BIBLIOGRAPHY QUINTOS, STOCKY...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008. Factors Affecting the Adoption of
Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marie Klondy T. Dagupen, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the adoption of crop
programming at the farm level. Specifically, it identified the crops planted and area devoted to
each crop, dominant cropping patterns, farmers’ perceptions and applications of crop
programming.
The major crops planted were potato, cabbage, carrot and celery. Most of the farmers
planted vegetables for two cropping seasons. Most of the farms were rainfed. Some farmers
irrigated their farms during first cropping season.
Farmers adopted different cropping patterns within the farm level based on the condition
of their farms like soil type and farm location.
Farmers have different perceptions about crop programming. They agreed that crop
programming regulates supply of vegetable in the market. Probably, it would solve problems
regarding price fluctuations.
Other factors considered in adopting crop programming were availability of capital, water
supply, availability of labor, farm location and climatic factors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem...………………….…………..……... 2
Objectives of the Study………………………………….……… 3
Importance of the Study...….…………………………………… 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study...……………..…..….……... 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Concepts of Crop Programming……………………………….
5
Application of Crop Programming…………………………….. 6
Situation of the Vegetables Industry…………………………... 6
Problems Encountered…………………………………………. 7
Efficiency of Production……………………………………….
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………..... 9
Respondents of the Study........................................................... 9
Data Collection………………………………………….…...... 9
Data Gathered…………………....….…………………………
9
Data Analysis…………………………………………………… 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents……………………………………….
12
Crops Planted and Area Devoted to Each Crop…………….…..
14
Crops Planted and Irrigation ……………………………………
17
Dominant Cropping Patterns……………………………………
18
Perceptions of Farmers about Crop Programming……………….
20
Farmers Application of Crop Programming……………….…….
23
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming…………
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary……………………………………………………….
27
Conclusions………………………………………………….…
28
Recommendations……………………………………….…….
28
LITERATURE CITED…...…………………………………….…..…
30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………….
31
Appendix A. Communication Letter…………………………...
31
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire…………………………….
32
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Crop programming is scheduling the planting and harvesting of crops to suit the market.
This program was conceptualized to ensure that the market is adequately supplied with the
products at the time they need them. The main problem of the Benguet vegetable industry is the
unstable supply of products sold in the market resulting to fluctuations of its prices. According to
Lab-oyan (2007), there are levels of Crop Programming. The Macro Level Crop Programming,
an inter-region or national level group collaborative decision of which the objective is to capture
an export market. Another is the Meso Level Crop Programming, a provincial or regional level
group collaborative decision of which the objective is to influence supply to smoothen erratic
fluctuation of market price. Price trend data and cropping pattern are used as a tool. The last one
is the Micro Level Crop Programming, an individual farm enterprise level decision of which the
objective is to adjust production schedule to take advantage of the reasonably higher market
prices based on the price trend supply. The tools used are price trend data, rainfall pattern and
cropping pattern. The traditional practice of the farmers is they plant at a month based on their
experience of planting not knowing that the other farmers also did the same thing. They would
harvest the same time resulting to oversupply of the products in the market leading to low prices.
Considering the aforementioned premises, this study was conducted to know the factors affecting
the adoption of crop program particularly in Cattubo, Atok, Benguet.
CATTUBO is one of the eight barangays of the municipality of Atok. It is located on
the northern part of the municipality sharing boundaries with Buguias on the north and Kabayan
on the east; both of which are municipalities of Benguet. Barangay Pasdong in Madaymen,
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
2
Kibungan bounds CATTUBO on the west and Paoay bounds on the south. The barangay is
located 55.6 km. away from Baguio City and 5.5 km. away from the municipality hall at
Sayangan. Since Halsema Highway transverses the barangay, the area is accessible to all kinds of
transportation facilities. Buses plying the Bontoc-Cervantes, Lepanto and Buguias routes are
available daily. Travel time is 2 ½ hours from Baguio City and Cattubo. Cattubo is the acronym
for the six sitios of the barangay namely: C- Calasipan, A- Apanberang, T- Timbac, TU-
Tulodan, B- Botia, and O- Oyusan. The name is also derived from the word CATTUBO that
means young. It has 2387 total number of population and 471 households. Most of its population
is kankanaey and Ibaloi. The major source of income is farming. In addition, others engage in
off-farm activities like repair shops, vulcanizing, restaurant and sari-sari store. The barangay has
a total land area of 2414.12 hectares composed mainly of young people (Barangay Natural
Resource Management Plan, 2002).
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the crops planted and area devoted to each crop?
2. What are the dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO?
3. How do the farmers perceive crop programming?
4. How do farmers apply crop programming at the farm level?
5. What are the factors affecting the adoption of crop programming among
the
farmers?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were as follows:
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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1. To determine the crops planted and area devoted to each crop.
2. To determine the dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO.
3. To determine the perception of farmers about crop programming.
4. To find out the application of farmers about crop programming at the farm
level.
5. To find out the factors affecting the adoption of crop programming by farmers.
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to find out the factors affecting the adoption of the crop
programming among the farmers. The findings will provide information to the concern
government agencies in the development of the program. The goal of this study cannot be
attained without the full cooperation of the farmers themselves. Information regarding crop
programming of vegetable serves as a guide for farmers’ income and sustaining agriculture. In
Addition, knowledge in crop programming help the farmers improve and guide the right time of
planting.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research study focus on how the farmers perceive crop programming and how do
they apply crop programming at the farm level. The study does not take into consideration the
crop programming by a group of farmers or the whole barangay since it seeks to understand first
the micro or farm level programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Concepts of Crop Programming
Crop Programming is scheduling the planting and harvesting of crops to suit the market.
It addresses the problem of unstable supply and helps regulate vegetable prices. It discourages
the vegetable farmers in their practice of planting the same crop in the same season that usually
result to oversupply in the market causing low prices. Farmers involved in this scheme follow
schedules when to plant specific crops in one cropping season to regulate the volume of crops
they deliver in the market. Farmers rotate the identified crops that they produce in every
cropping season and among the barangays in every participating municipality (Anonymous,
2006). The vegetable crop programming was conceptualized to help minimize competition
among local agricultural producers aside from increasing their income. The crops considered for
vegetable production scheduling include cabbage, carrot, broccoli, snap beans, cauliflower, bell
pepper, potato, and chinese cabbage. Farmers are not mandated to plant crops that are not
productive in their respective areas. More than 70% of the farmers from Benguet, Mountain
Province and Ifugao committed to participate in the crop programming (JC, 2006).
According to Chatto (1999), crop program was conceptualized to ensure that the market
is adequately supplied with the products at the time they need them. Weekly planting schedules
were formulated and assigned to the respective growers where close monitoring were done to
ensure that everyone follows his assigned schedule. It is necessary that the growers be organized
and bonded together to follow a specific schedule (Juan 2007). It is not necessary that a farmer
should be a member of a cooperative to go into crop programming. This program is for the
farmers to help them have a good harvest and not to be always at the losing side. There would be
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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no reason for importation of vegetables from other countries if the farmers fallow the concept of
crop programming added by Teofilo (2007). Crop programming of vegetables starts at the
nursery area of the seedlings wherein during transplanting of the seedling to the field, they are
scheduled on what specific days they should be planted (Ampaguey, 2007).
Application of Crop Programming
Alunes (2007) cited that Market Driven Crop Programming is applying crop
programming in a green house. There is an agreement between the contract grower and the
institutional buyer about the kind of crops planted, the quantity and quality of the vegetables
produced and the price. This type of crop programming needs a big amount of capital and
usually financed by the government. The other type is the Open Field Crop Programming in the
open area that some farmers are already practicing. Farmers who have wider areas for planting
should at least plant three to four different kinds of crops while for those who have lesser area
should plant two to three different kinds of crops to regulate the oversupply of vegetables in the
market.
Situation of the Vegetable Industry
The Vegetable Industry in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet is in a slump because of
various production problems met such as high cost of production inputs, alleged high chemical
residue contents, poor quality, unstable prices and uncoordinated demand for vegetables due to
the rising population. Vegetable farmers continue to exert efforts to maximize their production.
The vegetable areas in the Cordillera highlands consist of small units of individually functioning
farmers. Farming activities and practices were based on various factors such as Agro-ecosystem,
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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weather conditions, finances, market prices and technology updates. Many farmers grow the
same crops all year round. Probably calmed by the thought that they have perfected the
production process and they mainly rely on their memory and do away with records. Few
farmers keep a farm record and prepare a farm plan so that they can easily figure out how much
income or looses they have incurred in the production process. In effect, growing crops to them
is characterized by the idea of “Makachamba” (Colting, 1999).
Problems Encountered
Carbonel (2001) cited the major agricultural problems encountered by farmers as lack of
capital, lack of water supply since almost farm are not irrigated, prevention of pest and diseases,
low prices of crops and high cost of farm inputs, similar crops produced in a cropping and low
production. The sources of information of farmers are radio, co-farmers, DA agriculturist and
Technicians of seed companies.
Efficiency of Production
The efficiency of farm production depends upon the increase of fertilizers, improvement
in the seed of crops, improved insecticide and ever increasing know how of the farmers. Good
farming requires enough capital, modern machinery and efficient use of labor (Snodgrass, et al.,
1975).
Carantes, (1994) cited that Benguet people as having their own calendar in determining
the seasons and the time to plant a certain crops and rituals have be performed like the “tawal ni
payew” of Ibalois.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
This research study was conducted in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet among the farmers.
This study was conducted from December 2007 to January 2008.
Respondent of the Study
Fifty (50) farmers were chosen randomly as a respondent of the study in CATTUBO,
Atok, Benguet.
Data Collection
Secondary data include thesis, magazines and municipal reports of Atok. Primary data
include key informants and the farmers.
An interview guide was used by the researcher for data gathering. The Likert scale was
used for the questions on perception and application of crop programming while ranking was
used for the factor of adoption.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the following: a) crops planted and area devoted to each crop,
b) dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO, c) perception of farmers about crop programming,
d) farmers application of crop programming at the farm level and e) factors affecting the
adoption of crop programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
8
Figure 1. Map of the study area.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
9
Data Analysis
The data collected were consolidated and analyzed using frequency, percentage and
mean.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
There were 50 respondents in this study composed of 45 males and 5 females. The mean
age of the respondents was 39.52 years. Forty–two (84%) of them were married and the rest
were single. In terms of educational attainment, 40% attained elementary and another 40%
attained high school education. Eight (16%) either finished or stepped college education.
Half of the respondents had been engaged in farming for 11-20 years. The mean years in
farming were 15.88.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
Age
20-30
12
24
31-40
11
22
41-50
22
44
>50
5
10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean age
39.52
________________________________________________________________________
Gender
Male
45
90
Female
5
10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Civil Status
Single
8
16
Married
42
84
________________________________________________________________________TOTA
L
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Elementary
20
40
High School
20
40
College
8
16
Vocational
2
4
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
12
Table 1. Continued…
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
No. of years as a full time farmer
<10
17
34
11-20
25
50
21-30
8
16
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean years 15.88
________________________________________________________________________
Crops Planted and Area Devoted to Each Crop
Table 2 shows the crops planted and area devoted to each crop.
Crops planted. The major crops planted in CATTUBO are potato, cabbage, carrot
and celery. Minor crops include radish and garden pea.
Area planted. Generally, farmers in CATTUBO plant vegetables for two croppings as
described in the following sections. For the first cropping, the mean area planted for potato was
3333.33 square meter, cabbage was 3888.7 square meter, carrot was 2769.23 and celery was
2500 square meter. In the second cropping, the mean area planted to potato increase to 5166.66
square meters while the mean area for cabbage decreases to 2886.34. Celery increases to 2833.33
and the same with carrot that increase to 3125. Sufficient rainfall is the reason why most of the
areas that were planted for second cropping increases. Farmers know that typhoons usually
occur during the months
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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of June to August but they take risk. Thus, they plant during these months. Minor crops such as
radish and garden pea were also planted during second cropping.
Table 2. Crops planted and area devoted to each crop
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
AREA
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Potato
<2500
22
61.1
8
38.1
2501-5000
10
27.8
11
52.4
5001-7500
4
11.1
-
-
>1 ha
-
-
2
9.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
3333.33
5166.66
________________________________________________________________________
Cabbage
<2500
14
50
15
65.2
2501-5000
10
35.7
7
30.5
5001-7500
1
3.6
1
4.3
7501-10000
3
10.7
-
-
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
28
100
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
3888.7
2886.34
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
14
Table 2. Continued...
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
AREA
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Carrot
<2500
10
76.9
11
66.7
2501-5000
2
15.4
3
22.2
5001-7500
1
7.7
2
11.1
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
13
100
16
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
2769.23
3125
________________________________________________________________________
Celery
<2500
1
100
5
71.4
2501-5000
-
-
1
14.3
7501-10000
-
-
1
14.3
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
1
100
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
2500
2833.33
________________________________________________________________________
Radish
<2500
-
-
8
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
8
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
1250
________________________________________________________________________
Garden pea
<2500
-
-
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
750
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
15
Crops Planted and Irrigation
Majority of the farms in CATTUBO are rainfed. However, during the first cropping some
farmers also irrigate their farm as shown in Table 3 to source water for irrigation during the
months of January to March hoping that at the harvest time, the price of vegetables would be
high because few plant during these months.
Table 3. Crop planted and irrigation type
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
IRRIGATION TYPE
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Potato
Irrigated
14
38.9
-
-
Rainfed
22
61.1
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
Cabbage
Irrigated
9
32.1
-
-
Rainfed
19
67.9
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
28
100
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
Carrot
Irrigated
4
30.8
-
-
Rainfed
9
69.2
18
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
13
100
18
100
________________________________________________________________________
Celery
Irrigated
1
100
-
-
Rainfed
-
-
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
1
100
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
16
Table 3. Continued…
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
IRRIGATION TYPE
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Radish
Irrigated
-
-
-
-
Rainfed
-
-
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Garden pea
Irrigated
-
-
2
100
Rainfed
-
-
-
-
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
Dominant Cropping Patterns
Cropping pattern. The dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO are: potato-
cabbage, potato-celery, potato-radish, potato-carrot, potato-potato; cabbage- cabbage,
cabbage-celery, cabbage-potato, cabbage-carrot, cabbage-radish; carrot-cabbage, carrot-celery,
carrot-potato, carrot-carrot, carrot-radish; celery-cabbage, celery-celery, celery-potato, celery-
garden pea and celery-radish. Potato and cabbage were the crops most planted during the months
of January to March. Farmers who planted during the months of January to March were those
who have enough source of irrigation water. Most of the respondents planted in April and May
because these are the months with sufficient rainfall. In addition, the farmers plant during these
months in order to harvest in June so that they will have money to use for the enrollment of their
children.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
17
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
18
Perception of Farmers About Crop Programming
The perception of farmers about crop programming are summarized in Table 5 and
discussed below.
Crop programming is planting crops to suit the market. A weighted mean of 3.28 was
obtained from the respondents’ answer. This means that the respondents are neutral about this
perception. This indicates that the respondents are not sure whether they produce vegetables for
the market.
Crop programming regulates the supply of vegetables in the market. A weighted mean of
3.82 was obtained from the respondent. This implies that the farmers slightly agree to this
statement.
Crop programming will solve the problem of price fluctuation. A weighted mean of 3.5
was obtained showing that the farmers slightly agree with this perception. According to them,
other factors that will solve the problem of price fluctuation are unity among every individual
farmers, self-disciplined and willingness to adopt and apply the concept of crop program at the
farm level.
Crop programming involves schedules of planting the crops. A weighted mean of 3.6 was
obtained from the respondents’ answers showing that the respondents are within neutral to
slightly agreeing about this statement. The farmers said that there are other things to consider
when scheduling the planting of crops such as availability of seeds and occurrence of natural
calamities such as frost and typhoons. Schedule of planting crops to them were affected by these
situations.
Crop programming minimizes competition among local agricultural producers. A
weighted mean of 3.7 was obtained from the answers. It implies that farmers slightly agree that
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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crop programming minimizes competition among the farmers. According to them, there are
already a large, number of farmers and others still want to engage in farming. Thus, the best way
to compete is producing the best quality of vegetables needed in the market.
Crop programming is basically for the farmers. The obtained weighted mean was 2.78
from the respondent answer. Farmers disagree about this statement. They said that crop
programming is not only the farmers concern but also for other stakeholders.
Crop programming starts with the nursery. A weighted mean of 3.72 was obtained from
the answers of the respondents. It shows that farmers slightly agree with this statement.
Crop programming involves crop rotation. A weighted mean of 4.06 was obtained from
the respondents’ answers. It signifies that the respondents agree with this statement. They said
that most of them is practicing crop rotation at their farm since they are taught about the benefits
of crop rotation like it lessens occurrence of plant diseases and crop rotation sustains soil
fertility.
Crop programming requires enough capital. The weighted mean that was obtained from
the respondents answer was 4.12. This means that farmers agree about this statement. According
to them, farm inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides are expensive. Thus, applying the concept
of crop programming at the farm level requires enough capital.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
21
Farmers Application of Crop Programming
Farmers application of crop programming are summarized in Table 6 and discussed
below.
Farmers practice crop rotation. A weighted mean of 4.0 was obtained from the
respondents’ answers. This means that the respondents often practice crop rotation in their farm
but they do not know that what they practice is the concept of crop programming.
Scheduling of planting in order to take advantage of expected higher price. The weighted
mean that was obtained from the respondent was 3.06. It implies that farmers sometimes
schedule their planting time. They said that as long as there are enough capital to be used and
available seeds to be plant then they plant.
Farmers make their price trend study. A weighted mean of 2.66 was obtained. It shows
that farmers seldom make their price trend study basing it from the past years. Farming to them
is somewhat a form of gambling wherein they are not sure whether they have something to gain
after harvesting their crops.
Farmers plant based on established rainfall pattern. A weighted mean of 3.48 was
obtained from the respondents answer. It implies that farmers sometimes follow this application.
According to them, the climate is changing so there is no guarantee when they plant based on
established rainfall pattern.
Farmers sow at the same time but transplant at different time. A weighted mean of 3.1
was obtained from the respondents answer. It shows that farmers sometimes apply this one. They
said that this is only applicable for cabbage, celery, and wongbok but not in carrot, potato,
radish, and garden pea.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
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Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming
Table 7 presents the factors that affect the adoption of crop programming at the farm
level and discussed below.
Availability of capital for production. A weighted mean of 1.36 was obtained from the
respondents’ answers equivalent to rank 1. According to them, this is important in adopting the
crop programming because even though they have wide areas of farm if there is no capital to be
used then it is useless.
Farm condition. A weighted means of 2.68 was obtained equivalent to rank 2. The farm
conditions such as farm location and soil types are also important factors that affect the farmers
in adopting crop programming. They explained that they could easily transport their crops if their
farm is near from road and they plant crops suited to the soil type of their farms.
Water supply. A weighted mean of 3.04 (rank 3) was obtained from the respondents
showing that this is important because according to them, water gives life to their plants, thus
they find ways to have sufficient source of water to irrigate their crops during the months of
January to March.
Availability of labor. A weighted mean of 4.12 (rank 4) was obtained showing that this
factor was slightly important in adopting the crop programming.
Climatic factor. A weighted mean of 4.16 (rank 5) was obtained showing that the farmers
rank this as slightly important.
Technological assistance from the government and private sectors. A weighted mean of
5.6 (rank 6) was obtained. This implies that this factor is least important to them also.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
24
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the adoption of crop
programming at the farm level in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet. A total of 50 farmers were
selected randomly as respondents. The information was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed
using percentage, frequency and mean.
Regarding crops and area planted, the major crops planted were potato, cabbage, carrot
and celery. Minor crops include radish and garden pea. Majority of the farmers adopted two
cropping seasons in planting. Almost all of the farms were rainfed. Most of the respondents plant
during the months of April and May where there is sufficient rainfall.
Most of the respondents have different cropping patterns based on the condition of their
farms in terms of soil type and farm location. The dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO
are: potato-cabbage, potato-celery, potato-radish, potato-carrot, potato-potato; cabbage-
cabbage, cabbage-celery, cabbage-potato, cabbage-carrot, cabbage-radish; carrot-cabbage,
carrot-celery, carrot-potato, carrot-carrot, carrot-radish; celery-cabbage, celery-celery, celery-
potato, celery-garden pea and celery-radish.
When it comes to perceptions, farmers agreed that crop programming helps regulate the
supply of vegetables in the market. Moreover, it would solve the problem of price fluctuations.
As to application, farmers have been practicing crop rotation and scheduling of the
planting time but are not aware that this is the concept of the program.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
26
Farmers claimed that there were other factors considered in adopting crop programming
such as availability of capital, water supply during summer, availability of labor for efficient
production, farm location for easy transport of their crops and climatic factors.
Conclusions
The following conclusions are made based on the findings of the study:
1. The major crops planted in two cropping seasons are potato, cabbage and carrots.
2. Cropping patterns of farmers are based on farm conditions such as soil type, and farm
location.
3. Farmers perceive crop programming as involving crop rotation, capital and regulating
supply of vegetables.
4. Crop rotation and scheduling of planting based on present prices are common crop
programming practices of farmers.
5. Capital is the most important factor that affect the adoption of crop programming.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are made:
1. Research on other crops that could be an alternative to the usual cropping pattern
fitting the soil and climatic condition of CATTUBO, Atok. This could be done on-farm with the
farmers as cooperators.
2. Farmers could attend seminars conducted within their barangays for them to be aware
about the concept of crop programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
27
3. It is recommended that farmers link with lending institutions or join a cooperative
where they could borrow capital.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
28
LITERATURE CITED
________2007. Philippines Farmers Adopt Crop Programming Scheme. Retrieved
August
8, 2007 from http://www.freshplza.com./2006/17oct/2_ph_scheme.htm.
ALUNES, G. 2007. Member of Benguet Farmers Federation Incorporated, Atok
Representative. Personal Interview August 16, 2007.
AMPAGUEY, A. 2007. Member of the Benguet Farmers Federation Incorporated.
Personal Interview. August 15, 2007.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP) 2002. A Joint
Undertaking of the Commodity of Barangay CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet Province
and
Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management program (CHARMP). 2002.
CARANTES, J.A. 1994. Indigenous Farming Practice of the Ibalois in Southern Benguet. MS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10.
CARBONEL, O. 2001. Production Activities of Farmer-Members of Benguet Multi-
Purpose Cooperative in Atok, Benguet.BS Thesis.Benguet State University. Pp 60
CHATTO, E. 1999. Perspective of the Private Sector in Rationalizing Agribusiness
Enterprises in Vegetables, Fruits, Cupflowers/Ornamentals in Support of AFMA. A
Paper Presented during the First National Stakeholders in Support of AFMA
held
at
Benguet State University on May 3-7, 1999.
COLTING, R.D. 1999. Vegetable- Based Farming Systems: A Case in Atok, Benguet.
Farming System and Soil Resources Institute. College of Agriculture, UPLB, Los Banos,
Laguna.
JC 2007. Farmers Identify 16 Vegetables for Crop Programming Agenda. Retrieved
August
8, 2007 from http://www.sunstar.com.ph./static/bag/2006/07/07/news/
JUAN, D. 2007. Supervising Agriculturist of the Department of Agriculture, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Personal Interview. August 14, 2007.
LAB-OYAN, J. 2007. General Manager of Benguet Cooperative, La Trinidad, Benguet,
Personal Interview. August 15, 2007.
SNODGRASS, M. and C.T.G.T WALLACE. 1975. Agricultural Economics and Resources
Management. Prentice Hall Inc. Pp. 154-156.
TEOFILO, L. 2007. High Value Commercial Coordinator of the Department of
Agriculture, Guisad Road, Baguio City, Personal Interview. August 14, 2007.
APPENDICES
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
29
Appendix A. Communication Letter
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2008
Sir/Madam:
The undersigned is a fourth year Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness (BSAB)
student majoring in Enterprise Management. I am presently conducting a research entitled
“Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in Cattubo, Atok,
Benguet” in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the course.
In this regard, may I ask a portion of your precious time to answer all the questions to
complete the research undertaking. Rest assured that all information you will give be treated with
outmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your support.
Respectfully yours,
Stocky Tame W. Quintos
Researcher
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
30
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire
I. General Information
1. Name _____________________________ 2. Age ________
3. Sex _______ 4. Civil Status __________
5. Highest Educational Attainment ___________________
6. No. of years as fulltime farmer ________ (years)
7. How many cropping do you adopt in one year?
_____ One
_____ Two
8. What are the crops you produce?
First Cropping
Area planted Irrigated Rainfied Planting month
_____ Cabbage
__________ _____ _____ ____________
_____ Potato __________ _____ _____ ____________
_____ Carrot __________ _____ _____ ____________
_____Others (Specify)
_____________
__________ _____ _____ ____________
Harvest month ____________
Second Cropping
Area planted Irrigated Rainfied Planting month
_____ Cabbage
__________ _____ _____ ___________
_____ Potato __________ _____ _____ ___________
_____ Carrot __________ _____ _____ ___________
_____Others (Specify)
_____________
__________ _____ _____ ___________
Harvest month ____________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
31
II. Perception of farmers about crop programming
Below are statements about crop programming, Please rate each statement according to
your level of agreement.
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Crop Programming is planting crops to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
suit the market.
Crop Programming regulates the supply of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
vegetables in the market.
Crop Programming will solve the problem ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
of price fluctuation.
Crop Programming involves schedules of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
planting crops.
Crop Programming minimizes competition ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
among local agricultural producers.
Crop Programming is basically for the farmers. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Crop Programming start at the nursery ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
area of seedlings before they are transplanted.
Crop Programming involves crop rotation. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Crop Programming requires enough capital. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
32
2. Farmers application of crop programming at the farm level
Please indicate your application of crop program in your own farm
Rarely Seldom Sometimes Often Always
I practice crop rotation in my farm. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
I schedule my planting in order to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) take
advantage of expected higher price.
I make my own price trend study. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 plant based on established rainfall ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
pattern.
I saw seed at the same time but ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
transplant at the different time period.
3. Listed below are some factors that affect adoption of crop programming at the farm level.
Please rank the factors according to importance.
1- Most important
6-Least important
Rank
Availability of capital for production
______
Water supply
______
Availability of labor
______
Farm condition (soil type, farm location)
______
Climatic factors
______
Technological assistance (from government
______
and private sector companies)
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
Table 4. Dominant cropping patterns of the farmers in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRST CROPPING
SECOND CROPPING
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
January February March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Potato 25
Cabbage
Potato 2
Celery
Potato 4
Radish
Potato 12
Carrot
Potato 14
Potato
Cabbage 11
Cabbage
Cabbage 2
Celery
Cabbage 16
Potato
Cabbage 11
Carrot
Cabbage 7
Radish
Carrot 3
Cabbage
Carrot 2
Celery
Carrot 7
Potato
Carrot 5
Carrot
Carrot 2
Radish
Celery 3
Cabbage
Celery 1
Celery
Celery 2
Potato
Celery 1
Garden Pea
Radish 1
19
22
Table 5. Perceptions of farmers about crop programming
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PERCEPTIONS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F Weighted mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Crop programming is planting
-
10
20
16
4
3.28
crops to suit the market.
2. Crop programming regulates the
-
3
14
22
11
3.82
supply of vegetables in the market.
3. Crop programming will solve the
1
6
19
15
9
3.5
problem of price fluctuation.
4. Crop programming involves
1
9
10
19
11
3.6
schedules of planting crops.
5. Crop programming minimizes
-
1
21
20
8
3.7
competition among local
agricultural producers.
6. Crop programming is basically
3
15
24
6
2
2.78
for the farmers.
7. Crop programming start at the
-
3
18
19
10
3.72
nursery.
8. Crop programming involves
1
2
9
19
19
4.06
crop rotations.
9. Crop programming requires
1
2
9
16
22
4.12
enough capital.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend:
1-Strongly disagree
3-Neutral
5-Stongly agree
2- Disagree
4 Agree
22
23
Table 6. Farmers application of crop programming at the farm level
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPLICATIONS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F Weighted mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Farmers practice crop rotation.
-
-
14
22
14
4.0
Farmers schedule planting in order to
1
15
18
12
4
3.06
take advantage of expected higher price.
Farmers make their own price trend study. 4
19
19
6
2
2.66
Farmer plant based on established rainfall 3
6
11
24
6
3.48
pattern.
Farmers sow seed at the same time but
2
10
22
13
3
3.1
transplant at the different time period.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend:
1-Rarely
3-Sometimes
5-Always
2-Seldom
4-Often
24
24
Table 7. Factors that affect the adoption of crop programming
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FACTORS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________________
1
2 3 4 5 6
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F
F Weighted Rank
Mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Availability of capital
42
3
2
2
-
1 1.36 1
for production
2. Water supply
3
14
17
11
4
1 3.04 3
3. Availability of labor
-
5
8
17
16
4 4.12 4
4. Farm conditions
2 23
16
7
2
- 2.68 2
(Soil type, farm location)
5. Climatic factor
3 4
6
12
19
6 4.16 5
6. Technological assistance - 1
1
1
9
38 5.6 6
(from government and
private sector companies)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend: 1-Most important; 6- Least important
26
25
26
27
QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008. Factors Affecting the Adoption of
Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marie Klondy T. Dagupen, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the adoption of crop
programming at the farm level. Specifically, it identified the crops planted and area devoted to
each crop, dominant cropping patterns, farmers’ perceptions and applications of crop
programming.
The major crops planted were potato, cabbage, carrot and celery. Most of the farmers
planted vegetables for two cropping seasons. Most of the farms were rainfed. Some farmers
irrigated their farms during first cropping season.
Farmers adopted different cropping patterns within the farm level based on the condition
of their farms like soil type and farm location.
Farmers have different perceptions about crop programming. They agreed that crop
programming regulates supply of vegetable in the market. Probably, it would solve problems
regarding price fluctuations.
Other factors considered in adopting crop programming were availability of capital, water
supply, availability of labor, farm location and climatic factors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………. ii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study………………………………………… 1
Statement of the Problem...………………….…………..……... 2
Objectives of the Study………………………………….……… 3
Importance of the Study...….…………………………………… 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study...……………..…..….……... 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Concepts of Crop Programming……………………………….
5
Application of Crop Programming…………………………….. 6
Situation of the Vegetables Industry…………………………... 6
Problems Encountered…………………………………………. 7
Efficiency of Production……………………………………….
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study………………………………..... 9
Respondents of the Study........................................................... 9
Data Collection………………………………………….…...... 9
Data Gathered…………………....….…………………………
9
Data Analysis…………………………………………………… 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents……………………………………….
12
Crops Planted and Area Devoted to Each Crop…………….…..
14
Crops Planted and Irrigation ……………………………………
17
Dominant Cropping Patterns……………………………………
18
Perceptions of Farmers about Crop Programming……………….
20
Farmers Application of Crop Programming……………….…….
23
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming…………
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary……………………………………………………….
27
Conclusions………………………………………………….…
28
Recommendations……………………………………….…….
28
LITERATURE CITED…...…………………………………….…..…
30
APPENDICES………………………………………………………….
31
Appendix A. Communication Letter…………………………...
31
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire…………………………….
32
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Crop programming is scheduling the planting and harvesting of crops to suit the market.
This program was conceptualized to ensure that the market is adequately supplied with the
products at the time they need them. The main problem of the Benguet vegetable industry is the
unstable supply of products sold in the market resulting to fluctuations of its prices. According to
Lab-oyan (2007), there are levels of Crop Programming. The Macro Level Crop Programming,
an inter-region or national level group collaborative decision of which the objective is to capture
an export market. Another is the Meso Level Crop Programming, a provincial or regional level
group collaborative decision of which the objective is to influence supply to smoothen erratic
fluctuation of market price. Price trend data and cropping pattern are used as a tool. The last one
is the Micro Level Crop Programming, an individual farm enterprise level decision of which the
objective is to adjust production schedule to take advantage of the reasonably higher market
prices based on the price trend supply. The tools used are price trend data, rainfall pattern and
cropping pattern. The traditional practice of the farmers is they plant at a month based on their
experience of planting not knowing that the other farmers also did the same thing. They would
harvest the same time resulting to oversupply of the products in the market leading to low prices.
Considering the aforementioned premises, this study was conducted to know the factors affecting
the adoption of crop program particularly in Cattubo, Atok, Benguet.
CATTUBO is one of the eight barangays of the municipality of Atok. It is located on
the northern part of the municipality sharing boundaries with Buguias on the north and Kabayan
on the east; both of which are municipalities of Benguet. Barangay Pasdong in Madaymen,
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
2
Kibungan bounds CATTUBO on the west and Paoay bounds on the south. The barangay is
located 55.6 km. away from Baguio City and 5.5 km. away from the municipality hall at
Sayangan. Since Halsema Highway transverses the barangay, the area is accessible to all kinds of
transportation facilities. Buses plying the Bontoc-Cervantes, Lepanto and Buguias routes are
available daily. Travel time is 2 ½ hours from Baguio City and Cattubo. Cattubo is the acronym
for the six sitios of the barangay namely: C- Calasipan, A- Apanberang, T- Timbac, TU-
Tulodan, B- Botia, and O- Oyusan. The name is also derived from the word CATTUBO that
means young. It has 2387 total number of population and 471 households. Most of its population
is kankanaey and Ibaloi. The major source of income is farming. In addition, others engage in
off-farm activities like repair shops, vulcanizing, restaurant and sari-sari store. The barangay has
a total land area of 2414.12 hectares composed mainly of young people (Barangay Natural
Resource Management Plan, 2002).
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the crops planted and area devoted to each crop?
2. What are the dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO?
3. How do the farmers perceive crop programming?
4. How do farmers apply crop programming at the farm level?
5. What are the factors affecting the adoption of crop programming among
the
farmers?
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were as follows:
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
3
1. To determine the crops planted and area devoted to each crop.
2. To determine the dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO.
3. To determine the perception of farmers about crop programming.
4. To find out the application of farmers about crop programming at the farm
level.
5. To find out the factors affecting the adoption of crop programming by farmers.
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to find out the factors affecting the adoption of the crop
programming among the farmers. The findings will provide information to the concern
government agencies in the development of the program. The goal of this study cannot be
attained without the full cooperation of the farmers themselves. Information regarding crop
programming of vegetable serves as a guide for farmers’ income and sustaining agriculture. In
Addition, knowledge in crop programming help the farmers improve and guide the right time of
planting.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research study focus on how the farmers perceive crop programming and how do
they apply crop programming at the farm level. The study does not take into consideration the
crop programming by a group of farmers or the whole barangay since it seeks to understand first
the micro or farm level programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Concepts of Crop Programming
Crop Programming is scheduling the planting and harvesting of crops to suit the market.
It addresses the problem of unstable supply and helps regulate vegetable prices. It discourages
the vegetable farmers in their practice of planting the same crop in the same season that usually
result to oversupply in the market causing low prices. Farmers involved in this scheme follow
schedules when to plant specific crops in one cropping season to regulate the volume of crops
they deliver in the market. Farmers rotate the identified crops that they produce in every
cropping season and among the barangays in every participating municipality (Anonymous,
2006). The vegetable crop programming was conceptualized to help minimize competition
among local agricultural producers aside from increasing their income. The crops considered for
vegetable production scheduling include cabbage, carrot, broccoli, snap beans, cauliflower, bell
pepper, potato, and chinese cabbage. Farmers are not mandated to plant crops that are not
productive in their respective areas. More than 70% of the farmers from Benguet, Mountain
Province and Ifugao committed to participate in the crop programming (JC, 2006).
According to Chatto (1999), crop program was conceptualized to ensure that the market
is adequately supplied with the products at the time they need them. Weekly planting schedules
were formulated and assigned to the respective growers where close monitoring were done to
ensure that everyone follows his assigned schedule. It is necessary that the growers be organized
and bonded together to follow a specific schedule (Juan 2007). It is not necessary that a farmer
should be a member of a cooperative to go into crop programming. This program is for the
farmers to help them have a good harvest and not to be always at the losing side. There would be
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
5
no reason for importation of vegetables from other countries if the farmers fallow the concept of
crop programming added by Teofilo (2007). Crop programming of vegetables starts at the
nursery area of the seedlings wherein during transplanting of the seedling to the field, they are
scheduled on what specific days they should be planted (Ampaguey, 2007).
Application of Crop Programming
Alunes (2007) cited that Market Driven Crop Programming is applying crop
programming in a green house. There is an agreement between the contract grower and the
institutional buyer about the kind of crops planted, the quantity and quality of the vegetables
produced and the price. This type of crop programming needs a big amount of capital and
usually financed by the government. The other type is the Open Field Crop Programming in the
open area that some farmers are already practicing. Farmers who have wider areas for planting
should at least plant three to four different kinds of crops while for those who have lesser area
should plant two to three different kinds of crops to regulate the oversupply of vegetables in the
market.
Situation of the Vegetable Industry
The Vegetable Industry in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet is in a slump because of
various production problems met such as high cost of production inputs, alleged high chemical
residue contents, poor quality, unstable prices and uncoordinated demand for vegetables due to
the rising population. Vegetable farmers continue to exert efforts to maximize their production.
The vegetable areas in the Cordillera highlands consist of small units of individually functioning
farmers. Farming activities and practices were based on various factors such as Agro-ecosystem,
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
6
weather conditions, finances, market prices and technology updates. Many farmers grow the
same crops all year round. Probably calmed by the thought that they have perfected the
production process and they mainly rely on their memory and do away with records. Few
farmers keep a farm record and prepare a farm plan so that they can easily figure out how much
income or looses they have incurred in the production process. In effect, growing crops to them
is characterized by the idea of “Makachamba” (Colting, 1999).
Problems Encountered
Carbonel (2001) cited the major agricultural problems encountered by farmers as lack of
capital, lack of water supply since almost farm are not irrigated, prevention of pest and diseases,
low prices of crops and high cost of farm inputs, similar crops produced in a cropping and low
production. The sources of information of farmers are radio, co-farmers, DA agriculturist and
Technicians of seed companies.
Efficiency of Production
The efficiency of farm production depends upon the increase of fertilizers, improvement
in the seed of crops, improved insecticide and ever increasing know how of the farmers. Good
farming requires enough capital, modern machinery and efficient use of labor (Snodgrass, et al.,
1975).
Carantes, (1994) cited that Benguet people as having their own calendar in determining
the seasons and the time to plant a certain crops and rituals have be performed like the “tawal ni
payew” of Ibalois.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
7
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
This research study was conducted in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet among the farmers.
This study was conducted from December 2007 to January 2008.
Respondent of the Study
Fifty (50) farmers were chosen randomly as a respondent of the study in CATTUBO,
Atok, Benguet.
Data Collection
Secondary data include thesis, magazines and municipal reports of Atok. Primary data
include key informants and the farmers.
An interview guide was used by the researcher for data gathering. The Likert scale was
used for the questions on perception and application of crop programming while ranking was
used for the factor of adoption.
Data Gathered
The data gathered includes the following: a) crops planted and area devoted to each crop,
b) dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO, c) perception of farmers about crop programming,
d) farmers application of crop programming at the farm level and e) factors affecting the
adoption of crop programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
8
Figure 1. Map of the study area.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
9
Data Analysis
The data collected were consolidated and analyzed using frequency, percentage and
mean.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
There were 50 respondents in this study composed of 45 males and 5 females. The mean
age of the respondents was 39.52 years. Forty–two (84%) of them were married and the rest
were single. In terms of educational attainment, 40% attained elementary and another 40%
attained high school education. Eight (16%) either finished or stepped college education.
Half of the respondents had been engaged in farming for 11-20 years. The mean years in
farming were 15.88.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
11
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
Age
20-30
12
24
31-40
11
22
41-50
22
44
>50
5
10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean age
39.52
________________________________________________________________________
Gender
Male
45
90
Female
5
10
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Civil Status
Single
8
16
Married
42
84
________________________________________________________________________TOTA
L
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Elementary
20
40
High School
20
40
College
8
16
Vocational
2
4
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
12
Table 1. Continued…
________________________________________________________________________
PARTICULARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
No. of years as a full time farmer
<10
17
34
11-20
25
50
21-30
8
16
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
50
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean years 15.88
________________________________________________________________________
Crops Planted and Area Devoted to Each Crop
Table 2 shows the crops planted and area devoted to each crop.
Crops planted. The major crops planted in CATTUBO are potato, cabbage, carrot
and celery. Minor crops include radish and garden pea.
Area planted. Generally, farmers in CATTUBO plant vegetables for two croppings as
described in the following sections. For the first cropping, the mean area planted for potato was
3333.33 square meter, cabbage was 3888.7 square meter, carrot was 2769.23 and celery was
2500 square meter. In the second cropping, the mean area planted to potato increase to 5166.66
square meters while the mean area for cabbage decreases to 2886.34. Celery increases to 2833.33
and the same with carrot that increase to 3125. Sufficient rainfall is the reason why most of the
areas that were planted for second cropping increases. Farmers know that typhoons usually
occur during the months
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
13
of June to August but they take risk. Thus, they plant during these months. Minor crops such as
radish and garden pea were also planted during second cropping.
Table 2. Crops planted and area devoted to each crop
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
AREA
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Potato
<2500
22
61.1
8
38.1
2501-5000
10
27.8
11
52.4
5001-7500
4
11.1
-
-
>1 ha
-
-
2
9.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
3333.33
5166.66
________________________________________________________________________
Cabbage
<2500
14
50
15
65.2
2501-5000
10
35.7
7
30.5
5001-7500
1
3.6
1
4.3
7501-10000
3
10.7
-
-
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
28
100
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
3888.7
2886.34
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
14
Table 2. Continued...
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
AREA
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Carrot
<2500
10
76.9
11
66.7
2501-5000
2
15.4
3
22.2
5001-7500
1
7.7
2
11.1
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
13
100
16
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
2769.23
3125
________________________________________________________________________
Celery
<2500
1
100
5
71.4
2501-5000
-
-
1
14.3
7501-10000
-
-
1
14.3
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
1
100
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
2500
2833.33
________________________________________________________________________
Radish
<2500
-
-
8
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
8
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
1250
________________________________________________________________________
Garden pea
<2500
-
-
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
Mean area
750
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
15
Crops Planted and Irrigation
Majority of the farms in CATTUBO are rainfed. However, during the first cropping some
farmers also irrigate their farm as shown in Table 3 to source water for irrigation during the
months of January to March hoping that at the harvest time, the price of vegetables would be
high because few plant during these months.
Table 3. Crop planted and irrigation type
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
IRRIGATION TYPE
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Potato
Irrigated
14
38.9
-
-
Rainfed
22
61.1
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
36
100
21
100
________________________________________________________________________
Cabbage
Irrigated
9
32.1
-
-
Rainfed
19
67.9
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
28
100
23
100
________________________________________________________________________
Carrot
Irrigated
4
30.8
-
-
Rainfed
9
69.2
18
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
13
100
18
100
________________________________________________________________________
Celery
Irrigated
1
100
-
-
Rainfed
-
-
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
1
100
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
16
Table 3. Continued…
________________________________________________________________________
CROPS PLANTED AND
FIRST CROPPING SECOND CROPPING
IRRIGATION TYPE
F
%
F
%
________________________________________________________________________
Radish
Irrigated
-
-
-
-
Rainfed
-
-
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
7
100
________________________________________________________________________
Garden pea
Irrigated
-
-
2
100
Rainfed
-
-
-
-
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
2
100
________________________________________________________________________
Dominant Cropping Patterns
Cropping pattern. The dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO are: potato-
cabbage, potato-celery, potato-radish, potato-carrot, potato-potato; cabbage- cabbage,
cabbage-celery, cabbage-potato, cabbage-carrot, cabbage-radish; carrot-cabbage, carrot-celery,
carrot-potato, carrot-carrot, carrot-radish; celery-cabbage, celery-celery, celery-potato, celery-
garden pea and celery-radish. Potato and cabbage were the crops most planted during the months
of January to March. Farmers who planted during the months of January to March were those
who have enough source of irrigation water. Most of the respondents planted in April and May
because these are the months with sufficient rainfall. In addition, the farmers plant during these
months in order to harvest in June so that they will have money to use for the enrollment of their
children.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
17
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
18
Perception of Farmers About Crop Programming
The perception of farmers about crop programming are summarized in Table 5 and
discussed below.
Crop programming is planting crops to suit the market. A weighted mean of 3.28 was
obtained from the respondents’ answer. This means that the respondents are neutral about this
perception. This indicates that the respondents are not sure whether they produce vegetables for
the market.
Crop programming regulates the supply of vegetables in the market. A weighted mean of
3.82 was obtained from the respondent. This implies that the farmers slightly agree to this
statement.
Crop programming will solve the problem of price fluctuation. A weighted mean of 3.5
was obtained showing that the farmers slightly agree with this perception. According to them,
other factors that will solve the problem of price fluctuation are unity among every individual
farmers, self-disciplined and willingness to adopt and apply the concept of crop program at the
farm level.
Crop programming involves schedules of planting the crops. A weighted mean of 3.6 was
obtained from the respondents’ answers showing that the respondents are within neutral to
slightly agreeing about this statement. The farmers said that there are other things to consider
when scheduling the planting of crops such as availability of seeds and occurrence of natural
calamities such as frost and typhoons. Schedule of planting crops to them were affected by these
situations.
Crop programming minimizes competition among local agricultural producers. A
weighted mean of 3.7 was obtained from the answers. It implies that farmers slightly agree that
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
19
crop programming minimizes competition among the farmers. According to them, there are
already a large, number of farmers and others still want to engage in farming. Thus, the best way
to compete is producing the best quality of vegetables needed in the market.
Crop programming is basically for the farmers. The obtained weighted mean was 2.78
from the respondent answer. Farmers disagree about this statement. They said that crop
programming is not only the farmers concern but also for other stakeholders.
Crop programming starts with the nursery. A weighted mean of 3.72 was obtained from
the answers of the respondents. It shows that farmers slightly agree with this statement.
Crop programming involves crop rotation. A weighted mean of 4.06 was obtained from
the respondents’ answers. It signifies that the respondents agree with this statement. They said
that most of them is practicing crop rotation at their farm since they are taught about the benefits
of crop rotation like it lessens occurrence of plant diseases and crop rotation sustains soil
fertility.
Crop programming requires enough capital. The weighted mean that was obtained from
the respondents answer was 4.12. This means that farmers agree about this statement. According
to them, farm inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides are expensive. Thus, applying the concept
of crop programming at the farm level requires enough capital.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
20
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
21
Farmers Application of Crop Programming
Farmers application of crop programming are summarized in Table 6 and discussed
below.
Farmers practice crop rotation. A weighted mean of 4.0 was obtained from the
respondents’ answers. This means that the respondents often practice crop rotation in their farm
but they do not know that what they practice is the concept of crop programming.
Scheduling of planting in order to take advantage of expected higher price. The weighted
mean that was obtained from the respondent was 3.06. It implies that farmers sometimes
schedule their planting time. They said that as long as there are enough capital to be used and
available seeds to be plant then they plant.
Farmers make their price trend study. A weighted mean of 2.66 was obtained. It shows
that farmers seldom make their price trend study basing it from the past years. Farming to them
is somewhat a form of gambling wherein they are not sure whether they have something to gain
after harvesting their crops.
Farmers plant based on established rainfall pattern. A weighted mean of 3.48 was
obtained from the respondents answer. It implies that farmers sometimes follow this application.
According to them, the climate is changing so there is no guarantee when they plant based on
established rainfall pattern.
Farmers sow at the same time but transplant at different time. A weighted mean of 3.1
was obtained from the respondents answer. It shows that farmers sometimes apply this one. They
said that this is only applicable for cabbage, celery, and wongbok but not in carrot, potato,
radish, and garden pea.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
22
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
23
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming
Table 7 presents the factors that affect the adoption of crop programming at the farm
level and discussed below.
Availability of capital for production. A weighted mean of 1.36 was obtained from the
respondents’ answers equivalent to rank 1. According to them, this is important in adopting the
crop programming because even though they have wide areas of farm if there is no capital to be
used then it is useless.
Farm condition. A weighted means of 2.68 was obtained equivalent to rank 2. The farm
conditions such as farm location and soil types are also important factors that affect the farmers
in adopting crop programming. They explained that they could easily transport their crops if their
farm is near from road and they plant crops suited to the soil type of their farms.
Water supply. A weighted mean of 3.04 (rank 3) was obtained from the respondents
showing that this is important because according to them, water gives life to their plants, thus
they find ways to have sufficient source of water to irrigate their crops during the months of
January to March.
Availability of labor. A weighted mean of 4.12 (rank 4) was obtained showing that this
factor was slightly important in adopting the crop programming.
Climatic factor. A weighted mean of 4.16 (rank 5) was obtained showing that the farmers
rank this as slightly important.
Technological assistance from the government and private sectors. A weighted mean of
5.6 (rank 6) was obtained. This implies that this factor is least important to them also.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
24
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the adoption of crop
programming at the farm level in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet. A total of 50 farmers were
selected randomly as respondents. The information was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed
using percentage, frequency and mean.
Regarding crops and area planted, the major crops planted were potato, cabbage, carrot
and celery. Minor crops include radish and garden pea. Majority of the farmers adopted two
cropping seasons in planting. Almost all of the farms were rainfed. Most of the respondents plant
during the months of April and May where there is sufficient rainfall.
Most of the respondents have different cropping patterns based on the condition of their
farms in terms of soil type and farm location. The dominant cropping patterns in CATTUBO
are: potato-cabbage, potato-celery, potato-radish, potato-carrot, potato-potato; cabbage-
cabbage, cabbage-celery, cabbage-potato, cabbage-carrot, cabbage-radish; carrot-cabbage,
carrot-celery, carrot-potato, carrot-carrot, carrot-radish; celery-cabbage, celery-celery, celery-
potato, celery-garden pea and celery-radish.
When it comes to perceptions, farmers agreed that crop programming helps regulate the
supply of vegetables in the market. Moreover, it would solve the problem of price fluctuations.
As to application, farmers have been practicing crop rotation and scheduling of the
planting time but are not aware that this is the concept of the program.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
26
Farmers claimed that there were other factors considered in adopting crop programming
such as availability of capital, water supply during summer, availability of labor for efficient
production, farm location for easy transport of their crops and climatic factors.
Conclusions
The following conclusions are made based on the findings of the study:
1. The major crops planted in two cropping seasons are potato, cabbage and carrots.
2. Cropping patterns of farmers are based on farm conditions such as soil type, and farm
location.
3. Farmers perceive crop programming as involving crop rotation, capital and regulating
supply of vegetables.
4. Crop rotation and scheduling of planting based on present prices are common crop
programming practices of farmers.
5. Capital is the most important factor that affect the adoption of crop programming.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are made:
1. Research on other crops that could be an alternative to the usual cropping pattern
fitting the soil and climatic condition of CATTUBO, Atok. This could be done on-farm with the
farmers as cooperators.
2. Farmers could attend seminars conducted within their barangays for them to be aware
about the concept of crop programming.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
27
3. It is recommended that farmers link with lending institutions or join a cooperative
where they could borrow capital.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
28
LITERATURE CITED
________2007. Philippines Farmers Adopt Crop Programming Scheme. Retrieved
August
8, 2007 from http://www.freshplza.com./2006/17oct/2_ph_scheme.htm.
ALUNES, G. 2007. Member of Benguet Farmers Federation Incorporated, Atok
Representative. Personal Interview August 16, 2007.
AMPAGUEY, A. 2007. Member of the Benguet Farmers Federation Incorporated.
Personal Interview. August 15, 2007.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP) 2002. A Joint
Undertaking of the Commodity of Barangay CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet Province
and
Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management program (CHARMP). 2002.
CARANTES, J.A. 1994. Indigenous Farming Practice of the Ibalois in Southern Benguet. MS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10.
CARBONEL, O. 2001. Production Activities of Farmer-Members of Benguet Multi-
Purpose Cooperative in Atok, Benguet.BS Thesis.Benguet State University. Pp 60
CHATTO, E. 1999. Perspective of the Private Sector in Rationalizing Agribusiness
Enterprises in Vegetables, Fruits, Cupflowers/Ornamentals in Support of AFMA. A
Paper Presented during the First National Stakeholders in Support of AFMA
held
at
Benguet State University on May 3-7, 1999.
COLTING, R.D. 1999. Vegetable- Based Farming Systems: A Case in Atok, Benguet.
Farming System and Soil Resources Institute. College of Agriculture, UPLB, Los Banos,
Laguna.
JC 2007. Farmers Identify 16 Vegetables for Crop Programming Agenda. Retrieved
August
8, 2007 from http://www.sunstar.com.ph./static/bag/2006/07/07/news/
JUAN, D. 2007. Supervising Agriculturist of the Department of Agriculture, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Personal Interview. August 14, 2007.
LAB-OYAN, J. 2007. General Manager of Benguet Cooperative, La Trinidad, Benguet,
Personal Interview. August 15, 2007.
SNODGRASS, M. and C.T.G.T WALLACE. 1975. Agricultural Economics and Resources
Management. Prentice Hall Inc. Pp. 154-156.
TEOFILO, L. 2007. High Value Commercial Coordinator of the Department of
Agriculture, Guisad Road, Baguio City, Personal Interview. August 14, 2007.
APPENDICES
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
29
Appendix A. Communication Letter
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 2008
Sir/Madam:
The undersigned is a fourth year Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness (BSAB)
student majoring in Enterprise Management. I am presently conducting a research entitled
“Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in Cattubo, Atok,
Benguet” in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the course.
In this regard, may I ask a portion of your precious time to answer all the questions to
complete the research undertaking. Rest assured that all information you will give be treated with
outmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your support.
Respectfully yours,
Stocky Tame W. Quintos
Researcher
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
30
Appendix B. Survey Questionnaire
I. General Information
1. Name _____________________________ 2. Age ________
3. Sex _______ 4. Civil Status __________
5. Highest Educational Attainment ___________________
6. No. of years as fulltime farmer ________ (years)
7. How many cropping do you adopt in one year?
_____ One
_____ Two
8. What are the crops you produce?
First Cropping
Area planted Irrigated Rainfied Planting month
_____ Cabbage
__________ _____ _____ ____________
_____ Potato __________ _____ _____ ____________
_____ Carrot __________ _____ _____ ____________
_____Others (Specify)
_____________
__________ _____ _____ ____________
Harvest month ____________
Second Cropping
Area planted Irrigated Rainfied Planting month
_____ Cabbage
__________ _____ _____ ___________
_____ Potato __________ _____ _____ ___________
_____ Carrot __________ _____ _____ ___________
_____Others (Specify)
_____________
__________ _____ _____ ___________
Harvest month ____________
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
31
II. Perception of farmers about crop programming
Below are statements about crop programming, Please rate each statement according to
your level of agreement.
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Crop Programming is planting crops to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
suit the market.
Crop Programming regulates the supply of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
vegetables in the market.
Crop Programming will solve the problem ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
of price fluctuation.
Crop Programming involves schedules of ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
planting crops.
Crop Programming minimizes competition ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
among local agricultural producers.
Crop Programming is basically for the farmers. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Crop Programming start at the nursery ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
area of seedlings before they are transplanted.
Crop Programming involves crop rotation. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Crop Programming requires enough capital. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
32
2. Farmers application of crop programming at the farm level
Please indicate your application of crop program in your own farm
Rarely Seldom Sometimes Often Always
I practice crop rotation in my farm. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
I schedule my planting in order to ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) take
advantage of expected higher price.
I make my own price trend study. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 plant based on established rainfall ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
pattern.
I saw seed at the same time but ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
transplant at the different time period.
3. Listed below are some factors that affect adoption of crop programming at the farm level.
Please rank the factors according to importance.
1- Most important
6-Least important
Rank
Availability of capital for production
______
Water supply
______
Availability of labor
______
Farm condition (soil type, farm location)
______
Climatic factors
______
Technological assistance (from government
______
and private sector companies)
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Crop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok,
Benguet. QUINTOS, STOCKY TAME W. APRIL 2008
Table 4. Dominant cropping patterns of the farmers in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FIRST CROPPING
SECOND CROPPING
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
January February March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Potato 25
Cabbage
Potato 2
Celery
Potato 4
Radish
Potato 12
Carrot
Potato 14
Potato
Cabbage 11
Cabbage
Cabbage 2
Celery
Cabbage 16
Potato
Cabbage 11
Carrot
Cabbage 7
Radish
Carrot 3
Cabbage
Carrot 2
Celery
Carrot 7
Potato
Carrot 5
Carrot
Carrot 2
Radish
Celery 3
Cabbage
Celery 1
Celery
Celery 2
Potato
Celery 1
Garden Pea
Radish 1
19
22
Table 5. Perceptions of farmers about crop programming
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PERCEPTIONS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F Weighted mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Crop programming is planting
-
10
20
16
4
3.28
crops to suit the market.
2. Crop programming regulates the
-
3
14
22
11
3.82
supply of vegetables in the market.
3. Crop programming will solve the
1
6
19
15
9
3.5
problem of price fluctuation.
4. Crop programming involves
1
9
10
19
11
3.6
schedules of planting crops.
5. Crop programming minimizes
-
1
21
20
8
3.7
competition among local
agricultural producers.
6. Crop programming is basically
3
15
24
6
2
2.78
for the farmers.
7. Crop programming start at the
-
3
18
19
10
3.72
nursery.
8. Crop programming involves
1
2
9
19
19
4.06
crop rotations.
9. Crop programming requires
1
2
9
16
22
4.12
enough capital.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend:
1-Strongly disagree
3-Neutral
5-Stongly agree
2- Disagree
4 Agree
22
23
Table 6. Farmers application of crop programming at the farm level
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPLICATIONS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________
1
2
3
4
5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F Weighted mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Farmers practice crop rotation.
-
-
14
22
14
4.0
Farmers schedule planting in order to
1
15
18
12
4
3.06
take advantage of expected higher price.
Farmers make their own price trend study. 4
19
19
6
2
2.66
Farmer plant based on established rainfall 3
6
11
24
6
3.48
pattern.
Farmers sow seed at the same time but
2
10
22
13
3
3.1
transplant at the different time period.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend:
1-Rarely
3-Sometimes
5-Always
2-Seldom
4-Often
24
24
Table 7. Factors that affect the adoption of crop programming
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FACTORS
FREQUENCY
_______________________________________________________________________
1
2 3 4 5 6
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F
F
F
F
F
F Weighted Rank
Mean
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Availability of capital
42
3
2
2
-
1 1.36 1
for production
2. Water supply
3
14
17
11
4
1 3.04 3
3. Availability of labor
-
5
8
17
16
4 4.12 4
4. Farm conditions
2 23
16
7
2
- 2.68 2
(Soil type, farm location)
5. Climatic factor
3 4
6
12
19
6 4.16 5
6. Technological assistance - 1
1
1
9
38 5.6 6
(from government and
private sector companies)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Legend: 1-Most important; 6- Least important
26
25
26
27
Document Outline
- Factors Affecting the Adoption ofCrop Programming at the Farm Level in CATTUBO, Atok, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED