the germination rates vis-a-vis the control dry seeds. With
regards uniformity of seed germination, 8 and 10 days pretreatment durations were
statistically similar but were significantly more uniform (G90-G10) than the other
treatment durations. In addition, seedlings which had 2, 4 and 6 days pre-treatment
durations also showed considerable germination uniformity compared to the control dry
seeds.
Seedling emergence tests. Priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
17
increased emergence percentage against the dry seeds but were comparable with the each
other. All the pretreated seeds significantly hastened emergence (E50) compared to the
control dry seeds. However, 10 days pre-treatment duration was more effective than the
other pre-sowing durations. Pretreating the seeds for 10 days was significantly more
effective in improving uniformity of emergence (E90-E10) compared to the other durations
and the control dry seeds. Nevertheless, the other pretreatment durations markedly
improved emergence uniformity against the control dry seeds.
Priming the seeds in sea water for 2 to 10 days increased shoot lengths compared
to the control dry seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment was markedly more effective in
increasing vegetative growth producing the longer shoots than the other pretreatment
durations. Nevertheless, the other priming durations also promoted seedling growth
against the control dry seeds. Among the durations of sea water evaluated as a priming
agent, only 10 days duration markedly increased seedling root length compared with the
other sea water durations and the control dry seeds. Similarly, 8 days duration
significantly increased root length over the other durations and the control dry seeds
except for 6 days duration. Likewise, the other pretreatment durations markedly
promoted root lengths compared to the control dry seeds. All the pretreatment durations
of sea water as a pre-sowing seed treatment remarkably increased the seedling dry weight
compared to the dry control seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment duration is markedly
more effective in improving seedling growth over the other pre-treatment durations.
Conclusion
Pretreating the seeds in sea water for 2 and 10 days considerably increased
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
18
germination percentage but 10 days duration was more effective in enhancing
germination rate and in improving uniformity of germination.
Priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly increased emergence percentage,
significantly hastened emergence rate but10 days pretreatment was more effective in
enhancing emergence rate and in improving uniformity of emergence. All the seeds
primed for 2 to 10 days increased shoot and root lengths and seedling dry weight,
however 10 days pretreatment was markedly more effective in promoting seedling
growth.
Recommendation
From the preceeding results and discussion, the use of sea water as a priming
agent for parsley is highly recommended for it significantly improved germination and
emergence percentages and increased shoot and root lengths and dry weight. Priming
the seeds in sea water for 10 days is recommended for parley production.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
19
LITERATURE CITED
AMCAY, R. 2005. Germination and emergence behavior of parsley (Petroselinum
crispum
L.) seed to KNO3 + K2HPO4 as presowing treatment. BS Thesis.
BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
ANIWASAL, J.T. 2000. Reinvigoration of aged celery (Apium graveolens L.) Seed by
sea water presowing treatment. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
22-23.
BAUCAS, H.K., Jr. 1998. Germination and emergence behavior of parsley
(Petroselinum hortense) seeds primed with sea water. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 22-23.
BROCKLEHURST, P.A. and J. DEARMAN. 1983a. Interactions between seed priming
treatments and nine seedlots of carrot, celery and onion. I. Laboratory
Germination. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102:577-584.
_____ and _____. 1983b. Interactions between seed priming treatments and nine
seedlots
of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant
growth. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102:577-584.
DELA CRUZ, M.P. 2005. Germination and seedling emergence behavior of chive
(Allium
schoenoprasum L.) seeds pretreated with sea water. BS Thesis.
BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 21-22.
FRETT, J.J., W.G. PILL., and D.C. MORNEAU. 1991. Germination and seedling
emergence of primed tomato and asparagus seeds under adverse
conditions. Hort. Sci. 26:1160-1162.
HAIGH, A.M., E.W.E BARLOW, F..L. MILTHORPE, and P.J. SINCLAIR. 1987.
Field emergence of tomato, carrot, onion, and sorghum seeds in an aerated salt
solution. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:660-665.
HAMDEN, C.T. 1984 . Literature on Selected Herbs, Aromatic, and Medicinal Plants of
the Temperate Zone. Archon Books. P. 770.
HEYDECKER, W. and P. COOLBEAR. 1997. Seed treatments for improved
performance: survey and attempted prognosis. Seed Sci. & Technol. 5:353-425.
LEGUEB, H.C. 1998. Improvement in seed germinability of asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis L.) by sea water presowing treatment. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 36.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
20
MANGAPAN, J.R.P 2003. Efficacy of various salt-based presowing treatments on the
germination and emergency performance of celery seeds (Apium dulce
Mill). BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.. Pp. 36-38.
O’SULLIVAN, J. and W.J. BOUW. 1984. Pepper seed treatment for low temperature
germination. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:387-393.
PABLO, C.A. 2004. Improvement on the germinability and seedling emergence of
rosemary
(Rosemarinus officinalis L.) Seeds by sea water presowing
treatment. Pp. 11-16.
SIMON, J.E., A.E. CHADWICK and L.E. CRAKER. 1984. Herbs: An Indexed
Bibliography. Pp. 1971-1980.
TOLEDO, P.E. 1997. Reinvigorative presowing treatments for aged aeeds of asparagus
(Asparagus officinalis L.). PhD Diss.. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
212.
TOLEDO, P.E and P. COOLBEAR. 1988. An evaluation of hydration-dehydration type
presowing treatments as a potential means of improving the field
germinability of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds. BSU Graduate Res. J. 1:1-
32.
VALDEZ, M.T. 1989. Germination and/or emergence of eggplant (Solanum melangena
L.) seeds under osmotic conditions and its improvement by salt priming. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 47.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
21
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Seed germination (%)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
96.0 95.0
95.0 95.0
381.0
95.0
D2
92.0 89.0
90.0 87.0
358.0
90.0
D3
95.0 86.0
91.0 92.0
364.0
91.0
D4
95.0 95.0
90.0 92.0
372.0
93.0
D5
94.0 95.0
94.0 95.0
378.0
95.0
D6
91.0 88.0
90.0 94.0
363.0
91.0
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
22.333 7.444
Factor A
5
103.833 20.767
4.38*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
71.167 4.744
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
197.333
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
* = Significant
Coefficient of variation
= 2.36%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
22
Appendix Table 2. Median germination times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
134.00
141.00
140.13
138.00
553.13
138.28
D2
108.33
98.82
105.86
112.00
425.01
106.25
D3
76.80
65.49
58.46
86.40
287.15
71.79
D4
36.00
36.00
39.00
46.36
157.36
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
23
39.34
D5
26.15
25.12
28.00
26.73
106.00
26.50
D6
211.76
202.20
205.41
215.14
834.51
208.63
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Replication
3
305.886 101.962
Factor A
5 92673.082
18534.616 615.17**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
451.936 30.129
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Total
23 93430.904
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.57%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
24
Appendix Table 3. Median spread of germination times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
D1
106.20
102.24
103.47
102.90
414.81
103.70
D2
69.90
53.54 50.40
56.86 230.70
57.68
D3
26.74
25.68 26.40
30.90 109.72
27.43
D4
7.43
6.58 7.05
8.58 29.64
7.41
D5
5.18
5.01 5.56
5.36 21.11
5.28
D6
155.52
141.36
154.46
151.50
602.84
150.71
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
25
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
117.938 39.313
Factor A
5 67818.227
13563.645 796.23**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
255.517 17.034
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 68191.681
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.03%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
26
Appendix Table 4. Seedling emergence (%)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
100.0
100.0 100.0
88.0 388.0
97.0
D2
96.0
100.0 100.0
92.0 388.0
97.0
D3
92.0
92.0
92.0
92.0 368.0
92.0
D4
100.0
100.0 100.0
88.0 388.0
97.0
D5
100.0
100.0 96.0
80.0 376.0
94.0
D6
84.0
80.0 80.0
72.0 316.0
79.0
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
27
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
432.000 144.000
Factor A
5
981.333
196.267 16.73**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
176.000 11.733
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 1589.333
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.70%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
28
Appendix Table 5. Median emergence times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
201.60
200.00
186.67
156.00
744.27
186.07
D2
176.40
165.33
144.80
157.33
643.86
160.97
D3
136.00
136.80
128.00
133.33
534.13
133.53
D4
120.63
112.00
102.86
105.82
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
29
441.31
110.33
D5
84.00
86.67 81.43
84.00 336.10
84.03
D6
272.00
276.00
258.86
261.00
1067.8
6
266.97
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
1184.780 394.927
Factor A
5 84029.342
16805.868 220.89**
2.90 4.56
Error
15 1141.245 76.083
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 86355.366
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.56%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
30
Appendix Table 6. Median spread of emergence times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
156.48
169.60
154.40
162.40
642.88
160.72
D2
130.00
132.48
125.20
128.23
515.91
128.98
D3
100.80
107.52
99.36
101.60
409.28
102.32
D4
79.80
80.91 78.93
79.89 319.53 79.88
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
31
D5
60.48
72.80 56.57
64.80 254.65 63.66
D6
233.60
232.80
226.08
223.60
916.08
229.02
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
266.707 88.902
Factor A
5 73554.873
14710.975
1377.98** 2.90
4.56
Error
15 160.136 10.676
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 73981.716
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.56%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
32
Appendix Table 7. Seedling shoot length (cm)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
9.06
9.57
9.60
9.43
37.66
9.42
D2
9.67
9.50
10.57
9.60
39.34
9.84
D3
11.40
11.07
11.67
11.33
45.47
11.37
D4
13.10
11.17
11.57
12.23
48.07
12.02
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
33
D5
12.73
13.07
14.20
13.73
53.73
13.43
D6
8.03
8.13
7.60
8.70
32.46
8.12
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.765 0.255
Factor A
5
74.918
14.984
51.20**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
4.389 0.293
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 80.073
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.06%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
34
Appendix Table 8. Seedling root length (cm)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
2.76
2.97
2.83
2.67
11.23
2.81
D2
3.47
3.23
3.10
3.23
13.03
3.26
D3
3.13
3.90
3.67
3.70
14.40
3.60
D4
3.77
4.07
3.87
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
35
3.76
15.47
3.87
D5
5.00
4.93
4.37
4.23
18.53
4.63
D6
1.60
1.90
1.90
1.87
7.27
1.82
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.238 0.079
Factor A
5
18.497
3.699
70.50**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.787 0.052
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
19.522
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
36
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.88%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
37
Appendix Table 9. Seedling dry weight (g)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.31 1.29
0.32
D2
0.34
0.32
0.36
0.32 1.34
0.34
D3
0.34
0.37
0.33
0.36 1.40
0.35
D4
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.38 1.50
0.38
D5
0.41
0.43
0.42
0.43 1.69
0.42
D6
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
38
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.14 0.50
0.13
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.000 0.000
Factor A
5
0.211
0.042
209.52**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.003 0.000
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
0.214
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.41%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
KUMANAB, CHANDA F. APRIL 2006. Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing
Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling Emergence Behavior of Parsley. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Pepe E. Toledo, PhD
ABSTRACT
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study was conducted
at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute (HORTI), while the
seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed Technology Section, Vegetable
Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various
durations of sea water pre-sowing seed treatments on the germination and emergence; and
establish the best duration of sea water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and
seedling emergence of parsley.
Pretreating the seeds in sea water for 2 and 10 days considerably increased germination
percentage but 10 days treatment duration was more effective in enhancing germination rate
(G50) and in improving uniformity of germination (G90-G10).
Likewise, priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly increased emergence
percentage, significantly hastened emergence rate (E50) and uniformity of emergence (E90-E10)
but10 days pretreatment was more effective in enhancing emergence rate and in improving
uniformity of seedling emergence. All the seeds primed for 2 to 10 days had increased shoot
and root lengths and seedling dry weight. However, 10 days pretreatment with sea water was
more effective in promoting seedling growth.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance/Uses of Parsley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Presowing Seed Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Sea Water-Based Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Polyethylene Glycol-Based Priming Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Inorganic Salt-Based Priming Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory Germination Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Seedling Emergence Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Parsley (Petroselium crispum L.) was cultivated as early as the 3rd century BC.
The Romans used parsley as a garnish and flavoring. They put it on their tables and
around their necks in the belief that the leaves would absorb fumes. Medieval European
believed that one could kill an enemy by plucking a sprig while speaking the person’s
name. It spread to the America in the 17th century, where it now grows abundantly
(Simon, et al., 1984).
Parsley is one of the best known and most widely used as culinary herb in the
United States. However, parsley is difficult to process because it takes twelve pounds of
fresh parsley to make one pound of dried materials. More people still use the fresh leaves
as garnish in soups, salads, meats, vegetables, and sauces (Hamden, 1984).
Seed priming is a technique to promote early germinative metabolic processes
that result in a rapid and uniform emergence of crops in the field which plays on
important role in the production of various species of vegetable crops (Heydecker and
Coolbear, 1977; Haigh et al., 1986; O’Sullivan and Bouw, 1984; Brock LeHurst and
Dearman, 1983a; 1983b). Adopting this technique in parsley species may lessen the
burden of the farmers in the field operation.
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study was
conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute
(HORTI), while the seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed
Technology Section, Vegetable Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
2
February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various durations of sea water pre-sowing seed
treatments on the germination and emergence; and establish the best duration of sea
water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and seedling emergence of parsley.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
.Description of the Crop
Parsley is a biennial herb native to Europe and Western Asia (Simon, et al.,
1984). The erect-growing parsley reaches a height of 0.3 to 0.7 m and had green leaves
and greenish-yellow flowers in compound umbels with seeds that are smooth, ribbed, and
ovate.
The reported life zone for parsley is 50 to 250C with an unusual precipitation of
0.3 to 4.6 mm and a soil pH of 4.9 to 8.3. The plant prefers a rich moist soil with good
drainage. Seeds germinate very slowly, and therefore a pretreatment soaking is usually
employed to hasten germination. The plant can either be seeded directly or transplanted.
Only a rosette stem growth is produced in the first year with a flowering stem appearing
early in the second year. Several harvests per year are feasible. Commercially produced
parsley seeds are actually mericarps (Hamden, 1984).
Parsley is a rich source of vitamin C and yields a fixed oil, an essential oil, and
tannins. The seeds contain both a fixed and volatile oil, the latter composed of apiol,
mysiticin, tetramethoxybenzene, pinene, and other compounds. The leaf or herb oil is
considered superior to seed oil, as the volatile characteristics are more similar to parsley
leaves. The fixed oil of parsley contains petroseline, plus oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and
other fatty acids (Hamden, 1984).
Importance/Uses of Parsley
The seeds, leaves, and essential oils of parsley are utilized as condiments or
seasoning. Fresh leaves are used for garnishing such food dishes as meat, fish, and
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
4
vegetable. Fresh, dried, and dehydrated leaves flavor a wide array of food products,
including salads, sauces, soups, stews, eggs and processed foods. Parsley seed oil is used
as a fragrance in perfumes, soaps, and creams. The plant is sometimes grown as an
ornamental plants for landscaping.
As a medicinal plant, parsley has traditionally been used as an antispasmodic,
carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, and stomachic. The plant has also been used as a
remedy for asthma, conjunctivitis, dropsy, fever, and jaundice. The essential oil of
parsley seed has been reported to stimulate hepatic regeneration.
Presowing Seed Treatments
First, presowing treatments of seeds can be done to improve germinability and/or
emergence performance not only under favorable but also stressful conditions. Such
treatments involved controlled water hydration of the seed in either pure distilled water,
osmotica (polyethylene glycol, or inorganic salts) and low temperature. The seeds are
allowed to imbibe water in a solution of reduced osmotic potentials so that some initial
steps in the germination process will proceed by radicle emergence or after surface
drying.
Sea Water-Based Treatments
In chive seeds, Dela Cruz (2005) found that sea water as a priming agent
significantly increased germination capacity compared to the dry control seeds. Priming
the seeds at concentration of 60-80% considerably hastened germination (G50). The
uniformity of germination (G90-G10) was markedly improved by 60 to 70% sea water
treatment.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
5
Toledo (1997) found that sea water as a presowing treatment to aged asparagus
seeds impressively increased final seed germination and seedling emergence percentages,
increased germination/emergence rates and uniformity against the dry untreated control
seeds.
Baucas (1998) found that 10% sea water was effective in reducing median
germination times. Likewise, 10-20% sea water treatment significantly reduced median
emergence times and at only 10% solution effectively reduced median spread of
emergence times. Longer seedling shoots and roots were noted at 10 to 40% sea water
treatments.
Polyethylene Glycol-Based Priming Agent
Akers et. al. (1987) showed that parsley seeds leached for three days in aerated
water at 250C and then primed in aerated PEG '8000' solution for 45 days at 250C
improved earliness of germination at temperatures of 5, 15, 20 and 250C, with the largest
improvement at the lowest temperature. Primed seeds germinated significantly faster
than unprimed ones when PEG solutions of -0.25, -0.5 or -0.75 MPa were used as the
germination media instead of distilled water. The latter results supports the hypothesis
that priming induces the development of low cellular osmotic potentials. The priming
effect was not lost during eight months of storage, suggesting a good treatment longevity.
Inorganic Salt-Based Priming Agent
A study conducted at BSU by Valdez (1989) showed that germinating eggplant
seeds at various concentration of KNO 3+ KH2PO4 significantly reduced percentage and
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
6
spread of germination times. Similarly, germinating the seeds at the effect of reduced
mean and spread of germination times when the seeds were germinated at high osmotic
potential (distilled water). Surface drying after priming at 1.5 and 2.0% also tends to be
more effective in improving germination percentage.
A study conducted by Amcay (2005) discovered that priming the seeds with
KNO3 + K3HPO4 significantly increased the percentage of germination. Seed primed at
30% + 30% concentration markedly enhanced germination rates (G50). The different
concentrations considerably improved uniformity of seed germination (G90-G10).
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were commercial seeds of parsley (Petroselinum
crispum L.), sea water (30 ml), filter paper, Erlenmeyer flask, graduated cylinder,
distilled and tap water (170 ml), and modified germination boxes.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments was
as follows:
Code
Duration (days)
D1
2
D2
4
D3
6
D4
8
D5
10
D6
Dry seed
Sterilization. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in 1.0% NaOCl (chlorox)
solution for 10 minutes. The seeds were then washed in distilled water. Surface drying
was done between blotting papers until the seeds flowed freely on the surface of the
paper.
Priming. The seeds were sown on-top of moistened filter paper and allowed to
imbibe in the dark at room temperature in accordance to the treatments following the
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
8
method of Toledo and Coolbear (1988). The treatment were carried out in modified
enclosed germination boxes. The filter paper was supported by glass platform and was
continuously moistened by wicks from a reservoir of 15% sea water solution below. The
boxes were set-up and pre-equilibrated at room temperature overnight after which the
seeds were sown. After pretreatment, the seeds were rinsed in running tap water
followed by final rinsing in distilled water. After washing, the seeds were surface-dried
between blotting papers at room temperature until the seeds will flow freely on the
surface of the paper.
Laboratory germination test. One hundred pre-treated seeds each of four
replications together with the control dry seeds were sown. The same procedure as in the
priming treatment were followed except that pure distilled water was used. The seeds
were allowed to germinate at room temperature. Germinated seeds were counted and
discarded at 24-h intervals until no more seeds germinated. Considered germinants and
counted were seeds that had visible radicles protruding from the seed coat.
Greenhouse seedling emergence test. The same number of seeds and replicates as
in the laboratory germination test together with the control dry seeds were tested under
greenhouse condition. The seeds were sown in a sandy loam soil half-filled seedling
plugs and covered with 1.0 cm of the same soil material. The newly sown seeds were
immediately provided with water. Emergents at hypocotyl protrusion were tag at 24-h
intervals and allowed to develop for 40 days then 12 randomly selected sample plants
were harvested.
The seedlings were watered/irrigated every other day with tap water. After 2
weeks from sowing in the seedling plugs, fertilizer application was done using Peters
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
9
Professional (20-20-20) at the rate of 2.5 g/2.0 li of water. Application of fungicide
(KOCIDE 101) was done after 3 weeks from sowing at the rate of 2.5 g/2.0 li of water.
Data gathering. The data gathered were subjected to variance analysis and mean
separation tests were determined using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were
the following:
1. Laboratory germination test. The following were taken using the method of
Toledo and Coolbear (1988). Considered germinants and counted were seeds with
visible radicle protruding from the seed coat at 24-h intervals. From this the following
were calculated:
a. Germination percentage. The percentage germination was computed
using the formula:
Number of germinants
Germination (%) =
x
100
Number of seeds sown
b. Median germination times (G50, h). The number of seeds germinated
were recorded at 24-h intervals and G50 were computed using the formula:
[(N + 1) /2 - ni]
G50 = ti
+
x (tj -
ti)
nj - ni
c. Median spread of germination times (G90 - G10, h). The number of
seeds germinated were recorded at 24-h intervals.
[(N + 1) /10 - ni]
G10 = ti
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
10
+
x (tj -
ti)
(nj - ni)
where: ni < (N+1) / 10 < nj
[ 9 (N + 1) /10 - ni]
G90 = ti
+
x (tj -
ti)
(nj - ni)
where: ni < [9 (N+1)] / 10 < nj
2. Greenhouse emergence test. Similar procedures of computations as in the
laboratory germination test were used. Considered emergents and counted were
seedlings with visible hypocotyl protruding from the soil surface at 24-h intervals. From
this, the following were calculated aside from the added data gathered:
a. Emergence percentage.
b. Median emergence times (E50, h).
c. Median spread of emergence times (E90 - E10, h).
d. Shoot length (cm). This was measured from the shoot node to the tip
of the longest shoot of 12 randomly selected sample seedlings.
e. Root length (cm). This was measured from the root node to the tip of
the longest root of the same randomly selected sample seedlings in (d.).
f. Dry weight (g). This was taken from the same randomly selected
seedlings in (d) and (e) 40 days after sowing and oven dried at 650C for two days.
3. Documentation of the study in pictures.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laboratory Seed Germination Tests
Percentage germination. Table 1 shows that pretreating the seeds for 2 and 10
days considerably increased germination percentage against the other treatments except 8
days although comparable with each other.
Median germination times. On one hand, 10 days pretreatment markedly
enhanced germination (G50) against the other pretreatment durations. This was followed
by 8, 6, 4 and 2 days which also showed significant enhancement on the germination
rates vis-a-vis the control dry seeds (Table 1).
Spread of germination times. Concerning uniformity of germination, 8 and 10
days pretreatment with sea water promoted similar but significantly uniform (G90-G10)
germination
Table 1. Laboratory germination tests
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
TREATMENT
GERMINATION (%) G50 (h)
G90-G10 (h)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
2 days
95.0a
138.28b
103.70b
4 days
90.0b
106.25c
57.68c
6 days
91.0b
71.79d
27.43d
8 days
93.0ab
39.34e
7.41e
10 days
95.0a
26.50f
5.28e
Dry seeds
91.0b
208.63a
150.71a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
12
than the other treatments. In addition, pre-treatment at 2, 4 and 6 days also showed
promoted considerable uniformity in parsley seeds compared to the control dry seeds, but
the three treatments were not comparable as shown in Table 1.
Seedling Emergence Tests
Percentage emergence. Table 2 shows that priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days
significantly increased emergence percentage against the dry seeds. However, all treated
seeds had comparable percentage of seedling emergence which ranged from 92.00 to
97.00%, compared to only 79.00% in the dry seeds.
Median emergence times. The median seedling emergence times (E50) as affected
by durations of sea water presowing seed treatment is shown in Table 2. All the
pretreated seeds significantly hastened emergence compared to the control dry seeds.
However, 10 days pretreatment was significantly more effective pre-treatment duration
than the other duration treatments.
Median spread of emergence times. Significant differences were likewise
observed on the median spread of emergence times (E90-E10) as affected by sea water
pretreatment durations (Table 2). Pretreating the seeds for 10 days was significantly
more effective in improving uniformity of emergence compared to the other durations
and the control dry seeds. Nevertheless, the other pretreatment durations markedly
improved emergence uniformity against the control dry seeds but were statistically
different with each other. Results further show that as the pre-sowing treatment with sea
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
13
water duration was increased, there was a corresponding increase in the uniformity of
seedling emergence from 160.72 to 63.66 which means that longer duration of treatment
had removed or reduced the inhitors with in the seed that affects the germination rate in
seeds.
Table 2. Seedling emergence tests
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
EMERGENCE (%) E50 (h)
E90-E10 (h)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
97.0a
186.07b
160.72b
97.0a
160.97c
128.98c
92.0a
133.53d
102.32d
97.0a
110.33e
79.88e
94.0a
84.03f
63.66f
79.0b
266.97a
229.02a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Shoot length. Table 3 shows that priming the seeds in sea water for 2 to 10 days
increased shoot lengths compared to the control dry seeds. However, 10 days
pretreatment was markedly more effective in increasing vegetative growth producing the
longest shoots among the seeds with better the other pretreatment durations.
Nevertheless, the other priming durations also promoted seedling growth against the
control dry seeds.
Root length. Among the durations of sea water evaluated as a priming agent, only
10 days duration markedly increased seedling root length compared with the other sea
water durations and the control dry seeds (Table 3). Similarly, 8 days duration
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
14
significantly increased root length over other durations and the control dry seeds.
Likewise, the other pretreatment durations markedly promoted the production of longer
roots compared to the control dry seeds.
Seedling dry weight. Table 3 shows that all the pretreated seeds at different
durations with sea water as a pre-sowing seed treatment had remarkably higher seedling
dry weights
Table 3. Shoot length, root length and dry weight
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
SHOOT
ROOT
DRY
LENGTH (cm)
LENGTH (cm)
WEIGHT (g)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
9.42c
2.81d
0.32d
9.84c
3.26c
0.34cd
11.37b
3.60bc
0.35c
12.02b
3.87b
0.38b
13.43a
4.63a
0.42a
8.12d
1.82e
0.13e
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
compared to the dry control seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment duration was
markedly more effective in improving seedling growth over the other durations.
The increased germination percentage (Table 1) of parsley seeds primed with the
different durations of sea water corroborated with the earlier findings on pre-treated
asparagus seeds (Legueb, 1998), celery seeds (Aniwasal, 2000), parsley seeds (Amcay,
2005), rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) and celery seeds (Mangapan, 2003) but contradicted
with the results obtained by Baucas (1998) on parsley pre-treated seeds. Likewise, the
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
15
improved germination rate (Table 1) was in complete agreement with the results obtained
in pre-treated asparagus seeds (Legueb, 1998), parsley seeds (Baucas, 1998) and
rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) however, refuted the finding of Aniwasal (2000) on celery
seeds. On the other hand, the improved uniformity of germination (Table 1) was also in
complete agreement with the findings observed in asparagus seeds (Baucas, 1998),
rosemary seeds (Pablo, 2004) and celery seeds (Aniwasal, 2000).
The increased seedling emergence percentage, rate and uniformity of seedling
emergence (Table 2) obtained in this study complemented previous findings in asparagus
seeds (Legueb, 1998), parsley seeds (Baucas, 1998) but not on the rate of emergence of
rosemary seedlings (Pablo, 2004). The markedly increase in seedling dry weight of the
seedlings from pre-treated seeds for 10 days was attributed to earlier seedling emergence.
Documentation
Plate 1 shows the seedling harvested from the sea water pretreated seeds.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The presowing seed treatment and germination test portions of the study were
conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Horticulture Research and Training Institute
(HORTI), while the seedling emergence test was done at the Greenhouse of the Seed
Technology Section, Vegetable Crops Division, Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from December 2005 to
February 2006 to evaluate the effect of various durations of sea water pre-sowing seed
treatments on the germination and emergence; and establish the best duration of sea
water pre-sowing seed treatment on the germination and seedling emergence of parsley.
Laboratory germination tests. Pretreating the seeds for 2 and 10 days
considerably increased germination percentage against the other treatments except for 8
days duration although were comparable with each other. On one hand, 10 days
pretreatment markedly enhanced germination (G50) compared to the other pretreatment
durations. This was followed by pre-treatment for 8, 6, 4 and 2 days which also showed
significant enhancement on the germination rates vis-a-vis the control dry seeds. With
regards uniformity of seed germination, 8 and 10 days pretreatment durations were
statistically similar but were significantly more uniform (G90-G10) than the other
treatment durations. In addition, seedlings which had 2, 4 and 6 days pre-treatment
durations also showed considerable germination uniformity compared to the control dry
seeds.
Seedling emergence tests. Priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
17
increased emergence percentage against the dry seeds but were comparable with the each
other. All the pretreated seeds significantly hastened emergence (E50) compared to the
control dry seeds. However, 10 days pre-treatment duration was more effective than the
other pre-sowing durations. Pretreating the seeds for 10 days was significantly more
effective in improving uniformity of emergence (E90-E10) compared to the other durations
and the control dry seeds. Nevertheless, the other pretreatment durations markedly
improved emergence uniformity against the control dry seeds.
Priming the seeds in sea water for 2 to 10 days increased shoot lengths compared
to the control dry seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment was markedly more effective in
increasing vegetative growth producing the longer shoots than the other pretreatment
durations. Nevertheless, the other priming durations also promoted seedling growth
against the control dry seeds. Among the durations of sea water evaluated as a priming
agent, only 10 days duration markedly increased seedling root length compared with the
other sea water durations and the control dry seeds. Similarly, 8 days duration
significantly increased root length over the other durations and the control dry seeds
except for 6 days duration. Likewise, the other pretreatment durations markedly
promoted root lengths compared to the control dry seeds. All the pretreatment durations
of sea water as a pre-sowing seed treatment remarkably increased the seedling dry weight
compared to the dry control seeds. However, 10 days pretreatment duration is markedly
more effective in improving seedling growth over the other pre-treatment durations.
Conclusion
Pretreating the seeds in sea water for 2 and 10 days considerably increased
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
18
germination percentage but 10 days duration was more effective in enhancing
germination rate and in improving uniformity of germination.
Priming the seeds for 2 to 10 days significantly increased emergence percentage,
significantly hastened emergence rate but10 days pretreatment was more effective in
enhancing emergence rate and in improving uniformity of emergence. All the seeds
primed for 2 to 10 days increased shoot and root lengths and seedling dry weight,
however 10 days pretreatment was markedly more effective in promoting seedling
growth.
Recommendation
From the preceeding results and discussion, the use of sea water as a priming
agent for parsley is highly recommended for it significantly improved germination and
emergence percentages and increased shoot and root lengths and dry weight. Priming
the seeds in sea water for 10 days is recommended for parley production.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
19
LITERATURE CITED
AMCAY, R. 2005. Germination and emergence behavior of parsley (Petroselinum
crispum
L.) seed to KNO3 + K2HPO4 as presowing treatment. BS Thesis.
BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
ANIWASAL, J.T. 2000. Reinvigoration of aged celery (Apium graveolens L.) Seed by
sea water presowing treatment. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.
22-23.
BAUCAS, H.K., Jr. 1998. Germination and emergence behavior of parsley
(Petroselinum hortense) seeds primed with sea water. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 22-23.
BROCKLEHURST, P.A. and J. DEARMAN. 1983a. Interactions between seed priming
treatments and nine seedlots of carrot, celery and onion. I. Laboratory
Germination. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102:577-584.
_____ and _____. 1983b. Interactions between seed priming treatments and nine
seedlots
of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant
growth. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102:577-584.
DELA CRUZ, M.P. 2005. Germination and seedling emergence behavior of chive
(Allium
schoenoprasum L.) seeds pretreated with sea water. BS Thesis.
BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 21-22.
FRETT, J.J., W.G. PILL., and D.C. MORNEAU. 1991. Germination and seedling
emergence of primed tomato and asparagus seeds under adverse
conditions. Hort. Sci. 26:1160-1162.
HAIGH, A.M., E.W.E BARLOW, F..L. MILTHORPE, and P.J. SINCLAIR. 1987.
Field emergence of tomato, carrot, onion, and sorghum seeds in an aerated salt
solution. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:660-665.
HAMDEN, C.T. 1984 . Literature on Selected Herbs, Aromatic, and Medicinal Plants of
the Temperate Zone. Archon Books. P. 770.
HEYDECKER, W. and P. COOLBEAR. 1997. Seed treatments for improved
performance: survey and attempted prognosis. Seed Sci. & Technol. 5:353-425.
LEGUEB, H.C. 1998. Improvement in seed germinability of asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis L.) by sea water presowing treatment. BS Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 36.
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Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
20
MANGAPAN, J.R.P 2003. Efficacy of various salt-based presowing treatments on the
germination and emergency performance of celery seeds (Apium dulce
Mill). BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet.. Pp. 36-38.
O’SULLIVAN, J. and W.J. BOUW. 1984. Pepper seed treatment for low temperature
germination. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:387-393.
PABLO, C.A. 2004. Improvement on the germinability and seedling emergence of
rosemary
(Rosemarinus officinalis L.) Seeds by sea water presowing
treatment. Pp. 11-16.
SIMON, J.E., A.E. CHADWICK and L.E. CRAKER. 1984. Herbs: An Indexed
Bibliography. Pp. 1971-1980.
TOLEDO, P.E. 1997. Reinvigorative presowing treatments for aged aeeds of asparagus
(Asparagus officinalis L.). PhD Diss.. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
212.
TOLEDO, P.E and P. COOLBEAR. 1988. An evaluation of hydration-dehydration type
presowing treatments as a potential means of improving the field
germinability of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds. BSU Graduate Res. J. 1:1-
32.
VALDEZ, M.T. 1989. Germination and/or emergence of eggplant (Solanum melangena
L.) seeds under osmotic conditions and its improvement by salt priming. BS
Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 47.
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
21
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Seed germination (%)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
96.0 95.0
95.0 95.0
381.0
95.0
D2
92.0 89.0
90.0 87.0
358.0
90.0
D3
95.0 86.0
91.0 92.0
364.0
91.0
D4
95.0 95.0
90.0 92.0
372.0
93.0
D5
94.0 95.0
94.0 95.0
378.0
95.0
D6
91.0 88.0
90.0 94.0
363.0
91.0
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
22.333 7.444
Factor A
5
103.833 20.767
4.38*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
71.167 4.744
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
197.333
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
* = Significant
Coefficient of variation
= 2.36%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
22
Appendix Table 2. Median germination times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
134.00
141.00
140.13
138.00
553.13
138.28
D2
108.33
98.82
105.86
112.00
425.01
106.25
D3
76.80
65.49
58.46
86.40
287.15
71.79
D4
36.00
36.00
39.00
46.36
157.36
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
23
39.34
D5
26.15
25.12
28.00
26.73
106.00
26.50
D6
211.76
202.20
205.41
215.14
834.51
208.63
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Replication
3
305.886 101.962
Factor A
5 92673.082
18534.616 615.17**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
451.936 30.129
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Total
23 93430.904
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.57%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
24
Appendix Table 3. Median spread of germination times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
D1
106.20
102.24
103.47
102.90
414.81
103.70
D2
69.90
53.54 50.40
56.86 230.70
57.68
D3
26.74
25.68 26.40
30.90 109.72
27.43
D4
7.43
6.58 7.05
8.58 29.64
7.41
D5
5.18
5.01 5.56
5.36 21.11
5.28
D6
155.52
141.36
154.46
151.50
602.84
150.71
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
25
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
117.938 39.313
Factor A
5 67818.227
13563.645 796.23**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
255.517 17.034
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 68191.681
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 7.03%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
26
Appendix Table 4. Seedling emergence (%)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
100.0
100.0 100.0
88.0 388.0
97.0
D2
96.0
100.0 100.0
92.0 388.0
97.0
D3
92.0
92.0
92.0
92.0 368.0
92.0
D4
100.0
100.0 100.0
88.0 388.0
97.0
D5
100.0
100.0 96.0
80.0 376.0
94.0
D6
84.0
80.0 80.0
72.0 316.0
79.0
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
27
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
432.000 144.000
Factor A
5
981.333
196.267 16.73**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
176.000 11.733
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 1589.333
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.70%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
28
Appendix Table 5. Median emergence times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
201.60
200.00
186.67
156.00
744.27
186.07
D2
176.40
165.33
144.80
157.33
643.86
160.97
D3
136.00
136.80
128.00
133.33
534.13
133.53
D4
120.63
112.00
102.86
105.82
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
29
441.31
110.33
D5
84.00
86.67 81.43
84.00 336.10
84.03
D6
272.00
276.00
258.86
261.00
1067.8
6
266.97
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
1184.780 394.927
Factor A
5 84029.342
16805.868 220.89**
2.90 4.56
Error
15 1141.245 76.083
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 86355.366
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.56%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
30
Appendix Table 6. Median spread of emergence times (h)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
156.48
169.60
154.40
162.40
642.88
160.72
D2
130.00
132.48
125.20
128.23
515.91
128.98
D3
100.80
107.52
99.36
101.60
409.28
102.32
D4
79.80
80.91 78.93
79.89 319.53 79.88
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
31
D5
60.48
72.80 56.57
64.80 254.65 63.66
D6
233.60
232.80
226.08
223.60
916.08
229.02
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
266.707 88.902
Factor A
5 73554.873
14710.975
1377.98** 2.90
4.56
Error
15 160.136 10.676
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 73981.716
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.56%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
32
Appendix Table 7. Seedling shoot length (cm)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
9.06
9.57
9.60
9.43
37.66
9.42
D2
9.67
9.50
10.57
9.60
39.34
9.84
D3
11.40
11.07
11.67
11.33
45.47
11.37
D4
13.10
11.17
11.57
12.23
48.07
12.02
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
33
D5
12.73
13.07
14.20
13.73
53.73
13.43
D6
8.03
8.13
7.60
8.70
32.46
8.12
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.765 0.255
Factor A
5
74.918
14.984
51.20**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
4.389 0.293
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23 80.073
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 5.06%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
34
Appendix Table 8. Seedling root length (cm)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
2.76
2.97
2.83
2.67
11.23
2.81
D2
3.47
3.23
3.10
3.23
13.03
3.26
D3
3.13
3.90
3.67
3.70
14.40
3.60
D4
3.77
4.07
3.87
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
35
3.76
15.47
3.87
D5
5.00
4.93
4.37
4.23
18.53
4.63
D6
1.60
1.90
1.90
1.87
7.27
1.82
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.238 0.079
Factor A
5
18.497
3.699
70.50**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.787 0.052
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
19.522
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
36
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.88%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
37
Appendix Table 9. Seedling dry weight (g)
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
D1
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.31 1.29
0.32
D2
0.34
0.32
0.36
0.32 1.34
0.34
D3
0.34
0.37
0.33
0.36 1.40
0.35
D4
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.38 1.50
0.38
D5
0.41
0.43
0.42
0.43 1.69
0.42
D6
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
38
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.14 0.50
0.13
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Replication
3
0.000 0.000
Factor A
5
0.211
0.042
209.52**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.003 0.000
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
23
0.214
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.41%
Effect of Duration of Sea Water Presowing Seed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling
Emergence Behavior of Parsley / Chanda F. Kumanab. 2006
Document Outline
- Effect of Duration of Sea Water PresowingSeed Treatment on the Germination and Seedling Emergence Behavior of Parsley
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of the Crop
- Importance/Uses of Parsley
- Presowing Seed Treatments
- Sea Water-Based Treatments
- Polyethylene Glycol-Based Priming Agent
- Inorganic Salt-Based Priming Agent
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Laboratory Seed Germination Tests
- Seedling Emergence Tests
- Documentation
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES