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BIBLIOGRAPHY DAO-AYEN, APRILYN P. APRIL...

BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAO-AYEN, APRILYN P. APRIL 2008. Profile of Vegetable Farmers in
Sabangan, Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andrew K. Del-ong, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Sabangan, Mountain Province to identify the
vegetable farmers, the types of vegetable they are commonly producing, the contribution
of vegetable farming to their total household income, ant the factors that influenced them
to shift from rice farming to vegetable farming. A total of 30 respondents were
interviewed. Personal interview with the aid of a questionnaire was used to collect the
needed data.

Among the 30 respondents, the majority aretotally engaged in vegetable farming
while some of the respondents still plant rice for home consumption. Their other source
of income includes wages earned from the variety of works as carpenters, masons, etc.,
laborer or wage earner, sari-sari store, government employment and tricycle driving.
Majority of them have a vegetable farm area of 200 to 300 sq.m. The commonly grown
crops are beans, tomato, eggplant, bell pepper and celery.

The most problems identified by farmers are plant pest and diseases, some
identified weather, lack of transportation and poor soil condition. Their most common
problems in terms of financial are insufficient capital and high price of chemical
fertilizers, and loan availment for creditors don’t extend much loan to them. For
marketing problems, farmers identified lack of storage facilities, and untable price of
vegetables and as well as lack of information about price. The primary factor that
influenced the farmers to shift from rice farming to vegetable farming is the higher
income they are realizing.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS











Page


Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….. i

Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. i

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………... iii

INTRODUCTION


Rationale of the Study……………………………………………………. 1


Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….. 2


Objective of the Study…………………………………………………... 2


Importance of the Study………………………………………………… 2


Scope and Delimitations………………………………………………… 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Attitudes of Farmers……………………………………………………. 4

Farming…………………………………………………………………. 5

Kinds of Vegetables…………………………………………………….. 6

Cultural Practices……………………………………………………….. 6

Crop Farming…………………………………………………………… 7

Rice Farming……………………………………………………………. 7

Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers…………………………… 9
Farmers Practice in Rice Production……………………………………. 12

Vegetable Farming……………………………………………………… 12

Vegetable Backyard Gardening in Sabangan…………………………... 14

Problems of the Vegetable Industry……………………………………. 15
iii



METHODOLOGY


Locale and Time of the Study…………………………………………… 16


Respondents…………………………………………………………….. 16


Research Instrument…………………………………………………….. 16


Data Collection………………………………………………………….. 16


Data Analysis…………………………………………………………… 16

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Profile of the Respondents……………………………………………… 17

Areas that are into Commercial Vegetable

Farming………………………………………………………………… 18


Contribution of Agriculture to their

Total Household Income……………………………………………….. 19


Area Planted by Vegetables……………………………………………. 20

Sources of Income Aside from Agriculture……………………………. 21

Crops being Produced…………………………………………………... 21

Volume of Production………………………………………………….. 22

Quantity Sold…………………………………………………………… 24

Sales for Vegetable……………………………………………………... 25

Chemicals Used………………………………………………………… 25
Problems Encountered by Farmers…………………………………….. 26











Factors Affected Rice Farmers to
Shift in Vegetable Farming……………………………………………… 27




iv

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary………………………………………………………………… 29

Conclusion………………………………………………………………. 30

Recommendation………………………………………………………... 30

LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….. 32

APPENDIX A. Survey Questionnaire………………….………………………. 34


v

1
INTRODUCTION


Rationale of the study



Mountain Province is located in Central Cordillera. It is bounded on the north by
Kalinga and Abra, east by Isabela and Ifugao and Benguet and west by Ilocos Sur.
The province has 10 municipalities, subdivided into two districts. District one
comprises the municipalities of Sadanga, Natonin, Barlig, Paracelis and Bontoc, and
distict two comprises Sabangan, Bauko, Tadian, Besao, and Sagada, it has 144 barangays
with a total area of about 235,660 hectares based from the records of the approved and
on-going cadastral survey of the different municipalities of the province, which has taken
from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Of the total land
area, 83 percent is mountainous and 17 percent is hilly to level. The area also has 18,853
hectares of alienable and disposable lands, 93,766 hectares forested area and about
123,041 hectares are still unclassified.
The native inhabitants of Mt. Province are mostly Applias, Kankana-eys,
Balangaos, Baliwon, and Bontoks. There are about 141,662 people living in rural areas
and about 14,419 lives in the urban or pobliciones.
In terms of socio-economic development, generally the people survive the rice
farming, vegetable and root crop gardening, and income from government and private
employment.






Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
2
Statement of the Problem



The research was conducted to find the answer for the question:

1. Who are the vegetable farmers in Sabangan, Mt. Province?
2. What are the vegetables they are commonly producing?
3. How much is the contribution of vegetable farming to their total household
income?
4. What are the reasons/factors that influenced them to shift from rice to
vegetable farming?

Objective of the Study
1. To know who are vegetable farmers in Sabangan, Mt. Province.
2. To know the types of vegetables they are commonly producing.
3. To determine the contribution of vegetable farming to their total household
income.
4. To determine the reason/ factors that influenced them to shift from rice to
vegetable farming.

Importance of the Study

The study will evaluate the attitude, practices, perceptions, factors affecting or
influencing the performance of the rice farmers in Sabangan, Mt. Province. The result of
the study will serve as the basis for the rice farmers to improve or change their attitude on
farming.
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study concentrated on farmers’ attitude, practices, perceptions and the factors
affecting the performance of the farmers in Sabangan, Mt. Province. The farmers in the
study were those whose productions were both for family consumption and for the
market. Those farmers who are just operating in their backyards or whose outputs were
for family consumption only were not included.

















Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008

4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Attitudes of Farmers


Dar (1987) as cited by Ali, farmers believe that fertilizers and pesticides when
used in higher dosage lower crop production and hence lower farmers’ dependence not
only on chemicals but also on multinational corporations. Besides, farmers are also prone
to incidents of pesticides poisoning.

Andelson (1979) stated that a successful vegetable farmer not only selects his
main products to give him main balance and efficient business value but also to minimize
his overhead cost per unit of production. This is also possible if the farm yield is high, so
as to have more units over which to spread. The farmers also plan to have his income be
increased. In this case the farmer must select a combination of enterprise that will yield
him the maximum returns.

Bautista (1979) stated that being an outstanding vegetable farmer does not mean
that one is almost knowledgeable. He said that he accepts help and advice from other
farmers and also from different government agencies.

Boron (1966) as cited by Dumo (1979) stated that farmers are concerned with the
physical science and with the practical economy of their application of each farm
holding. It looks at everything from the point of view of business management by the
individual farmers of the particular farm they operate with the power and machines they
employ, the building they use and the labor they apply with due regard to their financial
circumstances. It also considers the relevant factors which are external to the firm, such
as market, financial institutions, transportation, storage, and communication it is
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
5
concerned with present prices and future prices for the products bought and products sold
by the farmers and with the sound handling of family finances.

Cheong (1973) stressed that majority of farmers consider themselves below
average and very poor in terms of socio-economic conditions. They are dissatisfied with
their livelihood but they continue to farm because they have little or no alternative means
of earning. Two thirds of their income is spent for food. The farmers have the low calorie
intake but higher calorie expenditure.

Dela Cruz (1979) explained that the farmers must change their traditional farming
practices. One way of influencing them to change is to involve them actively in program
planning and implementation. This will insure their total cooperation and active
participation and consequently the success of the farmers’ objectives and condition by
which rural people may acquire specific skills and basic knowledge for the propriety. He
also observed that limiting factors that may influence the efficiency of operation includes
lack of knowledge, lack of competent technology or skills necessary to do the given job.

Gaspar (1979) stated that vegetable farmers as persons behave basically in the
same as all other human beings. They have the same inherent capacities and they are
motivated by personal drives and social influences by their rural communities and of the
larger agricultural development agent.

Farming


Santos (1979) claimed that farming is still on a subsistence level. This means that
the farm production is not enough, productivity is low, lack of job during off-farm and
there is underutilization of some natural resources unless these farmers get establish in
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
6
farming, the socio-economic situation of the country will remain a barrier to the
development of the nation.

Kinds of Vegetables


Bacbac (1993) stated that chinese cabbage, popularly known as “wongbok” is one
of the major crop grown in highland. In general, production yield is greatly influenced by
farmers practices as well the varieties used. Carrot is one of the most profitable crops
grown in highland. In Sabangan, Mountain Province, some farmers produce good quality
roots such as cabbage and bell pepper while others do not produce good quality.

Cultural Practices


Bautista (1983) stated that seed can earlier be sown directly in field (direct
seeding) or planted in a confine area and later transferred to its final site (transplanting).
Direct seeding is most common method. However, where the seeds are rather expensive
or difficult to obtain, it is easier to proper care and later transplanted. Water management
is the integrated process of applying the needed water at the proper time and the removal
of the excess water from a field to increase crop production. Efficient utilization of the
available irrigation water is essential to economical crop production or adequate
profitability. Application of water that is more frequent than necessary, application of too
much water, or lack of proper drainage do not only results to wastage of precious water
but also leads to uneconomical reduced field.
Farmer Participatory Research (FPR) is an approach that involves encouraging
farmers to engage in small-scale experimentation so that they can adapt new technologies
and spread them to other farmers. The advantage of small-scale experimentation or
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
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“learning by doing” have been demonstrated in the spread of both traditional and
recommended technologies (Encarta, 2006).

Crop Farming
Crop farming is extensive cultivation of plants to yield food, feed, or fiber to
provide medicinal or industrial ingredients; or to grow ornamental products. Crop
farming developed in ancient times as hunters and gatherers of the stone age turned to the
cultivation of favored species. Modern crop were gradually derived from their wild
ancestors through continual selection for larger seed size, improved fruit, and other
desired traits (Encarta, 2006).

Rice Farming

Adcock et al., (1966) the appearance of the rice is important to the consumer.
Thus, grain size and shape are the first criteria of rice quality that breeders consider in
developing new varieties for release for commercial production.

Castillo (1975) rice production and consumption are positively associated with
low incomes and poverty. Rice is one of the main sources of the cheapest sources of food
energy and as a main source of protein. As income increases people are shifted from rice
production to other food or non farm goods with high income elasticity of demand.
Increasing productivity of rice sector however is important to the poor and alleviates the
poverty in low income courtiers.

Rice farmers who retained seeds for planting in the next season used seeds from
the second crop as these were judged to be of better quality. Most farmers change seeds
every year in order to plant a disease resistance- variety, to improve yield, or try another
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
8
varieties. off-types, weedy types and red rice were the contaminants observed in the rice
crop. When there are contaminants, farmers either removed them or did nothing. Rice
weeds were believed to have come from the from the soil, carried by irrigation water or
mixed with rice seeds. Among the weeds considered. To cause production loss,
Echinochloa crusgalli L. was reported to be the most destructive. Other weeds considered
destructive were Echinochloa colona (L) Link. Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers., frimbristylis
miliacea (L) Vahl, and Cyperus iria L. To reduce weed problems, herbicide application,
water management, and hang weeding were the most common measures practiced by
farmers. Herbicides were applied by most farmers at seedling and vegetative stages.
When using water management to control weeds, the majority either flooded their field a
few days after herbicide application or only flooded the rice field. Water management is
the main responsibility of the male in the household while hired labor did most of the
weeding. In terms of attitudes towards seed management, most farmers believed that
seeds from private growers do not require additional cleaning, infection and contaminants
in rice seeds for planting decrease yield, and neighbor and friends should exchange seeds
among themselves. However, farmers were ambivalent about the value of seed cleaning
and the function of winnowing to remove all the infected seeds (Encarta, 2006).
Rice cultivation, a very demanding process, has shaped values and changed
history. For example, rice encourage population to crowd together to take advantage of a
reliable food supply. The labor-intensive process of growing paddy rice requires large
numbers of people to work together to level fields, build and maintain buds, and care for
the crop. Where paddy-rice cultivation has been introduced, hard work, organization,
persistence, and above all, cooperation, have been encouraged (Encarta, 2006).
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
9
Rice, is a plant that produces an edible grain; the name is also used for the grain
itself. Rice is the primary food for half the people in the world. In many regions it is eaten
with every meal and provides more calories than any other single food. Rice is a
nutritious food, providing about 90 percent of calories from carbohydrates and as much
as 13 percent of calories from protein (Encarta, 2006).

Rice farmers choose varieties adapted to the region’s length of growing season,
soil, altitude, and for paddy farmers, the depth of water in the fields. Paddy rice farmers
in developing countries usually sow seed in small seedbeds, then hand-transplant the
seedling into flooded fields that have been leveled by water buffalo or oxen-drawn plows.
Depending on the rice variety and the climate, rice grains are ready for harvest in three to
six months. In developing countries, farmers harvest rice with sickles and knives, tie in
bundles, and let it dry in the field ( Encarta , 2006).

Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers
Comparative Analysis of Pest management Practices of Rice farmers in Asia.
Farmers survey in 10 Asian countries were used to examine trends in rice pest
management practices. Pesticides remain the dominant control tactic of farmers and
insecticides were used more frequently than herbicides and fungicides. Of the
insecticides, many farmers were still using compounds classified as extremely or highly
hazardous to human health (WHO 1), namely, methyl parathion, monocrotophos and
methamidophos. Herbicides were commonly used in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka,
China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Most of these sprays were applied during the
seedling, tilling and booting stages of the rice crop. Farmers generally overreacted to
leaf-feeding pest, collectively referred to “worms,” and tended to apply their first
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
10
insecticide sprays during the four weeks after establishing the crop. They strongly
believed leaf-feeding insect pest damage the crop and reduce yields. Based on this
perception, farmers would choose insecticides to kill the pest to protect their yields. To
improve farmers’ pest management perceptions and decision making, researchers need to
address issues such as the influence of communication media in shaping perceptions and
attitudes (Heong and Escalada, 2007).

From the 1959s to 1970s, in an effort to combat world hunger, plant breeders at
the International Rice Institute (IRR) in the Philippines developed new rice varieties that
were, when fertilized, higher yielding than traditional varieties. The new were shorter and
less likely to fall over, which made them easier to harvest mechanically. They are ripened
sooner, reducing the risk of poor weather affecting yield, and enabling farmers to harvest
and replant several times during the growing season. While successful in many areas, the
new varieties requires more money for fertilizer and chemical pesticide, and in some
cases, machines for sowing and harvesting-tools often too costly for peasant farmers. In
some areas, a single new rice variety replaced diverse, centuries-old varieties adapted to
thrive in a particular climate and soil type and with some resistance to local insects and
diseases. The new variety was not able thrive in these areas, and the crop yields were not
always greater.

Rice breeders at IRR and other research facilities are now trying to increase yields
through genetic engineering. They hope to create rice varieties that are genetically
designed to require less fertilizer, resist insect and disease, tolerate poor soil, require less
irrigation, and photosynthesize more efficiently (Encarta , 2006).
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
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Rice is the single most important commodity in the Philippines. It is the staple
food of most Filipinos whose majority poor, according to the 2000 Family Income and
Expenditures Statistics, spends 60.8 % to 63.6% of their income on total food
consumption and 23% to 28.8of their income on cereals alone. Agriculture ststistics also
show that rice is the biggest agricultural crops sub-sectors covering four million hectares
or about one-third of the total 11.9 million hectares of agricultural lands and contributing
more than one-third of the total value of crops production. Rice is also the source of
income of about 30% of the 11.2 million Filipino farmers and agricultural workers
(Ignacio, 2007).

Farmers urge to plant El Niño-resistant crops. To ensure the sustainability of food
security and agricultural production program of the government, upland farmers were
urged to shift from producing traditional to high-value crops, including fresh water fish,
proven to be more resistant to long drought. This is help farmers mitigate the negative
impact of the El Niño phenomenon characterized by a prolonged dry spell. This
developed even as the office of the Provincial Agriculturist action officer Genevieve
Falag-ey, during the Tontongan radio-tv program said that the Department of agriculture
has already channeled to the National Food Authority the distribution of some 500 bags
of certified high-yielding rice seeds, procured under the Plant Now, Pay Later Program of
the national government. Paracelis town, known as the rice granary of Mt. Province, was
given the biggest allocation at 340 bags of certified seeds. Falag-ey said the high-value
registered rice seeds are recommended for dry season cropping and could be harvested in
shorter time of four months compared to traditional upland rice of six to eight months
depending on climatic condition. She also disclosed the conduct of on going research for
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
12
the propagation of high-yielding tadlayan gagapased rice variety which is being pilot
tested in the barangays of Malengcong, Bontoc and Tambingan, Sabangan in Mt.
Province.

The new hybrid is similar to miracle rice but more resistant to a long drought as
well as faster to harvest than the traditional crops. As a direst assistance to local farmers,
DA-OPAG also establish a total of 46 shallow tube wells in strategic areas in the
province that are experiencing water storage during the dry season (Anonymous, 2007).

Farmers Practice in Rice Production
Farmers’ practice in rice production is like building a sandcastle too close to the
shore. It would be a futile effort since farmers’ practices are constantly changing and are
widely varied. However, social scientists in technology adaptation and impact research in
the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC) have to come up with a general
understanding of farmers’ behaviors in relation to technologies introduces (Anonymous,
2007).

Vegetable Farming

A wide variety of herbaceous plants are cultivated for their edible leaves, stems,
roots, fruits, and seeds. Vegetables provide important minerals and vitamins in human
nutrition and add variety and interest to our meals. Vegetables are grown in environments
ranging from city window boxes and home gardens to large commercial farms. More than
40 types are widely cultivated, including leafy salad crops (such as lettuce, spinach,
endive, celery, Chinese cabbage), root crops (beets, carrots, potatoes, sweet potatoes,
radishes, turnips, rutabagas), cole crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower), and a variety of
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
13
Other types grown for their fruit or seed (peas, beans, sweet corn, squashes, melons,
tomatoes)
Many vegetable species, through a careful selection of varieties, can be grown in
widely diverse environments. Growers must still be careful, however, to choose varieties
adapted to their particular soils and climates. Most of the common vegetable species used
for crop farming were developed in temperate regions, but some have been adapted to the
Tropics. Tropical vegetables include a variety of root crops (particularly yams and
cassava); diverse melons, squashes, and beans; and many kinds of plants grown for their
edible leaves and stems.
Vegetable farming, compares with other types, requires substantial skills and luck
to be successful. Growers must be adept at producing high-quality, attractive vegetables
that the public will want to buy. They must be knowledgeable about soil preparation,
planting and growing crops, weed and pest control, and water management. They must
harvest and handle their products carefully to maintain quality, and they must develop
and follow well-planned sales strategies. Mistakes, oversights, poor weather, or bad luck
can render a vegetable crop unsightly and unsalable or reduce yields below profitable
Levels Encarta, 2006).
Vegetable, the edible product of a herbaceous plant that is, a plant with a soft
stem, as distinguished from the edible nuts and fruits produced by plants with woody
stems such as shrubs and trees.
Vegetables can be group according to the edible part of each plant: leaves
(lettuce), stalks (celery), roots (carrot), tubers (potato), bulbs (onion), and flowers
(broccoli). In addition, fruits such as the tomato and seeds such as the pea are commonly
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
14
considered vegetables. Most vegetables are valuable sources of vitamins, minerals, and
fiber and are low in fat and calories. With cereals and legumes, they are important to a
healthy diet (Encarta, 2006)

Vegetable Backyard Gardening in Sabangan
Sabangan, Mt. Province (16 June) – Some 507 households in this town are now
benefiting from the Programang Gulayan para sa Masa. The program initially covered the
barangays of Pingad, Napua, Gayang, Capinitan, Camatagan, Bun-ayan and Bao-angan.
Municipal Agriculturist Evelyn L. Dalog said these beneficiaries were identified based on
the malnutrition data of Rural Health Unit. The Galayan Para sa Masa, a project of the
national government, aims to reduce raising, program aimed to provide livelihood
opportunities and easy access to more affordable vegetables. Each household beneficiary
started its backyard garden with seeds like pechay, okra, eggplant, pole sitao, aquash,
ampalaya, bush sitao and sweet pepper given for free by the Department of Agriculture.
Dapog said another batch of 225 households identified municipal wide will also
bebenefiting from this program. The Municipal Agriculturist office(MAO) has scheduled
the distribution of same assorted seeds for the beneficiaries to start with their backyard
garden. Families that do not have vacant lot can adopt containers gardening technology.
To ensure the successful implementation of this project, the MAO provides technical
assistance, and trains the beneficiaries in preparing and planting vegetables. It also
conducts regular visitation and follow up family backyard gardens to determine the status
of the project, Dalog added. Under this program, all harvest will be owned and
consumed by the household. In case of production excess, the household can sell the
produce or can also share with their neighbors. Some seeds can also be dried for the next
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
15
planting. The Gulayan para sa Masa is part of the Department of Agriculture’s continuing
effort of providing a favorable environment for agriculture with the target to increase
farm production to mitigate hunger and create jobs, among others (Saley, 2007).
Problems of the Vegetable Industry



The common production and marketing problems of vegetable industry were plant
pest and diseases, lack of adequate marketing facilities (including lack of marketing
information, transportation, and buyers), lack of financing institutions, no established
grades and standards, and low prices (Balacio, 1981).

The foremost problems of vegetable industry are inadequate transportation
facilities, absent of reliable price information, and lack of merchandising techniques
where these results to high wastage and to poor quality of farm produce. These problems
were also the cause of high marketing cost and low price for farmers but high price for
consumers ( Meralco, 1992).

Another problem is the lack of local buyers in the production area where the
farmers have no basis of pricing their product; hence the price is dictated by middlemen
and buyers. Since there are no available facilities to enable them to wait for better price,
farmers have no alternative but to sell their produce (Faylon, 1981).






Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
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METHODOLOGY


Locale and Time of the Study


The study was conducted in the various rice and vegetable farms in Sabangan, Mt.
Province particularly in Barangay Tambingan and Barangay Supang on December 2007
to January 2008.

Respondents of the Study

Thirty (30) vegetable farmers taken at random served as the respondents of the
study. They are either farm owners or farmers/ tenants.

Research Instrument

A structured survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument to gather
the data.

Data Collection

The researcher personally interviewed the respondents with the aid of a
questionnaire in accomplishing the survey.

Data Analysis
The data collected from the respondents were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted
using frequency counts and percentages.




Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents as to age, sex, educational attainment
and average annual income.
Age. As shown in Table 1, the youngest is 21 years old and the oldest is 74 years
old indicating that farming includes those from young adults up to senior citizens. Results
also show that majority (20%) falls within the range of 33 to 38 years old.
Sex. The respondents are 50% males and 50% females. This implies that gender is
not a hindrance to be a farmer.
Educational
attainment. Educational attainment was classified into four:
elementary, high school, college and vocational.

All of the respondents are literate with the majority (40%) having reached high
school. A significant 23.34% reached college. Results on their levels of education favors
on their vocation for according to studies, literate people more receptive.
Average annual Income. Majority (40%) are P30,000 to 40,000 and some
(3.33%) are earning P110,001-120,000.

Table 1. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Age


21-26
3
10
27-32
4
13.34
33-38
6
20
39-44
3
10
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
18
Table 1 Continued…


45-50
5
16.67
51-56
4
13.33
57-62
3
10
63-68
1
3.33
69-74
1
3.33
TOTAL 30
100
MEAN 47.5

Sex

Male
15
50
Female
15
50
TOTAL 30
100
Educational Attainment


Elementary
10
33.33
High School
12
40
College
7
23.34
Vocational
1
3.33
TOTAL 30
100
Average Annual Income


30,000-40,000
12
40
40,001-50,000
4
13.34
50,001-60,000
3
10
60,001-70,000
4
13.34
70,001-80,000
1
3.33
80,001-90,000
1
3.33
90,001-100,000
3
10
100,001-110,000
1
3.33
110,001-120,000
1
3.33
TOTAL 30
100

Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
19
Table 2 shows the barangay producing vegetables. Majority of the respondents are
living in Barangay Supang with 60% and 40% of the respondents living in Barangay
Tambingan.

Table 3 shows the contribution of agriculture to the farmers’ annual income.
Majority (40%) of them have a contribution of P14, 000-17, 000 and some (3.33%)
P46,000-49,000 as the highest contribution from farming. According to the respondents
40%-50% of their total annual income comes from farming

Table 2. Areas that are into commercial vegetables farming
BARANGAY FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE







Supang
18
60
Tambingan 12 40
TOTAL 30
100





Table 3. Contribution of agriculture to their total household income
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Average Annual income from Agriculture

14,000-17,000
12
40
18,000-21,000
4
13.34
22,000-25,000
3
10
26,000-29,000
4
13.34
30,000-33,000
1
3.33
34,000-37,000
1
3.33
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
20
Table 3 Continued…


38,000-41,000
3
10
42,000-45,000
1
3.33
46,000-49,000
1
3.33
TOTAL 30
100

Table 4 shows the area planted by vegetables, the number of planted area and the
number of farmers. Majority (40%) of the respondents own small production area (200-
300m2) although a significant 10% is operating at least one hectare.

Table 4. Area planted by vegetables
AREA FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




200-300 sq.m
12
40
301-400 sq.m
2
6.67
401-500 sq.m
4
13.34
601-700 sq.m
3
10
1000 sq.m
1
3.33
7,500 sq.m
1
3.33
1ha 3
10
TOTAL 30
100





Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
21
Since majority of the farmers had formal education, vegetable farming is not their
only source of income or livelihood. Table 5 shows other sources of income of the
farmers include wages from being a tricycle driver, government employee, laborer or
wage earner, and having a sari-sari store.

Results show that aside from farming, majority (66.66%) are also working as
laborers (carpenters, masons, etc,.); 10%, tricycle driver and sari-sari store owner;
6.67%, government employee and teachers.
Table 6 shows the different types of vegetables being produce by the farmers.
Results shows that a greater number (26.67%0 are producing beans, followed by tomato
(20%), eggplant (13.34%), bell pepper and celery (both 10%).

Table 5. Other sources of income aside from agriculture
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Sources of income aside from agriculture




Government Employee
2
6.67
Sari-sari Store
3
10
Teacher
2
6.67
Tricycle Driver
3
10
Laborer
20
66.66
TOTAL 30
100






Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
22
Table 6. Crops being produced
CROPS PRODUCED
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE



Beans 8
26.67
Tomato 6
20
Eggplant 4
13.34
Petchay 1
3.33
Potato 1
3.33
Bell Pepper
3
10
Celery 3
10
Chinese Cabbage
2
6.67
Garden Peas
1
3.33
Carrots 1
3.33
TOATAL 30
100





In terms of production, table 7 presents the volume of production for vegetables.
Majority of the respondents produces beans and few produces carrots, garden pea, potato
and petchay. Various vegetable crops are grown in the Cordillera by farmers who have
limited knowledge on the varieties to be grown in a specific cropping season. The choice
of variety is more critical in tomato productivity because the farmers should consider not
only the viability and yield of the crops but also size, weight, smoothness, shape and
color of the vegetable (Bacbac, 1993).


Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
23
Table 7. Volume of production
CROPS VOLUME
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Beans 250-500
kg
5
16.66
501-700
kg
2
6.66
701
above
1
3.33
Tomato 1,500-5,000
4
13.33
5,001-8,500
1
3.34
8,501
above
1
3.34
Eggplant 100-150
kg 3 10
151-200
kg
1
3.34
Petchay 500
bundles
1 3.34
Potato 8
tons
1
3.34
Bell Pepper
1,500-3,000
1
3.34
3,001-4,500
2
6.66
Celery 1,200-1,500
3 10
Chinese cabbage
1,000-2,000
1
3.33
2,001-3,000
1
3.33
Garden Pea
15,000 kg
1
3.33
Carrots 10,000
1
3.33
TOTAL

30
100






Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
24

Table 8, shows the quantity sold for vegetables. The quantity sold is almost equal
to the quantity harvested which implied that most of the farmers’ productions were sold.

Table 8. Quantity sold
CROPS VOLUME
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Beans 250-500
kg
5
16.66
501-700
kg
2
6.66
701
above
1
3.33
Tomato 1,500-5,000
4
13.33
5,001-8,500
1
3.34
8,501
above
1
3.34
Eggplant 100-150
kg 3 10
151-200
kg
1
3.34
Petchay 500
bundles
1 3.34
Potato 8
tons
1
3.34
Bell Pepper
1,500-3,000
1
3.34
3,001-4,500
2
6.66
Celery 1,200-1,500
3 10
Chinese cabbage
1,000-2,000
1
3.33
2,001-3,000
1
3.33
Garden Pea
15,000 kg
1
3.33
Carrots 10,000
1
3.33
TOTAL

30
100




Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
25
Table 9, shows the sales of the vegetables. Almost half of the number of the
respondents has a sale ranging from 3,000 – 10,000 with 43.33%. on the other hand, there
were only 2 respondents who has a sale ranging from 61,000 above.

Table 9. Sales for vegetable
SALES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE







3,000- 10,000
13
43.33
11,000-20,000 7
23.33
21,000-30,000 3
10
31,000-40,000 2
6.67
41,000-50,000 2
6.67
51,000-60,000 1
3.33
61,000 above
2
6.67
TOTAL 30
100





Table 10, shows the chemicals used by the farmers. Majority of the farmer’s uses
complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and urea; 66.67% uses pesticide; 26.67% uses fungicide;
10% uses herbicide; 23.33% uses manure(chicken dung); and 13.33% or the respondents
uses insecticide. (Balacio, 1981) stated that the cultural practices by most of the farmers
employed the use of chemical fertilizers. The farmers have not adopted the use of hand
tractors but they used working animals for land preparartion.


Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
26
Table 10. Chemicals used
CHEMICALS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE







Commercial Fertilizer (14-
14-14 and urea)
28
93.33
Pesticides 20
66.67
Fungicides 8
26.67
Herbicides 3
10
Manure 7
23.33
insecticide 4
13.33
* Multiple response





Table 11, shows the problems encountered by the rice farmers while shifting to
vegetable farming. Their most common problem were lack of capital with 76.67% and
only one respondent identified soil condition. The foremost problems of vegetable
industry are inadequate transportation facilities, absent of reliable price information, and
lack of merchandising techniques where these results to high wastage and to poor quality
of farm produce. These problems were also the cause of high marketing cost and low
price for farmers but high price for consumers.

Table 11. Problems encountered by farmers
PROBLEMS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE




Plant Disease
11
36.67
Insect Pest
9
30



Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
27
Table 11 Continued…


lack of capital
23
76.67
High Price of fertilizers
15
50
Unstable Price of vegetable
26
86.67
Transportation
3
10
Soil Condition
1
3.33
Weather
5
16.67
Lack of storage facilities
12
40
Control of middlemen in price
decisions
18
60
Rugged road
18
60
*Multiple response




Table 12, shows the factors that affected or influenced the rice farmers to shift in
vegetable farming. 100% of the respondents identified fast harvest and half of the
respondents answered more market outlet than rice. Some of the farmers are still planting
rice but only for home consumption.













Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
28
Table 12. Factors affecting rice farmers to shift in vegetable farming

FACTORS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE






Shorter production period
30
100
Higher income than rice
28
93.33
Lesser planting time
18
60
More outlet than rice
15
50
*Multiple response


















Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
29

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted in Sabangan, Mountain Province. The study was
focused mainly on the factors that affect farmers to shift from rice to vegetable farming in
Sabangan, Mt. Province.

The respondents were actual farmers and land owners. Most of them had ages
ranging from 21 to 26 years and 69 to 74 years and their average age was 47.5 years. 50%
of the respondents are male and the other half are female. All the farmers had formal
schooling and which most of them reached or finished high school.

Among the 30 respondents, the majority were totally engaged in vegetable
farming while some of the respondents still plant rice for home consumption. Their other
source of income includes laborer or wage earner, sari-sari store owner, government
employee and tricycle driver. Most of them had an average annual income of income
Php.30,000 to 40,000 and few of them had an income higher than the average. Majority
of them had a vegetable farm area of 200 to 300 sq.m. The commonly grown crops are
beans, tomato, eggplant, bell pepper and celery.

The most problems identified by farmers were plant pest and diseases and few of
them identified weather, transportation and soil condition. Their most financial problems
were insufficient capital and high price of chemical fertilizers and some identified the
lack of trust of the creditors. For marketing problems, farmers identified lack of storage
facilities and unstable price of vegetables and some mentioned lack of information about
price.
Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
30

Most of the factors that influenced the farmers to shift were vegetables have
higher production than rice, higher income from vegetables and can harvest three to four
times a year and can re-plant again.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Vegetable farmers of Sabangan, Mt. Province are characterized by old
peoples and are mostly residents of Barangay Tambingan and Supang. All of
them are literate with a significant 23.34% having reached college. Their
farms are varied in terms of land area although more (40%) falls under the
200-300m2 range. However, a significant 10% have as mush as one hectare.
2. In terms of their annual income, although more (40%) are only earning
around P30, 000-40,000 per year, the rest are earning more than P40, 000 to
as high as P 120,000. From these incomes, around 40-50% are realized from
their farming.
3. The vegetables commonly produced are beans, tomato and eggplant.
4. The common factors that influenced them to shift from rice farming to
vegetable farming are lack of capital, unstable price of vegetables, and
rugged road.
5. The common problems encountered by the farmers are plant pest and
diseases, insufficient capital, lack of appropriate storage facilities and low
price of vegetable produced.



Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
31
Recommendations


Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are
offered.
1. Farmers should cooperate in setting a standard price of the vegetables and the
farmers should stand firm on the standard price so that middlemen will not be
able to control the price of the commodities.
2. The local government should help farmers through the improvement of farm
to market roads and highways.
3. Establishment of cooperatives in the area to support the farmers in marketing
their products and help them avail loans with low interest to finance the needs
of their vegetable farm.
4. Government should provide the farmers seminars on how prevent plant pst
and diseases.










Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
32
LITERATURE CITED

ADCOCK, L.C., D.AL. HALBORG and C. ROSS. 2001 Marketing Principles and
Practices.


ALI, I.D. 1955. The Socio-Economic Impact of Biological Control of Diamond Back
Moth on Cruciferous Farming in Benguet Province MS Thesis(Unpub.) Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp.30-37


ANDELSON, H. 1939. Crop Principles and Practices New York; The Mc Millan Co.
Pp.87-90

ANONYMOUS, 2007 Farmers Practice on Rice Production, Retrieved October 12, 2007
from hhttp://www.irri.org/science/ abstracts/o17.asp, Retrieved October 12, 2007

BACBAC, J. L. PALENGLENG and ANDRESS, G.T. 1993. Report on highland
Agriculture R and D Highligths. Highland Agriculture Development Project,
Guisad, Baguio City. Pp. 23, 37, 47.

BAUTISTA, B. 1979. National Outstanding Farmer of the Year Ricarte Norte, differ
Guerrero. P.1

BAUTISTA, O. K., VALMAYOR H. V., Tabora Jr P. C., and R.R.C. ESPINO 1983.
introduction to tropical horticulture. Development of horticulture. College of
agriculture. University of the Philippines at Los Banos. Pp. 123, 217, 7.

CHEONG, M. 1979. Modern Agriculture Industry. Vol.II.No.8, August 1973. Pp. 18-25

CASTILLO, G. T. All in Grain of Rice. South East Asian Regional Center for Graduate
Study and Research in Agriculture P. 43

DUMO, L. C., 1979 the Farming Operation of farmers. MSAC La Trinidad, Benguet

FAYLON, L. P. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems for Vegetables in the
Philippines. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development.

GASPAR, M. 1979. National Outstanding Farmer of the Year. Elefante, Bonoyoyo,Ilocos
34
Sur. An Vol. Pp. 1-10

HEONG, K.L. and M.M ESCALA, Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers
Retrieved October 12, 2007 from hhttp://www.irri. org/ science/abstracts/o17.asp

IGNACIO,J. 2007 Retrieved October 12,2007 From hhttp://www.irdfphil.org/ docs/
trading ff Philippine rice. pdf

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33
MICROSOFT Encarta 2006. 1993-2005 Microsoft corporation. All rights reserved.
Retrieved October 12, 2007

SANTOS, B.M. 1974. Agricultural Review “Targets and Strategies of Agricultural
Development for the New Society” MSAC Experiment Station Publication
Division, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp5-12

PARDEE, W.D. 2007 "Crop Farming." Microsoft Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA:
Microsoft Corporation.

RICEL, P.M 2003, university of Queensland and the International Rice Research
Institute. Retrieved October 12, 2007 from http://www.Knowledgebank.Irri.Org/
rice IPM/Reseach_&_Extension/ImplementingIPM/Farmer_Paricipatory_reseach.
Htm,

SALEY, J. 2007, Vegetable Backyard Gardening in Sabangan Mt. Province. Retrieved
June 16, 2007 from http:// search. msn. com/ results aspx?q =vegetable +farming
+in+ Sabangan%2C+Mt.+Province&form=QBRE




























Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
34
APPENDIX



Appendix . Survey Questionnaire

A. General Information
1. Name of Respondents: __________________________
2. Sex: ____Male ____Female
3. Age: ____
4. Barangay: _________________
5. Highest Educational Attainment
____Elementary
____High School
____College
____Vocational

B. Please answer the following questions honestly.

1. No. of household members?
____ 4
____ 6
____ 5
____ 7
Others (specify) ____

2. No. of full time Agricultural labor?
____ 4
____ 6
____ 5
____ 7
Others (specify) ____

3. Source of income for the whole family?
Source of income
Total earnings per year
Farming

Non-farming




Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
35
4. Land utilization and crop production
Crops Area
Duration
Production
(kg)
Quantity
sold
Sales



















5. Input use and cost
Inputs Amount
Used
Cost
Seed

Chemical Fertilizer


Pesticides

Herbicides

Compost

Manure

Use of Trenching


Use of Plastic Mulch


Fertigation

Others


6. What methods of watering do you use in farming?
Irrigation Type
Frequency of use(per time)
Cost(per time)
Sprinkler

Drip Irrigation


Surface (Irrigation canal)


Underground Water


Others

7. Do you sell your crops?
____Yes
____No

8. If you answered yes in no. 7 is it enough to compensate your family needs?
____Yes
____No

9. If you answered no in no. 8, then what are other alternative you do to support your
family needs?
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

10. During planting rice do you sell your products?
____Yes
____No

11. Now you’re planting vegetables, do you sell your grown vegetables?
____Yes
____No




Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008
36
12. If you answered yes both in numbers 10 and 11, please compare your earnings from
rice to vegetables?
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

13. Please describe the important problems you encountered from shifting rice to
vegetables?

Problems: ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________


14. What factors influenced your decision to shift rice farming to vegetable farming?
Factors: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________







Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province / Aprilyn P. Dao-ayen. 2008

Document Outline

  • Profile of Vegetable Farmers in Sabangan, Mountain Province
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • ABSTRACT
    • TABLE OF CONTENTS
    • INTRODUCTION
      • Rationale of the study
      • Statement of the Problem
      • Objective of the Study
      • Importance of the Study
      • Scope and Delimitation of the Study
    • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
      • Attitudes of Farmers
      • Kinds of Vegetables
      • Cultural Practices
      • Crop Farming
      • Rice Farming
      • Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers
      • Farmers Practice in Rice Production
      • Vegetable Farming
      • Vegetable Backyard Gardening in Sabangan
      • Problems of the Vegetable Industry
    • METHODOLOGY
      • Locale and Time of the Study
      • Respondents of the Study
      • Research Instrument
      • Data Collection
      • Data Analysis
    • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
      • Profile of the Respondents
    • SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Summary
      • Conclusions
      • Recommendations
    • LITERATURE CITED
    • APPENDICES