BIBLIOGRAPHY LOMIWES, JONALYN T. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LOMIWES, JONALYN T. APRIL 2007. Information Sources on Organic
Farming of Farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Barangay Loo, Buguias, Benguet to characterize the
socio-demographic profile of the respondents, classify the farmers’ sources of
information with regard to organic farming, determine the farmers’ most preferred
information source on organic farming, determine the organic farming practices the
farmers adopted in their farms or gardens, and identify the problems encountered by the
farmers with regards to the use of information sources.
The 30 respondents were chosen using purposive sampling method; respondents
had at least 2 years of farming experience and resided in the barangay Loo for at least 2
years.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and ranking was used in the
findings.
Based on the results, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents were
young, male, married, literate, resident of the barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming
experience of 2 to 9 years, and land owners, the farmers had varied sources of
information on organic farming, the farmers’ most preferred information source on
organic farming was agricultural technician, majority of the respondents adopted organic
farming practices; and with regards to the problems encountered in the information
sources, respondents claimed that the information in the print material was complicated,
agricultural technician seldom visits the area, and training/ seminars were seldom
conducted in the area.
It is recommended that agricultural technician should regularly visit the farmers in
the area since some claimed they were seldom visited, the farmers’ organizations should
request trainings to the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist or to Benguet State
University since they have programs on organic farming; and print materials should be
pre-tested and improved so farmers can understand them.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………... iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale……………………………………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………... 2
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………….. 3
Importance of the Study………………………………………………………. 3
Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………………………………… 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Information Sources……………………………………………………………. 5
Problems Encountered by Farmers in the Information Sources……………….. 6
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………. 8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………………….. 9
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………….. 9
Data Collection.……………………………………………………………….... 12
Data Gathered……………………………………………………………….. . 12
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………… 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Socio-Demographic Profile……………………………………. 13
Information Sources of Farmers………………………………………………. 15
Most Preferred Information Source………………………………………….. 16
Organic Farming Practices Adopted………………………………….………. 17
Problems Encountered in the Use of Information Sources…………………… 18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………………….. . 20
Conclusions………………………………………………………………….... 20
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….. 21
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….…………. 22
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Interview Schedule…………………………………………….. 24
Appendix B. Letter of Consent…………………………………………….... 27
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Farmers have become more aware of the harmful effects brought about by the use
of chemicals in their farms especially to their health. As a consequence, according to
Colting (2006) as cited by Palangchao (2006) many farmers in La Trinidad and the rest of
Benguet Province are receptive to the idea of shifting from conventional to organic
farming.
Organic farming is a modern, sustainable farming system which maintains the
long-term fertility of the soil and uses less of the Earth’s finite resources to produce high
quality, nutritious food (Organic Farmers and Growers Ltd., 2006). In this practice,
farmers are encouraged to turn back to the old farming method where they utilize the
application of composted animal manures, well-timed cultivation, mechanical tillage,
crop rotations and other management methods instead of using pesticides, artificial
fertilizers and other chemicals.
Though, some people view organic farming as backward, this actually goes hand-
in-hand with preserving our environment and sustaining our land (Abalos, 2004 as cited
by Malanes, 2004). Thus, people should be more aware in maintaining the long-term
fertility of the soil not only for their own benefits but also, for the benefits of the future
generation.
Loo, Buguias, Benguet is a farming community where most people rely on
farming as the main source of livelihood. In September 1999, the potato leafminer started
to devastate crop in this area where there is heavy use of insecticides and where
susceptible varieties were planted. (Colting, n.d). The leafminer outbreak became an eye-
2
opener for many researchers and farmers.
Because of these, a lot of researches on organic farming has been featured in
different forms of media while seminars on composting, how to make organic fertilizers,
certification of organic farm, and principles of organic farm were conducted in different
farming areas to convince farmers to adopt organic farming to produce high quality
products that are globally competitive and foster human and environmental health.
In this case, there is a need to study the information sources on organic farming of
farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the information sources on organic farming of
farmers in Loo, Buguias. Specifically the study answered the following questions:
1. What are the socio-demographic profile of the respondents?
2. What are the farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming?
3. What type of information source is most preferred by the farmers when it
comes to organic farming?
4. What organic farming practices did the farmers adopt in their farms or gardens?
5. What are the problems encountered by the farmers with regards to the use of
information
sources?
3
Objectives of the Study
This study on the information sources on organic farming of farmers in Loo,
Buguias, Benguet aimed to:
1. Characterize the socio-demographic profile of the respondents;
2. Classify the farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming;
3. Determine what the farmers’ most preferred information source on organic
farming;
4. Determine what organic farming practices the farmers adopted in their farms or
gardens;
and
5. Identify the problems encountered by the farmers with regards to the use of
information
sources.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study will serve as a guide or reference to students and
researchers who will need to know more on the influence of agricultural technology
information sources on organic farming. Furthermore, the study can be used by media
practitioners and extensionists in designing the message on organic farming for farmers
which may lead to the improvement and development of agricultural technology
information sources that would suit the need of the farmers.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study was conducted in Loo, Buguias, Benguet with 30 respondents chosen
using purposive sampling. The respondents’ awareness on organic farming was not
4
included in the study.
Data gathering for the study was conducted from November 2006-December
2006.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Information Sources
There are a number of sequential steps in the process by which a person adopts
innovation such as new farming method. First, awareness of the innovation must occur,
and next, interest must be developed and information obtained. Third, this information
must be evaluated for its usefulness, and fourth, the person may try out the innovation in
his own situation. If this proves successful, full scale and continuing adoption may follow
(Rogers, 1962 as cited by Oskamp, 1997).
The media are unmistakably a part of everyday life in our culture. It has an
extensive presence in our society (Anderson, 1988 as cited by Abag, 2005). In addition,
the mass media are the most effective means of disseminating information in a short
period of time (Groiler Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2003).
According to Oskamp 1977, print media (books, magazines, and newspapers)
allow readers to determine the time and pace of their exposure and also permit easy
reexposure if desired. Research suggests that print media produce better comprehension
and retention of complex material than other media, but this advantage does not hold for
simple material. The broadcast media (radio and television) now reach nearly everyone
in the industrialized nations, including groups such as the aged, young children, and
people with low education, who are not easily reached by other media and who maybe
more persuasible. The visual media (television and films) are considered to be uniquely
effective because of the “you are there” immediacy conferred by their visual nature. As a
result, they typically receive more complete attention than other media, particularly from
6
children.
De Leon (2001) stated that in another level, the media keep the country updated
with the latest and appropriate communication structures and communication technology
prevalent in a globalize world system as useful instrument in developing our economy,
society, culture, and politics, among others.
According to government agencies, technologies are very much involved in the
effective implementation in the agricultural and rural development programs. They are
considered as channel to disseminate useful technologies to the community particularly to
the farmers and initiate changes for development (Pawil, 2001).
In some barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet, farmers get information on pesticides
from fellow farmers and family members who were also farmers since they were able to
exchange ideas. Radio, agricultural technician, training/seminars, television and news are
other sources of information of farmers (Basquial, 1999).
Moreover, extension workers and other knowledgeable persons are the chief
sources of information on livelihood, health, family planning and other developmental
topics in the villages (Abag, 2005).
Problems Encountered by Farmers in
the Information Sources
Based on the analysis of Ramirez (1983) as cited by Dacawe (2003) the press in a
developing society like the Philippines serves a multiplicity of purposes. It is a medium
of news, source of information about world, national and local events, and as a means of
establishing mutual understanding. It is an instrument of education, contributing to the
development of human resources that are as important as natural resources and capital
7
promoting economic growth.
However, one of the main problems in implementing of agricultural programs is
the non-participation of farmers due to widespread ignorance, social isolation and general
unwillingness of the people to adopt and accept risks. Therefore, introducing programs is
diffirent because adoption of a given innovation is a totally different thing from telling it
(Chulacupata,1980).
Another is that, cultural and community differences affect the rural families in the
acceptance of new innovation. Cultures and localities differ in the freedom allowed the
innovator and condition contributing to the acceptance of the innovation (Medina, 1986).
According to Chuadhary (1990) age, educational level of farming experience was
seen to be affecting the adoption of technologies. Other factors like lack of commitment
to field workers. Lack of clarity and simplicity of the messages transmitted to the
clientele, and training were found to under diffusion technology.
Furthermore, the socio-economic status of the family affects the individuals’
attitudes and interest even in the choice of media and other television programs.
Individuals with high economic status have wider range of choices and those belong to
low economic status have limited choices (David, 1980).
8
Definition of Terms
Mass
media.
This includes print materials, broadcast media and visual media used
in disseminating information such as organic farming.
Individuals.
This refers to a person who is expert in farming where farmers’
acquire information such as agricultural technician, family member, fellow farmer, and
head of organization.
Group extension services. A group who has a background or knowledge in
farming conducting seminars/ trainings and organizational meetings in a certain area to
inform farmers about a certain innovations regarding farming.
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the municipality of Buguias, Benguet (Figure 1)
particularly in Barangay Loo (Figure 2).
Loo, Buguias is a farming community where most people rely on farming as the
main source of livelihood. Loo has the basic amenities center of education, center of
information and technology, district host and a branch of Benguet State University BSU-
Buguias campus (formerly known as Buguias, Loo Polytechnic College).
The locality was chosen since Loo, Buguias was known to be the place where the
first potato leafminer outbreak in the Philippines occurred in September, 1999. The
potato leafminer became a serious pest in this area where there is heavy use of
insecticides and where susceptible varieties were planted.
The study was conducted on November 2006-December 2006.
Respondents of the Study
Thirty respondents were purposively chosen. Criteria for choosing them were the
following: (1) at least 2 years of farming experience and; (2) a resident of the barangay
for at least 2 years.
10
Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing the location of the study
11
Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing the location of the study
12
Data Collection
An interview schedule was used in collecting the needed information or gathered
data. The questions were translated to the local dialect (Kankana-ey) to facilitate
understanding between researcher and respondents.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the
farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming, the farmers’ most
preferred information source on organic farming, the organic farming practices the
farmers adopted, and the problems that are encountered by the farmers with the use of
information sources.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics such
as frequency counts, percentage, and ranking.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Socio-Demographic Profile
Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents according to age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, years of residency, years of farming experience and land
ownership.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 43% of the respondents belonged to age range of 20-30
years old followed by 31-40 (37%). On the other hand, 7% of the respondents belonged
to the age range of 50 and above. This shows that most of the respondents were relatively
young while few were above the age of 51.
Sex. Seventy percent of the respondents were males and only 30 % were females.
It was observed that males were actively engaged in farming because married women
were left in the house to take care of the children. It was also apparent that women were
managing their small sari-sari stores.
Civil status. Among the 30 respondents, 67% were married and only 10 or 33%
were single. This finding shows that majority of the respondents were married and were
probably heads of their families.
Educational attainment. Forty-three percent of the respondents were able to reach
college level while 27% reached high school level. Findings indicate that all of the
respondents had formal education and were literate.
Years of residency. Majority (43%) of the respondents were residents of the
barangay for 17 to 31 years followed by 27% who were residents for 2 to 16 years; and
10% of the respondents resided in the barangay for 46 years and above.
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Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Age
20-30
13 43 1
31-40
11
37 2
41-50
4
13 3
51 and above
2
7 4
Total
30
100
Sex
Male 21 70 1
Female 9 30 2
Total 30 100
Civil Status
Single 10 33 2
Married 20 67 1
Total 30 100
Educational Attainment
Elementary level 9 30 2
High school level 8 27 3
College level 13 43 1
Total 30 100
Years of Residency
2-16 8 27 2
17-31 13 43 1
32-46 6 20 3
46 and above 3 10 4
Total 30 100
Farming Experience
2-9 15 50 1
10-17 8
27
2
18-25 4
13
3
26-33 3
10 4
Total 30 100
Land ownership
Owner 22
73 1
Co-owner
5
17
2
Tenant
3 10 3
Total 30 100
15
Farming experience. With regards to their experience in farming, 50% of the
respondents had farming experience of 2 to 9 years while 10% only had 26 to 33 years
experience in farming. However, most of the respondents claimed that they were exposed
to farming as early as the age of eight when they accompanied their parents in the garden.
Land ownership. The table shows that 73% of the respondents owned the land
they were cultivating, while only 10% claimed that they were tenants. This implies that
majority of the respondents cultivated their own land.
Information Sources of Farmers
Table 2 summarizes the information sources of farmers on organic farming. It
shows that agricultural technician (93.33%) was the top source of information followed
by fellow farmers (90%). Eighty-seven percent of the respondents claimed that they
listened to radio (DZWT) during morning and afternoon. Family members (83.33%) and
training/seminars (83.33%) were other sources of information that were mostly
mentioned by farmers.
This supports the findings of Abag (2005) which says that extension workers and
other knowledgeable persons are the chief sources of information on livelihood, health,
family planning, and other developmental topics.
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Table 2. Information sources of farmers
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Mass Media
Radio
26
86.67 1
Brochure/Flyers 4
13.33
2
Leaflet
1
3.33 3.3
Magazines
1
3.33
3.3
Journals
1
3.33
3.3
Individuals
Agricultural Technician 28
93.33
1
Family Members 25
83.33
3
Fellow Farmers 27
90
2
Head of Organization 1
3.33
4
Group Extension Services
Training/Seminars 25
83.33
1
Organizational Meetings 10
33.33
2
*Multiple response
Most Preferred Information Source
Shown in Table 3 is the respondents’ most preferred information source on
organic farming. Among the 30 respondents, 26.67% claimed that they preferred
agricultural technician. According to the respondents, agricultural technician.
demonstrated when they were asked and answered their questions immediately. On the
other hand, 23.33% preferred their own experience while 20% preferred radio (DZWT)
hosted by Mr. Dominador Dongla. The respondents reasoned out that the information
were up to date and their radio can be brought to their garden.
It was noticed that nobody mentioned print materials. According to the
respondents, they did not have time to read and the materials were expensive.
17
Table 3. Most preferred information source
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30
(%)
Agricultural Technician 8
26.67
1
Experience
7 23.33 2
Radio 6 20 3
Family Members
4
13.33
4
Organizational Meetings 3
10
5
Fellow Farmers
1
3.33 6.5
Training/Seminars
1
3.33
6.5
Total 30 100
Organic Farming Practices Adopted
Farmers adopted selected farming practices but they were not organic farmers. As
shown in Table 4, 93.33% of the respondents adopted crop rotation followed by tillage
(90%). Meanwhile, 76.67% adopted composting. According to the respondents, these
practices were suitable and applicable in their garden. There were some respondents who
claimed that the application of chicken dung is an organic practice, however, Kudan
(2007) stated that chicken dung was not approved in the organic standard since anti-
biotics, medicines, growth hormones and other chemicals were fed to the chicken.
Table 4. Organic farming practices adopted
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Crop rotation
28
93.33
1
Composting
23
76.67
4
Tillage
27
90
2
Green manuring
24
80
3
*Multiple response
18
Problems Encountered in the Use of Information Sources
Mass media. None of the farmers claimed to have encountered problems on
radio; however, 20% of the respondents mentioned that the information in the print
material was complicated. According to the respondents, some words were unfamiliar
and difficult to understand. Only 6.67% claimed that the material was not accessible.
Individuals. As shown in Table 5, 23.33% of the respondents claimed that
agricultural technician seldom visited them. Agricultural technician was the top source
(shown in Table 2) and most preferred information source (shown in Table 3) by the
respondents when it comes to organic farming. On the other hand, 1 or 3.33% mentioned
agricultural technician lacked demonstration. According to one respondent, their fellow
farmers do not want to share the acquired information. This is maybe due to close
competition among the farmers in selling their products in the market.
Group extension services. The table shows that 33.33% of the respondents
mentioned that training/seminars were seldom conducted in the area while only 3.33%
claimed they lacked demonstration. Meanwhile, those who acquired information from
organizational meetings did not mention any problems encountered.
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Table 5. Problems encountered in the use of information sources
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Print Media
complicated
6
20 1
expensive
4
13.33 2
not accessible 2 6.67 3
Agricultural Technician
seldom visit the area 7 23.33
1
lacks demonstration 1 3.33
2
Training/seminars
seldom conducted in the area 10 33. 33
1
lacks clarity and simplicity in
explaining the information 4 13.33 2
lacks demonstration 1 3.33 3
*Multiple response
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Majority of the respondents belonged to age range of 20 to 30 years old, were
able to reach college level, residents of the barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming
experience from 2 to 9 years and owned the land they cultivated.
Based on the results, agricultural technician was the top source of information and
the most preferred information source on organic farming of the respondents.
With regards to the organic farming practices adopted, crop rotation (93.33%),
tillage (90%), green manuring (80%), and composting were being practiced.
About the problems encountered in the information sources, 20% of the
respondents mentioned that the information in the print material were complicated,
21.33% claimed that agricultural technicians seldom visit the area, though, majority of
the respondents said that agricultural technicians regularly visit them while 33.33% of the
respondents said training/ seminars were seldom conducted in the area.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Majority of the respondents were young, male, married, literate, resident of the
barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming experience of 2 to 9 years, and land
owner;
2. The farmers had varied sources of information on organic farming;
3. The farmers’ most preferred information source on organic farming was
agricultural
technician;
21
4. Majority of the respondents adopted organic farming practices; and
5. With regards to the problems encountered in the information sources,
respondents claimed that the information in the print material was complicated,
agricultural technician seldom visits the area, and training/ seminars were seldom
conducted in the area.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were
drawn:
1. Agricultural technician should regularly visit the farmers in the area since some
claimed they were seldom visited;
2. The farmers’ organizations should request trainings to the Office of the
Provincial Agriculturist or to Benguet State University since they have programs
on organic farming; and
3. Print materials should be pre-tested and improved so farmers can understand
them.
22
LITERATURE CITED
ABAG, M.T.2005. Information Needs and Information Sources of the Residents of
Barangay Tawangan and Barangay Lusod in Kabayan, Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5&8
BASQUIAL, A.A.1999. Knowledge and Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers on Pesticide
Use in Three Selected Barangays of La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis. University
of the Philippines. Los Baños. P.3
CHUADHARY, S.P.1990. Adoption of Recommended Irish Potato Technology by
Farmers in Bara District, Nepal. MS Thesis. Benguet State University
CHULACUPATA, S. 1980. The Implementation of Agricultural Development Program
in Benguet. MS Thesis. Mountain State Agriculture College, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
P.8
COLTING, L.M (N.D). BSU Gives Quick Response Service Against Potato Leafminer.
Retrieved Sept.17, 2006 from http://www.potatonews.com/leafminers/database/a009.pdf
DACAWE, N.B. 2003. Content Analysis on Agricultural Issues of Community
Newspapers in Cordillera. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS
Thesis.
P.15
DAVID, W.A.1980. Media and Their Uses. New York: Harper and Row Press. P. 37
DE LEON, H.S. 2000. Textbook on the Philippine Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Manila,
Philippines.
Pp.
65-66
GROILER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF KNOWLEDGE. 2003. Mass Media. Groiler
Incorporated.
P.170
MALANES, M.2004. Organic Farming: Growing profitable Business with a Conscience.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved Sept. 18, 2006 from http://www.globalnews.
com./environmental-news-a.html?art=10767016512776280
MEDINA, 1986. Agriculture and Home Extension in Philippine Setting. Quezon City:
Publishers Press Pp.3-6
ORGANIC FARMERS & GROWERS LTD. 2006. An Introduction to Organic Framing.
Retrieved Sept.7,2006 from http://www.organicfarmers.org.uk/aboutorganics/
organic_farming.php
OSKAMP, S. 1977. Communication of Attitudes and Opinions. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.07632. Pp. 144-155
23
PALANGCHAO, H.2006.Oct.8. BSU Organic farm Seen to Propel LT Strawberry.
Baguio Midland Courier. Volume LIX: P.10&39
PAWIL, B.T.2001. Adoption of Level Methodologies by Agriculture Technologies
Implementing Development Project in Kapangan, Benguet. B.S Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.P.5
24
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Interview Schedule
I. PROFILE
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
1. Name (optional) __________________________________________________
2. Age: ____
3. Sex: ____Male
____Female
4. Civil Status:
____Single
____Married
____Widow/Widower
5. Educational Attainment:
____Elementary
level
____High school level
____College
level
____Others,
specify
6. Years of Residency: ____
7. Years of Farming Experience: ____
8. Land Ownership:
____Owner
____Co-owner
____Tenant
____Others,
specify
II. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. What are your sources of information on organic farming?
A. MASS MEDIA
____Brochures ____TV
____Books
____Radio
____Journals
____Newspapers
____Magazines ____Leaflet
B.
INDIVIDUALS
____Agricultural
Technician
____Fellow Farmers
____Family Members
____Head of Organization
C. GROUP EXTENSION SERVICES
____Training/seminars ____Organizational Meetings
D. OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
________________________________________________________________
25
III. INFORMATION SOURCE PREFERENCES
1. What sources of information on organic farming do you prefer?
_______________________________________________________________
Why?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Which among your sources of information do you rely most?
________________________________________________________________
Why?
_______________________________________________________________
IV. ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES ADOPTED
1. Do you practice organic farming concepts?
____Yes
____No
Why?
__________________________________________________________________
2. What organic farming practices do you practice in your farm?
____crop
rotation
____composting
____tillage
____green
manuring
others,
specify______________________________________________________
Why?
____applicable
____to safeguard health
____to preserve soil fertility/ environment
others,
specify______________________________________________________
3. Where did you learn the organic farming practices adopted?
__________________________________________________________________
V. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
What are the problems that you have encountered in the use of information
sources?
A. MASS MEDIA
____material is expensive
____not
accessible
____complicated
others,
specify______________________________________________________
26
B.
INDIVIDUALS
____seldom visit the area
____lacks clarity and simplicity in explaining the information/s
____lacks
demonstration
others,
specify______________________________________________________
C. GROUP EXTENSION SERVICES
____seldom conducted in the area
____ lacks clarity and simplicity in explaining the information/s
____lacks
demonstration
others,
specify______________________________________________________
27
Appendix B. Letter of Consent
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Extension Education
La Trinidad, Benguet
December 20, 2006
DELINO D. DAMPILAG
Barangay Captain
Loo, Buguias, Benguet
Sir:
Greetings!
I am Jonalyn T. Lomiwes, a 4th year BS Development Communication student
majoring in Educational Communication. I am presently conducting my thesis entitled
“Information Sources on Organic farming of farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet”.
In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your good office to allow
me to gather data in you area for my research. Also, please allow me to interview farmers
in your barangay. Rest assured that these would all be for academic purposes only.
Thank you very much for your support. God bless and more power.
Truly
yours,
Jonalyn T. Lomiwes
Researcher
NOTED BY:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
APPROVED
_________________
Delino D. Dampilag
LOMIWES, JONALYN T. APRIL 2007. Information Sources on Organic
Farming of Farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Barangay Loo, Buguias, Benguet to characterize the
socio-demographic profile of the respondents, classify the farmers’ sources of
information with regard to organic farming, determine the farmers’ most preferred
information source on organic farming, determine the organic farming practices the
farmers adopted in their farms or gardens, and identify the problems encountered by the
farmers with regards to the use of information sources.
The 30 respondents were chosen using purposive sampling method; respondents
had at least 2 years of farming experience and resided in the barangay Loo for at least 2
years.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and ranking was used in the
findings.
Based on the results, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents were
young, male, married, literate, resident of the barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming
experience of 2 to 9 years, and land owners, the farmers had varied sources of
information on organic farming, the farmers’ most preferred information source on
organic farming was agricultural technician, majority of the respondents adopted organic
farming practices; and with regards to the problems encountered in the information
sources, respondents claimed that the information in the print material was complicated,
agricultural technician seldom visits the area, and training/ seminars were seldom
conducted in the area.
It is recommended that agricultural technician should regularly visit the farmers in
the area since some claimed they were seldom visited, the farmers’ organizations should
request trainings to the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist or to Benguet State
University since they have programs on organic farming; and print materials should be
pre-tested and improved so farmers can understand them.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………... iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale……………………………………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………... 2
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………….. 3
Importance of the Study………………………………………………………. 3
Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………………………………… 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Information Sources……………………………………………………………. 5
Problems Encountered by Farmers in the Information Sources……………….. 6
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………. 8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………………….. 9
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………….. 9
Data Collection.……………………………………………………………….... 12
Data Gathered……………………………………………………………….. . 12
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………… 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents’ Socio-Demographic Profile……………………………………. 13
Information Sources of Farmers………………………………………………. 15
Most Preferred Information Source………………………………………….. 16
Organic Farming Practices Adopted………………………………….………. 17
Problems Encountered in the Use of Information Sources…………………… 18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………………….. . 20
Conclusions………………………………………………………………….... 20
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….. 21
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….…………. 22
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Interview Schedule…………………………………………….. 24
Appendix B. Letter of Consent…………………………………………….... 27
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Farmers have become more aware of the harmful effects brought about by the use
of chemicals in their farms especially to their health. As a consequence, according to
Colting (2006) as cited by Palangchao (2006) many farmers in La Trinidad and the rest of
Benguet Province are receptive to the idea of shifting from conventional to organic
farming.
Organic farming is a modern, sustainable farming system which maintains the
long-term fertility of the soil and uses less of the Earth’s finite resources to produce high
quality, nutritious food (Organic Farmers and Growers Ltd., 2006). In this practice,
farmers are encouraged to turn back to the old farming method where they utilize the
application of composted animal manures, well-timed cultivation, mechanical tillage,
crop rotations and other management methods instead of using pesticides, artificial
fertilizers and other chemicals.
Though, some people view organic farming as backward, this actually goes hand-
in-hand with preserving our environment and sustaining our land (Abalos, 2004 as cited
by Malanes, 2004). Thus, people should be more aware in maintaining the long-term
fertility of the soil not only for their own benefits but also, for the benefits of the future
generation.
Loo, Buguias, Benguet is a farming community where most people rely on
farming as the main source of livelihood. In September 1999, the potato leafminer started
to devastate crop in this area where there is heavy use of insecticides and where
susceptible varieties were planted. (Colting, n.d). The leafminer outbreak became an eye-
2
opener for many researchers and farmers.
Because of these, a lot of researches on organic farming has been featured in
different forms of media while seminars on composting, how to make organic fertilizers,
certification of organic farm, and principles of organic farm were conducted in different
farming areas to convince farmers to adopt organic farming to produce high quality
products that are globally competitive and foster human and environmental health.
In this case, there is a need to study the information sources on organic farming of
farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the information sources on organic farming of
farmers in Loo, Buguias. Specifically the study answered the following questions:
1. What are the socio-demographic profile of the respondents?
2. What are the farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming?
3. What type of information source is most preferred by the farmers when it
comes to organic farming?
4. What organic farming practices did the farmers adopt in their farms or gardens?
5. What are the problems encountered by the farmers with regards to the use of
information
sources?
3
Objectives of the Study
This study on the information sources on organic farming of farmers in Loo,
Buguias, Benguet aimed to:
1. Characterize the socio-demographic profile of the respondents;
2. Classify the farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming;
3. Determine what the farmers’ most preferred information source on organic
farming;
4. Determine what organic farming practices the farmers adopted in their farms or
gardens;
and
5. Identify the problems encountered by the farmers with regards to the use of
information
sources.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study will serve as a guide or reference to students and
researchers who will need to know more on the influence of agricultural technology
information sources on organic farming. Furthermore, the study can be used by media
practitioners and extensionists in designing the message on organic farming for farmers
which may lead to the improvement and development of agricultural technology
information sources that would suit the need of the farmers.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study was conducted in Loo, Buguias, Benguet with 30 respondents chosen
using purposive sampling. The respondents’ awareness on organic farming was not
4
included in the study.
Data gathering for the study was conducted from November 2006-December
2006.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Information Sources
There are a number of sequential steps in the process by which a person adopts
innovation such as new farming method. First, awareness of the innovation must occur,
and next, interest must be developed and information obtained. Third, this information
must be evaluated for its usefulness, and fourth, the person may try out the innovation in
his own situation. If this proves successful, full scale and continuing adoption may follow
(Rogers, 1962 as cited by Oskamp, 1997).
The media are unmistakably a part of everyday life in our culture. It has an
extensive presence in our society (Anderson, 1988 as cited by Abag, 2005). In addition,
the mass media are the most effective means of disseminating information in a short
period of time (Groiler Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2003).
According to Oskamp 1977, print media (books, magazines, and newspapers)
allow readers to determine the time and pace of their exposure and also permit easy
reexposure if desired. Research suggests that print media produce better comprehension
and retention of complex material than other media, but this advantage does not hold for
simple material. The broadcast media (radio and television) now reach nearly everyone
in the industrialized nations, including groups such as the aged, young children, and
people with low education, who are not easily reached by other media and who maybe
more persuasible. The visual media (television and films) are considered to be uniquely
effective because of the “you are there” immediacy conferred by their visual nature. As a
result, they typically receive more complete attention than other media, particularly from
6
children.
De Leon (2001) stated that in another level, the media keep the country updated
with the latest and appropriate communication structures and communication technology
prevalent in a globalize world system as useful instrument in developing our economy,
society, culture, and politics, among others.
According to government agencies, technologies are very much involved in the
effective implementation in the agricultural and rural development programs. They are
considered as channel to disseminate useful technologies to the community particularly to
the farmers and initiate changes for development (Pawil, 2001).
In some barangays of La Trinidad, Benguet, farmers get information on pesticides
from fellow farmers and family members who were also farmers since they were able to
exchange ideas. Radio, agricultural technician, training/seminars, television and news are
other sources of information of farmers (Basquial, 1999).
Moreover, extension workers and other knowledgeable persons are the chief
sources of information on livelihood, health, family planning and other developmental
topics in the villages (Abag, 2005).
Problems Encountered by Farmers in
the Information Sources
Based on the analysis of Ramirez (1983) as cited by Dacawe (2003) the press in a
developing society like the Philippines serves a multiplicity of purposes. It is a medium
of news, source of information about world, national and local events, and as a means of
establishing mutual understanding. It is an instrument of education, contributing to the
development of human resources that are as important as natural resources and capital
7
promoting economic growth.
However, one of the main problems in implementing of agricultural programs is
the non-participation of farmers due to widespread ignorance, social isolation and general
unwillingness of the people to adopt and accept risks. Therefore, introducing programs is
diffirent because adoption of a given innovation is a totally different thing from telling it
(Chulacupata,1980).
Another is that, cultural and community differences affect the rural families in the
acceptance of new innovation. Cultures and localities differ in the freedom allowed the
innovator and condition contributing to the acceptance of the innovation (Medina, 1986).
According to Chuadhary (1990) age, educational level of farming experience was
seen to be affecting the adoption of technologies. Other factors like lack of commitment
to field workers. Lack of clarity and simplicity of the messages transmitted to the
clientele, and training were found to under diffusion technology.
Furthermore, the socio-economic status of the family affects the individuals’
attitudes and interest even in the choice of media and other television programs.
Individuals with high economic status have wider range of choices and those belong to
low economic status have limited choices (David, 1980).
8
Definition of Terms
Mass
media.
This includes print materials, broadcast media and visual media used
in disseminating information such as organic farming.
Individuals.
This refers to a person who is expert in farming where farmers’
acquire information such as agricultural technician, family member, fellow farmer, and
head of organization.
Group extension services. A group who has a background or knowledge in
farming conducting seminars/ trainings and organizational meetings in a certain area to
inform farmers about a certain innovations regarding farming.
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the municipality of Buguias, Benguet (Figure 1)
particularly in Barangay Loo (Figure 2).
Loo, Buguias is a farming community where most people rely on farming as the
main source of livelihood. Loo has the basic amenities center of education, center of
information and technology, district host and a branch of Benguet State University BSU-
Buguias campus (formerly known as Buguias, Loo Polytechnic College).
The locality was chosen since Loo, Buguias was known to be the place where the
first potato leafminer outbreak in the Philippines occurred in September, 1999. The
potato leafminer became a serious pest in this area where there is heavy use of
insecticides and where susceptible varieties were planted.
The study was conducted on November 2006-December 2006.
Respondents of the Study
Thirty respondents were purposively chosen. Criteria for choosing them were the
following: (1) at least 2 years of farming experience and; (2) a resident of the barangay
for at least 2 years.
10
Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing the location of the study
11
Figure 2. Map of Buguias showing the location of the study
12
Data Collection
An interview schedule was used in collecting the needed information or gathered
data. The questions were translated to the local dialect (Kankana-ey) to facilitate
understanding between researcher and respondents.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the
farmers’ sources of information with regard to organic farming, the farmers’ most
preferred information source on organic farming, the organic farming practices the
farmers adopted, and the problems that are encountered by the farmers with the use of
information sources.
Data Analysis
The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics such
as frequency counts, percentage, and ranking.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Socio-Demographic Profile
Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents according to age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, years of residency, years of farming experience and land
ownership.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 43% of the respondents belonged to age range of 20-30
years old followed by 31-40 (37%). On the other hand, 7% of the respondents belonged
to the age range of 50 and above. This shows that most of the respondents were relatively
young while few were above the age of 51.
Sex. Seventy percent of the respondents were males and only 30 % were females.
It was observed that males were actively engaged in farming because married women
were left in the house to take care of the children. It was also apparent that women were
managing their small sari-sari stores.
Civil status. Among the 30 respondents, 67% were married and only 10 or 33%
were single. This finding shows that majority of the respondents were married and were
probably heads of their families.
Educational attainment. Forty-three percent of the respondents were able to reach
college level while 27% reached high school level. Findings indicate that all of the
respondents had formal education and were literate.
Years of residency. Majority (43%) of the respondents were residents of the
barangay for 17 to 31 years followed by 27% who were residents for 2 to 16 years; and
10% of the respondents resided in the barangay for 46 years and above.
14
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Age
20-30
13 43 1
31-40
11
37 2
41-50
4
13 3
51 and above
2
7 4
Total
30
100
Sex
Male 21 70 1
Female 9 30 2
Total 30 100
Civil Status
Single 10 33 2
Married 20 67 1
Total 30 100
Educational Attainment
Elementary level 9 30 2
High school level 8 27 3
College level 13 43 1
Total 30 100
Years of Residency
2-16 8 27 2
17-31 13 43 1
32-46 6 20 3
46 and above 3 10 4
Total 30 100
Farming Experience
2-9 15 50 1
10-17 8
27
2
18-25 4
13
3
26-33 3
10 4
Total 30 100
Land ownership
Owner 22
73 1
Co-owner
5
17
2
Tenant
3 10 3
Total 30 100
15
Farming experience. With regards to their experience in farming, 50% of the
respondents had farming experience of 2 to 9 years while 10% only had 26 to 33 years
experience in farming. However, most of the respondents claimed that they were exposed
to farming as early as the age of eight when they accompanied their parents in the garden.
Land ownership. The table shows that 73% of the respondents owned the land
they were cultivating, while only 10% claimed that they were tenants. This implies that
majority of the respondents cultivated their own land.
Information Sources of Farmers
Table 2 summarizes the information sources of farmers on organic farming. It
shows that agricultural technician (93.33%) was the top source of information followed
by fellow farmers (90%). Eighty-seven percent of the respondents claimed that they
listened to radio (DZWT) during morning and afternoon. Family members (83.33%) and
training/seminars (83.33%) were other sources of information that were mostly
mentioned by farmers.
This supports the findings of Abag (2005) which says that extension workers and
other knowledgeable persons are the chief sources of information on livelihood, health,
family planning, and other developmental topics.
16
Table 2. Information sources of farmers
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Mass Media
Radio
26
86.67 1
Brochure/Flyers 4
13.33
2
Leaflet
1
3.33 3.3
Magazines
1
3.33
3.3
Journals
1
3.33
3.3
Individuals
Agricultural Technician 28
93.33
1
Family Members 25
83.33
3
Fellow Farmers 27
90
2
Head of Organization 1
3.33
4
Group Extension Services
Training/Seminars 25
83.33
1
Organizational Meetings 10
33.33
2
*Multiple response
Most Preferred Information Source
Shown in Table 3 is the respondents’ most preferred information source on
organic farming. Among the 30 respondents, 26.67% claimed that they preferred
agricultural technician. According to the respondents, agricultural technician.
demonstrated when they were asked and answered their questions immediately. On the
other hand, 23.33% preferred their own experience while 20% preferred radio (DZWT)
hosted by Mr. Dominador Dongla. The respondents reasoned out that the information
were up to date and their radio can be brought to their garden.
It was noticed that nobody mentioned print materials. According to the
respondents, they did not have time to read and the materials were expensive.
17
Table 3. Most preferred information source
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30
(%)
Agricultural Technician 8
26.67
1
Experience
7 23.33 2
Radio 6 20 3
Family Members
4
13.33
4
Organizational Meetings 3
10
5
Fellow Farmers
1
3.33 6.5
Training/Seminars
1
3.33
6.5
Total 30 100
Organic Farming Practices Adopted
Farmers adopted selected farming practices but they were not organic farmers. As
shown in Table 4, 93.33% of the respondents adopted crop rotation followed by tillage
(90%). Meanwhile, 76.67% adopted composting. According to the respondents, these
practices were suitable and applicable in their garden. There were some respondents who
claimed that the application of chicken dung is an organic practice, however, Kudan
(2007) stated that chicken dung was not approved in the organic standard since anti-
biotics, medicines, growth hormones and other chemicals were fed to the chicken.
Table 4. Organic farming practices adopted
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Crop rotation
28
93.33
1
Composting
23
76.67
4
Tillage
27
90
2
Green manuring
24
80
3
*Multiple response
18
Problems Encountered in the Use of Information Sources
Mass media. None of the farmers claimed to have encountered problems on
radio; however, 20% of the respondents mentioned that the information in the print
material was complicated. According to the respondents, some words were unfamiliar
and difficult to understand. Only 6.67% claimed that the material was not accessible.
Individuals. As shown in Table 5, 23.33% of the respondents claimed that
agricultural technician seldom visited them. Agricultural technician was the top source
(shown in Table 2) and most preferred information source (shown in Table 3) by the
respondents when it comes to organic farming. On the other hand, 1 or 3.33% mentioned
agricultural technician lacked demonstration. According to one respondent, their fellow
farmers do not want to share the acquired information. This is maybe due to close
competition among the farmers in selling their products in the market.
Group extension services. The table shows that 33.33% of the respondents
mentioned that training/seminars were seldom conducted in the area while only 3.33%
claimed they lacked demonstration. Meanwhile, those who acquired information from
organizational meetings did not mention any problems encountered.
19
Table 5. Problems encountered in the use of information sources
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
n=30 (%)
Print Media
complicated
6
20 1
expensive
4
13.33 2
not accessible 2 6.67 3
Agricultural Technician
seldom visit the area 7 23.33
1
lacks demonstration 1 3.33
2
Training/seminars
seldom conducted in the area 10 33. 33
1
lacks clarity and simplicity in
explaining the information 4 13.33 2
lacks demonstration 1 3.33 3
*Multiple response
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Majority of the respondents belonged to age range of 20 to 30 years old, were
able to reach college level, residents of the barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming
experience from 2 to 9 years and owned the land they cultivated.
Based on the results, agricultural technician was the top source of information and
the most preferred information source on organic farming of the respondents.
With regards to the organic farming practices adopted, crop rotation (93.33%),
tillage (90%), green manuring (80%), and composting were being practiced.
About the problems encountered in the information sources, 20% of the
respondents mentioned that the information in the print material were complicated,
21.33% claimed that agricultural technicians seldom visit the area, though, majority of
the respondents said that agricultural technicians regularly visit them while 33.33% of the
respondents said training/ seminars were seldom conducted in the area.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. Majority of the respondents were young, male, married, literate, resident of the
barangay for 17 to 31 years, had farming experience of 2 to 9 years, and land
owner;
2. The farmers had varied sources of information on organic farming;
3. The farmers’ most preferred information source on organic farming was
agricultural
technician;
21
4. Majority of the respondents adopted organic farming practices; and
5. With regards to the problems encountered in the information sources,
respondents claimed that the information in the print material was complicated,
agricultural technician seldom visits the area, and training/ seminars were seldom
conducted in the area.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were
drawn:
1. Agricultural technician should regularly visit the farmers in the area since some
claimed they were seldom visited;
2. The farmers’ organizations should request trainings to the Office of the
Provincial Agriculturist or to Benguet State University since they have programs
on organic farming; and
3. Print materials should be pre-tested and improved so farmers can understand
them.
22
LITERATURE CITED
ABAG, M.T.2005. Information Needs and Information Sources of the Residents of
Barangay Tawangan and Barangay Lusod in Kabayan, Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.5&8
BASQUIAL, A.A.1999. Knowledge and Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers on Pesticide
Use in Three Selected Barangays of La Trinidad Benguet. BS Thesis. University
of the Philippines. Los Baños. P.3
CHUADHARY, S.P.1990. Adoption of Recommended Irish Potato Technology by
Farmers in Bara District, Nepal. MS Thesis. Benguet State University
CHULACUPATA, S. 1980. The Implementation of Agricultural Development Program
in Benguet. MS Thesis. Mountain State Agriculture College, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
P.8
COLTING, L.M (N.D). BSU Gives Quick Response Service Against Potato Leafminer.
Retrieved Sept.17, 2006 from http://www.potatonews.com/leafminers/database/a009.pdf
DACAWE, N.B. 2003. Content Analysis on Agricultural Issues of Community
Newspapers in Cordillera. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS
Thesis.
P.15
DAVID, W.A.1980. Media and Their Uses. New York: Harper and Row Press. P. 37
DE LEON, H.S. 2000. Textbook on the Philippine Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Manila,
Philippines.
Pp.
65-66
GROILER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF KNOWLEDGE. 2003. Mass Media. Groiler
Incorporated.
P.170
MALANES, M.2004. Organic Farming: Growing profitable Business with a Conscience.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved Sept. 18, 2006 from http://www.globalnews.
com./environmental-news-a.html?art=10767016512776280
MEDINA, 1986. Agriculture and Home Extension in Philippine Setting. Quezon City:
Publishers Press Pp.3-6
ORGANIC FARMERS & GROWERS LTD. 2006. An Introduction to Organic Framing.
Retrieved Sept.7,2006 from http://www.organicfarmers.org.uk/aboutorganics/
organic_farming.php
OSKAMP, S. 1977. Communication of Attitudes and Opinions. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.07632. Pp. 144-155
23
PALANGCHAO, H.2006.Oct.8. BSU Organic farm Seen to Propel LT Strawberry.
Baguio Midland Courier. Volume LIX: P.10&39
PAWIL, B.T.2001. Adoption of Level Methodologies by Agriculture Technologies
Implementing Development Project in Kapangan, Benguet. B.S Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.P.5
24
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Interview Schedule
I. PROFILE
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
1. Name (optional) __________________________________________________
2. Age: ____
3. Sex: ____Male
____Female
4. Civil Status:
____Single
____Married
____Widow/Widower
5. Educational Attainment:
____Elementary
level
____High school level
____College
level
____Others,
specify
6. Years of Residency: ____
7. Years of Farming Experience: ____
8. Land Ownership:
____Owner
____Co-owner
____Tenant
____Others,
specify
II. SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. What are your sources of information on organic farming?
A. MASS MEDIA
____Brochures ____TV
____Books
____Radio
____Journals
____Newspapers
____Magazines ____Leaflet
B.
INDIVIDUALS
____Agricultural
Technician
____Fellow Farmers
____Family Members
____Head of Organization
C. GROUP EXTENSION SERVICES
____Training/seminars ____Organizational Meetings
D. OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
________________________________________________________________
25
III. INFORMATION SOURCE PREFERENCES
1. What sources of information on organic farming do you prefer?
_______________________________________________________________
Why?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Which among your sources of information do you rely most?
________________________________________________________________
Why?
_______________________________________________________________
IV. ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES ADOPTED
1. Do you practice organic farming concepts?
____Yes
____No
Why?
__________________________________________________________________
2. What organic farming practices do you practice in your farm?
____crop
rotation
____composting
____tillage
____green
manuring
others,
specify______________________________________________________
Why?
____applicable
____to safeguard health
____to preserve soil fertility/ environment
others,
specify______________________________________________________
3. Where did you learn the organic farming practices adopted?
__________________________________________________________________
V. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
What are the problems that you have encountered in the use of information
sources?
A. MASS MEDIA
____material is expensive
____not
accessible
____complicated
others,
specify______________________________________________________
26
B.
INDIVIDUALS
____seldom visit the area
____lacks clarity and simplicity in explaining the information/s
____lacks
demonstration
others,
specify______________________________________________________
C. GROUP EXTENSION SERVICES
____seldom conducted in the area
____ lacks clarity and simplicity in explaining the information/s
____lacks
demonstration
others,
specify______________________________________________________
27
Appendix B. Letter of Consent
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Extension Education
La Trinidad, Benguet
December 20, 2006
DELINO D. DAMPILAG
Barangay Captain
Loo, Buguias, Benguet
Sir:
Greetings!
I am Jonalyn T. Lomiwes, a 4th year BS Development Communication student
majoring in Educational Communication. I am presently conducting my thesis entitled
“Information Sources on Organic farming of farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet”.
In this connection, I would like to ask permission from your good office to allow
me to gather data in you area for my research. Also, please allow me to interview farmers
in your barangay. Rest assured that these would all be for academic purposes only.
Thank you very much for your support. God bless and more power.
Truly
yours,
Jonalyn T. Lomiwes
Researcher
NOTED BY:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
APPROVED
_________________
Delino D. Dampilag
Document Outline
- Information Sources on Organic
Farming of Farmers in Loo, Buguias, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitations of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Information Sources
- Problems Encountered by Farmers inthe Information Sources
- Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Respondents Socio-Demographic Profile
- Information Sources of Farmers
- Most Preferred Information Source
- Organic Farming Practices Adopted
- Problems Encountered in the Use of Information Sources
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES