BIBLIOGRAPHY CALIGTAN, JOVELYN D. April 2008....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CALIGTAN, JOVELYN D. April 2008. Evaluation of the Cultural Video
Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marife D. Carpio, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’
particularly the validity of the content, the aptness of the style, creativity, and
organization, and the technical expertise of the producers,
The data were gathered using an interview schedule with the person who was
well-versed on ‘pechit’ and a rubric adopted from the Video Project Rubric of University
of Wisconsin was used to evaluate the technical part of the documentary. This was
evaluated by the ABS-CBN Baguio cameramen and some mass communication
graduates. Data were consolidated, tabulated and qualitatively discussed using weighted
average.
The video documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ contains informations which were
valid and were well presented. The style, creativity, and organization were mostly
proficient which includes the camera techniques (exposure/ focus), color scheme, special
effects, design, audio, pace, and narration or performances. Videography interest and
graphics were partially proficient.
Moreover, the evaluation of the technical quality which includes the
videography- techniques clarity, lighting, video continuity/editing, audio, and voice
editing was adjudge proficient.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
‘Pechit’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Organization of the Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Post Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Shooting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
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Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of the Documentary Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Evaluation of the Documentary Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Evaluation of the Style, Creativity,
and Organization of the Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Evaluation of the Technical Quality
in Terms of Shooting and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
APPENDCES
Appendix A. Questionnaire for Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Appendix B. Guide Questions for Key Informant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Appendix C. Profile of the Key Informant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
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INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Culture has been called “the way of life” for an entire society. As such, it includes
codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and
morality, and systems of belief (Jary, et.al, 1991).
Moreover, culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material,
intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses,
in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems,
traditions and beliefs.
Benguet kept and preserved its traditional culture such as the songs, the dances
and the materials that are used in their rituals. Efforts to document Benguet’s culture has
been done by several groups in an attempt to preserve its uniqueness for the future
generations to possibly emulate, remember, reenact and be proud of.
Cultural
documentaries
deal
with cultures of different group or people. It is made
to inform people about a certain topic and set the topics into ideas and understandings
accessible to others. It explores real-life subjects in detail. They try to transmit message
to the viewers and let them understand it.
‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ is a documentary that features the different ceremonies,
dances and rituals involved in celebrating a ‘canao’, specifically that of a ‘pechit’, the
rich man’s feast.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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The documentary portrays the rituals, materials and other process in the
performance of a ‘pechit’. Special focus was placed on the totality of all the dances, the
‘bendian’.
The documentary was produced by Research Mate, Inc. with the Local
Government Unit (LGU) of Kabayan, Thoughts Charitable Trust, and Onju Ni Kasi
Kauran Shi Kabayan (ONKASKA). Research Mate is a community-based non-
government organization that uses research to bring about useful information that, if,
properly packaged and shared through appropriate channels, can help develop a
genuinely well-informed citizen. The group’s prime purpose is to refine information that
could educate individuals and communities to help make informed decisions and actions
to solve their own development and social problems.
Documentary filming refers to the capturing reality, real life, and actual events.
The use of film to document any undertaking allows the viewer to connect to the people
involved, understand their feelings and emotions, and see their journey.
It is because of this that a project such as ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ should be
evaluated, especially as it touches on the culture of a particular group, and since it will be
used as reference by the future generation and other interest groups. Further, evaluation
of the documentary with the use of a certain criteria can help in validating the content,
and determining the quality of the project, thus the reason for this study.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to evaluate the cultural documentary based on a given criteria.
Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions:
1. Did the documentary present valid information about the topic?
2. Was the documentary well presented in terms of its content, style, creativity
and organization?
3. What is the technical quality of the documentary?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, this study aimed to evaluate the cultural documentary:
1. to determine if the documentary contains the valid information about the topic;
2. to determine if the documentary was well presented in terms of its content,
style, creativity and organization;
3. to determine the technical quality of the documentary.
Importance of the Study
The results of this study may assist the group in future projects. It may also
provide information to Development Communication and Mass Communication students
and other organizations that may help them in their video projects. It is also hoped that
this study would establish the criteria for evaluating documentaries. The study can also be
used by other people who make documentaries, in that it will help in improving and
developing the way documentaries are produced and presented.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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Scope and Limitation
The study focused on the documentary of Research Mate which was the ‘Pechit
Chi Kabayan’. Data was collected through film showing, interview schedule, and survey
questionnaire. The study dwelt on the correctness of the information that were shown
and discussed in the documentary, the technical expertise in producing the documentary,
and the evaluation of the presentation of the documentary as to style, creativity and
organization.
The study was conducted from November to January 2008. The study did not
make a comparison of the ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ to any other cultural video documentary,
or to other documentaries produced by Research Mate.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pechit
‘Pechit’ is an Ibaloi term meaning “biggest feast”. It is a celebration of which
elevates the giver of feast to the wealthy class, ‘Baknang’, in the community. Spirits
invoked in these occasions are the ‘Kabunyan’, ‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’ and the ancestors of
the celebrating family. Any progressive and successful person and anyone whose life was
spared from an accident believe that the favors and protections are from the spirits. In
appreciation to the favors granted, it is a customary practice to celebrate thanksgiving
feasts in honor to the ‘Kabunyan’ and their ‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’. These feasts are
proportionate to the economic status of the individual in accordance to traditional stages
of thanksgiving rituals (Province of Benguet).
Moreover, with the findings of Fabaan (2007) in her study of the performance of
‘cañao’ by the Laoyan clan. She said that with the increasing prices of goods and
services, the clan only performs their ‘cañao’ in reunion gatherings every after two or
three years. They also no longer perform ‘pechit’ as what their parents and their grand
parents did.
Documentary
A documentary is a representation of the world we already occupy. It stands for a
particular view of the world, one we may never have encountered before even if aspects
of the world that is represented are familiar to us. It stimulates desire to know in its
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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audience. It conveys an informing logic, a persuasive rhetoric, or a moving poetics that
promises information and knowledge, insight and awareness (Nichols, 2001).
It provides a one-of-a-kind overview of the most important topics and issues in
documentary history and criticism. It makes use of visual evidence and persuasive
strategies. A wide-ranging and freewheeling form of filmmaking which provides the
foundation of further explorations of a certain topic. An overview of the most important
topics and issues in documentary history and criticism. It makes use of visual evidence
and persuasive strategies (Nichols, 2001).
Organization of the Documentary
Videos covering a number of concepts require an organization that is logical to
the viewer. Information provided in a logical way that helps the viewer to mentally
organize the topic (Denning, n.d.).
Content
Content is a prime concern, it must be accurate, useful, and free from bias. If the
content is not correct and up-to-date, then the video is not ideally usable for learning. The
content must be accurate and current. The content of the video must be useful. It should
stimulate the learner to act on the information (NCDA, 1992).
According to Feller (1992), the purpose of the video must be obvious to the
viewer within the first quarter of the presentation. The video must adhere to the organize
development of the content required in order to fulfill adequately the stated objectives.
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Concepts must be must be portrayed and illustrated within a manner appropriate for the
comprehension level of the intended audience.
Special Effects
Denning (n.d) said that with the overuse of video effects and transition, watchers
are accustom to highly visual transition and special effects, he also added that research
has shown that fancy transitions have minimal value or even may detract from the
instruction. Videos are often produced with glitz and glamour to hide what is otherwise a
weak message.
Sound Quality/ Audio
The audio portion of the video must be viewed in terms of clarity, volume, pace,
and narrative music mix. Voices should use appropriate diction and dynamics and
should feature distinctive qualities when recognition of more than one voice is required
of the audience. Voices should also match the individual pictures. Music and sound
effects should contribute to the meaning and message of the video. The total effect of
the sound should be free or any characteristics that detract from the intended message
and impact of the video (Feller, 1992).
Technical Consideration
The technical quality indicators are derived from good design practices of the
producers of video products. It identifies specific characteristics of a quality video
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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product as transcendence, attention manipulation, detail, special effects, economy,
independence, and interdependence (Hunter, 1990).
Production
The
Shoot. Make sure you capture a variety of shots and plenty of footage (called
takes). For example, a shot can be taken a number of times from different angles and
sizes and you can decide later which take looks best. Preparing and generating other
elements for your production is important. Production elements are things such as
(Nadebaum, 2003):
1. Text: titles, credits and other text-based information such as names or labels.
2. Graphics: still images such as originals created in computer paint programs,
scanned photographs, maps and diagrams.
3. Audio: sound effects, music and voice-overs recorded with a microphone.
Audio is often overlooked when making movies. As a result, many short movies
often have lots of ambient noise. Try using an external microphone, especially for
recording conversations.
Post Production
Stage where you make edits and organize the footage you have shot.
The Edit. When editing, avoid using similar shots. Generally the more contrast
between the two shots, the less you have to worry about creating a jump cut or confusing
the audience. A sequence of shots can also be edited at different speeds. Longer shots can
slow the pace to create tension or romance. Shorter shots increase the pace and can
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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suggest energy and excitement. Graphics allow you to accomplish several different
objectives. Use graphics to break up your video and provide detailed information. They
are also helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts. Graphics may be scanned images,
digital photographs, maps, diagrams or artistic compositions (Nadebaum, 2003).
Nadebaum (2003) added that transitions takes the video from one scene to the
next. Generally we move from shot to shot in cuts. The straight-cut is by far the most
widely used transition in movies or television shows. Wipes (using a horizontal or
vertical wipe line) can be used to move from one scene to the next, where the second may
be in a completely different place. Moreover, dissolves are used to suggest time has
passed, fades generally show a part of the story has ended or a new chapter is beginning.
A variety of video effects such as wipes and dissolves can help generate a feeling of
suspense.
In addition, the soundtrack should complement the shots and add new information
to a scene. Adding music is a great way to help set the tone of a scene. Music creates
mood and evokes emotion and can be used to signal something is about to happen. Sound
effects can provide a sense of realism for your project. Sound effects can also be used to
enrich the story or make the setting more believable. Ambient or background sound refers
to on-location sound such as a crowd, birds chirping, a babbling creek or wind. Silence
when used appropriately and in context will add emotion and feeling to the video. It can
help create suspense (Nadebaum , 2003).
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Shooting Guidelines
When recording, keep your camera as steady as possible. Using a tripod is the key
to creating steady shots. If you don’t have a tripod, try using a substitute like a desk,
chair, cushion or even the top of a car. Don’t overdo camera pans and tilts and try to
avoid very fast panning or very slow boring pans. Moreover, carefully compose and
frame your shots if you’re videoing a central character or object, take note of the
background (whatever is behind the person or object) and avoid unbalancing elements
such as trees or poles. Don’t place every subject in the centre of your frame: frequently
it’s better to adhere to the photographer’s ‘rule of thirds’. Experiment and move the
camera when shooting and look for shots with interesting angles and fresh perspective,
rather than simply shooting from ‘front on’ all the time. Be aware of the importance of
light and try to avoid poor lighting conditions for shooting (Nadebaum, 2003)..
Camera Angles. Nadebaum (2003) said that angles can influence and tell more
about a story or a character. A normal camera angle is aimed at eye level and suggests the
subject is on level and equal. A high shot is where the camera is aimed above the subject
and can help make it look and feel small, unimportant, afraid or vulnerable. A low shot is
where the camera is below the subject and can help make seem tall, powerful, important
or frightening. A distorted angle may be used to make a scene more frightening, or to
make the viewer feel anxious, or queasy.
Composition. The composition of a shot refers to the meaning generated by the
elements within the frame you are shooting and how these elements relate to and interact
with each other. Shot composition also deals with the size, angle and perspective and
lighting of the shot. Well-composed shots are appealing to an audience when they have
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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interesting angles, direct attention through the use of light and color, are well balanced
and adhere to the rule of thirds (Nadebaum, 2003).
Framing. Framing video shots plays an important role in communication.
Framing is about what stays in the camera shot and what gets left out. Framing can
exclude objects or people from a shot to create meaning such as tension, mystery and
anticipation. Carefully compose and frame your shots. If you’re videoing a central
character or object, take note of the background (whatever is behind the person or object)
and avoid unbalancing elements such as trees or poles. Don’t place every subject in the
centre of your frame (Nadebaum, 2003).
Lighting. Lighting is an expressive and powerful tool when used properly. It can
convey emotion, make a character appear evil, show contrast or create a general mood. A
desk lamp, standard lamp or light from a window can be used to effectively light a scene.
Watch out for shadows and backlighting when shooting. Keep the sun behind you when
shooting outdoors (Nadebaum, 2003).
Sound. Nadebaum (2003) emphasize that the soundtrack should compliment the
shots and add new information to a scene. Adding music is grate way to help sat the tone
of a scene. Music creates mood and evokes emotion and can be used to signal something
is about to happen. Dialogue is spoken text and communicates relationship, emotions,
and attitudes through the use of voice. When adding dialogue and music in the same
scene, keep the music at a lower level. Don’t let the music overpower the dialogue.
Sound effects can provide a sense of realism. It can also be used to enrich the
story or make the setting more believable. Ambient or background sound refers to the
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
12
location sound. Silence when used appropriately and in context will add emotion and
feeling to the video (Nadebaum, 2003).
Picture Quality. The visual portion of the video must be viewed in terms of focus,
clarity, color, accuracy, contrast, and color balance. Individual frames and visual
sequences should be free of any characteristics that detract from the intended message
and impact of the video (Nadebaum, 2003).
Nadebaum (2003) added that graphics allow accomplishing several different
objectives. Use graphics to break up video and provide detailed information. It is also
helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts. Graphics may be scanned images, digital
photographs, maps, diagrams or artistic compositions.
Definition of Terms
Ap-apo/Kaapuan. Spirits of the ancestors that lives in the sky world and maybe
summoned by the native priest to come to earth to render blessings to the living.
Color Scheme. Refers to the choice of colors used in design for a range of media.
It refers to the meaning generated by the elements with in the frame in shooting and how
these elements relate to and interact with each other.
Kabunyan. A term for the cordillerans to refer to God the creator.
Multimedia. It is a technique (combination of sound, video, and text) for
expressing ideas.
Videography
Interest. Refers to the variety of shots and plenty of footage; the
focus, zoom all the way in and focus on an area high in detail, such as the eyes.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet and Baguio City.
Baguio was chosen as the study area because it is where most experts on video
production were found. This is also the location of the ABS-CBN station, a national
television corporation.
Baguio City is approximately 250 kilometers north of Manila, situated in the
Province of Benguet. The area of the city is 49 square kilometers enclosed in the
perimeter of 30 kilometers. The developed portion of the city corresponds to the plateau
that rises to an elevation of 1,400 meters. Most of it lies in the northern half of the city.
The City is landlocked within the province of Benguet (Figure 1), thus bounding it on all
sides by its different municipalities; on the North by the capital town of La Trinidad, on
the East by Itogon and to the South and West by Tuba. With City Hall as reference point,
it extends 8.2 kilometers from East to West and 7.2 kilometers from North to South. It
has a perimeter of 30.98 kilometers. The City has twenty administrative districts among
which its barangays are divided.
The study was conducted on November to January 2008.
Respondents of the Study
There were two types of respondents who evaluated the cultural documentary.
First was the key informant who was well-versed on the culture to validate the content of
the documentary. The key informant was from Kabayan. Second, were the technical
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing the location of the study
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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who are the cameramen or the video editor of ABS-CBN Baguio Station and mass
communication graduates. The respondents of the study were purposively chosen to
verify the validity of the documentary in terms of its content, to evaluate it in terms of
technical expertise, style, creativity, and organization.
Data Collection
The documentary was shown to the participants before evaluation. Interview
schedule was used to verify the validity of the documentary and a rubric adopted from
Video Project Rubric of University of Wisconsin was used to evaluate the technical
aspect of the documentary.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were on the evaluation of the cultural documentaries which
were the validity of the content of the documentary; the technical expertise of the
producers evaluated by the cameramen or the video editor of ABS-CBN Baguio and mass
communication graduates using a rubric.
Data Analysis
The collected data were consolidated, tabulated and qualitatively discussed.
Weighted average was used to determine the relative importance of each quantity.
Weighted average is an average in which each quantity to be averaged is assigned a
weight. These weightings determine the relative importance of each quantity on the
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
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average. Weightings are the equivalent of having that many like items with the same
value involved in the average.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of the Documentary Content
To check the validity of the information contained in the documentary, key
informant was tapped. Table 1 shows the validity of the documentary as evaluated by the
key informant, Mr. Biano L. Baucas who is from Kabayan and a graduate of Master of
Arts in Education. He also wrote a book entitled “A brief History of Kabayan, Benguet
(1998) and Traditional Beliefs and Cultural Practices of Benguet (2003).
According to the key informant, ‘pechit’ is being performed if an Ibaloi family
received a bountiful harvest as a thanksgiving, and for the family to be recognized in their
community or place. To perform ‘pechit’, the family or the person should have enough
wealth. Performance of the ‘pechit’ entails butchering of pigs (Figure 2), the number of
which depend on the number of barangays in the municipality.
‘Pechit’ is a celebration which elevates the giver of feast to the wealthy class,
‘baknang’, in the community. Spirits invoked in these occasions are the ‘Kabunyan’,
‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’ and the ancestors of the celebrating family. They are honored in a
song chanted by the elders as the main ritual prayer in big feasts. Any progressive and
successful person and anyone whose life was spared from an accident believe that the
favors and protections are from the spirits. In appreciation to the favors granted, it is a
customary practice to celebrate thanksgiving feasts in honor to the ‘Kabunyan’ and their
‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’. These feasts are proportionate to the economic status of the
individual in accordance to traditional stages of thanksgiving rituals (Province of
Benguet).
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. Matrix showing the flow of the documentary
CONTENT
PORTRAYED
IN
THE
DOCUMENTARY
AS
ACTUALLY
PORTRAYED
Celebration of ‘pechit’ It starts with a grand ‘cañao’ where in all
All are invited in the celebration of ‘pechit’.
the barangays of the municipality
including some visitors from the other
province is invited.
Belief in performing
Performing ‘pechit’ will bring richness
When a family received a harvest, pechit is being
‘pechit’
and long life to the person who performs
done as a thanksgiving and for the family to be
it.
recognized in the community. However, they
Pechit is also the way to classify the
should have enough wealth.
peoples social status in the community.
Practices
in
‘pechit’ Performance of the ‘pechit’ entails
The number of animals to be butchered sometimes
butchering of pigs, the number of which
depends on the gap or frequency performing the
depends on the number of barangays in
‘cañao’. Sometimes they even butcher an
the municipality.
additional cow or carabao.
Dances, ritual and
Mostly perform for healing and preventing
Dances and rituals are being done in curing and
cultural practices in
sickness.
preventing sickness. When somebody get sick,
the ‘pechit’
they have a ritual to cure the sickness or some will
perform a ‘canao’ to cure the sick person.
Moreover, all rituals are medicinal but native
customs, pagans can not cure from ritual with out
being sick.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. continued.
CONTENT
PORTRAYED IN THE DOCUMENTARY
AS ACTUALLY PORTRAYED
Monkey dance
Existed from the observation in farm where
The steps in the dances were developed by the
people gave a piece of ‘camote’ to one of
people. They base this on a certain things. Say
the monkey and the other monkey tried to
for example the butterfly dance, where in they
snatch and toss the ‘camote’ around.
try to imitate how the butterfly moves from one
flower to another.
Butterfly dance
Is a dance to get well from sickness.
Lias
Is performed when there is difficulty in
delivering a child.
Badjog
It is a ritual where in relatives asks the
spirits problems through the help of
mambunong.
Bagel
To avoid violent tendencies of a person,
this is being performed.
Bendian
dance
Present a non-stop circle dance that can
last for a day or when the dancers get
tired from dancing.
Dance position of
All the dances portray are being executed. It
bendian and its
would depend on the lead dancer on which step
meaning
should be executed.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. continued.
CONTENT
PORTRAYED IN THE DOCUMENTARY
AS ACTUALLY PORTRAYED
Dimbaban
The right hand extends upward and the left hand
extends downward.
Is a step which emphasizes that the dancers are
all from Kabayan.
Salawasao
Both hand raise above the head.
A dance position to praise a good harvest.
Kinitangan
Both hands are on the waist from side to side.
Meaning, to guard and care for the crops
Kinikiyan
Right hand is bend from the elbow and top under
the armpit cutting the hips and the left hand is
extended forward facing upward.
It is a position for planting seeds
Inushongan
Both hands are above the head and the palm
facing forward.
A position asking Kabunian to watch over and
bless the crops
Innabaya
Hands are clip on the side bended on the elbow
and palms facing upward.
A position that means blessings has been
received
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
21
Figure 2. Men readying the pigs for butchering.
Figure 3. Butchering of pig with a sharpened wood.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
22
Figure 4. People eating the cooked pork.
Figure 4. People eating the cooked pork.
Figure 5. People dancing the Bendian.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
23
The documentary clearly portrayed the Ibalois’ practices, however, according to
one key informant, ‘pechit’ is not only being performed in ‘Kabayan’ but also in some
other municipalities of Benguet, but there are some differences especially in the
enactment of the rituals. Further, the key informant said that ‘pechit’ is not being
practiced nowadays, due to economic reasons.
This is the same with the findings of Fabaan (2007) in her study of the
performance of ‘cañao’ by the Laoyan clan. She said that with the increasing prices of
goods and services, the clan only performs their ‘cañao’ in reunion gatherings every after
two or three years. They also no longer perform ‘pechit’ as what their parents and their
grand parents did.
The key informant verified that the information presented in the documentary
were correct. The history of the place and its people were well presented. The
documentary did not mention anything that is out of context.
Evaluation of the Documentary Content
The evaluators who evaluated the technical quality of the documentary were the
camera men of ABS-CBN Baguio and Mass Communication graduates.
Table 2 indicates the evaluation on the content of the documentary in terms of
introduction and the main idea. With a mean of 3.19 (and 3 for the objectives), the
introduction was proficient, in that it was clear and coherent and evokes interest in the
topic and response from the audience. The video also expressed clearly the goal or
objective but was not apparent in the beginning of the segment. Feller, et al (1992) said
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
24
that the purpose of the video must be obvious to the viewer with in the first quarter of the
presentation.
On the other hand, the main idea got a mean of 3.13 judging it as proficient,
meaning, the main idea was clearly stated but some of the information does not fit in the
documentary. It was also clear that the video has introduction, middle and conclusion.
Feller, et. al. (1992) further said that the concepts must be portrayed and illustrated within
the video in a manner appropriate for the intended audiences.
Table 2. Evaluation of the introduction and the main idea
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Introduction
a. introduction
3.19
Proficient
b. objective
3
Proficient
Main
Idea
a. main idea
3.13
Proficient
b. introduction, middle
3.53
Proficient
and
conclusion
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99 - Proficient
4-4.99 – Exemplary
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
25
Evaluation of the Style, Creativity,
and Organization of the Documentary
Table 3 presents the evaluation of the style creativity, and organization of the
documentary.
Style and organization. With a mean of 3.33, the style and organization of the
documentary was proficient. The video shows good organization of the content.
Denning (n.d) said that a documentary video which covers a number of concepts require
an organization that is logical to the viewer and information should be provided in a
logical way that helps the viewer to mentally organize and understand the topic.
Camera
techniques. The camera technique was judged proficient with a mean of
3.33. The camera was held steady. The use of pans and zooms were also limited and most
shots in the documentary were clearly focused and well framed. Nadebaum (2003)
emphasized that when shooting, the camera should be kept as steady as possible. Too
much camera pans and tilts, very fast panning, or very slow boring pans should be
avoided. He also added that the cameraman should experiment and move the camera
when shooting and look for shots with interesting angles and fresh perspective.
Videography
interest. Videography interest refers to the variety of shots and
plenty of footage; the focus, zoom all the way in and focus on an area high in detail,
such as the eyes.
Few takes, camera angles, sound effects, and careful use of zoom were provided
in the documentary that the videography interest was rated as partially proficient with a
mean of 2.86. Hunter (1990, as cited by Beaudin and Quick, 1996) identified specific
characteristics of a quality video product as transcendence, attention manipulation,
detail, special effects, economy, independence, and interdependence.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
26
Table 3. Evaluation of the technical quality of the documentary
as to style, creativity, and organization
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Style & Organization
3.33
Proficient
Camera Techniques
3.33
Proficient
(Exposure/Focus)
Videography Interest
2.86
Partially Proficient
Graphics
2.99
Partially Proficient
Color Scheme
3
Proficient
Special
Effects
a. use of effects
3.33
Proficient
b. animation
3.26
Proficient
c. interest and attention
2.79
Partially Proficient
d. visuals
3.86
Proficient
Design
3
Proficient
Audio
3.13
Proficient
Pace
3.86
Proficient
Narration
or
Performance
a. pace
3.13
Proficient
b. emotion
3.4
Proficient
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99
-
Proficient
4-4.99
-
Exemplary
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
27
Graphics. With a mean of 2.99, the graphics was adjudged to be partially
proficient. Image resolutions were fuzzy and the multimedia elements support the
presentation occasionally. As cited by Nadebaum (2003), graphics allow accomplishing
several different objectives. Graphics is used to break up video and provide detailed
information and helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts.
Color
scheme. Color scheme refers to the choice of colors used in design for a
range of media. For example, the use of a white background with black text is an example
of a basic and commonly default color scheme in design.
The color scheme rated with a mean of 3 which was proficient. Color scheme
used for backgrounds and clothing were appropriate and enhances the presentation of the
documentary. For instance, during the interview, the background used was light or bright
color and the text was readable. As emphasized by Feller, et.al. (1992) the video must be
viewed in terms of focus, clarity, color, accuracy, contrast, and color balance. Individual
frames and visual sequences should be free or any characteristics that detract from the
intended message and impact of the video.
Special effects. The use of effects in the documentary was worthwhile for some
use of media (graphics and sound) was present. It enhanced and did not distract the video.
It kept audience interested in some points; the visual elements of the documentary were
neat and appropriate. Denning (n.d) said that with the overuse of video effects and
transition, watchers are accustom to highly visual transition and special effects, he also
added that research has shown that fancy transitions have minimal value or even may
detract from the instruction. Videos are often produced with glitz and glamour to hide
what is otherwise a weak message.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
28
Design. The design was proficient with a mean of 3. The multimedia elements
(graphics, sound, fonts and videos) were appropriate and it enhanced the documentary.
Fosnot (1984) explained that videos can be designed with embedded strategies to help
activate thoughtfulness engagement with the topic.
Audio. The video’s sound sometimes faded out and was clear part of the time that
makes it to proficient. Nadebaum (2003) emphasize that when adding dialogue and music
in a scene, keep the music at a lower level. Don’t let the music overpower the dialogue.
Pace. Most video clips moved at a steady pace, it was fast enough to keep the
audience interest and slow enough to tell a complete story which makes it as proficient
with a mean of 3.86. Denning (n.d) give emphasis that pacing should be varied and
appropriate to its purpose. Exceedingly fast pacing may detract from successful
interpretation of the message, just as slow pacing may loose the audience attention.
Narration and performance. The narration had a good pace to match the visuals
and the emotion and inflection or the narrator was appropriate. Nadebaum (2003) said
that dialogue is spoken text and communicates relationship, emotions, and attitudes
through the use of voice.
Evaluation of the Technical Quality
in terms of Shooting and Editing
Table 4 shows the evaluation on the videography, lighting, video
continuity/editing, audio and voice editing.
Videography- techniques. The documentary was judged as proficient having a
mean of 3.13, which mean, video occasionally had slight movement but the focus was
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
29
Table 4. Editing and shooting of the quality of the documentary
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Videography- Techniques
3.13
Proficient
Clarity
Lighting
3.06
Proficient
Video Continuity/Editing
2.99
Proficient
Audio and Voice Editing
3.2
Proficient
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99
-
Proficient
4-4.99 - Exemplary
excellent throughout. Nadebaum (2003) emphasized that shots should be carefully
composed and framed.
Lighting. The documentary used additional lighting, few shadows or glares were
apparent and most scenes have sufficient lighting to tell what was happening which
judge to proficient with a mean of 3.06. Nadebaum (2003) said that lighting is an
expressive and powerful tool when used properly. It can convey the emotion, make a
character appear evil, show contrast or create a general mood. For instance, a desk lamp,
standard lamp or light from a window can be used to effectively light a scene. He also
added that shadow and backlighting should not be taken for granted when shooting.
Keep the sun behind you when shooting outdoors.
Video continuity/editing. From the rating given by the respondents, the video was
edited throughout with only quality shots remaining. There were a variety of transitions
used and good timing and pacing.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
30
As emphasized by Nadebaum (2003), similar shots should be avoided when
editing. Generally, the more contrast between the two shots, the less to worry about
creating a jump cut confusing the audience. A sequence shot can also be edited at
different speeds.
Audio and voice editing. The audio was clear, there was proper voice projection
and delivery and it was evident that there was adequate preparation. As emphasized by
Feller, et. al. (1992) the audio portion of video must be viewed in terms of clarity,
volume, pace, and narrative music mix. Music and sound effects should contribute to the
meaning and message of the video. The total effect of the sound should be free or any
characteristics that detract from the intended message and impact of the video.
In the documentary, the narrator’s voice was clear and fluent. There was no
distracting sounds and the interviews were recorded in areas where there was minimal or
no noise in the background.
The respondents were further asked to suggest ways of improving the
documentary in terms of content, style, creativity, and organization. Some said that more
video clips should have been used in the introduction instead of pictures. The transitions
in between pictures were also a little bit too long. One respondent also said that the
cameramen should have tried to zoom in closer to the face of the people interviewed in
the video. The audio/voice in the interviews was clear but it should have been edited
further because some of the statements were repeated in other parts of the video. In
addition, there were some parts wherein the narrator was introducing a subject but the
video did not aptly show the subject being introduced. Videos should have been inserted
while the interviewees were talking especially for long interviews.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
31
On one hand, the video clips should have also been edited. Some of them are too
long and should be clipped to better assist in telling the story and have a smooth
transition.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Nowadays, there are a lot of documentaries that are being made by institutions or
organizations in which different topics are presented. The topic could be on a certain
technology, an experience, a piece, or aspect of culture, etc.
This study was conducted to evaluate the documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’
particularly the validity of the content, the aptness of the style, creativity, and
organization, and the technical expertise of the producers,
The data were gathered using an interview schedule and a rubric adopted from the
Video Project Rubric of University of Wisconsin. Data were consolidated, tabulated and
qualitatively discussed using weighted mean.
The video documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ contains informations which were
well presented. The style, creativity, and organization were mostly proficient. This
includes the techniques (exposure/ focus), color scheme, special effects, design, audio,
pace, and narration or performances. Videography interest and graphics were partially
proficient.
As to the evaluation of the technical quality which includes the videography-
techniques clarity, lighting, video continuity/editing, audio, and voice editing was
adjudge proficient.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
33
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The documentary contains valid information which can be used to inform
people about the culture of Ibalois in Kabayan, particularly on the
performance of ‘pechit’.
2. The producers of the documentary were proficient in terms of style,
creativity, and organization, though there were some areas/parts that need
improvement.
Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. Video may be recommended for educational purposes.
2. The organization should be partner with television or radio for the
promotion of the documentary.
3. A video documentary maybe used to inform or educate students or other
interested groups on several aspects of culture.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
BEAUDIN, B. and QUICK, D. 1996. Journal of Extension. Instructional Video
Evaluation Instrument, volume 34 number 3.
CABATO , J. 2006. Culture and Tradition. Retrieved August 17, 2007 from
http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&
Itemid=61
DENNING, D. n.d Video in Theory and Practice: Issues for Classroom use and Teacher
Video Evaluation. Retrieved March 2, 2008 from ebiomedia.com/downloads/
VidPM.pdf.
FABAAN, L. 2007. Communication Media Used in Transmitting Cañao Rites and
Practice: The Case of Laoyan Clan. P24
FELLER. R. et.al. 1992. Guidelines for the Preparation and Evaluation of Video Career
Media. Retrieved March 2, 2008 from www.ncda.org/pdf/guidelinesforvideo
evaluation.pdf
NADEBAUM, K. 2003. Technical Education Video Production. Retrieved March 2,
2008 from http://jimmyedson.com/video/stages/index.htm.
NICHOLS, B. 1997. Documenting The Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary
Film and Video. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Retrieved August 29,
2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film
NICHOLS, B. 2002. Introduction to Documentary. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from
http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=129783
PRATT, J. 2001. The Documentary Screen. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from
http://www2.waikato.ac.nz/film/student/hypermedia/2004/Black_Friday/Home%2
0page.htm
PROVINCE OF BENGUET. 2005. Benguet Cañao. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from
http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100
&Itemid=170
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. n.d. Video Project Rubric. Retrieved October 26,
2007 from http;//www.uwstout.edu/soe/profdev/videorubric.html
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
35
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Questionnaire for Respondents
I. Personal Data
Name: _________________________
Age:_____
Sex: ___
Educational Attainment: _________________
Course: _________
II. Documentary Criteria
A. Content
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
Exemplary
Proficient
Partially Proficient
Incomplete
The introduction The introduction is The introduction
The introduction
is compelling
clear and coherent shows some
does not orient
and provides
and evokes
structure but does
the audience to
motivating
interest in the topic not create a strong what will follow.
content that
and response from sense of what is to The sequencing
hooks the
audience.
follow. May be
is unclear and
Introduction
viewer from the
overly detailed or
does not appear
beginning of the
incomplete and is
interesting or
video and
somewhat
relevant to the
keeps the
appealing to the
audience.
audience's
audience.
attention.
The video
The video
The video failed
expressed clearly
The video
expressed
to express the
the goal or
expressed the goal
clearly at the
goal or objective
objective of the
or objective of the
beginning the
of the
documentary, but it documentary, but it
goal or
documentary and
was not apparent
was not clearly
objective of the
seemed to lack a
in the beginning
stated but inferred.
documentary.
specific focus.
segments.
Stays with one
Has a main idea,
Has a weak or
Does not have a
Main Idea
clear
but some
unclear main idea
main idea
main idea
information doesn’t
fit
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
36
The video
The video has
Has weak and
Does not have
complete with a introduction,
unclear
clear intro, middle
clear
middle but does
introduction,
and conclusion
introduction,
not fit on the
middle and
middle and
information.
conclusion
conclusion
B. Style, creativity, and organization
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
The video was
The video was not The video was
The video shows
well conceived
well conceived or
poorly done and
Style &
good
and shows good
shows poor
shows little or no
Organization
organization of
organization of
organization of the organization of
the content.
the content.
content.
the content.
All shots are
The camera is
The motion shots
Many shots are
clearly focused
held steady.
are fairly steady.
unfocused and
and wel framed. Pans and zooms Some shots are
poorly framed.
Camera
The video is
are limited.
unfocused or
The camera is
Techniques
steady with few
Most shots are
poorly framed.
not held steady
(Exposure/Focus) pans and zooms. clearly focused
Few close-ups are and excessive
Close-ups are
and wel framed.
used.
panning and
used to focus
zooming
attention. Video
distracts the
shows evidence
viewer. No
of good
close-ups are
composition
used.
(pan/tilts,
movement,
zoom and
perspective).
Videography
Many different
Some variation in Few different
Most shots
Interest
"takes", camera
"takes", camera
"takes", camera
taken from one
angles, sound
angles, sound
angles, sound
camera angle,
effects, and/or
effects, and/or
effects, and/or
and the zoom
careful use of
careful use of
careful use of
was not wel
zoom provided
zoom provided
zoom provided
used.
variety in the
variety in the
variety in the
video
video.
video. Had
sameness to it.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
37
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
The graphics,
It uses proper
Some of the
The graphics,
sound and/or
size and
graphics, sounds, sounds, and/or
animation assist resolution to
and/or animations animations are
in presenting the create images.
seem unrelated to unrelated to the
overall theme
The graphics,
the topic/theme
content.
that appeals to
sound/and or
and do not
Graphics do not
the audience
animation visually enhance
enhance
Graphics
and enhances
depict material
concepts. Images understanding
concepts with a
and assist the
are poorly
the content, or
high impact
audience in
cropped or the
are distracting
message. All
understanding
color/resolution is
decorations that
multimedia
the flow of
fuzzy.
create a busy
elements work
information or
feeling and
well together and content. Images
detract from the
demonstrate
are proper size
content.
excellent
and resolution.
synthesis.
Multimedia
Graphics explain elements are
and reinforce
appropriate and
key points during enhance the
the presentation. presentation.
The color
The color
Backgrounds and
No color
scheme for
scheme used for
clothing distract
scheme is
backgrounds
backgrounds and from the
apparent.
Color Scheme
and clothing is
clothing
presentation and
selected to suit
enhances the
are not suited to
the mood of the
presentation.
the mood of the
video.
video.
Good, but not
Use of effects is
Some special
Effects are
excessive use of worthwhile.
effects are
either missing or
effects.
distracting.
excessive.
The graphics,
Some use of
Use of media is
Use of media is
sound and/or
media is
present. Although not present or is
animations
present. It
is does not
distracting.
assist in
enhances and
enhance and is
presenting an
does not distract
slightly distracting
overall theme
from the video.
from video.
Special Effects
that appeals to
the audience
and enhances
the video.
Generates
Holds audience
Keeps audience
Fails to keep
interest and
attention through interested at some audience
attention through interesting
points
interest
creative and
delivery and
enthusiastic
information
delivery of
information
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
38
4 3 2 1
RATING
Appeals visually Includes neat
Includes relevant
Includes no
through
and appropriate
visual elements,
visual appeal or
professional
visual elements
which may not be
includes visual
materials
neatly or carefully elements that
(costumes,
done
detract by poor
background, set
quality or
supporting aids,
relevance
etc.)
Multimedia
Multimedia
elements work
All Shows poor
elements are
Selection of media
well together and
selection of
Design
appropriate and
elements are
demonstrate
graphics, fonts,
enhance the
adequate
excellent
sound and video
documentary
synthesis
The video's
The video's
The video's
sound was
sound was
sound sometimes The video's sound insufficient and
Audio
sufficiently loud
faded out and
was poor and not
difficult to make
and clear at all
was clear part of
clear at all times.
out.
times.
the time.
All video clips fit
Most video clips
Video clips are
Video clips are
the storyline.
move at a steady used but need to
too long and do
Pace
Clips are just
pace, fast
be edited in length not advance the
long enough to
enough to keep
or move too
storyline or to
make each point the audience
quickly to assist in short and leave
clear. The pace
interested and
telling the story.
out essential
captures
slow enough to
action or
audience
tell a complete
dialogue.
attention.
story.
Good pace and
Narration has a
Narrator rushes
innovative use of good pace to
through or drags
narration
match visuals
behind screen
images
Narration or
Performance
Narration uses a Emotion and
Narration is dry,
variety of
inflection
without emotion or
inflection, pace
appropriate to
change in
and emotion
on-screen
inflection
images
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
39
C. Technical Quality
CRITERIA 4
3 2
1
RATING
Video did not
Video
Videography-
rock/shake and the occasionally had Video was
Video was
Techniques
slight movement unstable or the
unsteady and
focus was
but the focus
focus was poor
moved while the
Clarity
excellent
throughout
was excellent
throughout
focus was poor.
throughout
Additional lighting
Additional
Some scenes are
Only ambient
is used to eliminate lighting is used.
too dark or too
(available) light is
Lighting
shadows and
Few shadows or light to determine
used. Most
glares. All scenes
glares are
what is
scenes are too
have sufficient
apparent. Most
happening.
dark or too light to
lighting for viewer
scenes have
determine what is
to easily see
sufficient lighting
happening.
action.
to tell what is
happening.
The documentary
The
The documentary
The documentary
is edited with only
documentary is
is edited in few
is unedited and
high quality shots
edited
spots. Several
many poor shots
remaining. Video
throughout with
poor shots
remain. No
moves smoothly
only quality
remain.
transitions
from shot to shot.
shots remaining. Transitions from
between clips are
Varieties of
A variety of
shot to shot are
used. Raw clips
transitions are
transitions are
choppy, and the
run back to back
Video
used to assist in
used. Good
types of wipes
in the final video.
Continuity/Editing communicating the pacing and
and fades
main idea and
timing.
selected are not
smooth the flow
always
from one scene to
appropriate for the
the next. Shots
scene. Transitions
and scenes flow
do not assist in
seamlessly.
communicating
the main idea.
The audio is clear
The audio is
The audio is
Audio is cut-off
and effectively
clear, but only
inconsistent in
and inconsistent.
assists in
partially assists
clarity (too
It has great
communicating the in
loud/too
difficulty
Audio and Voice main idea. It
communicating
soft/garbled) at
communicating
Editing
communicates
the main idea. It
times and
ideas with poor
ideas with
communicates
insufficiently
voice projection.
enthusiasm, proper ideas with proper communicates the
voice projection,
voice projection, main idea. It has
appropriate
adequate
difficulty
language, and
preparation and
communicating
clear delivery.
delivery.
ideas due to weak
voice projection
and/or lack of
preparation.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
40
Appendix B. Guide Questions for Key Informant
I. Personal Data
Name:
_________________________
Age:_____
Sex:
___
II. Questions
1. Does the documentary clearly portray the practices in Kabayan?
2. Are the information presented correct?
3. Are there information which are not true? Pls. specify.
What it should be?
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
41
Appendix C. Profile of the key Informant
Name:
Biano L. Baucas
Age:
80
Place of birth: Chekdan, Pacso, Kabayan
Educational background:
NAME
OF
SCHOOL
YEAR
GRADUATED
Elementary
Buguias Central School
1940
Intermediate Grades
Loo Settlement Fam School
1942
High School
Trinidad Agricultural High
1949
School (now Benguet State
University).
College
Elementary
Teacher Baguio Colleges Foundation
1952 and 1959
Certificate Courses and BS
Elementary
Education
Master of Arts in
Lyceum of Baguio (now Baguio
1971
Education (major in School
Central University)
Management)
* He completed the academic requirements for a doctoral course at the University of
Baguio in 1982 but was unable to finish his dissertation due to financial constraint.
Author of the book:
1. A brief History of Kabayan, Benguet (1998)
2. Traditonal Beliefs and Cultural Practices of Benguet (2003).
3. Ibadoy (Ibaloy) Vocabulary Translation (2003 first edition)
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
CALIGTAN, JOVELYN D. April 2008. Evaluation of the Cultural Video
Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Marife D. Carpio, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’
particularly the validity of the content, the aptness of the style, creativity, and
organization, and the technical expertise of the producers,
The data were gathered using an interview schedule with the person who was
well-versed on ‘pechit’ and a rubric adopted from the Video Project Rubric of University
of Wisconsin was used to evaluate the technical part of the documentary. This was
evaluated by the ABS-CBN Baguio cameramen and some mass communication
graduates. Data were consolidated, tabulated and qualitatively discussed using weighted
average.
The video documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ contains informations which were
valid and were well presented. The style, creativity, and organization were mostly
proficient which includes the camera techniques (exposure/ focus), color scheme, special
effects, design, audio, pace, and narration or performances. Videography interest and
graphics were partially proficient.
Moreover, the evaluation of the technical quality which includes the
videography- techniques clarity, lighting, video continuity/editing, audio, and voice
editing was adjudge proficient.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Scope and Limitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
‘Pechit’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Organization of the Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Post Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Shooting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
iii
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of the Documentary Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Evaluation of the Documentary Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Evaluation of the Style, Creativity,
and Organization of the Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Evaluation of the Technical Quality
in Terms of Shooting and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
APPENDCES
Appendix A. Questionnaire for Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Appendix B. Guide Questions for Key Informant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Appendix C. Profile of the Key Informant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Culture has been called “the way of life” for an entire society. As such, it includes
codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and
morality, and systems of belief (Jary, et.al, 1991).
Moreover, culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material,
intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses,
in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems,
traditions and beliefs.
Benguet kept and preserved its traditional culture such as the songs, the dances
and the materials that are used in their rituals. Efforts to document Benguet’s culture has
been done by several groups in an attempt to preserve its uniqueness for the future
generations to possibly emulate, remember, reenact and be proud of.
Cultural
documentaries
deal
with cultures of different group or people. It is made
to inform people about a certain topic and set the topics into ideas and understandings
accessible to others. It explores real-life subjects in detail. They try to transmit message
to the viewers and let them understand it.
‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ is a documentary that features the different ceremonies,
dances and rituals involved in celebrating a ‘canao’, specifically that of a ‘pechit’, the
rich man’s feast.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
2
The documentary portrays the rituals, materials and other process in the
performance of a ‘pechit’. Special focus was placed on the totality of all the dances, the
‘bendian’.
The documentary was produced by Research Mate, Inc. with the Local
Government Unit (LGU) of Kabayan, Thoughts Charitable Trust, and Onju Ni Kasi
Kauran Shi Kabayan (ONKASKA). Research Mate is a community-based non-
government organization that uses research to bring about useful information that, if,
properly packaged and shared through appropriate channels, can help develop a
genuinely well-informed citizen. The group’s prime purpose is to refine information that
could educate individuals and communities to help make informed decisions and actions
to solve their own development and social problems.
Documentary filming refers to the capturing reality, real life, and actual events.
The use of film to document any undertaking allows the viewer to connect to the people
involved, understand their feelings and emotions, and see their journey.
It is because of this that a project such as ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ should be
evaluated, especially as it touches on the culture of a particular group, and since it will be
used as reference by the future generation and other interest groups. Further, evaluation
of the documentary with the use of a certain criteria can help in validating the content,
and determining the quality of the project, thus the reason for this study.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
3
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to evaluate the cultural documentary based on a given criteria.
Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions:
1. Did the documentary present valid information about the topic?
2. Was the documentary well presented in terms of its content, style, creativity
and organization?
3. What is the technical quality of the documentary?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, this study aimed to evaluate the cultural documentary:
1. to determine if the documentary contains the valid information about the topic;
2. to determine if the documentary was well presented in terms of its content,
style, creativity and organization;
3. to determine the technical quality of the documentary.
Importance of the Study
The results of this study may assist the group in future projects. It may also
provide information to Development Communication and Mass Communication students
and other organizations that may help them in their video projects. It is also hoped that
this study would establish the criteria for evaluating documentaries. The study can also be
used by other people who make documentaries, in that it will help in improving and
developing the way documentaries are produced and presented.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
4
Scope and Limitation
The study focused on the documentary of Research Mate which was the ‘Pechit
Chi Kabayan’. Data was collected through film showing, interview schedule, and survey
questionnaire. The study dwelt on the correctness of the information that were shown
and discussed in the documentary, the technical expertise in producing the documentary,
and the evaluation of the presentation of the documentary as to style, creativity and
organization.
The study was conducted from November to January 2008. The study did not
make a comparison of the ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ to any other cultural video documentary,
or to other documentaries produced by Research Mate.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pechit
‘Pechit’ is an Ibaloi term meaning “biggest feast”. It is a celebration of which
elevates the giver of feast to the wealthy class, ‘Baknang’, in the community. Spirits
invoked in these occasions are the ‘Kabunyan’, ‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’ and the ancestors of
the celebrating family. Any progressive and successful person and anyone whose life was
spared from an accident believe that the favors and protections are from the spirits. In
appreciation to the favors granted, it is a customary practice to celebrate thanksgiving
feasts in honor to the ‘Kabunyan’ and their ‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’. These feasts are
proportionate to the economic status of the individual in accordance to traditional stages
of thanksgiving rituals (Province of Benguet).
Moreover, with the findings of Fabaan (2007) in her study of the performance of
‘cañao’ by the Laoyan clan. She said that with the increasing prices of goods and
services, the clan only performs their ‘cañao’ in reunion gatherings every after two or
three years. They also no longer perform ‘pechit’ as what their parents and their grand
parents did.
Documentary
A documentary is a representation of the world we already occupy. It stands for a
particular view of the world, one we may never have encountered before even if aspects
of the world that is represented are familiar to us. It stimulates desire to know in its
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
6
audience. It conveys an informing logic, a persuasive rhetoric, or a moving poetics that
promises information and knowledge, insight and awareness (Nichols, 2001).
It provides a one-of-a-kind overview of the most important topics and issues in
documentary history and criticism. It makes use of visual evidence and persuasive
strategies. A wide-ranging and freewheeling form of filmmaking which provides the
foundation of further explorations of a certain topic. An overview of the most important
topics and issues in documentary history and criticism. It makes use of visual evidence
and persuasive strategies (Nichols, 2001).
Organization of the Documentary
Videos covering a number of concepts require an organization that is logical to
the viewer. Information provided in a logical way that helps the viewer to mentally
organize the topic (Denning, n.d.).
Content
Content is a prime concern, it must be accurate, useful, and free from bias. If the
content is not correct and up-to-date, then the video is not ideally usable for learning. The
content must be accurate and current. The content of the video must be useful. It should
stimulate the learner to act on the information (NCDA, 1992).
According to Feller (1992), the purpose of the video must be obvious to the
viewer within the first quarter of the presentation. The video must adhere to the organize
development of the content required in order to fulfill adequately the stated objectives.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
7
Concepts must be must be portrayed and illustrated within a manner appropriate for the
comprehension level of the intended audience.
Special Effects
Denning (n.d) said that with the overuse of video effects and transition, watchers
are accustom to highly visual transition and special effects, he also added that research
has shown that fancy transitions have minimal value or even may detract from the
instruction. Videos are often produced with glitz and glamour to hide what is otherwise a
weak message.
Sound Quality/ Audio
The audio portion of the video must be viewed in terms of clarity, volume, pace,
and narrative music mix. Voices should use appropriate diction and dynamics and
should feature distinctive qualities when recognition of more than one voice is required
of the audience. Voices should also match the individual pictures. Music and sound
effects should contribute to the meaning and message of the video. The total effect of
the sound should be free or any characteristics that detract from the intended message
and impact of the video (Feller, 1992).
Technical Consideration
The technical quality indicators are derived from good design practices of the
producers of video products. It identifies specific characteristics of a quality video
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
8
product as transcendence, attention manipulation, detail, special effects, economy,
independence, and interdependence (Hunter, 1990).
Production
The
Shoot. Make sure you capture a variety of shots and plenty of footage (called
takes). For example, a shot can be taken a number of times from different angles and
sizes and you can decide later which take looks best. Preparing and generating other
elements for your production is important. Production elements are things such as
(Nadebaum, 2003):
1. Text: titles, credits and other text-based information such as names or labels.
2. Graphics: still images such as originals created in computer paint programs,
scanned photographs, maps and diagrams.
3. Audio: sound effects, music and voice-overs recorded with a microphone.
Audio is often overlooked when making movies. As a result, many short movies
often have lots of ambient noise. Try using an external microphone, especially for
recording conversations.
Post Production
Stage where you make edits and organize the footage you have shot.
The Edit. When editing, avoid using similar shots. Generally the more contrast
between the two shots, the less you have to worry about creating a jump cut or confusing
the audience. A sequence of shots can also be edited at different speeds. Longer shots can
slow the pace to create tension or romance. Shorter shots increase the pace and can
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
9
suggest energy and excitement. Graphics allow you to accomplish several different
objectives. Use graphics to break up your video and provide detailed information. They
are also helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts. Graphics may be scanned images,
digital photographs, maps, diagrams or artistic compositions (Nadebaum, 2003).
Nadebaum (2003) added that transitions takes the video from one scene to the
next. Generally we move from shot to shot in cuts. The straight-cut is by far the most
widely used transition in movies or television shows. Wipes (using a horizontal or
vertical wipe line) can be used to move from one scene to the next, where the second may
be in a completely different place. Moreover, dissolves are used to suggest time has
passed, fades generally show a part of the story has ended or a new chapter is beginning.
A variety of video effects such as wipes and dissolves can help generate a feeling of
suspense.
In addition, the soundtrack should complement the shots and add new information
to a scene. Adding music is a great way to help set the tone of a scene. Music creates
mood and evokes emotion and can be used to signal something is about to happen. Sound
effects can provide a sense of realism for your project. Sound effects can also be used to
enrich the story or make the setting more believable. Ambient or background sound refers
to on-location sound such as a crowd, birds chirping, a babbling creek or wind. Silence
when used appropriately and in context will add emotion and feeling to the video. It can
help create suspense (Nadebaum , 2003).
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
10
Shooting Guidelines
When recording, keep your camera as steady as possible. Using a tripod is the key
to creating steady shots. If you don’t have a tripod, try using a substitute like a desk,
chair, cushion or even the top of a car. Don’t overdo camera pans and tilts and try to
avoid very fast panning or very slow boring pans. Moreover, carefully compose and
frame your shots if you’re videoing a central character or object, take note of the
background (whatever is behind the person or object) and avoid unbalancing elements
such as trees or poles. Don’t place every subject in the centre of your frame: frequently
it’s better to adhere to the photographer’s ‘rule of thirds’. Experiment and move the
camera when shooting and look for shots with interesting angles and fresh perspective,
rather than simply shooting from ‘front on’ all the time. Be aware of the importance of
light and try to avoid poor lighting conditions for shooting (Nadebaum, 2003)..
Camera Angles. Nadebaum (2003) said that angles can influence and tell more
about a story or a character. A normal camera angle is aimed at eye level and suggests the
subject is on level and equal. A high shot is where the camera is aimed above the subject
and can help make it look and feel small, unimportant, afraid or vulnerable. A low shot is
where the camera is below the subject and can help make seem tall, powerful, important
or frightening. A distorted angle may be used to make a scene more frightening, or to
make the viewer feel anxious, or queasy.
Composition. The composition of a shot refers to the meaning generated by the
elements within the frame you are shooting and how these elements relate to and interact
with each other. Shot composition also deals with the size, angle and perspective and
lighting of the shot. Well-composed shots are appealing to an audience when they have
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
11
interesting angles, direct attention through the use of light and color, are well balanced
and adhere to the rule of thirds (Nadebaum, 2003).
Framing. Framing video shots plays an important role in communication.
Framing is about what stays in the camera shot and what gets left out. Framing can
exclude objects or people from a shot to create meaning such as tension, mystery and
anticipation. Carefully compose and frame your shots. If you’re videoing a central
character or object, take note of the background (whatever is behind the person or object)
and avoid unbalancing elements such as trees or poles. Don’t place every subject in the
centre of your frame (Nadebaum, 2003).
Lighting. Lighting is an expressive and powerful tool when used properly. It can
convey emotion, make a character appear evil, show contrast or create a general mood. A
desk lamp, standard lamp or light from a window can be used to effectively light a scene.
Watch out for shadows and backlighting when shooting. Keep the sun behind you when
shooting outdoors (Nadebaum, 2003).
Sound. Nadebaum (2003) emphasize that the soundtrack should compliment the
shots and add new information to a scene. Adding music is grate way to help sat the tone
of a scene. Music creates mood and evokes emotion and can be used to signal something
is about to happen. Dialogue is spoken text and communicates relationship, emotions,
and attitudes through the use of voice. When adding dialogue and music in the same
scene, keep the music at a lower level. Don’t let the music overpower the dialogue.
Sound effects can provide a sense of realism. It can also be used to enrich the
story or make the setting more believable. Ambient or background sound refers to the
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
12
location sound. Silence when used appropriately and in context will add emotion and
feeling to the video (Nadebaum, 2003).
Picture Quality. The visual portion of the video must be viewed in terms of focus,
clarity, color, accuracy, contrast, and color balance. Individual frames and visual
sequences should be free of any characteristics that detract from the intended message
and impact of the video (Nadebaum, 2003).
Nadebaum (2003) added that graphics allow accomplishing several different
objectives. Use graphics to break up video and provide detailed information. It is also
helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts. Graphics may be scanned images, digital
photographs, maps, diagrams or artistic compositions.
Definition of Terms
Ap-apo/Kaapuan. Spirits of the ancestors that lives in the sky world and maybe
summoned by the native priest to come to earth to render blessings to the living.
Color Scheme. Refers to the choice of colors used in design for a range of media.
It refers to the meaning generated by the elements with in the frame in shooting and how
these elements relate to and interact with each other.
Kabunyan. A term for the cordillerans to refer to God the creator.
Multimedia. It is a technique (combination of sound, video, and text) for
expressing ideas.
Videography
Interest. Refers to the variety of shots and plenty of footage; the
focus, zoom all the way in and focus on an area high in detail, such as the eyes.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted at La Trinidad, Benguet and Baguio City.
Baguio was chosen as the study area because it is where most experts on video
production were found. This is also the location of the ABS-CBN station, a national
television corporation.
Baguio City is approximately 250 kilometers north of Manila, situated in the
Province of Benguet. The area of the city is 49 square kilometers enclosed in the
perimeter of 30 kilometers. The developed portion of the city corresponds to the plateau
that rises to an elevation of 1,400 meters. Most of it lies in the northern half of the city.
The City is landlocked within the province of Benguet (Figure 1), thus bounding it on all
sides by its different municipalities; on the North by the capital town of La Trinidad, on
the East by Itogon and to the South and West by Tuba. With City Hall as reference point,
it extends 8.2 kilometers from East to West and 7.2 kilometers from North to South. It
has a perimeter of 30.98 kilometers. The City has twenty administrative districts among
which its barangays are divided.
The study was conducted on November to January 2008.
Respondents of the Study
There were two types of respondents who evaluated the cultural documentary.
First was the key informant who was well-versed on the culture to validate the content of
the documentary. The key informant was from Kabayan. Second, were the technical
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
14
Figure 1. Map of Benguet showing the location of the study
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
15
who are the cameramen or the video editor of ABS-CBN Baguio Station and mass
communication graduates. The respondents of the study were purposively chosen to
verify the validity of the documentary in terms of its content, to evaluate it in terms of
technical expertise, style, creativity, and organization.
Data Collection
The documentary was shown to the participants before evaluation. Interview
schedule was used to verify the validity of the documentary and a rubric adopted from
Video Project Rubric of University of Wisconsin was used to evaluate the technical
aspect of the documentary.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were on the evaluation of the cultural documentaries which
were the validity of the content of the documentary; the technical expertise of the
producers evaluated by the cameramen or the video editor of ABS-CBN Baguio and mass
communication graduates using a rubric.
Data Analysis
The collected data were consolidated, tabulated and qualitatively discussed.
Weighted average was used to determine the relative importance of each quantity.
Weighted average is an average in which each quantity to be averaged is assigned a
weight. These weightings determine the relative importance of each quantity on the
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
16
average. Weightings are the equivalent of having that many like items with the same
value involved in the average.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Validation of the Documentary Content
To check the validity of the information contained in the documentary, key
informant was tapped. Table 1 shows the validity of the documentary as evaluated by the
key informant, Mr. Biano L. Baucas who is from Kabayan and a graduate of Master of
Arts in Education. He also wrote a book entitled “A brief History of Kabayan, Benguet
(1998) and Traditional Beliefs and Cultural Practices of Benguet (2003).
According to the key informant, ‘pechit’ is being performed if an Ibaloi family
received a bountiful harvest as a thanksgiving, and for the family to be recognized in their
community or place. To perform ‘pechit’, the family or the person should have enough
wealth. Performance of the ‘pechit’ entails butchering of pigs (Figure 2), the number of
which depend on the number of barangays in the municipality.
‘Pechit’ is a celebration which elevates the giver of feast to the wealthy class,
‘baknang’, in the community. Spirits invoked in these occasions are the ‘Kabunyan’,
‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’ and the ancestors of the celebrating family. They are honored in a
song chanted by the elders as the main ritual prayer in big feasts. Any progressive and
successful person and anyone whose life was spared from an accident believe that the
favors and protections are from the spirits. In appreciation to the favors granted, it is a
customary practice to celebrate thanksgiving feasts in honor to the ‘Kabunyan’ and their
‘Ap-apo/Kaapuan’. These feasts are proportionate to the economic status of the
individual in accordance to traditional stages of thanksgiving rituals (Province of
Benguet).
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. Matrix showing the flow of the documentary
CONTENT
PORTRAYED
IN
THE
DOCUMENTARY
AS
ACTUALLY
PORTRAYED
Celebration of ‘pechit’ It starts with a grand ‘cañao’ where in all
All are invited in the celebration of ‘pechit’.
the barangays of the municipality
including some visitors from the other
province is invited.
Belief in performing
Performing ‘pechit’ will bring richness
When a family received a harvest, pechit is being
‘pechit’
and long life to the person who performs
done as a thanksgiving and for the family to be
it.
recognized in the community. However, they
Pechit is also the way to classify the
should have enough wealth.
peoples social status in the community.
Practices
in
‘pechit’ Performance of the ‘pechit’ entails
The number of animals to be butchered sometimes
butchering of pigs, the number of which
depends on the gap or frequency performing the
depends on the number of barangays in
‘cañao’. Sometimes they even butcher an
the municipality.
additional cow or carabao.
Dances, ritual and
Mostly perform for healing and preventing
Dances and rituals are being done in curing and
cultural practices in
sickness.
preventing sickness. When somebody get sick,
the ‘pechit’
they have a ritual to cure the sickness or some will
perform a ‘canao’ to cure the sick person.
Moreover, all rituals are medicinal but native
customs, pagans can not cure from ritual with out
being sick.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. continued.
CONTENT
PORTRAYED IN THE DOCUMENTARY
AS ACTUALLY PORTRAYED
Monkey dance
Existed from the observation in farm where
The steps in the dances were developed by the
people gave a piece of ‘camote’ to one of
people. They base this on a certain things. Say
the monkey and the other monkey tried to
for example the butterfly dance, where in they
snatch and toss the ‘camote’ around.
try to imitate how the butterfly moves from one
flower to another.
Butterfly dance
Is a dance to get well from sickness.
Lias
Is performed when there is difficulty in
delivering a child.
Badjog
It is a ritual where in relatives asks the
spirits problems through the help of
mambunong.
Bagel
To avoid violent tendencies of a person,
this is being performed.
Bendian
dance
Present a non-stop circle dance that can
last for a day or when the dancers get
tired from dancing.
Dance position of
All the dances portray are being executed. It
bendian and its
would depend on the lead dancer on which step
meaning
should be executed.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Table 1. continued.
CONTENT
PORTRAYED IN THE DOCUMENTARY
AS ACTUALLY PORTRAYED
Dimbaban
The right hand extends upward and the left hand
extends downward.
Is a step which emphasizes that the dancers are
all from Kabayan.
Salawasao
Both hand raise above the head.
A dance position to praise a good harvest.
Kinitangan
Both hands are on the waist from side to side.
Meaning, to guard and care for the crops
Kinikiyan
Right hand is bend from the elbow and top under
the armpit cutting the hips and the left hand is
extended forward facing upward.
It is a position for planting seeds
Inushongan
Both hands are above the head and the palm
facing forward.
A position asking Kabunian to watch over and
bless the crops
Innabaya
Hands are clip on the side bended on the elbow
and palms facing upward.
A position that means blessings has been
received
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
21
Figure 2. Men readying the pigs for butchering.
Figure 3. Butchering of pig with a sharpened wood.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
22
Figure 4. People eating the cooked pork.
Figure 4. People eating the cooked pork.
Figure 5. People dancing the Bendian.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
23
The documentary clearly portrayed the Ibalois’ practices, however, according to
one key informant, ‘pechit’ is not only being performed in ‘Kabayan’ but also in some
other municipalities of Benguet, but there are some differences especially in the
enactment of the rituals. Further, the key informant said that ‘pechit’ is not being
practiced nowadays, due to economic reasons.
This is the same with the findings of Fabaan (2007) in her study of the
performance of ‘cañao’ by the Laoyan clan. She said that with the increasing prices of
goods and services, the clan only performs their ‘cañao’ in reunion gatherings every after
two or three years. They also no longer perform ‘pechit’ as what their parents and their
grand parents did.
The key informant verified that the information presented in the documentary
were correct. The history of the place and its people were well presented. The
documentary did not mention anything that is out of context.
Evaluation of the Documentary Content
The evaluators who evaluated the technical quality of the documentary were the
camera men of ABS-CBN Baguio and Mass Communication graduates.
Table 2 indicates the evaluation on the content of the documentary in terms of
introduction and the main idea. With a mean of 3.19 (and 3 for the objectives), the
introduction was proficient, in that it was clear and coherent and evokes interest in the
topic and response from the audience. The video also expressed clearly the goal or
objective but was not apparent in the beginning of the segment. Feller, et al (1992) said
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
24
that the purpose of the video must be obvious to the viewer with in the first quarter of the
presentation.
On the other hand, the main idea got a mean of 3.13 judging it as proficient,
meaning, the main idea was clearly stated but some of the information does not fit in the
documentary. It was also clear that the video has introduction, middle and conclusion.
Feller, et. al. (1992) further said that the concepts must be portrayed and illustrated within
the video in a manner appropriate for the intended audiences.
Table 2. Evaluation of the introduction and the main idea
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Introduction
a. introduction
3.19
Proficient
b. objective
3
Proficient
Main
Idea
a. main idea
3.13
Proficient
b. introduction, middle
3.53
Proficient
and
conclusion
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99 - Proficient
4-4.99 – Exemplary
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
25
Evaluation of the Style, Creativity,
and Organization of the Documentary
Table 3 presents the evaluation of the style creativity, and organization of the
documentary.
Style and organization. With a mean of 3.33, the style and organization of the
documentary was proficient. The video shows good organization of the content.
Denning (n.d) said that a documentary video which covers a number of concepts require
an organization that is logical to the viewer and information should be provided in a
logical way that helps the viewer to mentally organize and understand the topic.
Camera
techniques. The camera technique was judged proficient with a mean of
3.33. The camera was held steady. The use of pans and zooms were also limited and most
shots in the documentary were clearly focused and well framed. Nadebaum (2003)
emphasized that when shooting, the camera should be kept as steady as possible. Too
much camera pans and tilts, very fast panning, or very slow boring pans should be
avoided. He also added that the cameraman should experiment and move the camera
when shooting and look for shots with interesting angles and fresh perspective.
Videography
interest. Videography interest refers to the variety of shots and
plenty of footage; the focus, zoom all the way in and focus on an area high in detail,
such as the eyes.
Few takes, camera angles, sound effects, and careful use of zoom were provided
in the documentary that the videography interest was rated as partially proficient with a
mean of 2.86. Hunter (1990, as cited by Beaudin and Quick, 1996) identified specific
characteristics of a quality video product as transcendence, attention manipulation,
detail, special effects, economy, independence, and interdependence.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
26
Table 3. Evaluation of the technical quality of the documentary
as to style, creativity, and organization
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Style & Organization
3.33
Proficient
Camera Techniques
3.33
Proficient
(Exposure/Focus)
Videography Interest
2.86
Partially Proficient
Graphics
2.99
Partially Proficient
Color Scheme
3
Proficient
Special
Effects
a. use of effects
3.33
Proficient
b. animation
3.26
Proficient
c. interest and attention
2.79
Partially Proficient
d. visuals
3.86
Proficient
Design
3
Proficient
Audio
3.13
Proficient
Pace
3.86
Proficient
Narration
or
Performance
a. pace
3.13
Proficient
b. emotion
3.4
Proficient
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99
-
Proficient
4-4.99
-
Exemplary
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
27
Graphics. With a mean of 2.99, the graphics was adjudged to be partially
proficient. Image resolutions were fuzzy and the multimedia elements support the
presentation occasionally. As cited by Nadebaum (2003), graphics allow accomplishing
several different objectives. Graphics is used to break up video and provide detailed
information and helpful for demonstrating difficult concepts.
Color
scheme. Color scheme refers to the choice of colors used in design for a
range of media. For example, the use of a white background with black text is an example
of a basic and commonly default color scheme in design.
The color scheme rated with a mean of 3 which was proficient. Color scheme
used for backgrounds and clothing were appropriate and enhances the presentation of the
documentary. For instance, during the interview, the background used was light or bright
color and the text was readable. As emphasized by Feller, et.al. (1992) the video must be
viewed in terms of focus, clarity, color, accuracy, contrast, and color balance. Individual
frames and visual sequences should be free or any characteristics that detract from the
intended message and impact of the video.
Special effects. The use of effects in the documentary was worthwhile for some
use of media (graphics and sound) was present. It enhanced and did not distract the video.
It kept audience interested in some points; the visual elements of the documentary were
neat and appropriate. Denning (n.d) said that with the overuse of video effects and
transition, watchers are accustom to highly visual transition and special effects, he also
added that research has shown that fancy transitions have minimal value or even may
detract from the instruction. Videos are often produced with glitz and glamour to hide
what is otherwise a weak message.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
28
Design. The design was proficient with a mean of 3. The multimedia elements
(graphics, sound, fonts and videos) were appropriate and it enhanced the documentary.
Fosnot (1984) explained that videos can be designed with embedded strategies to help
activate thoughtfulness engagement with the topic.
Audio. The video’s sound sometimes faded out and was clear part of the time that
makes it to proficient. Nadebaum (2003) emphasize that when adding dialogue and music
in a scene, keep the music at a lower level. Don’t let the music overpower the dialogue.
Pace. Most video clips moved at a steady pace, it was fast enough to keep the
audience interest and slow enough to tell a complete story which makes it as proficient
with a mean of 3.86. Denning (n.d) give emphasis that pacing should be varied and
appropriate to its purpose. Exceedingly fast pacing may detract from successful
interpretation of the message, just as slow pacing may loose the audience attention.
Narration and performance. The narration had a good pace to match the visuals
and the emotion and inflection or the narrator was appropriate. Nadebaum (2003) said
that dialogue is spoken text and communicates relationship, emotions, and attitudes
through the use of voice.
Evaluation of the Technical Quality
in terms of Shooting and Editing
Table 4 shows the evaluation on the videography, lighting, video
continuity/editing, audio and voice editing.
Videography- techniques. The documentary was judged as proficient having a
mean of 3.13, which mean, video occasionally had slight movement but the focus was
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
29
Table 4. Editing and shooting of the quality of the documentary
CRITERIA
MEAN
EQUIVALENT
Videography- Techniques
3.13
Proficient
Clarity
Lighting
3.06
Proficient
Video Continuity/Editing
2.99
Proficient
Audio and Voice Editing
3.2
Proficient
LEGEND
0-1.99
-
Incomplete
2-2.99 - Partially Proficient
3-3.99
-
Proficient
4-4.99 - Exemplary
excellent throughout. Nadebaum (2003) emphasized that shots should be carefully
composed and framed.
Lighting. The documentary used additional lighting, few shadows or glares were
apparent and most scenes have sufficient lighting to tell what was happening which
judge to proficient with a mean of 3.06. Nadebaum (2003) said that lighting is an
expressive and powerful tool when used properly. It can convey the emotion, make a
character appear evil, show contrast or create a general mood. For instance, a desk lamp,
standard lamp or light from a window can be used to effectively light a scene. He also
added that shadow and backlighting should not be taken for granted when shooting.
Keep the sun behind you when shooting outdoors.
Video continuity/editing. From the rating given by the respondents, the video was
edited throughout with only quality shots remaining. There were a variety of transitions
used and good timing and pacing.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
30
As emphasized by Nadebaum (2003), similar shots should be avoided when
editing. Generally, the more contrast between the two shots, the less to worry about
creating a jump cut confusing the audience. A sequence shot can also be edited at
different speeds.
Audio and voice editing. The audio was clear, there was proper voice projection
and delivery and it was evident that there was adequate preparation. As emphasized by
Feller, et. al. (1992) the audio portion of video must be viewed in terms of clarity,
volume, pace, and narrative music mix. Music and sound effects should contribute to the
meaning and message of the video. The total effect of the sound should be free or any
characteristics that detract from the intended message and impact of the video.
In the documentary, the narrator’s voice was clear and fluent. There was no
distracting sounds and the interviews were recorded in areas where there was minimal or
no noise in the background.
The respondents were further asked to suggest ways of improving the
documentary in terms of content, style, creativity, and organization. Some said that more
video clips should have been used in the introduction instead of pictures. The transitions
in between pictures were also a little bit too long. One respondent also said that the
cameramen should have tried to zoom in closer to the face of the people interviewed in
the video. The audio/voice in the interviews was clear but it should have been edited
further because some of the statements were repeated in other parts of the video. In
addition, there were some parts wherein the narrator was introducing a subject but the
video did not aptly show the subject being introduced. Videos should have been inserted
while the interviewees were talking especially for long interviews.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
31
On one hand, the video clips should have also been edited. Some of them are too
long and should be clipped to better assist in telling the story and have a smooth
transition.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Nowadays, there are a lot of documentaries that are being made by institutions or
organizations in which different topics are presented. The topic could be on a certain
technology, an experience, a piece, or aspect of culture, etc.
This study was conducted to evaluate the documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’
particularly the validity of the content, the aptness of the style, creativity, and
organization, and the technical expertise of the producers,
The data were gathered using an interview schedule and a rubric adopted from the
Video Project Rubric of University of Wisconsin. Data were consolidated, tabulated and
qualitatively discussed using weighted mean.
The video documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’ contains informations which were
well presented. The style, creativity, and organization were mostly proficient. This
includes the techniques (exposure/ focus), color scheme, special effects, design, audio,
pace, and narration or performances. Videography interest and graphics were partially
proficient.
As to the evaluation of the technical quality which includes the videography-
techniques clarity, lighting, video continuity/editing, audio, and voice editing was
adjudge proficient.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
33
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The documentary contains valid information which can be used to inform
people about the culture of Ibalois in Kabayan, particularly on the
performance of ‘pechit’.
2. The producers of the documentary were proficient in terms of style,
creativity, and organization, though there were some areas/parts that need
improvement.
Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. Video may be recommended for educational purposes.
2. The organization should be partner with television or radio for the
promotion of the documentary.
3. A video documentary maybe used to inform or educate students or other
interested groups on several aspects of culture.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
BEAUDIN, B. and QUICK, D. 1996. Journal of Extension. Instructional Video
Evaluation Instrument, volume 34 number 3.
CABATO , J. 2006. Culture and Tradition. Retrieved August 17, 2007 from
http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&
Itemid=61
DENNING, D. n.d Video in Theory and Practice: Issues for Classroom use and Teacher
Video Evaluation. Retrieved March 2, 2008 from ebiomedia.com/downloads/
VidPM.pdf.
FABAAN, L. 2007. Communication Media Used in Transmitting Cañao Rites and
Practice: The Case of Laoyan Clan. P24
FELLER. R. et.al. 1992. Guidelines for the Preparation and Evaluation of Video Career
Media. Retrieved March 2, 2008 from www.ncda.org/pdf/guidelinesforvideo
evaluation.pdf
NADEBAUM, K. 2003. Technical Education Video Production. Retrieved March 2,
2008 from http://jimmyedson.com/video/stages/index.htm.
NICHOLS, B. 1997. Documenting The Documentary: Close Readings of Documentary
Film and Video. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Retrieved August 29,
2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film
NICHOLS, B. 2002. Introduction to Documentary. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from
http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=129783
PRATT, J. 2001. The Documentary Screen. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from
http://www2.waikato.ac.nz/film/student/hypermedia/2004/Black_Friday/Home%2
0page.htm
PROVINCE OF BENGUET. 2005. Benguet Cañao. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from
http://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100
&Itemid=170
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. n.d. Video Project Rubric. Retrieved October 26,
2007 from http;//www.uwstout.edu/soe/profdev/videorubric.html
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
35
APPENDICES
Appendix A. Questionnaire for Respondents
I. Personal Data
Name: _________________________
Age:_____
Sex: ___
Educational Attainment: _________________
Course: _________
II. Documentary Criteria
A. Content
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
Exemplary
Proficient
Partially Proficient
Incomplete
The introduction The introduction is The introduction
The introduction
is compelling
clear and coherent shows some
does not orient
and provides
and evokes
structure but does
the audience to
motivating
interest in the topic not create a strong what will follow.
content that
and response from sense of what is to The sequencing
hooks the
audience.
follow. May be
is unclear and
Introduction
viewer from the
overly detailed or
does not appear
beginning of the
incomplete and is
interesting or
video and
somewhat
relevant to the
keeps the
appealing to the
audience.
audience's
audience.
attention.
The video
The video
The video failed
expressed clearly
The video
expressed
to express the
the goal or
expressed the goal
clearly at the
goal or objective
objective of the
or objective of the
beginning the
of the
documentary, but it documentary, but it
goal or
documentary and
was not apparent
was not clearly
objective of the
seemed to lack a
in the beginning
stated but inferred.
documentary.
specific focus.
segments.
Stays with one
Has a main idea,
Has a weak or
Does not have a
Main Idea
clear
but some
unclear main idea
main idea
main idea
information doesn’t
fit
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
36
The video
The video has
Has weak and
Does not have
complete with a introduction,
unclear
clear intro, middle
clear
middle but does
introduction,
and conclusion
introduction,
not fit on the
middle and
middle and
information.
conclusion
conclusion
B. Style, creativity, and organization
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
The video was
The video was not The video was
The video shows
well conceived
well conceived or
poorly done and
Style &
good
and shows good
shows poor
shows little or no
Organization
organization of
organization of
organization of the organization of
the content.
the content.
content.
the content.
All shots are
The camera is
The motion shots
Many shots are
clearly focused
held steady.
are fairly steady.
unfocused and
and wel framed. Pans and zooms Some shots are
poorly framed.
Camera
The video is
are limited.
unfocused or
The camera is
Techniques
steady with few
Most shots are
poorly framed.
not held steady
(Exposure/Focus) pans and zooms. clearly focused
Few close-ups are and excessive
Close-ups are
and wel framed.
used.
panning and
used to focus
zooming
attention. Video
distracts the
shows evidence
viewer. No
of good
close-ups are
composition
used.
(pan/tilts,
movement,
zoom and
perspective).
Videography
Many different
Some variation in Few different
Most shots
Interest
"takes", camera
"takes", camera
"takes", camera
taken from one
angles, sound
angles, sound
angles, sound
camera angle,
effects, and/or
effects, and/or
effects, and/or
and the zoom
careful use of
careful use of
careful use of
was not wel
zoom provided
zoom provided
zoom provided
used.
variety in the
variety in the
variety in the
video
video.
video. Had
sameness to it.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
37
CRITERIA 4
3
2
1
RATING
The graphics,
It uses proper
Some of the
The graphics,
sound and/or
size and
graphics, sounds, sounds, and/or
animation assist resolution to
and/or animations animations are
in presenting the create images.
seem unrelated to unrelated to the
overall theme
The graphics,
the topic/theme
content.
that appeals to
sound/and or
and do not
Graphics do not
the audience
animation visually enhance
enhance
Graphics
and enhances
depict material
concepts. Images understanding
concepts with a
and assist the
are poorly
the content, or
high impact
audience in
cropped or the
are distracting
message. All
understanding
color/resolution is
decorations that
multimedia
the flow of
fuzzy.
create a busy
elements work
information or
feeling and
well together and content. Images
detract from the
demonstrate
are proper size
content.
excellent
and resolution.
synthesis.
Multimedia
Graphics explain elements are
and reinforce
appropriate and
key points during enhance the
the presentation. presentation.
The color
The color
Backgrounds and
No color
scheme for
scheme used for
clothing distract
scheme is
backgrounds
backgrounds and from the
apparent.
Color Scheme
and clothing is
clothing
presentation and
selected to suit
enhances the
are not suited to
the mood of the
presentation.
the mood of the
video.
video.
Good, but not
Use of effects is
Some special
Effects are
excessive use of worthwhile.
effects are
either missing or
effects.
distracting.
excessive.
The graphics,
Some use of
Use of media is
Use of media is
sound and/or
media is
present. Although not present or is
animations
present. It
is does not
distracting.
assist in
enhances and
enhance and is
presenting an
does not distract
slightly distracting
overall theme
from the video.
from video.
Special Effects
that appeals to
the audience
and enhances
the video.
Generates
Holds audience
Keeps audience
Fails to keep
interest and
attention through interested at some audience
attention through interesting
points
interest
creative and
delivery and
enthusiastic
information
delivery of
information
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
38
4 3 2 1
RATING
Appeals visually Includes neat
Includes relevant
Includes no
through
and appropriate
visual elements,
visual appeal or
professional
visual elements
which may not be
includes visual
materials
neatly or carefully elements that
(costumes,
done
detract by poor
background, set
quality or
supporting aids,
relevance
etc.)
Multimedia
Multimedia
elements work
All Shows poor
elements are
Selection of media
well together and
selection of
Design
appropriate and
elements are
demonstrate
graphics, fonts,
enhance the
adequate
excellent
sound and video
documentary
synthesis
The video's
The video's
The video's
sound was
sound was
sound sometimes The video's sound insufficient and
Audio
sufficiently loud
faded out and
was poor and not
difficult to make
and clear at all
was clear part of
clear at all times.
out.
times.
the time.
All video clips fit
Most video clips
Video clips are
Video clips are
the storyline.
move at a steady used but need to
too long and do
Pace
Clips are just
pace, fast
be edited in length not advance the
long enough to
enough to keep
or move too
storyline or to
make each point the audience
quickly to assist in short and leave
clear. The pace
interested and
telling the story.
out essential
captures
slow enough to
action or
audience
tell a complete
dialogue.
attention.
story.
Good pace and
Narration has a
Narrator rushes
innovative use of good pace to
through or drags
narration
match visuals
behind screen
images
Narration or
Performance
Narration uses a Emotion and
Narration is dry,
variety of
inflection
without emotion or
inflection, pace
appropriate to
change in
and emotion
on-screen
inflection
images
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
39
C. Technical Quality
CRITERIA 4
3 2
1
RATING
Video did not
Video
Videography-
rock/shake and the occasionally had Video was
Video was
Techniques
slight movement unstable or the
unsteady and
focus was
but the focus
focus was poor
moved while the
Clarity
excellent
throughout
was excellent
throughout
focus was poor.
throughout
Additional lighting
Additional
Some scenes are
Only ambient
is used to eliminate lighting is used.
too dark or too
(available) light is
Lighting
shadows and
Few shadows or light to determine
used. Most
glares. All scenes
glares are
what is
scenes are too
have sufficient
apparent. Most
happening.
dark or too light to
lighting for viewer
scenes have
determine what is
to easily see
sufficient lighting
happening.
action.
to tell what is
happening.
The documentary
The
The documentary
The documentary
is edited with only
documentary is
is edited in few
is unedited and
high quality shots
edited
spots. Several
many poor shots
remaining. Video
throughout with
poor shots
remain. No
moves smoothly
only quality
remain.
transitions
from shot to shot.
shots remaining. Transitions from
between clips are
Varieties of
A variety of
shot to shot are
used. Raw clips
transitions are
transitions are
choppy, and the
run back to back
Video
used to assist in
used. Good
types of wipes
in the final video.
Continuity/Editing communicating the pacing and
and fades
main idea and
timing.
selected are not
smooth the flow
always
from one scene to
appropriate for the
the next. Shots
scene. Transitions
and scenes flow
do not assist in
seamlessly.
communicating
the main idea.
The audio is clear
The audio is
The audio is
Audio is cut-off
and effectively
clear, but only
inconsistent in
and inconsistent.
assists in
partially assists
clarity (too
It has great
communicating the in
loud/too
difficulty
Audio and Voice main idea. It
communicating
soft/garbled) at
communicating
Editing
communicates
the main idea. It
times and
ideas with poor
ideas with
communicates
insufficiently
voice projection.
enthusiasm, proper ideas with proper communicates the
voice projection,
voice projection, main idea. It has
appropriate
adequate
difficulty
language, and
preparation and
communicating
clear delivery.
delivery.
ideas due to weak
voice projection
and/or lack of
preparation.
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
40
Appendix B. Guide Questions for Key Informant
I. Personal Data
Name:
_________________________
Age:_____
Sex:
___
II. Questions
1. Does the documentary clearly portray the practices in Kabayan?
2. Are the information presented correct?
3. Are there information which are not true? Pls. specify.
What it should be?
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
41
Appendix C. Profile of the key Informant
Name:
Biano L. Baucas
Age:
80
Place of birth: Chekdan, Pacso, Kabayan
Educational background:
NAME
OF
SCHOOL
YEAR
GRADUATED
Elementary
Buguias Central School
1940
Intermediate Grades
Loo Settlement Fam School
1942
High School
Trinidad Agricultural High
1949
School (now Benguet State
University).
College
Elementary
Teacher Baguio Colleges Foundation
1952 and 1959
Certificate Courses and BS
Elementary
Education
Master of Arts in
Lyceum of Baguio (now Baguio
1971
Education (major in School
Central University)
Management)
* He completed the academic requirements for a doctoral course at the University of
Baguio in 1982 but was unable to finish his dissertation due to financial constraint.
Author of the book:
1. A brief History of Kabayan, Benguet (1998)
2. Traditonal Beliefs and Cultural Practices of Benguet (2003).
3. Ibadoy (Ibaloy) Vocabulary Translation (2003 first edition)
Evaluation of the Cultural Video Documentary ‘Pechit Chi Kabayan’/ Jovelyn D. Caligtan. 2008
Document Outline
- Evaluation of the Cultural Video
Documentary �Pechit Chi Kabayan�
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Pechit
- Documentary
- Organization of the Documentary
- Content
- Special Effects
- Sound Quality/ Audio
- Technical Consideration
- Production
- Post Production
- Shooting Guidelines
- Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Collection
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Validation of the Documentary Content
- Evaluation of the Documentary Content
- Evaluation of the Style, Creativity,and Organization of the Documentary
- Evaluation of the Technical Qualityin terms of Shooting and Editing
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES