ABSTRACT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007. Insect Pests Associated with
Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr. MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aims to collect insect feeding on the rattan fruits, leaves and stems, to
identify the species of insect, to record the degree of damage caused by the insect on the
rattan conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically Hungduan, Banaue,
Lagawe and Kiangan from December to May 2007.
The insect pest associated with rattan at Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan and Lagawe
were Erionata thrax (Evans, 1993), Formica japonica (Motschoulsky, 1990) and Lasius
japonicus (Santschi, 1992).
The Erionata thrax feed on the leaves of the rattan which causes 51-75% injury.
The Formica japonica made their nest on the leaf that turned into yellowish which causes
1-25% and the Lasius japonicus made also their caste on the leaf bases including the stem
which were destructive when harvesting the cane of the rattan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Degree of Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Insect Associated with Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
INTRODUCTION
Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira) are climbing palms which belong to the family
calamoideae a large subfamily of the palm family palmae or aracaceae. This
characterized by overlapping reflexed scales on the fruit (Dransfield, 1993).
Rattan is spiny climbing palms which are found in the old world tropics and sub
tropics and exploited particularly for their flexible stems. The word “rattan” was derived
from the word “Rotan” the common name for climbing palms. The most important
product of the rattan palms is the cane, the solid rattan stem can be used in furniture’s
frames or split, peeled the cored for matting and basketry. The fruits can be eaten.
Identification of insects that feeds on rattan leaves, stem and fruits, the data
gathered on this study would be a great help on furniture and basket making industry. It
was conducted to acquire knowledge and served as a bench mark for the future
researchers on rattan most especially on the municipalities of Ifugao. This could be used
future as references.
The objective of the study is to collect insect feeding on the rattan in the fruits,
leaves and stems and to identify the species of insect and document.
The study was conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically
Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and Kiangan from December 2006 to May 2007.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rattan are climbing palms that are spiny, long and flexible stems that needs
support that sometimes confused with bamboo but the canes of the rattan are solid unlike
the bamboo that they almost hallow (Dransfield and Manokaran, 1993).
Rattan provides raw materials for the cane furniture industry (Dransfield, 1992).
In 1992, Razali et.al. reported that the stem are sheathing leaf bases which are
nearly always fiercely spiny, the spines sometimes arrange in neat rows and interlocking
to form galleries in which ants make their nests.
The scale insects feed on the rattan phloem cells secreting sweet honey dew that
the ants feed on (Dransfield, 1992).
According to Dransfield (1992) that the fruits can be eaten and they re
characterize by overlapping reflexes scales on the fruits. The leaves are used for thatching
and the petiole (leaf stalk) and rachises (axis of the leaves) of robust short stemmed
species may even use as fishing poles. The fruit and leaves are sometimes used as
traditional medicines.
In 2000, Sunderland said that rattan gatherers need to pull the canes from the
forest canopy and remove the spiny sheath leaves and whips. Rattan harvesting is
dangerous dead braches can be dislodge as the rattan pulled and the ants and wasp can
often disturbed in the process.
Anonymous (n.d) said that the bear canes are carried out from the forest and
partially processed before saled to the middle man, small diameter are dried in the sun
and often smoked over burning sulfur while large cane boiled in oil to remove excess
moisture and natural gums to prevent attacked of wood boring beetles.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
In 1993, Dransfield and Manokaran reported that locally rattan is used for a very
wide range of purposes, the most important being manufacture of baskets and mats. They
used as horticultural ornaments.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used during the conduct other study were ball pen, small notebook,
and camera, killing jar, forceps, 85% ethyl alcohol, carfules, textbooks and rattan plant.
Methods
The four municipalities of Ifugao specifically Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and
Kiangan were visited and surveyed for the rattan that was present in the municipalities.
They were five samples of rattan got in each municipality.
The insect were collected in the leaves, fruits and stems and they were collected
in all stages of rattan. After the collection they were documented including the damage.
The collected insect was put in the carfules with 80% ethyl alcohol and they were
brought in the laboratory for the proper identification of the species. Other observation
was noted.
Identification of insect. The insect collected was properly identified on the
taxonomic hierarchy: order, family, genus, species and common if possible with the used
of textbook of entomology and internet.
Monitoring the degree of injury. The degree of injury was determined through
percentage by taking the whole plant through visual estimate. The sample plants were
rated by visual observation using the following index:
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
5
Rating Index Qualitative Index Description
2 No Damage No Injury
4 Slightly Damage 1 to 25% damage on plants
6 Moderately Damage 26 to 50% damage on plants
8 Severely Damage 51 to 75% damage on plants
10 Very severely Damage 76 to 100% damage on plants
Data Gathered.
1. Insect species. These were the order insect collected from the rattan in the
different municipalities of Ifugao.
2. Degree of injury. Amount of leaves, stems, and fruits eaten by pest.
3. Distribution of insect associated with rattan. Presence and absence of insect in
each municipalities
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Two (2) order of insect associated with rattan. These were leaf rollers order
Lepidoptera and ants order Hymenoptera.
Insect associated with rattan were shown in the table 1 and the characteristics of
the adult and immature insect associated with rattan were shown in Table 2.
The order lepidoptera. There was one (1) family of Lepidoptera feeding on the
leaves of the rattan. This was the leaf rollers or the hesperiidae larvae (Figure 1 and 1.1)
The order hymenoptera. There were two (2) species that belong to one family of
the order hymenoptera. This was the formicidae where they made their nest in the leaf
bases and the stem and also they rolled the leaf of the rattan (Figure 2 and 2 .1).
Table 1. Insect Associated with rattan
ORDER/FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Order Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae Erionata thrax Leaf rollers
Order Hymenoptera
Formicidae Formica japonica Webbing Ants
Lasius japonicus Black Ants
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
7
Table 2. Description of adult/immature insect associated with rattan
ORDER/FAMILY GENUS DESCRIPTION
Order Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae Thrax The larvae is pale green covered
With powdery substance and has a
Dark brown head capsule.
Order Hymenoptera
Formicidae Japonica Adult 4.5 - 6 mm. Body color
Grayish black or brownish black
Japonicus Adult 2.5 - 3.5 mm. Body blackish
Brown, with mesosoma often
Slightly lighter than the head
And gaster. Scape length similar to
Head width.
Degree of Injury
The degree of injury was determined through percentage by taking the whole
plants through visual estimation.
The most destructive pest were the leaf rollers which has a ratting index of 8
which is severely damaged (Figure 1) and had 56 to 75 % damaged on the plants
followed by the webbing ants which had index ratting of 4 which is slightly damaged
(Figure 2) and has 1 to 25 % damaged on plants. Lastly the black ants with ratting index
of 2 which has no damaged (Figure 3) and no injury on plants.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
8
Table 3. Degree of injury of insect on rattan
ORDER/ RATING QUALITIVE
COMMON NAME INDEX INDEX DESCRIPTION
Order Hymenoptera
Webbing ants 4 Slightly 1 to 25 % damaged on
Damaged the plants
Black ants 2 No damaged No injury
Order Lepidoptera
Leaf rollers 8 severely 56 to 75% damaged on
Damaged the plants
The insect associated with rattan
The different insects that were survey in the four municipalities of Ifugao
presented in Table 4. The insect that infected with the different parts of the rattan were
leaf rollers (Erionata thrax), webbing ants (Formica japonica) and black ants (Lasius
japonicus).
The leaf rollers feed on the leaf and webbing ants and black ants made their nest
on the leaves and leaf bases including stems. These insects were all present in the four
municipalities in Ifugao that were monitored.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
9
Table 4.Different insect associated with Rattan
COMMON SCIENCITFIC PARTS OF THE
MUNICIPALITIES NAME NAME RATTAN INFECTED
Leaves Stems Fruits
Banaue Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Hungduan Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Kiangan Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Lagawe Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
10
Figure 1. Damage of Hesperiidae Larvae on rattan leaves in which the leaf where rolled
Figure 1.1. The Hesperiidae larvae which is pale green in color. Covered with powdery
substance and has a dark brown head capsule
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
11
Figure 2. The damage on rattan leaves caused by Formica japonica which transform the
leaves in yellow color
Figure 2.1. The adult Formica japonica which web the leaves and made their nest on it
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
12
Figure 3. Lasuis japonicus nest to the leaf bases and stems of rattan
Figure 3.1 Adult Lasuis japonicus which build nest on rattan leaf bases and stems as
illustrated on Figure 3
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically
Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and Kiangan from December 2006 to May 2007. The study
aims to collect insect feeding on the rattan in fruits, leaves and stems, to identify the
species of insect, to record the degree of the injury that were damage by an insect and to
determine absence and presence of the insect in the four municipalities.
One (1) order of Lepidoptera was identified feeding on the leaf parts and two (2)
orders of Hymenoptera species were made their caste on the leaf and leaf bases including
the stems of the rattan.
The order Lepidoptera (leaf rollers) were feeding on the leaves of the rattan where
they rolled the leaves. The order Hymenoptera (ants) made their nest on the leaf and leaf
bases including the stems of the rattan.
The degree of injury was made by visual estimation of the whole plant. Erionata
thrax has rating index of 8 and 51-75% damaged on the rattan leaf, the Formica japonica
caused 1-25% injury and Lasius japonicum caused no injury but destructive to the leaf
bases and stems of the rattan.
The insect pests associated with rattan were all present on the four municipalities
that were monitored.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
14
Conclusion
As a conclusion the leaf rollers or the hesperiidae larvae feed on the leaves of the
rattan and the ants serve as the protection of the rattan but they were destructive
especially when harvesting the rattan cane.
Recommendation
Base on the study it is recommend that further study for the stages of rattan and
for possible biological when severely damage occur.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. n.d. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Information Sheets: Rattan
http//ww.rbgkew.org.uk/sheets/rattan.html
DRANSFIELD, J. 1992. The Rattan Sarawak. Kew, UK, royal Botanic Garden
And Sarawak forest Department Pp 1-10.
DRANSFIELD, J. MANOKARAN, N. 1993. Rattan. Prosea No.6 Pudoc Wageningen
Pp. 12-15.
SUNDERLAND, T.C.H.2000. Propagation of African Rattans. Paper presented at the
International workshop African. Cmeron:Limbe
WAN RAZALI, DRANSFIELD J. AND MANOKARAN N.1992.A guide to the
Cultivation of Rattan. Malaysian forest Records Institute Malaysia Pp.1-4.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007. Insect Pests Associated with
Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr. MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study aims to collect insect feeding on the rattan fruits, leaves and stems, to
identify the species of insect, to record the degree of damage caused by the insect on the
rattan conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically Hungduan, Banaue,
Lagawe and Kiangan from December to May 2007.
The insect pest associated with rattan at Banaue, Hungduan, Kiangan and Lagawe
were Erionata thrax (Evans, 1993), Formica japonica (Motschoulsky, 1990) and Lasius
japonicus (Santschi, 1992).
The Erionata thrax feed on the leaves of the rattan which causes 51-75% injury.
The Formica japonica made their nest on the leaf that turned into yellowish which causes
1-25% and the Lasius japonicus made also their caste on the leaf bases including the stem
which were destructive when harvesting the cane of the rattan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Degree of Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Insect Associated with Rattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
INTRODUCTION
Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira) are climbing palms which belong to the family
calamoideae a large subfamily of the palm family palmae or aracaceae. This
characterized by overlapping reflexed scales on the fruit (Dransfield, 1993).
Rattan is spiny climbing palms which are found in the old world tropics and sub
tropics and exploited particularly for their flexible stems. The word “rattan” was derived
from the word “Rotan” the common name for climbing palms. The most important
product of the rattan palms is the cane, the solid rattan stem can be used in furniture’s
frames or split, peeled the cored for matting and basketry. The fruits can be eaten.
Identification of insects that feeds on rattan leaves, stem and fruits, the data
gathered on this study would be a great help on furniture and basket making industry. It
was conducted to acquire knowledge and served as a bench mark for the future
researchers on rattan most especially on the municipalities of Ifugao. This could be used
future as references.
The objective of the study is to collect insect feeding on the rattan in the fruits,
leaves and stems and to identify the species of insect and document.
The study was conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically
Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and Kiangan from December 2006 to May 2007.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rattan are climbing palms that are spiny, long and flexible stems that needs
support that sometimes confused with bamboo but the canes of the rattan are solid unlike
the bamboo that they almost hallow (Dransfield and Manokaran, 1993).
Rattan provides raw materials for the cane furniture industry (Dransfield, 1992).
In 1992, Razali et.al. reported that the stem are sheathing leaf bases which are
nearly always fiercely spiny, the spines sometimes arrange in neat rows and interlocking
to form galleries in which ants make their nests.
The scale insects feed on the rattan phloem cells secreting sweet honey dew that
the ants feed on (Dransfield, 1992).
According to Dransfield (1992) that the fruits can be eaten and they re
characterize by overlapping reflexes scales on the fruits. The leaves are used for thatching
and the petiole (leaf stalk) and rachises (axis of the leaves) of robust short stemmed
species may even use as fishing poles. The fruit and leaves are sometimes used as
traditional medicines.
In 2000, Sunderland said that rattan gatherers need to pull the canes from the
forest canopy and remove the spiny sheath leaves and whips. Rattan harvesting is
dangerous dead braches can be dislodge as the rattan pulled and the ants and wasp can
often disturbed in the process.
Anonymous (n.d) said that the bear canes are carried out from the forest and
partially processed before saled to the middle man, small diameter are dried in the sun
and often smoked over burning sulfur while large cane boiled in oil to remove excess
moisture and natural gums to prevent attacked of wood boring beetles.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
In 1993, Dransfield and Manokaran reported that locally rattan is used for a very
wide range of purposes, the most important being manufacture of baskets and mats. They
used as horticultural ornaments.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used during the conduct other study were ball pen, small notebook,
and camera, killing jar, forceps, 85% ethyl alcohol, carfules, textbooks and rattan plant.
Methods
The four municipalities of Ifugao specifically Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and
Kiangan were visited and surveyed for the rattan that was present in the municipalities.
They were five samples of rattan got in each municipality.
The insect were collected in the leaves, fruits and stems and they were collected
in all stages of rattan. After the collection they were documented including the damage.
The collected insect was put in the carfules with 80% ethyl alcohol and they were
brought in the laboratory for the proper identification of the species. Other observation
was noted.
Identification of insect. The insect collected was properly identified on the
taxonomic hierarchy: order, family, genus, species and common if possible with the used
of textbook of entomology and internet.
Monitoring the degree of injury. The degree of injury was determined through
percentage by taking the whole plant through visual estimate. The sample plants were
rated by visual observation using the following index:
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
5
Rating Index Qualitative Index Description
2 No Damage No Injury
4 Slightly Damage 1 to 25% damage on plants
6 Moderately Damage 26 to 50% damage on plants
8 Severely Damage 51 to 75% damage on plants
10 Very severely Damage 76 to 100% damage on plants
Data Gathered.
1. Insect species. These were the order insect collected from the rattan in the
different municipalities of Ifugao.
2. Degree of injury. Amount of leaves, stems, and fruits eaten by pest.
3. Distribution of insect associated with rattan. Presence and absence of insect in
each municipalities
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Two (2) order of insect associated with rattan. These were leaf rollers order
Lepidoptera and ants order Hymenoptera.
Insect associated with rattan were shown in the table 1 and the characteristics of
the adult and immature insect associated with rattan were shown in Table 2.
The order lepidoptera. There was one (1) family of Lepidoptera feeding on the
leaves of the rattan. This was the leaf rollers or the hesperiidae larvae (Figure 1 and 1.1)
The order hymenoptera. There were two (2) species that belong to one family of
the order hymenoptera. This was the formicidae where they made their nest in the leaf
bases and the stem and also they rolled the leaf of the rattan (Figure 2 and 2 .1).
Table 1. Insect Associated with rattan
ORDER/FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Order Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae Erionata thrax Leaf rollers
Order Hymenoptera
Formicidae Formica japonica Webbing Ants
Lasius japonicus Black Ants
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
7
Table 2. Description of adult/immature insect associated with rattan
ORDER/FAMILY GENUS DESCRIPTION
Order Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae Thrax The larvae is pale green covered
With powdery substance and has a
Dark brown head capsule.
Order Hymenoptera
Formicidae Japonica Adult 4.5 - 6 mm. Body color
Grayish black or brownish black
Japonicus Adult 2.5 - 3.5 mm. Body blackish
Brown, with mesosoma often
Slightly lighter than the head
And gaster. Scape length similar to
Head width.
Degree of Injury
The degree of injury was determined through percentage by taking the whole
plants through visual estimation.
The most destructive pest were the leaf rollers which has a ratting index of 8
which is severely damaged (Figure 1) and had 56 to 75 % damaged on the plants
followed by the webbing ants which had index ratting of 4 which is slightly damaged
(Figure 2) and has 1 to 25 % damaged on plants. Lastly the black ants with ratting index
of 2 which has no damaged (Figure 3) and no injury on plants.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
8
Table 3. Degree of injury of insect on rattan
ORDER/ RATING QUALITIVE
COMMON NAME INDEX INDEX DESCRIPTION
Order Hymenoptera
Webbing ants 4 Slightly 1 to 25 % damaged on
Damaged the plants
Black ants 2 No damaged No injury
Order Lepidoptera
Leaf rollers 8 severely 56 to 75% damaged on
Damaged the plants
The insect associated with rattan
The different insects that were survey in the four municipalities of Ifugao
presented in Table 4. The insect that infected with the different parts of the rattan were
leaf rollers (Erionata thrax), webbing ants (Formica japonica) and black ants (Lasius
japonicus).
The leaf rollers feed on the leaf and webbing ants and black ants made their nest
on the leaves and leaf bases including stems. These insects were all present in the four
municipalities in Ifugao that were monitored.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
9
Table 4.Different insect associated with Rattan
COMMON SCIENCITFIC PARTS OF THE
MUNICIPALITIES NAME NAME RATTAN INFECTED
Leaves Stems Fruits
Banaue Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Hungduan Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Kiangan Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Lagawe Leafrollers Erionata thrax X none none
Webbing Ants Formica japonica X X none
Black Ants Lasius japonicus none X none
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
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Figure 1. Damage of Hesperiidae Larvae on rattan leaves in which the leaf where rolled
Figure 1.1. The Hesperiidae larvae which is pale green in color. Covered with powdery
substance and has a dark brown head capsule
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
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Figure 2. The damage on rattan leaves caused by Formica japonica which transform the
leaves in yellow color
Figure 2.1. The adult Formica japonica which web the leaves and made their nest on it
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
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Figure 3. Lasuis japonicus nest to the leaf bases and stems of rattan
Figure 3.1 Adult Lasuis japonicus which build nest on rattan leaf bases and stems as
illustrated on Figure 3
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the four municipalities of Ifugao specifically
Hungduan, Banaue, Lagawe and Kiangan from December 2006 to May 2007. The study
aims to collect insect feeding on the rattan in fruits, leaves and stems, to identify the
species of insect, to record the degree of the injury that were damage by an insect and to
determine absence and presence of the insect in the four municipalities.
One (1) order of Lepidoptera was identified feeding on the leaf parts and two (2)
orders of Hymenoptera species were made their caste on the leaf and leaf bases including
the stems of the rattan.
The order Lepidoptera (leaf rollers) were feeding on the leaves of the rattan where
they rolled the leaves. The order Hymenoptera (ants) made their nest on the leaf and leaf
bases including the stems of the rattan.
The degree of injury was made by visual estimation of the whole plant. Erionata
thrax has rating index of 8 and 51-75% damaged on the rattan leaf, the Formica japonica
caused 1-25% injury and Lasius japonicum caused no injury but destructive to the leaf
bases and stems of the rattan.
The insect pests associated with rattan were all present on the four municipalities
that were monitored.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
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Conclusion
As a conclusion the leaf rollers or the hesperiidae larvae feed on the leaves of the
rattan and the ants serve as the protection of the rattan but they were destructive
especially when harvesting the rattan cane.
Recommendation
Base on the study it is recommend that further study for the stages of rattan and
for possible biological when severely damage occur.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. n.d. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Information Sheets: Rattan
http//ww.rbgkew.org.uk/sheets/rattan.html
DRANSFIELD, J. 1992. The Rattan Sarawak. Kew, UK, royal Botanic Garden
And Sarawak forest Department Pp 1-10.
DRANSFIELD, J. MANOKARAN, N. 1993. Rattan. Prosea No.6 Pudoc Wageningen
Pp. 12-15.
SUNDERLAND, T.C.H.2000. Propagation of African Rattans. Paper presented at the
International workshop African. Cmeron:Limbe
WAN RAZALI, DRANSFIELD J. AND MANOKARAN N.1992.A guide to the
Cultivation of Rattan. Malaysian forest Records Institute Malaysia Pp.1-4.
Insect Pests Associated with Rattan (Plectocomiopsis mira Dransfield) in Ifugao.
MANG-UHAN, GRACE M. OCTOBER 2007
Document Outline
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED