BIBLIOGRAPHY CAYAT, MARY ANN E. APRIL 2006. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CAYAT, MARY ANN E. APRIL 2006. Growth, Yield and Profitability of
Cucumber Planted from Three Plot Preparations. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental farm in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2005 to January 2006 to determine the growth and yield
of cucumber planted from plots with and without digging, and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on the cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Results revealed that the three plot preparations did not significantly affect the growth
and total yield of cucumber in terms of the number of days from planting to first flower bud
appearance, vine length, percentage fruit set, non-marketable fruits, total yield, fruit yield per
plant, computed yield, fruit diameter and fruit length. However, the farmer’s practice of
cleaning and digging the plots produced the heaviest marketable fruits which significantly
outweighed the marketable yields of the other two plot preparations. The thesis area was
deficient with potassium element as determined in a soil analysis at the Soil Science
Department.
The highest return on investment (ROI) of 111.61% was obtained from plots
following the farmer’s practice (cleaned and cultivated plots) followed by previously dug and
mulched plots with rice straw with 55.91% and cleaned plots without digging with 40.99%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Soil and Climatic Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Effect of Mulch on Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Effect of Tillage in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting to First Flower
Bud Formation and Vine Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage Fruit Set and Yield per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Marketable and Non-marketable Fruit Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Plant Survival, Total and Computed Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Fruit Diameter and Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Cucumber called Pipino in Tagalog and Kassimon by the Kankana-eys is a major crop in
Kapangan, Benguet and other parts of the region for its long fleshy fruit that is eaten as salad
vegetable or used for pickling. Aside from the diseases affecting the plant during production, the
profitability of cucumber is affected by the high cos of labor, which was estimated by Kudan
(2001) to be 64.4% to 68% of the production cost based on a three-year (1989-1992) seed
production project when the daily wage was PhP 65.00. Land preparation was mentioned to
require more man-days in vegetable production, which can be reduced if machine is used.
According to Murakami (1991), mulch with less tillage is not only effective soil protection but
also reduce plowing labor.
Locally, farmers always dig the plots every time they plant vegetable and it takes 135 to
177 man-days to dig one hectare. Mulching will not only conserve soil moisture, control weed
growth and decrease soil temperature but also keep the soil loose, thus, there is no need to
cultivate the soil for the succeeding crop. This observation will remain an assumption if it will
not be studied. On the other hand, Locan-eo (1991) had determined that rice bean can be grown
without tillage with no marked difference on the growth and yield with those with tillage. If this
is possible in cucumber, it will eliminate the cost of labor in preparing the plots before planting
the seeds, reducing cost of production and increasing profit.
With the continuing increase of prices in farm inputs, efforts in reducing production cost
while improving yield will increase the profit. If applying mulch during a cropping will
eliminate plot digging in the succeeding cropping, then this will reduce labor cost. Similarly, if
just cleaning the area and planting the seeds of cucumber without digging the plots will produce
profit for the grower, then this should be documented. It is not only the profit derived but also
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the protection of the soil from erosion will be realized which is important for long term crop
production. Result of the study will not only be used by the following generation in their crop
production but also be added to the body of knowledge already generated from other experiments
in the field of agriculture.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental farm in Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2005 to January 2006 to determine the growth and yield of
cucumber planted from plots with and without digging, and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on the cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Cucumber
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a trailing or climbing plant of the Cucurbitaceae family.
It is a tender annual with a rough, succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five
pointed lobes. The stem bears branched tendrils by which the plant can be trained to supports.
Fresh cucumbers should be firm, well shaped, and bright green color (Lawrence, 1981).
Cucumber is extensively grown in frames or on trellises and it should yield harvestable
fruits 75 to 100 days from planting. However, harvesting is not on the basis of maturity but on
size, depending on the purpose for which it is used (Tindall, 1983).
Importance of Cucumber
Cucumber is cultivated for its long fleshy fruit that is eaten as salad vegetable or used for
pickling and for pharmaceutical preparations. The young leaves are consumed as salad or
cooked and seed kernels are also occasionally eaten. Nutritionally, cucumber contains 96.40%
water, 12 calories of food energy, 0.06 gm protein, 0.20 gm fat, 2.40 gm total carbohydrates,
0.50 gm fiber, 0.40 gm ash, 0.02 mg thiamine, 0.02 mg riboflavin, 0.10 mg niacin, 10 mg
ascorbic acid, 19 mg calcium, 12 mg phosphorus, 122 mg potassium, 0.4 mg iron, and 5 mg
sodium (Knott and Deanon, 1967).
Soil and Climatic Adaptation
Cucumber can be grown anywhere in temperate regions where conditions are favorable.
Most suitable in well-drained, slightly acidic, loamy soil with an abundance of organic matter. It
requires a warm climate with an optimum range of day-night temperature of 21-280C (Tindall,
1983).
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Effects of Mulch on Plants
Mulching vegetables increases yield, promotes earlier harvest and reduces fruit defects
(Courter and Hopen, 1970). Although all environmental factors are interrelated, changes in soil
moisture are usually important factors that determine crop response to mulching. Similarly,
Schilliter and Richey (1974) stated that mulches of all types can afford some protection against
damage caused by low temperature and relative humidity. The decrease in the loss of water
prevent the soil from cooling as low as a degree and a great depth and prevents rapid changes in
temperature. The effects were cited in a study conducted by Hughes and Leonard (1970), that
plots mulched with rice straw gave an increased yield of tomatoes for 24%, 35% for sweet corn,
32% for cabbage, and 10% for lima beans, respectively, more than the unmulched plots. Related
to this is a study conducted at Balanga, Bataan, mulching with the use of dried rice straw
increases mung bean yield by up to 200 kg with the application of high rates of fertilizer. Petate
(1978) found that the green onion mulched with rice straw had the highest total splits produced
per plot and the heaviest marketable yield with 6.32 kg and the mulched plots produced the
tallest.
Under South Carolina conditions, Robbins and Schalk (1982) discovered that black
polyethylene mulches increases the yield and early fruit set of spring grown tomatoes. Black
polyethylene mulches increases soil temperatures resulting in higher yields of sweet corn than
those from unmulched soil. It reduces the incidence of aphids, thrips, leaf miners, and
Diabrotica sp. on field ornamental and vegetable crops. The roots of tomatoes grew deeper
under transparent mulch, a reduction of 50% in water losses due to evaporation was realized
using clear polyethylene plastic mulch in soybean field.
Moreover, Gary (1960) claimed that mulch reduces water loss and have many advantage
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from common farming such as higher yield and saving from operating cost on land preparation
and cultivation. Is a study conducted by Tian et al. (1997), mulching reduce soil temperature,
increased root density, enhance lateral growth and abundance of root under the mulch to higher
nutrient absorption.
With regards to weeds, Carantes (1997) found that Galinsoga palviflora is the most
common weed species that compete with the growth of Chinese cabbage. He postulated that
these weeds must be controlled in their early growth stage to lessen production cost. Baker
(1985) reported that organic mulches prevent soil crusting, control weeds, prevent erosion, lessen
fruit rot, conserve soil moisture, and reduce summer temperature after the soil warms. He further
recommended that the farmer apply organic mulches at a depth of 0 to 2 inches around growing
plants with organic materials such as sawdust, leaves, rice hulls, and others. Villareal and
Wallace (1969) despite the application of high rate fertilizers. They also found that the control
of weeds was promoted, soil moisture was conserved, soil temperature was regulated, and the
soil was enriched in mulched plots. Edmund (1964) stated that the primary purposes of
mulching is to promote growth, development, and high yield because it reduces the role of
evaporation during summer on the surface of the soil thus conserving soil moisture. They stated
further that straw, leaves, and sawdust are good mulching materials.
Aklan and Quisumbing (1975) found that coconut leaves as the mulching material in
giner significantly increase the height, doubled the number of tiller and increased yield from 18-
27 t/ha. However, Hastie (1985), pointed out that mulches such as straw, grass clipping and well
decayed compost are ideal materials. These are placed around the plants to prevent competition
of weeds and grasses. They also prevent erosion by absorbing the impact of raindrops and
irrigation water, and conserve soil moisture by acting as a barrier against evaporation.
Moreover, Ikeda (1990) found out that mulch application will keep the fruit from directly
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touching the soil to avoid spoilage and to sustain humidity of soil and maintain low temperature.
Ricotta and Masiunas (1992), found that mulch plots covered with black polyethylene
conserve more moisture that the unmulched plots. Likewise, soil temperature increased and
sometimes hastened the growth of the crop, thus, it leads to earlier production.
Talekar and Griggs (1981) in their work on mulching reported that rice straw mulching
increased the yield of Chinese cabbage from 24.5 to 27.9 tons per hectare over the non-mulch.
They observed that the fresh weight quality of non-wrapper leaves in mulched plots were intact
while in unmulched plots were partially rotten.
Teasdale et al. (1996) pointed out that plant-mulched plots contained more leaf nitrogen
than those from bare soil. They also found that mulches formed an effective layer of organic
residue that suppressed the growth of weeds, released nutrients and improved soil fertility and
water holding capacity. Nnadi et al. (1984) studied the effects of mulch and nitrogen on maize.
They concluded that maize crop was taller and more vigorous that the unmulched. They also
claimed that mulch provides better soil moisture, temperature regimes and reduces weed
competition.
Effects of Tillage in Plants
Most crops will generally require additional tillage and intertillage, the cultivation of the
spaces between plots, to increase production. Nevertheless, minimum tillage which is reduction
of land preparation employed in crop production could also reduce cost (Foth and Turk, 1951).
It may be wise to reduce tillage operations to obtain more profits.
In 1991, Lecan-eo reported that rice bean can be grown with or without tillage and the
growth and yield has no marked differences. Rice bean grown in plots not tilled have shorter
plants but matured earlier than plants grown with tillage. However, plants with tillage had
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slightly higher seed yield.
Several reports were written on the effects of tillage to the soil and to the plants. Tillage
is one of the practices used in creating the proper environment for seeds, seedlings and plant
roots. This includes the volume of soil, water management, fertilizer and insect control materials
(Anon., 1972). In practice, tillage cause the formation of an aggregate top layer on relatively
high porosity overlying an undisturbed subsoil (Hillel and Hadas, 1970). In their experiment
under laboratory conditions, they found that there were optimal aggregate size ranges and depths
of top layer which result in maximal reduction of evaporative losses from soil columns. Hughes
and Henson (1930) reported that through tillage, roots are allowed to penetrate deeply in search
of required nutrients in the soil. Finally, Foth (1972) stated that the production of most crops
generally require at least some tillage.
Zero tillage, a minor research job of the International Rice Research (IRRI), produced
150 cavans of palay per hectare. As the name implies, there is no cultivation carried in the field.
Seedbed preparation, weeding, transplanting and other major work on the farm are eliminated.
The rice is sown directly in the field. Also, Julian (1980) recommended that plots should not be
dug in growing corn. Hence, with land preparation which does not require much labor and
capital, profit can be increased.
With the result of the experiments related to farmers situation, minimum tillage in
growing potato will be a great help in terms of economics. This will save money, time and effort
from the additional cost of land preparation. Their inputs being reduced, the farmers may obtain
higher income (Balog-as, 1980). As reported by Ibis (1983), that plants on plots that were dug
ones registered the highest mean height compared to plants on plots not dug. This result implies
that cultivation or tillage is of great importance when it comes to growth. Root elongation is
faster for nutrient absorption, so there is greater increase in height with increase in tillage.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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Furthermore, Toledo (1975) stated that minimum tillage showed slight increase in growth, head
weight, mean yield of vegetative parts over traditional tillage. The cost of land preparation is
lowered through minimum tillage in the culture of cabbage. He also mentioned that the effect of
minimum tillage did not show any significant differences on growth increment, mean head
weight and mean weight of the vegetative parts of the cabbage plant.
A study found that the yield of wheat and barley, when planted after cotton and grain
sorghum under minimum tillage practices, remained as high as when crops were produced under
maximum tillage practices (Wraker and Lehman, 1974).
Grafts and Robins (1962) mentioned that there are evidences that the primary purpose of
tillage is the destruction of weeds and reduction of weed seeds on the soil rather than its effect on
the physical properties and the chemical and biological activities of the soil. Ware and
McColumn (1975) stated that tillage improves physical condition, reduces the number of insects
because of the exposure to weather.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were cucumber seeds (‘General Lee F1'), trellis, 14-14-14, chicken
dung, insecticides, fungicides, rice straw and farm tools.
Methods
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four
replications. The treatments were the following:
Treatment Code
Treatment Description
T1
Previously dug with mulched and the seeds were planted
T2
Previously dug without digging and the seeds were planted
T3
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
Land preparation. An area of 65 m2 was divided into four blocks. Each block consisted
of three plots measuring 1 m x 5 m. One plot in each block was dug, applied with one-half can
(16L capacity) chicken dung, mixed thoroughly with the soil, then was mulched with rice straw
at about six inches thick in early October. The two plots in each block were left and at the end of
October 2005, the other plots were dug and applied with chicken manure following the farmer’s
practice of preparing the plot for planting, while the other plot was cleaned only from weeds.
Planting the seeds. On the first week of November 2005, the plots were planted at a
distance of 30 cm between hills and 30 cm between rows. There were 17 hills per row or 34 hills
per plot planted with two seeds per hill or a total of 68 seeds per plot.
Side dressing and trellising. Two weeks after emergence, the plants were side dressed
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with 14-14-14 at the rate of 150-150-150 kg N-P2O-K2O/ha or 536 grams per 1 m x 5 m plot.
This was followed by hilling-up to cover the side dress fertilizer and the growing weeds. The
mulched plots were not be hilled-up, but the fertilizer was buried near the roots and covered with
soil and the mulch. After hilling-up, trellises were placed at the middle of the plant rows for the
plants to climb.
Care and management. The plants were irrigated twice a week from planting to the last
harvest, and the vines were directed and secured to the trellis as they grow up. Plants were
sprayed with pesticides when needed, and weeds were removed in all treatments throughout the
duration of the study.
Harvesting. The fruits were harvested when they reached their full size and were still
green in order to stimulate the plants to produce more fruits.
Data gathering. The data gathered, tabulated, computed and subjected to mean separation
test using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the following:
1. Number of days from transplanting to first flower bud appearance. The number of
days from planting the seeds to the appearance of the first male or female flower was recorded.
2. Vine length (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured from the first node to the
tip of the shoot during the last harvest.
3. Percentage of fruit setting (%). Ten female flowers per plot were tagged and the
percentage of fruit set was obtained by the formula:
Total number of fruits formed
Fruit set ( % ) =
x 100
Total number of tagged flowers
4. Marketable fruits per plot (kg). This was the weight of fruits from first to the last
harvest without any defects such as very small, malformed, damaged, and very short.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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5. Non-marketable fruits per plot (kg). This was the weight of fruits that were very
small, curved, misshapen, very short or damaged, which was not sold from first to last harvest.
6. Total yield (kg). The weight of marketable and non-marketable fruits per plot from
first to the last harvest.
7. Fruit yield per plant (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the number of plants
per plot that produced fruit.
8. Yield per hectare (t/ha). The yield per plot was multiplied by 2,000 then divided by
1,000. Two thousand is the number of plots per hectare based on 1 m x 5 m plot used in the
study while 1,000 was the weight of one ton.
9. Fruit diameter (cm). Ten marketable fruits per plot were picked at random and the
diameter at the mid-section was measured with the use of a Vernier caliper.
10. Length of fruit (cm). Ten marketable fruits per plot was picked at random and were
measured from the anterior to the stylar end of the fruit with the use of a ruler.
11. Percentage survival. This was taken by counting all the surviving plants during the
last harvest and computed using the formula:
Survival (%) = Number of survivors ¸ Total number of seeds planted x %
11. Return on investment (%). This was computed by using the formula:
Net Income per Treatment Plot
ROI (%) =
X 100
Total Expenses per Treatment Plot
12. Documentation of the study through pictures.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting to
First Flower Bud Appearance
and Vine Length
The number of days from planting the seeds to first flower bud appearance and vine
length are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the cucumber plants had similar number of
days to produce flower buds from the different plot preparations prior to planting. These results
mean that land preparation can not influence the number of days to flowering of cucumber
plants. The same observations was made by Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean planted on dug plots
and not dug plots, which flowered at the same time.
Table 1 shows that there were no significant differences on the average vine length
among the plants from the different plot preparations. These findings are similar to the
observations of Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean where plants on dug plots were slightly taller than
those plants without digging the plots.
Table 1. Number of days from planting to first flower bud appearance and vine length
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS TO
TREATMENT
FLOWER
BUD VINE
APPEARANCE LENGTH (cm)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
31.25a
957.18a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
30.25a
955.13a
the seeds were planted
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Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
29.75a
1184.73a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage Fruit Set and
Yield per Plant
As presented in Table 2, there were no significant differences on the percentage of fruit
set among the plants from the different plot preparations. Numerically, the percentage of fruit
set was higher from the plants grown on plots previously dug and mulched.
Table 2 shows that there was no statistical differences on the yield per plant in the three
plot preparations. This means that whether the plots are dug or not before planting, the yield of
individual cucumber plants will not significantly differ.
Marketable and Non-marketable
Fruit Yield
Table 3 shows significantly heavier marketable fruits obtained from plots following the
farmer’s practice of cleaning and digging the plots compared to those plots without digging and
the plots dug previously and mulched. The higher weight of marketable fruits from the recently
cleaned and dug plots may be due to easier root penetration to a deeper layer in search of
required nutrients in the soil as explained by Hughes and Henson (1930) or
Table 2. Percentage fruit set and yield per plant
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
FRUIT SET
(%) YIELD PER PLANT (g)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
62.5a
158.38a
the seeds were planted
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Previously dug without digging and
60.0a
165.44a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
60.0a
180.67a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 3. Marketable and non-marketable fruits
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-
MARKETABLE
FRUITS (kg) FRUITS (kg)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
4.13b
1.88a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
4.13b
2.00a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
6.63a
1.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
due to more number of plants that produced fruits. The farmer’s practice had an average of 45
plants while the cleaned plots without digging had 37 plants and the plots previously dug and
mulched had 36 plants.
There were no significant differences on the weight of non-marketable fruits as shown in
Table 3. This means that all the plants from the different plots produced similar non-marketable
fruits, which were mostly malformed (pointed) fruits. The production of malformed fruits may
be an indication of potassium-deficient soil which was confirmed by the soil analysis done at the
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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Soil Science Department. The potassium requirement for cucumber is 30-60 kg/ha but the
analysis indicated lower than this requirement.
Plant Survival, Total and
Computed Yield
The percentage of plant survival is shown in Table 4. There were no significant
differences indicated among the three plot preparations on the percentage of plant survival.
However, the difference of 12% advantage by the farmer’s practice over the two plot
preparations may mean a difference in yield performance. The presence of mulch provided
Table 4. Plant survival, total and computed yield
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
SURVIVAL
TOTAL
YIELD COMPUTED
(%)
(kg)
YIELD (t/ha)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
53.31a
6.00a
12.00a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
54.05a
6.13a
12.25a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
66.18a
8.38a
16.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
a hiding place for cutworm to eat the emerging plants. There were no significant differences
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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16
noted on the total and computed yield as influenced by the different plot preparations for
planting as shown in Table 4. Numerically, total and computed yield were higher from the plants
grown from plots cleaned and dug before planting compared to the other two plot preparations,
but the higher yield was due to more plants that survived. These results were similar to the
observations of Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean where plants on dug plots had slightly higher seed
yield.
Fruit Diameter and Length
Results show that there were no significant differences on the average fruit diameter and
length as shown in Table 5. However, plots cleaned and cultivated plots (farmer’s practice) had
longer fruits and bigger fruit diameter. This might imply that cultivated plots have deeper root
penetration thus, more food supply resulting to longer fruit length and bigger fruit diameter.
Table 5. Average fruit diameter and length
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
DIAMETER
LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
4.36a 15.40a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
4.43a 15.52a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
4.51a 16.37a
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
17
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Economic Analysis
The profitability of growing cucumber depends on the yield and expenses incurred in
producing the crop (Table 6). Thus, plots prepared following the farmer’s practice (cleaned and
cultivated plots) which had the most number of plants per plot of 45 and also had the heaviest
marketable yield, highest expenses and the highest return on investment of 111.61%. The
previously dug and mulched plots with rice straw follows with 55.91% ROI and cleaned plot
without digging had the lowest return on investment of 40.99%. The number of plants that
survived and produced fruits is the factor that affected the differences in economic analysis. The
farmer’s practice had 45 plants while the previously dug and mulched and the plots without
digging have 36 and 37 plants per plot, respectively. The presence of mulch provided the
cutworms a place to hide then feed on the emerging plants.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
18
Table 6. Cost and return analysis
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
───────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously
dug with
Previously
dug Farmer’s practice
PARTICULAR
mulched
and
the
without digging
(cleaned and dug)
seeds were planted and the seeds were
planted
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Marketable yield (kg)
16.50
16.50
26.50
Sales (PhP)
412.50
412.50
662.50
Expenses (PhP)
Seeds
43.00
43.00
43.00
Chicken manure
51.68
51.68
51.68
14-14-14
30.00
30.00
30.00
16-16-16
6.67
6.67
6.67
Fungicide
36.56
36.56
36.56
Gasoline
35.00
35.00
35.00
Land preparation
-
16.00
36.50
Fertilizer application 3.00
12.00
12.00
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
19
and hilling-up
Trellising
2.00
2.00
2.00
Spraying
16.67
16.67
16.67
Irrigation
40.00
40.00
40.00
Weeding
-
3.00
3.00
Total Expenses (PhP)
264.58
292.58
313.08
Net profit (PhP)
147.92
119.92
349.42
ROI (%)
55.91
40.99
111.61
Rank
2
3
1
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Average selling price = PhP 25.00/kg
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted from October 2005 to January 2006 at the Benguet State
University Experimental Farm in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the growth and yield
of cucumber plants grown in plots with and without digging; and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Results revealed that the three plot preparations did not significantly affect the number of
days from planting to first flower bud appearance, vine length, percentage fruit set, non-
marketable fruits, total yield, fruit yield per plant, computed yield, fruit diameter and fruit length.
However, plots prepared following the farmer’s practice produced the highest marketable fruits
with 26.50 kg per 1 m x 5 m plot . Plots previously dug and mulched plots with rice straw and
the plots without digging have lower weight of marketable fruits of 16.50 kg per plant, each
apparently due to lesser plant survivors of 36 and 37 plants per plot, respectively compared to the
45 plant survivors from plots prepared following the farmer’s practice.
The highest return on investment (ROI) with 111.61% was obtained from plots following
the farmer’s practice (cleaned and cultivated plots) followed by previously dug and mulched
plots with rice straw with 55.91% and cleaned plot without digging with 40.99%.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it is concluded that cucumber seeds planted on plots with the three
methods of preparation have similar growth and total yield, but on profitability, the farmer’s
practice of cleaning and digging the plots provides higher return on investment due to
significantly heavier marketable fruits compared to the two other methods of plot preparations.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
20
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended, that plots should be cleaned of weeds and dug before
planting the seeds of cucumber to obtained higher return on investment. It is also recommended
that this study should be verified because the number of plant survivors were more from the
farmer’s practice (45 plants) compared to the other two treatments (36 and 37 plants), these
differences might be an effect of the treatments and this will change the economic analysis if the
plant number are the same in all treatments. Other vegetable crops should also be studied as the
cost of labor is the biggest factor that affects profitability in manually operated farms.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
21
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BALOG-AS, F.S. 1980. Influence of minimum tillage on the growth and yield of potato.
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CARANTES, J.M.. 1997. Effect of duration of weed competition on the growth and yield
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Co., Ltd. P. 245.
FOTH, H.D. 1972. Soil science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. London. Pp. 55-56.
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and Sons, Inc. Pp. 255-256.
GARY, W.B. 1960. Mulching planting another approach to reduce tillage. World Farming
11:12-15.
GRAFTS, A.S. and W.W. ROBINS. 1962. Summary of losses by weeds. Weed Control
Textbook and Manual, 3rd Ed. McGraww-Hill Book Co. P. 227.
HASTIE, E.L. 1985. Strawberry in home garden. Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries.
Brisbane. Pp. 3-4.
HILLEL, D. and HADAS. 1970. Isothermal drying of structurally layered soil columns. Soil
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HUGHES, H.D. and E.R. HENSON. 1930. Crop protection and practices. New York:
McMillan Co. P. 816.
HUGHES, T.H and W.H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of crop production. New York: The
McMillan Book Co. P. 109.
IBIS, J.D. 1983. Response of garden pea at different tillage practices and time of hilling-up.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
22
BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20.
IKEDA, H. 1990. A handbook on strawberry in the Philippines. BSU Bull. P. 17.
JULIAN, S.B. 1980. Effect of tillage on the growth and yield of corn. BS Thesis. MSAC,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 27.
KNOTT, J.E. and J.R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPLB,
Los Baños, Laguna. P. 749.
LOCAN-EO, S.T. 1991. Growth and yield performance of rice bean under two tillage practices
and different plant spacings. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 27-31.
NNADI, L., B.T. KANG and E.N.O. IWUAFOR. 1984. Effect of mulch and nitrogen on
maize. IITA Annual Report. Pp. 164-165.
PETATE, H.C. 1978. Effect of different mulching materials on the growth and yield of green
onion. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-44.
RICOTTA, J.A. and J.B. MASINNAS. 1991. The effect of black plastic mulch and weed
control strategies on herb yield. Hort. Sci. 26(5):539-540.
ROBBINS, L.M. and J.M. SCHALK. 1982. Reflective mulches influence plant survival
production and insect control in tall tomatoes. Louisiana State University of
Agriculture Center. Chase, L.A. P. 848.
SCHLITTER, J.C. and A.C. RICHEY. 1974. Textbook of General Horticulture. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 146.
TALEKAR, N.S. and T.D. GRIGGS. 1981. Chinese cabbage. Proc. Of the First International
Symposium. AVRDC, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. Pp. 57-58.
TEASDALE, J.R., A.A. ABDUL-BAKI, R. KOREAK, D.J. WHITWOOD, and R.N.
HUETEL. 1996. Fresh market tomato production in a low-input alternate system
using cover crop mulch. Hort. Sci. 31(1):65-69.
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chemically contrasting composition on maize growth and nutrient accumulation.
EBDGR News Letter 30:64.
TINDALL, H.D. 1983. Vegetable in the Tropics. Hong Kong: McMillan Education Ltd.
Pp. 159-161.
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the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
23
TOLEDO, P.E. 1975. Growing cabbage with minimum tillage and intercropping under MSAC
conditions. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 27-28.
VILLAREAL, R.L. and D.H. WALLACE. 1969. Vegetable Training Manual. UPLB, Los
Baños, Laguna. Pp. 82-83.
WARE, G.W. and J.P. MCCOLUMN. 1975. Producing vegetable crops. Illinois, USA. The
Interstate Printers Co. P. 79.
WRAKER, G.F. and W.F. LEHMAN. 1974. Tillage on barley and wheat in impartial valley.
California Agric. 28(7):10.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
24
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to first flower bud appearance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
33.0 32.0
31.0 29.0
125.0
31.25
T2
32.0 29.0
30.0 30.0
121.0
30.25
T3
30.0 30.0
30.0 29.0
119.0
29.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
8.250 2.750
Treatment
2
4.667 2.333 2.33ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
6.000 1.000
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
18.917
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.29%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
25
Appendix Table 2. Vine length (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
761.5 917.8
878.8
1270.6 3828.7
957.18
T2
722.2 1111.3
967.2
1019.8 3820.5
955.13
T3
1096.4
1125.1 1277.8
1277.8 4738.9 1184.73
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.165 0.055
Treatment
2
0.143 0.071 5.03ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.085 0..014
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
0.393
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 11.54%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
26
Appendix Table 3. Percentage fruit setting
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
70.0 50.0
60.0 70.0
250.0
62.50
T2
60.0 50.0
70.0 60.0
240.0
60.00
T3
50.0 50.0
70.0 70.0
240.0
60.00
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
558.333 186.111
Treatment
2
16.667 8.333 0.16ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
316.6677 52.778
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
891.667
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 11.94%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
27
Appendix Table 4. Fruit yield per plant (g)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
140.00 141.03 145.83 216.67
643.53
160.88
T2
163.46 156.25 168.92 176.14
664.77
166.19
T3
150.00 135.14 207.55 230.00
722.69
180.67
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
6763.328 2254.443
Treatment
2
1038.188 519.094 1.11ns 5.14
10.92
Error
6
2813.676 468.946
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
10615.191
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 12.88%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
28
Appendix Table 5. Marketable fruits (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
2.00 3.25
3.50 4.75
16.50
4.13
T2
2.50 4.00
4.25 5.75
16.50
4.13
T3
4.25 3.50
8.50 10.25
26.50
6.63
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
29.563 9.854
Treatment
2
23.177 11.583 5.98*
5.14
10.92
Error
6
11.625 2.571
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
64.354
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
* = Significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.52%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
29
Appendix Table 6. Non-marketable fruits (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
1.50
2.25 1.75
2.00 7.50
1.88
T2
1.75
2.25 2.00
2.00 8.00
2.00
T3
1.75 1.50
2.50 1.25
7.00
1.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.354 0.118
Treatment
2
0.125 0.063 0.39ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.958 0.160
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
1.438
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 21.31%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
30
Appendix Table 7. Total yield (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
3.50
5.50 5.25
9.75
24.00
6.00
T2
4.25
6.25 6.25
7.75
24.50 6.13
T3
6.00 5.00 11.00 11.50
33.50
8.38
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
45.802 15.267
Treatment
2
14.632 7.316 2.85ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
15.428 2.571
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
75.862
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.52%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
31
Appendix Table 8. Computed yield (t/ha)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
7.00
11.00
10.50
19.50 48.00
12.00
T2
8.50
12.50
12.50
15.50 49.00
12.25
T3
12.00 10.00 22.00 23.00
67.00
16.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
181.167 60.389
Treatment
2
57.167 28.583 2.73ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
62.833 10.472
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
301.167
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.68%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
32
Appendix Table 9. Fruit diameter (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
1.50
2.25 1.75
2.00 7.50
1.88
T2
1.75
2.25 2.00
2.00 8.00
2.00
T3
1.75 1.50
2.50 1.25
7.00
1.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.043 0.014
Treatment
2
0.044 0.022 2.37ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.055 0.009
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
0.142
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.16%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
33
Appendix Table 10. Fruit length (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
13.83
16.43
14.80
16.52 61.58
15.40
T2
14.86
15.86
15.78
15.57 62.07
15.52
T3
14.76
17.14
16.88
16.68 65.46
16.37
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
7.181 2.394
Treatment
2
2.232 1.116 3.16ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
2.121 0.354
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
11.535
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
34
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.77%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
35
Appendix Table 11. Plant survival (%)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
36.76
57.35
52.94
66.18 213.23
53.31
T2
33.24
58.82
54.41
64.71 216.18
54.05
T3
58.82
54.41
77.94
73.53 264.70
66.18
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
892.692 297.564
Treatment
2
417.671 208.836 3.74ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
334.802 55.800
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
1645.166
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 12.91%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
CAYAT, MARY ANN E. APRIL 2006. Growth, Yield and Profitability of
Cucumber Planted from Three Plot Preparations. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental farm in Balili,
La Trinidad, Benguet from October 2005 to January 2006 to determine the growth and yield
of cucumber planted from plots with and without digging, and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on the cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Results revealed that the three plot preparations did not significantly affect the growth
and total yield of cucumber in terms of the number of days from planting to first flower bud
appearance, vine length, percentage fruit set, non-marketable fruits, total yield, fruit yield per
plant, computed yield, fruit diameter and fruit length. However, the farmer’s practice of
cleaning and digging the plots produced the heaviest marketable fruits which significantly
outweighed the marketable yields of the other two plot preparations. The thesis area was
deficient with potassium element as determined in a soil analysis at the Soil Science
Department.
The highest return on investment (ROI) of 111.61% was obtained from plots
following the farmer’s practice (cleaned and cultivated plots) followed by previously dug and
mulched plots with rice straw with 55.91% and cleaned plots without digging with 40.99%.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Soil and Climatic Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Effect of Mulch on Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Effect of Tillage in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting to First Flower
Bud Formation and Vine Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Percentage Fruit Set and Yield per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Marketable and Non-marketable Fruit Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Plant Survival, Total and Computed Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Fruit Diameter and Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Economic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Cucumber called Pipino in Tagalog and Kassimon by the Kankana-eys is a major crop in
Kapangan, Benguet and other parts of the region for its long fleshy fruit that is eaten as salad
vegetable or used for pickling. Aside from the diseases affecting the plant during production, the
profitability of cucumber is affected by the high cos of labor, which was estimated by Kudan
(2001) to be 64.4% to 68% of the production cost based on a three-year (1989-1992) seed
production project when the daily wage was PhP 65.00. Land preparation was mentioned to
require more man-days in vegetable production, which can be reduced if machine is used.
According to Murakami (1991), mulch with less tillage is not only effective soil protection but
also reduce plowing labor.
Locally, farmers always dig the plots every time they plant vegetable and it takes 135 to
177 man-days to dig one hectare. Mulching will not only conserve soil moisture, control weed
growth and decrease soil temperature but also keep the soil loose, thus, there is no need to
cultivate the soil for the succeeding crop. This observation will remain an assumption if it will
not be studied. On the other hand, Locan-eo (1991) had determined that rice bean can be grown
without tillage with no marked difference on the growth and yield with those with tillage. If this
is possible in cucumber, it will eliminate the cost of labor in preparing the plots before planting
the seeds, reducing cost of production and increasing profit.
With the continuing increase of prices in farm inputs, efforts in reducing production cost
while improving yield will increase the profit. If applying mulch during a cropping will
eliminate plot digging in the succeeding cropping, then this will reduce labor cost. Similarly, if
just cleaning the area and planting the seeds of cucumber without digging the plots will produce
profit for the grower, then this should be documented. It is not only the profit derived but also
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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2
the protection of the soil from erosion will be realized which is important for long term crop
production. Result of the study will not only be used by the following generation in their crop
production but also be added to the body of knowledge already generated from other experiments
in the field of agriculture.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental farm in Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from October 2005 to January 2006 to determine the growth and yield of
cucumber planted from plots with and without digging, and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on the cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Cucumber
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a trailing or climbing plant of the Cucurbitaceae family.
It is a tender annual with a rough, succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five
pointed lobes. The stem bears branched tendrils by which the plant can be trained to supports.
Fresh cucumbers should be firm, well shaped, and bright green color (Lawrence, 1981).
Cucumber is extensively grown in frames or on trellises and it should yield harvestable
fruits 75 to 100 days from planting. However, harvesting is not on the basis of maturity but on
size, depending on the purpose for which it is used (Tindall, 1983).
Importance of Cucumber
Cucumber is cultivated for its long fleshy fruit that is eaten as salad vegetable or used for
pickling and for pharmaceutical preparations. The young leaves are consumed as salad or
cooked and seed kernels are also occasionally eaten. Nutritionally, cucumber contains 96.40%
water, 12 calories of food energy, 0.06 gm protein, 0.20 gm fat, 2.40 gm total carbohydrates,
0.50 gm fiber, 0.40 gm ash, 0.02 mg thiamine, 0.02 mg riboflavin, 0.10 mg niacin, 10 mg
ascorbic acid, 19 mg calcium, 12 mg phosphorus, 122 mg potassium, 0.4 mg iron, and 5 mg
sodium (Knott and Deanon, 1967).
Soil and Climatic Adaptation
Cucumber can be grown anywhere in temperate regions where conditions are favorable.
Most suitable in well-drained, slightly acidic, loamy soil with an abundance of organic matter. It
requires a warm climate with an optimum range of day-night temperature of 21-280C (Tindall,
1983).
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Effects of Mulch on Plants
Mulching vegetables increases yield, promotes earlier harvest and reduces fruit defects
(Courter and Hopen, 1970). Although all environmental factors are interrelated, changes in soil
moisture are usually important factors that determine crop response to mulching. Similarly,
Schilliter and Richey (1974) stated that mulches of all types can afford some protection against
damage caused by low temperature and relative humidity. The decrease in the loss of water
prevent the soil from cooling as low as a degree and a great depth and prevents rapid changes in
temperature. The effects were cited in a study conducted by Hughes and Leonard (1970), that
plots mulched with rice straw gave an increased yield of tomatoes for 24%, 35% for sweet corn,
32% for cabbage, and 10% for lima beans, respectively, more than the unmulched plots. Related
to this is a study conducted at Balanga, Bataan, mulching with the use of dried rice straw
increases mung bean yield by up to 200 kg with the application of high rates of fertilizer. Petate
(1978) found that the green onion mulched with rice straw had the highest total splits produced
per plot and the heaviest marketable yield with 6.32 kg and the mulched plots produced the
tallest.
Under South Carolina conditions, Robbins and Schalk (1982) discovered that black
polyethylene mulches increases the yield and early fruit set of spring grown tomatoes. Black
polyethylene mulches increases soil temperatures resulting in higher yields of sweet corn than
those from unmulched soil. It reduces the incidence of aphids, thrips, leaf miners, and
Diabrotica sp. on field ornamental and vegetable crops. The roots of tomatoes grew deeper
under transparent mulch, a reduction of 50% in water losses due to evaporation was realized
using clear polyethylene plastic mulch in soybean field.
Moreover, Gary (1960) claimed that mulch reduces water loss and have many advantage
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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5
from common farming such as higher yield and saving from operating cost on land preparation
and cultivation. Is a study conducted by Tian et al. (1997), mulching reduce soil temperature,
increased root density, enhance lateral growth and abundance of root under the mulch to higher
nutrient absorption.
With regards to weeds, Carantes (1997) found that Galinsoga palviflora is the most
common weed species that compete with the growth of Chinese cabbage. He postulated that
these weeds must be controlled in their early growth stage to lessen production cost. Baker
(1985) reported that organic mulches prevent soil crusting, control weeds, prevent erosion, lessen
fruit rot, conserve soil moisture, and reduce summer temperature after the soil warms. He further
recommended that the farmer apply organic mulches at a depth of 0 to 2 inches around growing
plants with organic materials such as sawdust, leaves, rice hulls, and others. Villareal and
Wallace (1969) despite the application of high rate fertilizers. They also found that the control
of weeds was promoted, soil moisture was conserved, soil temperature was regulated, and the
soil was enriched in mulched plots. Edmund (1964) stated that the primary purposes of
mulching is to promote growth, development, and high yield because it reduces the role of
evaporation during summer on the surface of the soil thus conserving soil moisture. They stated
further that straw, leaves, and sawdust are good mulching materials.
Aklan and Quisumbing (1975) found that coconut leaves as the mulching material in
giner significantly increase the height, doubled the number of tiller and increased yield from 18-
27 t/ha. However, Hastie (1985), pointed out that mulches such as straw, grass clipping and well
decayed compost are ideal materials. These are placed around the plants to prevent competition
of weeds and grasses. They also prevent erosion by absorbing the impact of raindrops and
irrigation water, and conserve soil moisture by acting as a barrier against evaporation.
Moreover, Ikeda (1990) found out that mulch application will keep the fruit from directly
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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6
touching the soil to avoid spoilage and to sustain humidity of soil and maintain low temperature.
Ricotta and Masiunas (1992), found that mulch plots covered with black polyethylene
conserve more moisture that the unmulched plots. Likewise, soil temperature increased and
sometimes hastened the growth of the crop, thus, it leads to earlier production.
Talekar and Griggs (1981) in their work on mulching reported that rice straw mulching
increased the yield of Chinese cabbage from 24.5 to 27.9 tons per hectare over the non-mulch.
They observed that the fresh weight quality of non-wrapper leaves in mulched plots were intact
while in unmulched plots were partially rotten.
Teasdale et al. (1996) pointed out that plant-mulched plots contained more leaf nitrogen
than those from bare soil. They also found that mulches formed an effective layer of organic
residue that suppressed the growth of weeds, released nutrients and improved soil fertility and
water holding capacity. Nnadi et al. (1984) studied the effects of mulch and nitrogen on maize.
They concluded that maize crop was taller and more vigorous that the unmulched. They also
claimed that mulch provides better soil moisture, temperature regimes and reduces weed
competition.
Effects of Tillage in Plants
Most crops will generally require additional tillage and intertillage, the cultivation of the
spaces between plots, to increase production. Nevertheless, minimum tillage which is reduction
of land preparation employed in crop production could also reduce cost (Foth and Turk, 1951).
It may be wise to reduce tillage operations to obtain more profits.
In 1991, Lecan-eo reported that rice bean can be grown with or without tillage and the
growth and yield has no marked differences. Rice bean grown in plots not tilled have shorter
plants but matured earlier than plants grown with tillage. However, plants with tillage had
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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7
slightly higher seed yield.
Several reports were written on the effects of tillage to the soil and to the plants. Tillage
is one of the practices used in creating the proper environment for seeds, seedlings and plant
roots. This includes the volume of soil, water management, fertilizer and insect control materials
(Anon., 1972). In practice, tillage cause the formation of an aggregate top layer on relatively
high porosity overlying an undisturbed subsoil (Hillel and Hadas, 1970). In their experiment
under laboratory conditions, they found that there were optimal aggregate size ranges and depths
of top layer which result in maximal reduction of evaporative losses from soil columns. Hughes
and Henson (1930) reported that through tillage, roots are allowed to penetrate deeply in search
of required nutrients in the soil. Finally, Foth (1972) stated that the production of most crops
generally require at least some tillage.
Zero tillage, a minor research job of the International Rice Research (IRRI), produced
150 cavans of palay per hectare. As the name implies, there is no cultivation carried in the field.
Seedbed preparation, weeding, transplanting and other major work on the farm are eliminated.
The rice is sown directly in the field. Also, Julian (1980) recommended that plots should not be
dug in growing corn. Hence, with land preparation which does not require much labor and
capital, profit can be increased.
With the result of the experiments related to farmers situation, minimum tillage in
growing potato will be a great help in terms of economics. This will save money, time and effort
from the additional cost of land preparation. Their inputs being reduced, the farmers may obtain
higher income (Balog-as, 1980). As reported by Ibis (1983), that plants on plots that were dug
ones registered the highest mean height compared to plants on plots not dug. This result implies
that cultivation or tillage is of great importance when it comes to growth. Root elongation is
faster for nutrient absorption, so there is greater increase in height with increase in tillage.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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Furthermore, Toledo (1975) stated that minimum tillage showed slight increase in growth, head
weight, mean yield of vegetative parts over traditional tillage. The cost of land preparation is
lowered through minimum tillage in the culture of cabbage. He also mentioned that the effect of
minimum tillage did not show any significant differences on growth increment, mean head
weight and mean weight of the vegetative parts of the cabbage plant.
A study found that the yield of wheat and barley, when planted after cotton and grain
sorghum under minimum tillage practices, remained as high as when crops were produced under
maximum tillage practices (Wraker and Lehman, 1974).
Grafts and Robins (1962) mentioned that there are evidences that the primary purpose of
tillage is the destruction of weeds and reduction of weed seeds on the soil rather than its effect on
the physical properties and the chemical and biological activities of the soil. Ware and
McColumn (1975) stated that tillage improves physical condition, reduces the number of insects
because of the exposure to weather.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were cucumber seeds (‘General Lee F1'), trellis, 14-14-14, chicken
dung, insecticides, fungicides, rice straw and farm tools.
Methods
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four
replications. The treatments were the following:
Treatment Code
Treatment Description
T1
Previously dug with mulched and the seeds were planted
T2
Previously dug without digging and the seeds were planted
T3
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
Land preparation. An area of 65 m2 was divided into four blocks. Each block consisted
of three plots measuring 1 m x 5 m. One plot in each block was dug, applied with one-half can
(16L capacity) chicken dung, mixed thoroughly with the soil, then was mulched with rice straw
at about six inches thick in early October. The two plots in each block were left and at the end of
October 2005, the other plots were dug and applied with chicken manure following the farmer’s
practice of preparing the plot for planting, while the other plot was cleaned only from weeds.
Planting the seeds. On the first week of November 2005, the plots were planted at a
distance of 30 cm between hills and 30 cm between rows. There were 17 hills per row or 34 hills
per plot planted with two seeds per hill or a total of 68 seeds per plot.
Side dressing and trellising. Two weeks after emergence, the plants were side dressed
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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10
with 14-14-14 at the rate of 150-150-150 kg N-P2O-K2O/ha or 536 grams per 1 m x 5 m plot.
This was followed by hilling-up to cover the side dress fertilizer and the growing weeds. The
mulched plots were not be hilled-up, but the fertilizer was buried near the roots and covered with
soil and the mulch. After hilling-up, trellises were placed at the middle of the plant rows for the
plants to climb.
Care and management. The plants were irrigated twice a week from planting to the last
harvest, and the vines were directed and secured to the trellis as they grow up. Plants were
sprayed with pesticides when needed, and weeds were removed in all treatments throughout the
duration of the study.
Harvesting. The fruits were harvested when they reached their full size and were still
green in order to stimulate the plants to produce more fruits.
Data gathering. The data gathered, tabulated, computed and subjected to mean separation
test using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the following:
1. Number of days from transplanting to first flower bud appearance. The number of
days from planting the seeds to the appearance of the first male or female flower was recorded.
2. Vine length (cm). Ten sample plants per plot were measured from the first node to the
tip of the shoot during the last harvest.
3. Percentage of fruit setting (%). Ten female flowers per plot were tagged and the
percentage of fruit set was obtained by the formula:
Total number of fruits formed
Fruit set ( % ) =
x 100
Total number of tagged flowers
4. Marketable fruits per plot (kg). This was the weight of fruits from first to the last
harvest without any defects such as very small, malformed, damaged, and very short.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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5. Non-marketable fruits per plot (kg). This was the weight of fruits that were very
small, curved, misshapen, very short or damaged, which was not sold from first to last harvest.
6. Total yield (kg). The weight of marketable and non-marketable fruits per plot from
first to the last harvest.
7. Fruit yield per plant (g). The total yield per plot was divided by the number of plants
per plot that produced fruit.
8. Yield per hectare (t/ha). The yield per plot was multiplied by 2,000 then divided by
1,000. Two thousand is the number of plots per hectare based on 1 m x 5 m plot used in the
study while 1,000 was the weight of one ton.
9. Fruit diameter (cm). Ten marketable fruits per plot were picked at random and the
diameter at the mid-section was measured with the use of a Vernier caliper.
10. Length of fruit (cm). Ten marketable fruits per plot was picked at random and were
measured from the anterior to the stylar end of the fruit with the use of a ruler.
11. Percentage survival. This was taken by counting all the surviving plants during the
last harvest and computed using the formula:
Survival (%) = Number of survivors ¸ Total number of seeds planted x %
11. Return on investment (%). This was computed by using the formula:
Net Income per Treatment Plot
ROI (%) =
X 100
Total Expenses per Treatment Plot
12. Documentation of the study through pictures.
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12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Planting to
First Flower Bud Appearance
and Vine Length
The number of days from planting the seeds to first flower bud appearance and vine
length are shown in Table 1. It was observed that the cucumber plants had similar number of
days to produce flower buds from the different plot preparations prior to planting. These results
mean that land preparation can not influence the number of days to flowering of cucumber
plants. The same observations was made by Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean planted on dug plots
and not dug plots, which flowered at the same time.
Table 1 shows that there were no significant differences on the average vine length
among the plants from the different plot preparations. These findings are similar to the
observations of Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean where plants on dug plots were slightly taller than
those plants without digging the plots.
Table 1. Number of days from planting to first flower bud appearance and vine length
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
DAYS TO
TREATMENT
FLOWER
BUD VINE
APPEARANCE LENGTH (cm)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
31.25a
957.18a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
30.25a
955.13a
the seeds were planted
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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13
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
29.75a
1184.73a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Percentage Fruit Set and
Yield per Plant
As presented in Table 2, there were no significant differences on the percentage of fruit
set among the plants from the different plot preparations. Numerically, the percentage of fruit
set was higher from the plants grown on plots previously dug and mulched.
Table 2 shows that there was no statistical differences on the yield per plant in the three
plot preparations. This means that whether the plots are dug or not before planting, the yield of
individual cucumber plants will not significantly differ.
Marketable and Non-marketable
Fruit Yield
Table 3 shows significantly heavier marketable fruits obtained from plots following the
farmer’s practice of cleaning and digging the plots compared to those plots without digging and
the plots dug previously and mulched. The higher weight of marketable fruits from the recently
cleaned and dug plots may be due to easier root penetration to a deeper layer in search of
required nutrients in the soil as explained by Hughes and Henson (1930) or
Table 2. Percentage fruit set and yield per plant
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
FRUIT SET
(%) YIELD PER PLANT (g)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
62.5a
158.38a
the seeds were planted
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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14
Previously dug without digging and
60.0a
165.44a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
60.0a
180.67a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 3. Marketable and non-marketable fruits
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
MARKETABLE
NON-
MARKETABLE
FRUITS (kg) FRUITS (kg)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
4.13b
1.88a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
4.13b
2.00a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
6.63a
1.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
due to more number of plants that produced fruits. The farmer’s practice had an average of 45
plants while the cleaned plots without digging had 37 plants and the plots previously dug and
mulched had 36 plants.
There were no significant differences on the weight of non-marketable fruits as shown in
Table 3. This means that all the plants from the different plots produced similar non-marketable
fruits, which were mostly malformed (pointed) fruits. The production of malformed fruits may
be an indication of potassium-deficient soil which was confirmed by the soil analysis done at the
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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15
Soil Science Department. The potassium requirement for cucumber is 30-60 kg/ha but the
analysis indicated lower than this requirement.
Plant Survival, Total and
Computed Yield
The percentage of plant survival is shown in Table 4. There were no significant
differences indicated among the three plot preparations on the percentage of plant survival.
However, the difference of 12% advantage by the farmer’s practice over the two plot
preparations may mean a difference in yield performance. The presence of mulch provided
Table 4. Plant survival, total and computed yield
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
SURVIVAL
TOTAL
YIELD COMPUTED
(%)
(kg)
YIELD (t/ha)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
53.31a
6.00a
12.00a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
54.05a
6.13a
12.25a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
66.18a
8.38a
16.75a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
a hiding place for cutworm to eat the emerging plants. There were no significant differences
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
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16
noted on the total and computed yield as influenced by the different plot preparations for
planting as shown in Table 4. Numerically, total and computed yield were higher from the plants
grown from plots cleaned and dug before planting compared to the other two plot preparations,
but the higher yield was due to more plants that survived. These results were similar to the
observations of Locan-eo (1991) in rice bean where plants on dug plots had slightly higher seed
yield.
Fruit Diameter and Length
Results show that there were no significant differences on the average fruit diameter and
length as shown in Table 5. However, plots cleaned and cultivated plots (farmer’s practice) had
longer fruits and bigger fruit diameter. This might imply that cultivated plots have deeper root
penetration thus, more food supply resulting to longer fruit length and bigger fruit diameter.
Table 5. Average fruit diameter and length
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
DIAMETER
LENGTH
(cm)
(cm)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously dug with mulched and
4.36a 15.40a
the seeds were planted
Previously dug without digging and
4.43a 15.52a
the seeds were planted
Farmer’s practice (cleaned and dug)
4.51a 16.37a
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
17
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Economic Analysis
The profitability of growing cucumber depends on the yield and expenses incurred in
producing the crop (Table 6). Thus, plots prepared following the farmer’s practice (cleaned and
cultivated plots) which had the most number of plants per plot of 45 and also had the heaviest
marketable yield, highest expenses and the highest return on investment of 111.61%. The
previously dug and mulched plots with rice straw follows with 55.91% ROI and cleaned plot
without digging had the lowest return on investment of 40.99%. The number of plants that
survived and produced fruits is the factor that affected the differences in economic analysis. The
farmer’s practice had 45 plants while the previously dug and mulched and the plots without
digging have 36 and 37 plants per plot, respectively. The presence of mulch provided the
cutworms a place to hide then feed on the emerging plants.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
18
Table 6. Cost and return analysis
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TREATMENT
───────────────────────────────────────────────
Previously
dug with
Previously
dug Farmer’s practice
PARTICULAR
mulched
and
the
without digging
(cleaned and dug)
seeds were planted and the seeds were
planted
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Marketable yield (kg)
16.50
16.50
26.50
Sales (PhP)
412.50
412.50
662.50
Expenses (PhP)
Seeds
43.00
43.00
43.00
Chicken manure
51.68
51.68
51.68
14-14-14
30.00
30.00
30.00
16-16-16
6.67
6.67
6.67
Fungicide
36.56
36.56
36.56
Gasoline
35.00
35.00
35.00
Land preparation
-
16.00
36.50
Fertilizer application 3.00
12.00
12.00
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
19
and hilling-up
Trellising
2.00
2.00
2.00
Spraying
16.67
16.67
16.67
Irrigation
40.00
40.00
40.00
Weeding
-
3.00
3.00
Total Expenses (PhP)
264.58
292.58
313.08
Net profit (PhP)
147.92
119.92
349.42
ROI (%)
55.91
40.99
111.61
Rank
2
3
1
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Average selling price = PhP 25.00/kg
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted from October 2005 to January 2006 at the Benguet State
University Experimental Farm in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the growth and yield
of cucumber plants grown in plots with and without digging; and determine the profitability of
cucumber production on cost of land preparation and yield per treatment.
Results revealed that the three plot preparations did not significantly affect the number of
days from planting to first flower bud appearance, vine length, percentage fruit set, non-
marketable fruits, total yield, fruit yield per plant, computed yield, fruit diameter and fruit length.
However, plots prepared following the farmer’s practice produced the highest marketable fruits
with 26.50 kg per 1 m x 5 m plot . Plots previously dug and mulched plots with rice straw and
the plots without digging have lower weight of marketable fruits of 16.50 kg per plant, each
apparently due to lesser plant survivors of 36 and 37 plants per plot, respectively compared to the
45 plant survivors from plots prepared following the farmer’s practice.
The highest return on investment (ROI) with 111.61% was obtained from plots following
the farmer’s practice (cleaned and cultivated plots) followed by previously dug and mulched
plots with rice straw with 55.91% and cleaned plot without digging with 40.99%.
Conclusion
Based on the results, it is concluded that cucumber seeds planted on plots with the three
methods of preparation have similar growth and total yield, but on profitability, the farmer’s
practice of cleaning and digging the plots provides higher return on investment due to
significantly heavier marketable fruits compared to the two other methods of plot preparations.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
20
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended, that plots should be cleaned of weeds and dug before
planting the seeds of cucumber to obtained higher return on investment. It is also recommended
that this study should be verified because the number of plant survivors were more from the
farmer’s practice (45 plants) compared to the other two treatments (36 and 37 plants), these
differences might be an effect of the treatments and this will change the economic analysis if the
plant number are the same in all treatments. Other vegetable crops should also be studied as the
cost of labor is the biggest factor that affects profitability in manually operated farms.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
21
LITERATURE CITED
AKLAN, F. and E.C. QUISUMBING. 1976. The influence of mulch on the yield and quality
of ginger. Crops and soils 2:4, 14.
ANONYMOUS. 1972. Proceedings. International seminar on soil and water utilization. South
Dakota State College. P. 160.
BAKER, J. 1985. Jeffy Baker’s Fast Easy Vegetable. Ontario: Garden Penguin Book. Pp.
174-174.
BALOG-AS, F.S. 1980. Influence of minimum tillage on the growth and yield of potato.
MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 9.
CARANTES, J.M.. 1997. Effect of duration of weed competition on the growth and yield
of Chinese cabbage. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 29.
COURTER, and H.J. HOPEN. 1970. Mulching vegetables. World Farming 11:12-15.
EDMUND, J.B. 1964. Fundamentals of Horticulture. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Pub.
Co., Ltd. P. 245.
FOTH, H.D. 1972. Soil science. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. London. Pp. 55-56.
FOTH, H.D. and L.M. TURK. 1951. Fundamentals of Soil Science. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. Pp. 255-256.
GARY, W.B. 1960. Mulching planting another approach to reduce tillage. World Farming
11:12-15.
GRAFTS, A.S. and W.W. ROBINS. 1962. Summary of losses by weeds. Weed Control
Textbook and Manual, 3rd Ed. McGraww-Hill Book Co. P. 227.
HASTIE, E.L. 1985. Strawberry in home garden. Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries.
Brisbane. Pp. 3-4.
HILLEL, D. and HADAS. 1970. Isothermal drying of structurally layered soil columns. Soil
science. The Williams and Wilkins Co., USA. Pp. 30-35.
HUGHES, H.D. and E.R. HENSON. 1930. Crop protection and practices. New York:
McMillan Co. P. 816.
HUGHES, T.H and W.H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles of crop production. New York: The
McMillan Book Co. P. 109.
IBIS, J.D. 1983. Response of garden pea at different tillage practices and time of hilling-up.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
22
BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20.
IKEDA, H. 1990. A handbook on strawberry in the Philippines. BSU Bull. P. 17.
JULIAN, S.B. 1980. Effect of tillage on the growth and yield of corn. BS Thesis. MSAC,
La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 27.
KNOTT, J.E. and J.R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. UPLB,
Los Baños, Laguna. P. 749.
LOCAN-EO, S.T. 1991. Growth and yield performance of rice bean under two tillage practices
and different plant spacings. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 27-31.
NNADI, L., B.T. KANG and E.N.O. IWUAFOR. 1984. Effect of mulch and nitrogen on
maize. IITA Annual Report. Pp. 164-165.
PETATE, H.C. 1978. Effect of different mulching materials on the growth and yield of green
onion. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-44.
RICOTTA, J.A. and J.B. MASINNAS. 1991. The effect of black plastic mulch and weed
control strategies on herb yield. Hort. Sci. 26(5):539-540.
ROBBINS, L.M. and J.M. SCHALK. 1982. Reflective mulches influence plant survival
production and insect control in tall tomatoes. Louisiana State University of
Agriculture Center. Chase, L.A. P. 848.
SCHLITTER, J.C. and A.C. RICHEY. 1974. Textbook of General Horticulture. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 146.
TALEKAR, N.S. and T.D. GRIGGS. 1981. Chinese cabbage. Proc. Of the First International
Symposium. AVRDC, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. Pp. 57-58.
TEASDALE, J.R., A.A. ABDUL-BAKI, R. KOREAK, D.J. WHITWOOD, and R.N.
HUETEL. 1996. Fresh market tomato production in a low-input alternate system
using cover crop mulch. Hort. Sci. 31(1):65-69.
TIAN, G., B.T. KANG, and L. BRUSSAND. 1997. Mulching effect of plant residues with
chemically contrasting composition on maize growth and nutrient accumulation.
EBDGR News Letter 30:64.
TINDALL, H.D. 1983. Vegetable in the Tropics. Hong Kong: McMillan Education Ltd.
Pp. 159-161.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
23
TOLEDO, P.E. 1975. Growing cabbage with minimum tillage and intercropping under MSAC
conditions. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 27-28.
VILLAREAL, R.L. and D.H. WALLACE. 1969. Vegetable Training Manual. UPLB, Los
Baños, Laguna. Pp. 82-83.
WARE, G.W. and J.P. MCCOLUMN. 1975. Producing vegetable crops. Illinois, USA. The
Interstate Printers Co. P. 79.
WRAKER, G.F. and W.F. LEHMAN. 1974. Tillage on barley and wheat in impartial valley.
California Agric. 28(7):10.
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
24
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from planting to first flower bud appearance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
33.0 32.0
31.0 29.0
125.0
31.25
T2
32.0 29.0
30.0 30.0
121.0
30.25
T3
30.0 30.0
30.0 29.0
119.0
29.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
8.250 2.750
Treatment
2
4.667 2.333 2.33ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
6.000 1.000
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
18.917
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.29%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
25
Appendix Table 2. Vine length (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
761.5 917.8
878.8
1270.6 3828.7
957.18
T2
722.2 1111.3
967.2
1019.8 3820.5
955.13
T3
1096.4
1125.1 1277.8
1277.8 4738.9 1184.73
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.165 0.055
Treatment
2
0.143 0.071 5.03ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.085 0..014
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
0.393
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 11.54%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
26
Appendix Table 3. Percentage fruit setting
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
70.0 50.0
60.0 70.0
250.0
62.50
T2
60.0 50.0
70.0 60.0
240.0
60.00
T3
50.0 50.0
70.0 70.0
240.0
60.00
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
558.333 186.111
Treatment
2
16.667 8.333 0.16ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
316.6677 52.778
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
891.667
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 11.94%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
27
Appendix Table 4. Fruit yield per plant (g)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
140.00 141.03 145.83 216.67
643.53
160.88
T2
163.46 156.25 168.92 176.14
664.77
166.19
T3
150.00 135.14 207.55 230.00
722.69
180.67
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
6763.328 2254.443
Treatment
2
1038.188 519.094 1.11ns 5.14
10.92
Error
6
2813.676 468.946
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
10615.191
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 12.88%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
28
Appendix Table 5. Marketable fruits (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
2.00 3.25
3.50 4.75
16.50
4.13
T2
2.50 4.00
4.25 5.75
16.50
4.13
T3
4.25 3.50
8.50 10.25
26.50
6.63
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
29.563 9.854
Treatment
2
23.177 11.583 5.98*
5.14
10.92
Error
6
11.625 2.571
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
64.354
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
* = Significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.52%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
29
Appendix Table 6. Non-marketable fruits (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
1.50
2.25 1.75
2.00 7.50
1.88
T2
1.75
2.25 2.00
2.00 8.00
2.00
T3
1.75 1.50
2.50 1.25
7.00
1.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.354 0.118
Treatment
2
0.125 0.063 0.39ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.958 0.160
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
1.438
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 21.31%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
30
Appendix Table 7. Total yield (kg/plot)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
3.50
5.50 5.25
9.75
24.00
6.00
T2
4.25
6.25 6.25
7.75
24.50 6.13
T3
6.00 5.00 11.00 11.50
33.50
8.38
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
45.802 15.267
Treatment
2
14.632 7.316 2.85ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
15.428 2.571
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
75.862
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.52%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
31
Appendix Table 8. Computed yield (t/ha)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
7.00
11.00
10.50
19.50 48.00
12.00
T2
8.50
12.50
12.50
15.50 49.00
12.25
T3
12.00 10.00 22.00 23.00
67.00
16.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
181.167 60.389
Treatment
2
57.167 28.583 2.73ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
62.833 10.472
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
301.167
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 23.68%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
32
Appendix Table 9. Fruit diameter (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
1.50
2.25 1.75
2.00 7.50
1.88
T2
1.75
2.25 2.00
2.00 8.00
2.00
T3
1.75 1.50
2.50 1.25
7.00
1.75
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
0.043 0.014
Treatment
2
0.044 0.022 2.37ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
0.055 0.009
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
0.142
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.16%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
33
Appendix Table 10. Fruit length (cm)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
13.83
16.43
14.80
16.52 61.58
15.40
T2
14.86
15.86
15.78
15.57 62.07
15.52
T3
14.76
17.14
16.88
16.68 65.46
16.37
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
7.181 2.394
Treatment
2
2.232 1.116 3.16ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
2.121 0.354
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
11.535
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
34
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 3.77%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
35
Appendix Table 11. Plant survival (%)
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ──────────────────────────── TOTAL
MEAN
I
II III IV
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
T1
36.76
57.35
52.94
66.18 213.23
53.31
T2
33.24
58.82
54.41
64.71 216.18
54.05
T3
58.82
54.41
77.94
73.53 264.70
66.18
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Analysis of Variance
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Replication
3
892.692 297.564
Treatment
2
417.671 208.836 3.74ns
5.14
10.92
Error
6
334.802 55.800
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total
11
1645.166
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient
of variation = 12.91%
Effect of ANAA Concentrations on the Rooting of the Shoot Tip Cuttings of
the Three Varieties of Medinilla / Apolonia B. Cayabas. 2010
Document Outline
- Growth, Yield and Profitability ofCucumber Planted from Three Plot Preparations.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Cucumber
- Importance of Cucumber
- Soil and Climatic Adaptation
- Effects of Mulch on Plants
- Effects of Tillage in Plants
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Planting toFirst Flower Bud Appearanceand Vine Length
- Percentage Fruit Set andYield per Plant
- Marketable and Non-marketableFruit Yield
- Plant Survival, Total andComputed Yield
- Fruit Diameter and Length
- Economic Analysis
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES