BIBLIOGRAPHY JUANITO, TONY B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JUANITO, TONY B. APRIL 2007. Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs
(Lilium philippinensis). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R.Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Horticulture Department Laboratory area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006 to evaluate
the effect of cold stratification, ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide (CaC2), and Gibberellic
Acid (GA3) on breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs, and to determine the best
treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and root initiation of Benguet lily
bulbs.
Result shows that Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm GA3 significantly
promoted earlier formation of roots, had the highest percentage of sprouting and were the
earliest to attain 2.5 cm. shoot formation. However, it had the least number of roots two
months from treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with CaC2 for two weeks and cold
stratified at 5oC for two weeks had the highest percentage of root development and had
the longest roots two months from treatment. The highest percentage of bulb damage
was significantly observed in ethyl alcohol treated bulbs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………..
i
Table of contents ………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………..
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………….. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting/Treatment to Root Formation…………
10
Days from Planting/Treatment to Shoot Formation………..
11
Percentage of Sprouting ……………………………………
13
Percentage of Root Development (%) ……………………..
14
No. of Roots Two Months from Treatment ………………..
16
Average Number of days from Treatment to Sprouting……
17
Average Length of Roots Two Months from
Treatment ……………………………………………………
19
Percentage of Bulb Damage Two Months
After Treatment …………………………………………….. 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………..
23
Conclusion ………………………………………………….
23
Recommendation ……………………………………………
24
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………
26
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………
27
iii
INTRODUCTION
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliceae that are hardy perennials. It is a
relative of the equally popular Easter lily (Lilium longiforum). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are that the leaves and flowers of the Benguet lily are very
much narrower than those of the Easter lily (Asuncion et al., 1976) and the former can be
propagated through bulbs, seeds or by bulblets.
Lily plants are known and familiar in the country. In the Cordillera, these plants
are known as Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis) and are considered indigenous
(Hermano, 2000). The name given by an American pioneer during the World War II who
was the first to cultivate and saw its potential as a cutflower crop (Cimato, 2000). The
plant grows predominantly in the province of Benguet and other highland areas in the
Cordilleras. It is one of many endemic plants in the region. Its white fragrant flowers
symbolizes beauty, purity and peace (Artajo, 2000). The Benguet or Mountain lilies
however, have never been or seldom used since their flowers are few and seasonal due to
the absence of technology in growing them. Despite the situation about its technology it
was once proposed to be the provincial flower of Benguet (Hermano, 2000). The flower
measures from 5-7 inches long with either one or two blossoms per stalk. The flowers
are used to decorate church altars during weddings and on other special occasions.
Benguet lily plants became an endangered species due to continues collection of
the plant from its native habitat and the lack of local domestication efforts. It has become
rare, vulnerable and dependent on rainwater in the wild. This has been considered a very
delicate flower and is said to die once if it is taken from its natural habitat (Olarte, 2001).
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
2
It was further added that at present, Benguet lily has lost even its name and no
longer known as such in the International Flower Trade for its name has been changed
and has even lost its birthright (Cimatu, 2000). Furthermore, the same source stated that
Benguet lily has been used as base for cross breeding lilies abroad since no Baguio
Horticulturist accepted the challenge.
Most plants will be lost or will revert to less desirable forms unless they are
propagated under controlled conditions that preserve the unique characteristics that
makes them useful (Hartmann et al., 1986).
It was reported in1995 that the population of lily plants was declining due to over
collection, becoming rare and endangered due to the effort of man to domesticate it
which has brought about the rapid depletion of the species in its natural habitat
(Ampaguey, et al., 2003). The delicate flower delicate dies once it is taken from its
natural habitat (Olarte, 2001).
This study is important because there is no study conducted on the breaking
dormancy of Benguet lily bulb.
Objective of the Study
The study was conducted to:
1. Evaluate the effect of cold stratification, calcium carbide (CaC2) ethyl alcohol
and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the breaking of dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
2. To determine the best treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and
root initiation and break dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
3
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest laboratory
room at AC 105, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The study was conducted to:
1. To evaluate the effect of cold stratification, calcium carbide (CaC2), ethyl
alcohol and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
2. To determine the best treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and
root initiation and break dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Laboratory Area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
Lilies are very delicate plants with lovely bell like flowers and grows in a wide
range of soil types, varying climate, altitudes and shades. Some lilies grow only in the
highlands like Baguio lily or the Benguet lily (Asuncion et al., 1976).
Lily is one of the top ten popular flowers in the world. It ranks 5th in the Holland
and 6th in Japan in 1988 and 1993, respectively. Japan is importing 25% of their 11
million flower requirements in 1993. Locally, the market demand markedly increasing
particularly the newly introduced lilies (Hermano, 2000).
The species of the genus Lilium are classified botanically into seven sections
(Comber, 1944 as cited by Collicut and Ronald, 1996), while the various types as
cultivated lilies are divided into nine horticultural divisions (Anonymous, 1964) cultivars
of the Aurelian and Oriental Horticultural Division constitute a large portion of cultivated
lilies. Aurelian hybrids are considered quite a reliable plant for northern gardens,
however, most oriental lilies are late flowering and fail to mature in the Northern zones
(Collicut and Ronald, 1996).
There are numerous species of the genus Lilium that were mixed through
hybridization and become highly hybrids. These hybrids are called Asiatic and Oriental
hybrids. The other species that were popular are the longiforum and speciosum hybrids.
The morphology of claimed indigenous lily and lost Easter lily of the Cordillera closely
resemble longiforum sp. (Hermano, 2000). Lilium longiforum has large trumpet-shaped
flowers, while the Asiatic hybrids are characterized as open often upward facing with
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
5
bright colors and jaunty profiles. The oriental hybrids are described as with much larger
blooms and more flamboyant than the Asiatic (Ampaguey et al., 2000).
The distinguishing characteristics of Benguet lily is that it has only two waxy
flowers, 12-18 cm (Asuncion et al., 1976). Olarte (2001) also identified the plants as
branchless, bulbous herbs about 70 cm tall, having big showy flowers with lobes and very
narrow leaves.
Benguet lily thrives well in well-drained, loam soil at altitudes of 300 to 1000 m
above sea level and grows in isolated, even unreachable areas. This lily is mostly found
in the pine regions of Benguet and spotted on the strep ridges of the Halsema highway, a
major road linking Benguet to the other Cordillera municipalities (Cimatu, 2000).
Propagation of Lilies
Lilies are propagated through seeds, bulbs, bulbils, bulb scales and tissue culture.
Seed propagation is used for the multiplication of species and new cultivars. The seeds
of different lily species have different germination requirement (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Many species are often increased by means of seeds which germinate in two types: the
epigeal and hypogeal germination (Petrova, 1975). For most commercially important
species and hybrids like L. tigrinom, L. amabile, L. concolor, L. longiforom, Aurelian
hybrids, mid-century hybrids and others, the germination, shoots generally emerge three
to six weeks after oplanting at moderately high temperature (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
6
Bulb Characteristics
Bulbs are generally tunicated, all the coats or layers grow from the base called the
basal plate. The outer coat or tunic varies in appearance, in color and thickness
depending on the species of the plant. They serve to protect the bulb from damage and
drying out (Asuncion et al., 1976). In the center of the bulb is the young bud from which
the flower arises. Daughter bulbs form in the axils of the coat on the basal plates and the
bud from which the new mother plant develops is located under the inside coat. The rests
grow out of the basal plate at the bottom (Petrova, 1975).
Effect of Growth Regulators
Weaver (1972), as cited by (Lab-oyan, 1998) reported that the application of
growth regulators to cuttings is usually done for the enhancement of rooting and for
uniformity of root formation, and stimulation of rooting period of cuttings. Their effects
were explained by Bidwell (1979) and Wilkens (1968) as cited by (Lab-oyan, 1998) is
due to cell enlargement and elongation by the hormones which eventually cause the
expansion of the growing points affected.
Use of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) in Plant Growth
The use of GA3 as a plant hormone can encourage plant growth especially in cold
weather, hasten germination, increase in size and yield of some crops and promote
flowering in most ornamentals and vegetable crops (Leopold, 1964).
Gibberellic offer to affect almost all plant organs from root development to
flower, fruit and seed development.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
7
Stratification
Stratification is an aid for germinating seeds of many species (Copeland and
McDonald, 1983). Adriance and Brison (1955) as cited by Paing (1980), reported that
stratification as a pre-plant treatment, preserve viability and hasten the germination of
seeds by reducing the amount of germination inhibitor within the seeds, thereby
enhancing germination.
King (1978) as cited by Antolin (2001) showed that stratification should be done
only on freshly extracted seeds. Outdoor stratification in a cellar or other cold storage bin
can be accomplished if the temperature remains below 40oF for 6 to 12 weeks.
Copeland and McDonald (1993) added that the stratification requirement of a
particular seed lot also depends on the seed age because of the persistence of dormancy
increasing with seed age, which is a universal characteristic of indigenous dormancy.
But the speed at which dormancy is lost varies among species.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that was used in this study were newly harvested Benguet lily bulb,
calcium carbide (CaC2), Gibberillic acid (GA3), 70% ethyl alcohol, refrigerator, mountain
soil and compost.
Methods
Newly harvested Benguet lily bulbs was used in the study. The bulbs was treated
according to their treatments specified below. The bulbs was planted in seed boxes after
treatment with 1:1 by volume of mountain soil and compost as the rooting media.
Experimental designs and treatments. The experiment was arranged in
completely randomized design (CRD). There were 50 bulbs per treatment replicated
three times. The treatments were as follows:
Treatment
Duration
T0 – Control
(No treatment prior to planting)
T1 – CaC2
100 g/150 bulbs stored for 2 weeks
T2 – GA3
Dipped in 500 ppm GA3 for 1 hour then air
dried before planting
T3 – 70% Ehyl alcohol
Sprayed with 70% ethyl Alcohol then air
dried before planting
T4 – Cold stratification
Refrigerated at 10oC for 2 weeks
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
9
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from treatment to breaking dormancy. The number of days
from treatment to initial sprouting and root development of bulbs were counted per
treatment.
2. Degree of sprouting, root development and bulb damage after treatment. The
percentage of sprouting, root development and bulb damage 1 month from treatment
were recorded.
3. Number of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size). The number of
days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm) were counted.
4. Length of roots (cm) and number of roots one month from treatment
application were recorded.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting/Treatment to Root Formation
Result show that there were highly significant differences observed on the
different treatment used with regards to the number of days from planting to root
formation. Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour
significantly promoted earlier formation of roots with a mean of 9.67 days. Untreated
plants had the longest duration to root formation with a mean of 24.33 days. Benguet lily
bulbs treated with ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide and cold stratification for 14 days at 5oC
were statistically comparable with regards to days from planting to root formation (Table
1, Figure 1).
Table 1. Days from planting/treatment to root formation
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
24.33 a
GA3
9.67 c
CaC2
15.00 b
Ethyl alcohol
16.00 b
Cold stratification
14.33 bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
11
Days from Planting/Treatment to
Shoot Formation
Table 2 and Figure 2 show the effect of the different treatments used on the
number of days from planting to shoot formation of Benguet lily bulbs. Gibberellic Acid
(GA3) treated bulbs significantly enhanced earlier shoot formation with a mean of 14
days while the untreated bulbs were the latest to form shoot after a mean of 40 days from
planting. Earlier shoot formation were also noted in bulbs treated with calcium carbide
(CaC2) and applied with cold stratification treatment for 14 days and with means of 17.67
and 16.33 days respectively. Among the treated bulbs, those applied with ethyl alcohol
before planting were the latest to form shoots.
This observation is in line with what Mallete and Althouse (1960) found that
gibberellins are active in promoting shoot growth, cell elongation and stimulate flower
formation.
Table 2. Days from planting/treatment to shoot formation
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
40.00 a
GA3
14.00 d
CaC2
17.67 bc
Ethyl alcohol
18.67 b
Cold stratification
16.33 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
30
a
25
20
a
y
s
b
b
bc
f
d
15
o
.
o
c
N 10
5
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 1. Number of days from planting to root formation as affected by different
treatments to break bulb dormancy
45
a
40
35
30
a
y
s
25
f
d
bc
b
20
o
.
o
d
c
N 15
10
5
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 2. Number of days from planting to shoot formation as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
13
Percentage of Sprouting
Significant differences were obtained on the percentage of sprouting as affected
by the different treatments used. Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm (GA3) for one
hour had the highest percentage of sprouting with a mean of 30.67%, while bulbs treated
with ethyl alcohol had the lowest percentage of sprouting of 4% which was lower than
those in control which had 10%. Cold stratified bulbs were comparable with that of the
control bulbs. The very low percentage of sprouting in bulbs treated with ethyl alcohol is
due to the high percentage of damaged bulbs after treatment (Table 3 and Figure 3).
The results confirm the report of Salda and Bayogan (1985) that GA3 promoted
sprout initiation, resulting in more and longer sprouts.
In 1984, Bayogan and Salda found that when Conchita, Cosima, Fina, Granola
and Red Pontiac tubers treated with 2 ppm GA3 produced longer, uniform and normal
sprouts compared to the control lot.
Table 3. Percentage of sprouting (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
10.00 c
GA3
30.67 a
CaC2
16.67 b
Ethyl alcohol
4.00 d
Cold stratification
12.00 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
14
Percentage of Root Development (%)
Table 4 and Figure 4 show that there were significant differences with regards to
the development of roots after treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with calcium carbide
(CaC2) for two weeks had the highest percentage of root development with a mean of
94%, while the lowest was obtained from the bulbs dipped in ethyl alcohol prior to
planting with a mean of 42.67%. Cold stratification of bulb at 5oC for 14 days also
increased rooting percentage which is comparable with those treated with Gibberellic
acid (GA3). Means were 91.33% and 79.33% respectively.
This result somehow correlates with the work of Zimmerman and Hitchcock
(1933), that ethylene, as well as propylene, acetylene and carbon monoxide, was shown
to be stimulator of root initiation.
Table 4. Percentage of root development (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
56.67 b
GA3
79.33 a
CaC2
94.00 a
Ethyl alcohol
46.67 b
Cold stratification
91.33 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
) 35
a
30
25
20
b
f
s
p
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
(
%
15
c
c
10
d
5
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 3. Percentage of sprouting as affected by different treatment to break bulb
dormancy
)
a
100
a
90
a
a
n
t
(
%
80
70
o
p
m
b
el 60
ev
b
50
f
d 40
30
20
10
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 4. Percentage of root development as affected by different treatment to break bulb
dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
16
No. of Roots Two Months from Treatment
Table 5 and Figure 5 present the number of roots two months from treatment.
Results show that there were significant differences obtained among the treatments used.
Significantly more roots were observed on bulbs treated with calcium carbide (CAC2) for
two weeks with a mean of 5.10 roots, followed by the untreatred bulbs and the one
treated with cold stratification which had an identical mean of 3.33 roots. Bulbs treated
with Gibberellic acid (GA3) and ethyl alcohol had significantly lesser roots with an
average of 1.80 and 1.93 roots per bulb, respectively.
These results correlate with the findings of Jones in 1968, that acetylene
generated from CaC2 can produce ethylene – like effects which might stimulate the
release of Gibberellic – induced alpha-amylase from the aleuron cells into the endosperm
a storage tissue which stimulates germination, root initiation and sprouting.
Table 5. Number of roots two months from treatment
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
3.33 b
GA3
1.80 c
CaC2
5.10 a
Ethyl alcohol
1.93 c
Cold stratification
3.33 b
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
17
Average Number of Days from Treatment
to Sprouting
Results showed highly significant differences on the number of days from
treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size) as affected by treatments used. Benguet lily
bulbs treated with 500 ppm Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour were the earliest to
break dormancy which sprouted after 19.33 days, followed by those applied with calcium
carbide (CaC2) which had the visible sprouts of 2.5 cm, after 27.33 days from planting.
On the other hand, bulbs that were not treated (control) had delayed shoot development
and were the latest to break their dormancy and sprouted after 52 days from planting.
(Table 6 and Figure 6).
These results correlates with the report of Bayogan et al., (1985) that tubers
dipped in 20 to 40 ppm GA3 concentration resulted in rapid sprout initiation and longer
sprouts in Cosima.
Table 6. No. of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
52.00 a
GA3
19.33 e
CaC2
27.33 d
Ethyl alcohol
43.33 b
Cold stratification
37.67 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
6
a
5
s 4
b
b
r
oot 3
of
o.
c
c
N 2
1
0
Control
GA2
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 5. Number of roots two months from planting as affected by different treatment to
break bulb dormancy
60
a
50
b
c
40
s
p
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
u
d
s
i
z
e
)
d
b 30
m
e
a
y
s
f
r
o
m
20
f
d (2.5 c
10
o
.
o
N
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 6. Number of days from planting to sprouting (2.5 cm budsize) as affected by
different treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
19
Average Length of Roots Two Months
from Treatment
Statistical analysis showed significant effects on the length of roots two months
from treatment as affected by the different treatments applied. Bulbs treated with cold
stratification for 14 days at 5oC had the longest roots with a mean of12.42 cm while bulbs
that were untreated (control) had the shortest roots with a mean of 5.81cm. Shortest roots
were likewise, noted from bulbs treated with 500 ppm GA3 and CaC2 means were 6.10
and 10.56 cm respectively. (Table 7 and Figure 7).
Antolin (2001) as cited by Deponio (2002) mentioned that in Gipas seeds,
alternate cold and warm stratification reduced the number of days from sowing to
complete germination by nine days. Seeds of many species appear to require several
cycles of stratification treatment to be completed. Copeland and McDonald (1985) added
that the stratification requirement of a particular seed lot also depends on the seed age
because of the persistence of dormancy increasing with seed age, which is a universal
characteristic of indigenous dormancy. But the speed at which dormancy is lost varies
among species.
Percentage of Bulb Damage Two
Months After Treatment
Results revealed highly significant differences on the percentage of bulb damage
two months after treatment. Benguet lily bulb dipped in ethyl alcohol had the highest
percentage of bulb damage with a mean of 57.33%. This was followed by bulbs that
were not treated (control) with a mean of 40%. Benguet lily bulbs that were treated CaC2
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
20
Table 7. Length of roots two months from treatment (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
52.00 a
GA3
19.33 e
CaC2
27.33 d
Ethyl alcohol
43.33 b
Cold stratification
37.67 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
had the lowest percentage of bulb damage with a mean of 6%. This means that CaC2 as a
pre-planting treatment ensures lower percentage of bulb damage in breaking dormancy in
Benguet lily. Likewise, a low bulb damage of 12.67% was obtained in bulbs treated with
cold stratification at 5oC for 14 days which was significantly lower compared to those
treated with GA3 with a mean of 20.67% (Table 8 and Figure 8).
This result conforms with the findings of Gonzales, F.R. (1983) that lower CaC2
concentration (30 g) and short duration of exposure (10-40 days) did not damage the
corms exposed during treatment. This may be attributed to the amount of acetylene
generated from CaC2 present in the box where corms of gladiolus were stored.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
21
Table 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after treatment (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
40.00 b
GA3
20.67 c
CaC2
6.00 d
Ethyl alcohol
57.33 a
Cold stratification
12.67 cd
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
14
a
) 12
a
10
8
f
r
o
o
t
s
(
c
m
b
b
b
6
4
L
e
n
g
t
h
o
2
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 7. Length of roots (cm) two months from planting as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
) 70
a
60
a
g
e
(
5
%
a
m 50
b
40
u
l
b
d
f
b 30
c
20
d
d
10
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after planting as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Horticulture Department Laboratory area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006 to evaluate
the effect of cold stratification, ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide (CaC2) and Giberellic Acid
(GA3) on the breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs, and to determine the best
treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and root initiation of Benguet lily
bulbs.
Results showed that Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm GA3 for one hour
significantly promoted earlier formation of roots with a mean of 9.67 days from
treatment, were the earliest to form shoots after 14 days and were the earliest to attain 2.5
cm. sprout after 19.33 days. However, GA3 treated bulbs had the lowest number of roots
two months from treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with CaC2 for two weeks and cold
stratified for 2 weeks at 5oC had the highest percentage of root development two months
from treatment with 94% and 91.33% respectively. The highest percentage of damaged
bulbs after treatment was significantly observed on ethyl alcohol treated bulbs with
57.33% while bulbs treated with CaC2 for 2 weeks had the least damaged bulbs after
treatment with only 6 percent.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that dipping Benguet lily bulbs in 500 ppm Gibberellic
Acid (GA3) for one hour could enhance earlier formation of roots, earlier shoot
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
24
formation, highest percentage of sprouting and were the earliest to break dormancy. On
the other hand, application of calcium carbide (CaC2) promoted highest percentage of root
development, highest number of roots two months from treatment, and had the lowest
percentage of bulb damage. Likewise, bulbs treated with cold stratification for 14 days at
5oC had the longest roots two months from treatment.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, dipping Benguet lily bulbs in 500 ppm
Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour is recommended for earlier formation of roots,
earlier shoot formation, highest percentage of sprouting and were the earliest to break
dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
AMPAGUEY, D. W., E.D. CADELINA, M. D. DIMAS, A. B. MANG-OY and J.A.
PALAEZ. 2003. In-vitro propagation of Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis).
BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3, 5-7.
ANONYMOUS. 1964. A Proposed Horticultural Classification of Lilies for
Registration Show and Catalogue Purposes. Royal Hort. Sci. Lily Yearbook
27: 152-164.
ANTOLIN, M. C. 2001. Germination of Benguet tea as influenced by stratification
periods. A term paper submitted in Horticulture 315 (Advance in Plant
Propagation and Management). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-8.
ARTAJO, E. A. 2000. City of Dipolog. Dipolog Flower Cruz Manila. Saint Mary’s
Pub. Pp. 59-63.
ASUNCION, R. G., K. R. FLORES and F. D. SAN MIGUEL, JR. 1976. Introduction to
Floriculture and Landscape Gardening. Practical Arts in Agricultural Arts. Sta.
Cruz, Manila: Saint Mary’s Pub. Pp. 59-63.
BAYOGAN, E. V. and V. B. SALDA. 1985. Effect of various Concentrations of GA3
on Sprouting Cut the Whole Cosima Tubers. Unpublished Research.
NPRCRTC, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BIDWELL, R. G. 1979. Plant Physiology. New York: McMillan Publ. Co. Inc., Pp.
389-391.
CIMATU, F. E. 2000. What’s the story, Benguet lily? Philippine Daily Inquirer 15:75.
P. 3.
COLLICUT, L. M. and W. G. RONALD. 1996. “Starburst Sensation.” Lily Cultivar
Germplasm. Hort. Sci. 31(2).
COPELAND and M. B. MC DONALD. 1985. Principles of Seed Science and
Technology. Burgess Publ., Co., Minnesota. Pp. 111-113.
DEPONIO, C. P. 2002. Germination of gipas seeds as affected by pulping and hot water
treatment. A term paper submitted in Horticulture 315 (Advance in Plant
Propagation and Management). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-4.
GONZALES, F. R. 1983. “Breaking dormancy and induction of flowering on gladiolus
with Calcium Carbide (CaC2) treatments.” MS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
25
HARTMANN. 1990. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall. 15th ed. 2:481-483.
HARTMANN, H. T., D. E. KESTER and F. T. DAVIEW JR. 1986. Plant Propagation
Principles and Practices. Engle Woods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.
479-481, 488-489.
HERMANO, F. G. SR. 2000. Lily Production: A commercial Production Technoguide
for Highland Philippines. A Consultant’s Manual. Pp. 1, 3-7, 15-17.
JONES, R. L. 1968. Ethylene enhance release of Alpha-Amylase from barley
endosperm-plant physiology, 43-442-444.
LAB-OYAN, T. 1998. “Sulfuric acid scarification of gladiolus cormels. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
LEOPOLD, A. C. 1964. Plant Growth and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Pp. 230-232.
MALLETE, M. F. and P. M. ALTHOUSE. 1960. Biochemistry of Plants and Animals.
New York: Willy and Son’s Int. P. 204.
OLARTE, A. 2001. Battle for official flower of Benguet goes on Philippine Daily
Inquirer. February 28, 2001. P. 17.
PAING, R. D. 1980. Effect of Seed Stratification on the Growth and Yield of Edible
Podded Pea. BS Thesis, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
PETROVA, E. I. 1975. A Concise Guide in Color Flowering Bulbs. London: The
Hamlyn Pub. Group, Ltd. Pp. 9, 14, 25.
ZIMMERMAN, P. W. and A. E. HITCH COCK. 1933. initiation and Stimulation of
Adventitious Roots Caused by Caturated Hydro Carbon Gasses. Boyec
Thompson Inst. 5:351-369.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting/treatment to root formation
TREATMENT
R E P L I C A T I O N
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Control
20
28
25
73
24.22
Ga3
10
12
7
29
9.67
CaC2
12
17
16
45
15.00
Ethyl alcohol
16
15
17
48
16.00
Cold stratification
12
15
16
43
14.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
339.733
84.933
12.13**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
70.000
7.000
Total
14
409.733
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 16.67%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
27
Appendix Table 2. Days from planting/treatment to shoot formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
40
40
40
120
40.00
Ga3
14
13
15
42
14.67
CaC2
17
19
17
53
18.67
Ethyl alcohol
18
19
19
56
18.67
Cold stratification
18
15
16
49
16.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1343.333
84.933
12.13**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
10.000
7.000
Total
14
1353.333
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.69%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
28
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of sprouting (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10
10
10
30
10.00
Ga3
35
28
29
92
30.67
CaC2
18
16
16
50
16.67
Ethyl alcohol
4
4
4
12
4.00
Cold stratification
8
12
16
36
12.00
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1208.00
302.00
47.68**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
63.33
6.33
Total
14
1271.33
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.16%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
29
Appendix Table 4. Percentage of root development (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
50
70
170
56.67
Ga3
74
94
70
238
79.33
CaC2
94
94
94
282
94.00
Ethyl alcohol
42
24
62
128
42.67
Cold stratification
98
80
96
274
91.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
6011.73
1502.93
9.92**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
1514.67
151.47
Total
14
7526.40
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 16.90%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
30
Appendix Table 5. Number of root two months from treatment
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.6
4.44
3.0
10
3.33
Ga3
1.4
1.4
1.4
5.4
1.80
CaC2
4.6
5.4
5.2
15.2
5.10
Ethyl alcohol
1.8
2.2
1.8
5.8
1.93
Cold stratification
2.8
3.6
3.6
10
3.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
21.083
5.271
14.53**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
3.627
0.363
Total
14
24.709
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 19.47%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
52
52
52
156
52.00
Ga3
19
19
20
58
19.33
CaC2
26
29
27
82
27.33
Ethyl alcohol
43
44
43
130
43.33
Cold stratification
39
36
38
113
37.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1996.267
499.067
467.88**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
10.67
1.067
Total
14
2006.933
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.87%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
32
Appendix Table 7. Length of roots (cm) two months from treatment
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.37
7.52
7.56
17.45
5.81
Ga3
7.38
5.53
5.38
18.29
6.10
CaC2
12.22
7.96
11.5
31.68
10.56
Ethyl alcohol
4.94
8.52
5.21
19.67
6.56
Cold stratification
11.03
12.03
14.2
37.26
12.42
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
107.927
26.982
5.82*
3.48
5.99
Error
10
46.342
4.634
Total
14
154.269
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.22%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
33
Appendix Table 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after treatment (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
40
30
120
50.00
Ga3
26
26
30
62
20.67
CaC2
6
6
6
18
6.00
Ethyl alcohol
58
76
38
172
37.33
Cold stratification
12
12
14
38
12.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
5165.333 1291.333
13.80**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
936.000
93.600
Total
14
6101.333
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 33.75%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
JUANITO, TONY B. APRIL 2007. Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs
(Lilium philippinensis). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Fernando R.Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Horticulture Department Laboratory area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006 to evaluate
the effect of cold stratification, ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide (CaC2), and Gibberellic
Acid (GA3) on breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs, and to determine the best
treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and root initiation of Benguet lily
bulbs.
Result shows that Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm GA3 significantly
promoted earlier formation of roots, had the highest percentage of sprouting and were the
earliest to attain 2.5 cm. shoot formation. However, it had the least number of roots two
months from treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with CaC2 for two weeks and cold
stratified at 5oC for two weeks had the highest percentage of root development and had
the longest roots two months from treatment. The highest percentage of bulb damage
was significantly observed in ethyl alcohol treated bulbs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………
i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………..
i
Table of contents ………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………………..
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………….. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting/Treatment to Root Formation…………
10
Days from Planting/Treatment to Shoot Formation………..
11
Percentage of Sprouting ……………………………………
13
Percentage of Root Development (%) ……………………..
14
No. of Roots Two Months from Treatment ………………..
16
Average Number of days from Treatment to Sprouting……
17
Average Length of Roots Two Months from
Treatment ……………………………………………………
19
Percentage of Bulb Damage Two Months
After Treatment …………………………………………….. 19
ii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary …………………………………………………..
23
Conclusion ………………………………………………….
23
Recommendation ……………………………………………
24
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………
26
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………
27
iii
INTRODUCTION
Benguet lily belongs to the family Liliceae that are hardy perennials. It is a
relative of the equally popular Easter lily (Lilium longiforum). The distinguishing
characteristics between them are that the leaves and flowers of the Benguet lily are very
much narrower than those of the Easter lily (Asuncion et al., 1976) and the former can be
propagated through bulbs, seeds or by bulblets.
Lily plants are known and familiar in the country. In the Cordillera, these plants
are known as Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis) and are considered indigenous
(Hermano, 2000). The name given by an American pioneer during the World War II who
was the first to cultivate and saw its potential as a cutflower crop (Cimato, 2000). The
plant grows predominantly in the province of Benguet and other highland areas in the
Cordilleras. It is one of many endemic plants in the region. Its white fragrant flowers
symbolizes beauty, purity and peace (Artajo, 2000). The Benguet or Mountain lilies
however, have never been or seldom used since their flowers are few and seasonal due to
the absence of technology in growing them. Despite the situation about its technology it
was once proposed to be the provincial flower of Benguet (Hermano, 2000). The flower
measures from 5-7 inches long with either one or two blossoms per stalk. The flowers
are used to decorate church altars during weddings and on other special occasions.
Benguet lily plants became an endangered species due to continues collection of
the plant from its native habitat and the lack of local domestication efforts. It has become
rare, vulnerable and dependent on rainwater in the wild. This has been considered a very
delicate flower and is said to die once if it is taken from its natural habitat (Olarte, 2001).
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
2
It was further added that at present, Benguet lily has lost even its name and no
longer known as such in the International Flower Trade for its name has been changed
and has even lost its birthright (Cimatu, 2000). Furthermore, the same source stated that
Benguet lily has been used as base for cross breeding lilies abroad since no Baguio
Horticulturist accepted the challenge.
Most plants will be lost or will revert to less desirable forms unless they are
propagated under controlled conditions that preserve the unique characteristics that
makes them useful (Hartmann et al., 1986).
It was reported in1995 that the population of lily plants was declining due to over
collection, becoming rare and endangered due to the effort of man to domesticate it
which has brought about the rapid depletion of the species in its natural habitat
(Ampaguey, et al., 2003). The delicate flower delicate dies once it is taken from its
natural habitat (Olarte, 2001).
This study is important because there is no study conducted on the breaking
dormancy of Benguet lily bulb.
Objective of the Study
The study was conducted to:
1. Evaluate the effect of cold stratification, calcium carbide (CaC2) ethyl alcohol
and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the breaking of dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
2. To determine the best treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and
root initiation and break dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
3
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Postharvest laboratory
room at AC 105, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
The study was conducted to:
1. To evaluate the effect of cold stratification, calcium carbide (CaC2), ethyl
alcohol and Gibberellic acid (GA3) on the breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
2. To determine the best treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and
root initiation and break dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture Laboratory Area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
Lilies are very delicate plants with lovely bell like flowers and grows in a wide
range of soil types, varying climate, altitudes and shades. Some lilies grow only in the
highlands like Baguio lily or the Benguet lily (Asuncion et al., 1976).
Lily is one of the top ten popular flowers in the world. It ranks 5th in the Holland
and 6th in Japan in 1988 and 1993, respectively. Japan is importing 25% of their 11
million flower requirements in 1993. Locally, the market demand markedly increasing
particularly the newly introduced lilies (Hermano, 2000).
The species of the genus Lilium are classified botanically into seven sections
(Comber, 1944 as cited by Collicut and Ronald, 1996), while the various types as
cultivated lilies are divided into nine horticultural divisions (Anonymous, 1964) cultivars
of the Aurelian and Oriental Horticultural Division constitute a large portion of cultivated
lilies. Aurelian hybrids are considered quite a reliable plant for northern gardens,
however, most oriental lilies are late flowering and fail to mature in the Northern zones
(Collicut and Ronald, 1996).
There are numerous species of the genus Lilium that were mixed through
hybridization and become highly hybrids. These hybrids are called Asiatic and Oriental
hybrids. The other species that were popular are the longiforum and speciosum hybrids.
The morphology of claimed indigenous lily and lost Easter lily of the Cordillera closely
resemble longiforum sp. (Hermano, 2000). Lilium longiforum has large trumpet-shaped
flowers, while the Asiatic hybrids are characterized as open often upward facing with
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
5
bright colors and jaunty profiles. The oriental hybrids are described as with much larger
blooms and more flamboyant than the Asiatic (Ampaguey et al., 2000).
The distinguishing characteristics of Benguet lily is that it has only two waxy
flowers, 12-18 cm (Asuncion et al., 1976). Olarte (2001) also identified the plants as
branchless, bulbous herbs about 70 cm tall, having big showy flowers with lobes and very
narrow leaves.
Benguet lily thrives well in well-drained, loam soil at altitudes of 300 to 1000 m
above sea level and grows in isolated, even unreachable areas. This lily is mostly found
in the pine regions of Benguet and spotted on the strep ridges of the Halsema highway, a
major road linking Benguet to the other Cordillera municipalities (Cimatu, 2000).
Propagation of Lilies
Lilies are propagated through seeds, bulbs, bulbils, bulb scales and tissue culture.
Seed propagation is used for the multiplication of species and new cultivars. The seeds
of different lily species have different germination requirement (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Many species are often increased by means of seeds which germinate in two types: the
epigeal and hypogeal germination (Petrova, 1975). For most commercially important
species and hybrids like L. tigrinom, L. amabile, L. concolor, L. longiforom, Aurelian
hybrids, mid-century hybrids and others, the germination, shoots generally emerge three
to six weeks after oplanting at moderately high temperature (Hartmann et al., 1990).
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
6
Bulb Characteristics
Bulbs are generally tunicated, all the coats or layers grow from the base called the
basal plate. The outer coat or tunic varies in appearance, in color and thickness
depending on the species of the plant. They serve to protect the bulb from damage and
drying out (Asuncion et al., 1976). In the center of the bulb is the young bud from which
the flower arises. Daughter bulbs form in the axils of the coat on the basal plates and the
bud from which the new mother plant develops is located under the inside coat. The rests
grow out of the basal plate at the bottom (Petrova, 1975).
Effect of Growth Regulators
Weaver (1972), as cited by (Lab-oyan, 1998) reported that the application of
growth regulators to cuttings is usually done for the enhancement of rooting and for
uniformity of root formation, and stimulation of rooting period of cuttings. Their effects
were explained by Bidwell (1979) and Wilkens (1968) as cited by (Lab-oyan, 1998) is
due to cell enlargement and elongation by the hormones which eventually cause the
expansion of the growing points affected.
Use of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) in Plant Growth
The use of GA3 as a plant hormone can encourage plant growth especially in cold
weather, hasten germination, increase in size and yield of some crops and promote
flowering in most ornamentals and vegetable crops (Leopold, 1964).
Gibberellic offer to affect almost all plant organs from root development to
flower, fruit and seed development.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
7
Stratification
Stratification is an aid for germinating seeds of many species (Copeland and
McDonald, 1983). Adriance and Brison (1955) as cited by Paing (1980), reported that
stratification as a pre-plant treatment, preserve viability and hasten the germination of
seeds by reducing the amount of germination inhibitor within the seeds, thereby
enhancing germination.
King (1978) as cited by Antolin (2001) showed that stratification should be done
only on freshly extracted seeds. Outdoor stratification in a cellar or other cold storage bin
can be accomplished if the temperature remains below 40oF for 6 to 12 weeks.
Copeland and McDonald (1993) added that the stratification requirement of a
particular seed lot also depends on the seed age because of the persistence of dormancy
increasing with seed age, which is a universal characteristic of indigenous dormancy.
But the speed at which dormancy is lost varies among species.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that was used in this study were newly harvested Benguet lily bulb,
calcium carbide (CaC2), Gibberillic acid (GA3), 70% ethyl alcohol, refrigerator, mountain
soil and compost.
Methods
Newly harvested Benguet lily bulbs was used in the study. The bulbs was treated
according to their treatments specified below. The bulbs was planted in seed boxes after
treatment with 1:1 by volume of mountain soil and compost as the rooting media.
Experimental designs and treatments. The experiment was arranged in
completely randomized design (CRD). There were 50 bulbs per treatment replicated
three times. The treatments were as follows:
Treatment
Duration
T0 – Control
(No treatment prior to planting)
T1 – CaC2
100 g/150 bulbs stored for 2 weeks
T2 – GA3
Dipped in 500 ppm GA3 for 1 hour then air
dried before planting
T3 – 70% Ehyl alcohol
Sprayed with 70% ethyl Alcohol then air
dried before planting
T4 – Cold stratification
Refrigerated at 10oC for 2 weeks
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
9
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from treatment to breaking dormancy. The number of days
from treatment to initial sprouting and root development of bulbs were counted per
treatment.
2. Degree of sprouting, root development and bulb damage after treatment. The
percentage of sprouting, root development and bulb damage 1 month from treatment
were recorded.
3. Number of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size). The number of
days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm) were counted.
4. Length of roots (cm) and number of roots one month from treatment
application were recorded.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days from Planting/Treatment to Root Formation
Result show that there were highly significant differences observed on the
different treatment used with regards to the number of days from planting to root
formation. Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour
significantly promoted earlier formation of roots with a mean of 9.67 days. Untreated
plants had the longest duration to root formation with a mean of 24.33 days. Benguet lily
bulbs treated with ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide and cold stratification for 14 days at 5oC
were statistically comparable with regards to days from planting to root formation (Table
1, Figure 1).
Table 1. Days from planting/treatment to root formation
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
24.33 a
GA3
9.67 c
CaC2
15.00 b
Ethyl alcohol
16.00 b
Cold stratification
14.33 bc
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
11
Days from Planting/Treatment to
Shoot Formation
Table 2 and Figure 2 show the effect of the different treatments used on the
number of days from planting to shoot formation of Benguet lily bulbs. Gibberellic Acid
(GA3) treated bulbs significantly enhanced earlier shoot formation with a mean of 14
days while the untreated bulbs were the latest to form shoot after a mean of 40 days from
planting. Earlier shoot formation were also noted in bulbs treated with calcium carbide
(CaC2) and applied with cold stratification treatment for 14 days and with means of 17.67
and 16.33 days respectively. Among the treated bulbs, those applied with ethyl alcohol
before planting were the latest to form shoots.
This observation is in line with what Mallete and Althouse (1960) found that
gibberellins are active in promoting shoot growth, cell elongation and stimulate flower
formation.
Table 2. Days from planting/treatment to shoot formation
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
40.00 a
GA3
14.00 d
CaC2
17.67 bc
Ethyl alcohol
18.67 b
Cold stratification
16.33 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
30
a
25
20
a
y
s
b
b
bc
f
d
15
o
.
o
c
N 10
5
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 1. Number of days from planting to root formation as affected by different
treatments to break bulb dormancy
45
a
40
35
30
a
y
s
25
f
d
bc
b
20
o
.
o
d
c
N 15
10
5
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 2. Number of days from planting to shoot formation as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
13
Percentage of Sprouting
Significant differences were obtained on the percentage of sprouting as affected
by the different treatments used. Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm (GA3) for one
hour had the highest percentage of sprouting with a mean of 30.67%, while bulbs treated
with ethyl alcohol had the lowest percentage of sprouting of 4% which was lower than
those in control which had 10%. Cold stratified bulbs were comparable with that of the
control bulbs. The very low percentage of sprouting in bulbs treated with ethyl alcohol is
due to the high percentage of damaged bulbs after treatment (Table 3 and Figure 3).
The results confirm the report of Salda and Bayogan (1985) that GA3 promoted
sprout initiation, resulting in more and longer sprouts.
In 1984, Bayogan and Salda found that when Conchita, Cosima, Fina, Granola
and Red Pontiac tubers treated with 2 ppm GA3 produced longer, uniform and normal
sprouts compared to the control lot.
Table 3. Percentage of sprouting (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
10.00 c
GA3
30.67 a
CaC2
16.67 b
Ethyl alcohol
4.00 d
Cold stratification
12.00 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
14
Percentage of Root Development (%)
Table 4 and Figure 4 show that there were significant differences with regards to
the development of roots after treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with calcium carbide
(CaC2) for two weeks had the highest percentage of root development with a mean of
94%, while the lowest was obtained from the bulbs dipped in ethyl alcohol prior to
planting with a mean of 42.67%. Cold stratification of bulb at 5oC for 14 days also
increased rooting percentage which is comparable with those treated with Gibberellic
acid (GA3). Means were 91.33% and 79.33% respectively.
This result somehow correlates with the work of Zimmerman and Hitchcock
(1933), that ethylene, as well as propylene, acetylene and carbon monoxide, was shown
to be stimulator of root initiation.
Table 4. Percentage of root development (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
56.67 b
GA3
79.33 a
CaC2
94.00 a
Ethyl alcohol
46.67 b
Cold stratification
91.33 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
) 35
a
30
25
20
b
f
s
p
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
(
%
15
c
c
10
d
5
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 3. Percentage of sprouting as affected by different treatment to break bulb
dormancy
)
a
100
a
90
a
a
n
t
(
%
80
70
o
p
m
b
el 60
ev
b
50
f
d 40
30
20
10
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 4. Percentage of root development as affected by different treatment to break bulb
dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
16
No. of Roots Two Months from Treatment
Table 5 and Figure 5 present the number of roots two months from treatment.
Results show that there were significant differences obtained among the treatments used.
Significantly more roots were observed on bulbs treated with calcium carbide (CAC2) for
two weeks with a mean of 5.10 roots, followed by the untreatred bulbs and the one
treated with cold stratification which had an identical mean of 3.33 roots. Bulbs treated
with Gibberellic acid (GA3) and ethyl alcohol had significantly lesser roots with an
average of 1.80 and 1.93 roots per bulb, respectively.
These results correlate with the findings of Jones in 1968, that acetylene
generated from CaC2 can produce ethylene – like effects which might stimulate the
release of Gibberellic – induced alpha-amylase from the aleuron cells into the endosperm
a storage tissue which stimulates germination, root initiation and sprouting.
Table 5. Number of roots two months from treatment
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
3.33 b
GA3
1.80 c
CaC2
5.10 a
Ethyl alcohol
1.93 c
Cold stratification
3.33 b
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
17
Average Number of Days from Treatment
to Sprouting
Results showed highly significant differences on the number of days from
treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size) as affected by treatments used. Benguet lily
bulbs treated with 500 ppm Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour were the earliest to
break dormancy which sprouted after 19.33 days, followed by those applied with calcium
carbide (CaC2) which had the visible sprouts of 2.5 cm, after 27.33 days from planting.
On the other hand, bulbs that were not treated (control) had delayed shoot development
and were the latest to break their dormancy and sprouted after 52 days from planting.
(Table 6 and Figure 6).
These results correlates with the report of Bayogan et al., (1985) that tubers
dipped in 20 to 40 ppm GA3 concentration resulted in rapid sprout initiation and longer
sprouts in Cosima.
Table 6. No. of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN (Days)
Control
52.00 a
GA3
19.33 e
CaC2
27.33 d
Ethyl alcohol
43.33 b
Cold stratification
37.67 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
6
a
5
s 4
b
b
r
oot 3
of
o.
c
c
N 2
1
0
Control
GA2
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 5. Number of roots two months from planting as affected by different treatment to
break bulb dormancy
60
a
50
b
c
40
s
p
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
u
d
s
i
z
e
)
d
b 30
m
e
a
y
s
f
r
o
m
20
f
d (2.5 c
10
o
.
o
N
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 6. Number of days from planting to sprouting (2.5 cm budsize) as affected by
different treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
19
Average Length of Roots Two Months
from Treatment
Statistical analysis showed significant effects on the length of roots two months
from treatment as affected by the different treatments applied. Bulbs treated with cold
stratification for 14 days at 5oC had the longest roots with a mean of12.42 cm while bulbs
that were untreated (control) had the shortest roots with a mean of 5.81cm. Shortest roots
were likewise, noted from bulbs treated with 500 ppm GA3 and CaC2 means were 6.10
and 10.56 cm respectively. (Table 7 and Figure 7).
Antolin (2001) as cited by Deponio (2002) mentioned that in Gipas seeds,
alternate cold and warm stratification reduced the number of days from sowing to
complete germination by nine days. Seeds of many species appear to require several
cycles of stratification treatment to be completed. Copeland and McDonald (1985) added
that the stratification requirement of a particular seed lot also depends on the seed age
because of the persistence of dormancy increasing with seed age, which is a universal
characteristic of indigenous dormancy. But the speed at which dormancy is lost varies
among species.
Percentage of Bulb Damage Two
Months After Treatment
Results revealed highly significant differences on the percentage of bulb damage
two months after treatment. Benguet lily bulb dipped in ethyl alcohol had the highest
percentage of bulb damage with a mean of 57.33%. This was followed by bulbs that
were not treated (control) with a mean of 40%. Benguet lily bulbs that were treated CaC2
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
20
Table 7. Length of roots two months from treatment (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
52.00 a
GA3
19.33 e
CaC2
27.33 d
Ethyl alcohol
43.33 b
Cold stratification
37.67 c
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
had the lowest percentage of bulb damage with a mean of 6%. This means that CaC2 as a
pre-planting treatment ensures lower percentage of bulb damage in breaking dormancy in
Benguet lily. Likewise, a low bulb damage of 12.67% was obtained in bulbs treated with
cold stratification at 5oC for 14 days which was significantly lower compared to those
treated with GA3 with a mean of 20.67% (Table 8 and Figure 8).
This result conforms with the findings of Gonzales, F.R. (1983) that lower CaC2
concentration (30 g) and short duration of exposure (10-40 days) did not damage the
corms exposed during treatment. This may be attributed to the amount of acetylene
generated from CaC2 present in the box where corms of gladiolus were stored.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
21
Table 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after treatment (%)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Control
40.00 b
GA3
20.67 c
CaC2
6.00 d
Ethyl alcohol
57.33 a
Cold stratification
12.67 cd
Means with a common letter are not significantly difference at 5% level of DMRT
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
14
a
) 12
a
10
8
f
r
o
o
t
s
(
c
m
b
b
b
6
4
L
e
n
g
t
h
o
2
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 7. Length of roots (cm) two months from planting as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
) 70
a
60
a
g
e
(
5
%
a
m 50
b
40
u
l
b
d
f
b 30
c
20
d
d
10
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
0
Control
GA3
CaC2
Ethyl alcohol
Cold
Stratification
Figure 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after planting as affected by different
treatment to break bulb dormancy
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Horticulture Department Laboratory area,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from July to September 2006 to evaluate
the effect of cold stratification, ethyl alcohol, calcium carbide (CaC2) and Giberellic Acid
(GA3) on the breaking dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs, and to determine the best
treatment that will effectively promote earlier shoot and root initiation of Benguet lily
bulbs.
Results showed that Benguet lily bulbs dipped in 500 ppm GA3 for one hour
significantly promoted earlier formation of roots with a mean of 9.67 days from
treatment, were the earliest to form shoots after 14 days and were the earliest to attain 2.5
cm. sprout after 19.33 days. However, GA3 treated bulbs had the lowest number of roots
two months from treatment. Benguet lily bulbs treated with CaC2 for two weeks and cold
stratified for 2 weeks at 5oC had the highest percentage of root development two months
from treatment with 94% and 91.33% respectively. The highest percentage of damaged
bulbs after treatment was significantly observed on ethyl alcohol treated bulbs with
57.33% while bulbs treated with CaC2 for 2 weeks had the least damaged bulbs after
treatment with only 6 percent.
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that dipping Benguet lily bulbs in 500 ppm Gibberellic
Acid (GA3) for one hour could enhance earlier formation of roots, earlier shoot
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
24
formation, highest percentage of sprouting and were the earliest to break dormancy. On
the other hand, application of calcium carbide (CaC2) promoted highest percentage of root
development, highest number of roots two months from treatment, and had the lowest
percentage of bulb damage. Likewise, bulbs treated with cold stratification for 14 days at
5oC had the longest roots two months from treatment.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of the study, dipping Benguet lily bulbs in 500 ppm
Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for one hour is recommended for earlier formation of roots,
earlier shoot formation, highest percentage of sprouting and were the earliest to break
dormancy of Benguet lily bulbs.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
LITERATURE CITED
AMPAGUEY, D. W., E.D. CADELINA, M. D. DIMAS, A. B. MANG-OY and J.A.
PALAEZ. 2003. In-vitro propagation of Benguet lily (Lilium philippinensis).
BS Thesis BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-3, 5-7.
ANONYMOUS. 1964. A Proposed Horticultural Classification of Lilies for
Registration Show and Catalogue Purposes. Royal Hort. Sci. Lily Yearbook
27: 152-164.
ANTOLIN, M. C. 2001. Germination of Benguet tea as influenced by stratification
periods. A term paper submitted in Horticulture 315 (Advance in Plant
Propagation and Management). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-8.
ARTAJO, E. A. 2000. City of Dipolog. Dipolog Flower Cruz Manila. Saint Mary’s
Pub. Pp. 59-63.
ASUNCION, R. G., K. R. FLORES and F. D. SAN MIGUEL, JR. 1976. Introduction to
Floriculture and Landscape Gardening. Practical Arts in Agricultural Arts. Sta.
Cruz, Manila: Saint Mary’s Pub. Pp. 59-63.
BAYOGAN, E. V. and V. B. SALDA. 1985. Effect of various Concentrations of GA3
on Sprouting Cut the Whole Cosima Tubers. Unpublished Research.
NPRCRTC, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
BIDWELL, R. G. 1979. Plant Physiology. New York: McMillan Publ. Co. Inc., Pp.
389-391.
CIMATU, F. E. 2000. What’s the story, Benguet lily? Philippine Daily Inquirer 15:75.
P. 3.
COLLICUT, L. M. and W. G. RONALD. 1996. “Starburst Sensation.” Lily Cultivar
Germplasm. Hort. Sci. 31(2).
COPELAND and M. B. MC DONALD. 1985. Principles of Seed Science and
Technology. Burgess Publ., Co., Minnesota. Pp. 111-113.
DEPONIO, C. P. 2002. Germination of gipas seeds as affected by pulping and hot water
treatment. A term paper submitted in Horticulture 315 (Advance in Plant
Propagation and Management). BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-4.
GONZALES, F. R. 1983. “Breaking dormancy and induction of flowering on gladiolus
with Calcium Carbide (CaC2) treatments.” MS Thesis. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
25
HARTMANN. 1990. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall. 15th ed. 2:481-483.
HARTMANN, H. T., D. E. KESTER and F. T. DAVIEW JR. 1986. Plant Propagation
Principles and Practices. Engle Woods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.
479-481, 488-489.
HERMANO, F. G. SR. 2000. Lily Production: A commercial Production Technoguide
for Highland Philippines. A Consultant’s Manual. Pp. 1, 3-7, 15-17.
JONES, R. L. 1968. Ethylene enhance release of Alpha-Amylase from barley
endosperm-plant physiology, 43-442-444.
LAB-OYAN, T. 1998. “Sulfuric acid scarification of gladiolus cormels. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
LEOPOLD, A. C. 1964. Plant Growth and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Pp. 230-232.
MALLETE, M. F. and P. M. ALTHOUSE. 1960. Biochemistry of Plants and Animals.
New York: Willy and Son’s Int. P. 204.
OLARTE, A. 2001. Battle for official flower of Benguet goes on Philippine Daily
Inquirer. February 28, 2001. P. 17.
PAING, R. D. 1980. Effect of Seed Stratification on the Growth and Yield of Edible
Podded Pea. BS Thesis, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 2.
PETROVA, E. I. 1975. A Concise Guide in Color Flowering Bulbs. London: The
Hamlyn Pub. Group, Ltd. Pp. 9, 14, 25.
ZIMMERMAN, P. W. and A. E. HITCH COCK. 1933. initiation and Stimulation of
Adventitious Roots Caused by Caturated Hydro Carbon Gasses. Boyec
Thompson Inst. 5:351-369.
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from planting/treatment to root formation
TREATMENT
R E P L I C A T I O N
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
Control
20
28
25
73
24.22
Ga3
10
12
7
29
9.67
CaC2
12
17
16
45
15.00
Ethyl alcohol
16
15
17
48
16.00
Cold stratification
12
15
16
43
14.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
339.733
84.933
12.13**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
70.000
7.000
Total
14
409.733
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 16.67%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
27
Appendix Table 2. Days from planting/treatment to shoot formation
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
40
40
40
120
40.00
Ga3
14
13
15
42
14.67
CaC2
17
19
17
53
18.67
Ethyl alcohol
18
19
19
56
18.67
Cold stratification
18
15
16
49
16.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1343.333
84.933
12.13**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
10.000
7.000
Total
14
1353.333
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 4.69%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
28
Appendix Table 3. Percentage of sprouting (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10
10
10
30
10.00
Ga3
35
28
29
92
30.67
CaC2
18
16
16
50
16.67
Ethyl alcohol
4
4
4
12
4.00
Cold stratification
8
12
16
36
12.00
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1208.00
302.00
47.68**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
63.33
6.33
Total
14
1271.33
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 17.16%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
29
Appendix Table 4. Percentage of root development (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
50
70
170
56.67
Ga3
74
94
70
238
79.33
CaC2
94
94
94
282
94.00
Ethyl alcohol
42
24
62
128
42.67
Cold stratification
98
80
96
274
91.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
6011.73
1502.93
9.92**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
1514.67
151.47
Total
14
7526.40
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 16.90%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
30
Appendix Table 5. Number of root two months from treatment
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.6
4.44
3.0
10
3.33
Ga3
1.4
1.4
1.4
5.4
1.80
CaC2
4.6
5.4
5.2
15.2
5.10
Ethyl alcohol
1.8
2.2
1.8
5.8
1.93
Cold stratification
2.8
3.6
3.6
10
3.33
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
21.083
5.271
14.53**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
3.627
0.363
Total
14
24.709
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 19.47%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
31
Appendix Table 6. Number of days from treatment to sprouting (2.5 cm bud size)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
52
52
52
156
52.00
Ga3
19
19
20
58
19.33
CaC2
26
29
27
82
27.33
Ethyl alcohol
43
44
43
130
43.33
Cold stratification
39
36
38
113
37.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
1996.267
499.067
467.88**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
10.67
1.067
Total
14
2006.933
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.87%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
32
Appendix Table 7. Length of roots (cm) two months from treatment
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
2.37
7.52
7.56
17.45
5.81
Ga3
7.38
5.53
5.38
18.29
6.10
CaC2
12.22
7.96
11.5
31.68
10.56
Ethyl alcohol
4.94
8.52
5.21
19.67
6.56
Cold stratification
11.03
12.03
14.2
37.26
12.42
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
107.927
26.982
5.82*
3.48
5.99
Error
10
46.342
4.634
Total
14
154.269
* - significant
Coefficient of variation = 26.22%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
33
Appendix Table 8. Percentage of bulb damage two months after treatment (%)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
40
30
120
50.00
Ga3
26
26
30
62
20.67
CaC2
6
6
6
18
6.00
Ethyl alcohol
58
76
38
172
37.33
Cold stratification
12
12
14
38
12.67
Analysis of Variance
Source of Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
TABULAR F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Square
F-Value
0.05 0.01
Treatment
4
5165.333 1291.333
13.80**
3.48
5.99
Error
10
936.000
93.600
Total
14
6101.333
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 33.75%
Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs (Lilium
philippinensis)/ Tony B. Juanito. 2007
Document Outline
- Breaking Dormancy of Benguet Lily Bulbs(Lilium philippinensis)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days from Planting/Treatment to Root Formation
- Days from Planting/Treatment toShoot Formation
- Percentage of Sprouting
- Percentage of Root Development (%)
- No. of Roots Two Months from Treatment
- Average Number of Days from Treatmentto Sprouting
- Average Length of Roots Two Monthsfrom Treatment
- Percentage of Bulb Damage TwoMonths After Treatment
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES