BIBLIOGRAPHY PACIS, JENNY D. APRIL 2008. Impact of...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PACIS, JENNY D. APRIL 2008. Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies
on Livelihood of Growers in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet. Benguet State University La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Thesis Adviser: Jo Ann L. Guillao, BA Social Science
ABSTRACT
This study primarily aimed to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology on livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan. Specifically, the study aimed to
determine: 1) the profile of farmers planting tissue cultured banana; 2) the factors that
influence the farmers to adopt the technology and 3) the positive impact and negative
impact on livelihood of banana growers adopting the technology. The data were gathered
by means of survey questionnaires which were supplemented by personal interview of the
respondents. Descriptive statistics was employed for the analysis of the data.
Results revealed that tissue cultured banana growers were mostly of the middle
aged group and were male. Majority of the tissue cultured banana growers have formal
education and most of them owned an upland area cultivated for bananas of about 910
square meters and below.
The respondents were mostly influenced by CHARM and technician who have
introduced the technology.
The major problems identified by the respondents in the adoption of the
technology were: high mortality, one time used of tissue cultured banana suckers and
high acidity of the soil.
With regard to the positive impact of the technology adoption, 40% of the
respondents rated that there was a significant increase in their income after the adoption
of the said technology. Some have been able to pay their debts and most of them claimed
to help in the employment of other people. Meanwhile, the negative impact of adopting
the technology were high mortality, one time used of banana suckers, high price of
suckers and late procurement of planting material.
Result of this study further revealed that tissue cultured banana growers should
follow cultural practices of growing bananas especially the management of aphids and
immediate eradication of plant infected with BBTV to attain considerable yield of
banana.
Cost and return analysis for the 15 respondents were categorized into two groups:
banana growers with an area of 910 square meters and below and those banana growers
with an area of more than 911 square meters cultivated for banana. The result showed
that both groups gained positive income amounting to Php 8,964.56 and Php 19,142.83
respectively.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………...... 3
Objective of the Study…………………………………………………..... 3
Importance of the Study…………………………………………………... 4
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………….. 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Banana Industry of Sablan………………………………………….... 5
Tissue Cultured Banana Technology……………………………………... 6
Impact of Tissue Culture on Livelihood………………………………....... 7
Impact of New Technologies on Livelihood……………………………… 10
Operational Definition of Terms…………………………………………. 12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of Study…………………………………………….... 13
Respondent of the Study……………………………………………….. 13
Data Collection………………………………………………………… 13
Data Analysis………………………………………………………….. 13
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RESULT AND DISCCUSION
Demographic Profile of the Respondents……………………………… 14
Factors influencing Adoption of the Technology……………………… 23
Positive Impact of Technology Adoption on
Farmer’s Livelihood on Income……………………………………….. 25
Provided Employment………………………………………………..... 27
Negative Impact of Using Tissue Cultured
Banana Technology…………………………………………………..... 28
Level of Satisfaction with the Current Price
of Banana per Finger and Cost of
Improved Sucker………………………………………………………. 29
Major Changes Occurred as a Result of
Technology Adoption…………………………………………………. 30
Problems Encountered………………………………………………… 30
Cost and Analysis According to Area Planted………………………… 31
Trend in Adopting Tissue Cultured Banana in
Terms of Yield………………………………………………………… 32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………….. 33
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 34
Recommendations…………………………………………………… 35
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………… 36
APPENDIX
A. Survey Questionnaire……………………………………………... 38
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1
INRODUCTION
Rationale
Sablan is one of the smallest towns in Benguet. Its terrain is mountainous. Creeks
and mountains separate barangays as well as sitios. The municipality of Sablan is located
at the South Eastern part of the province of Benguet. Kapangan, Burgos, La Union bound
it on the north, on the south by Tuba, on the eastern part by Tublay, and La Trinidad, and
on the west by municipality of Aringay, La Union.
The estimated land area is 91.60 square kilometers (kms.) or 9,160 hectares (has.)
this constitutes 5.45% of the land area of the province of Benguet. It has eight (8)
barangays. The barangays of the municipality of Sablan are the following: Balluay,
Banangan, Banengbeng, Bagong, Bayabas, Palali, Pappa and Poblacion.
The climate of Sablan is comparable to climate of Benguet classified under two
(2) pronounced seasons. Wet seasons are from May to November while the dry season is
from December to April.
The municipality of Sablan is traversed by the Baguio-Naguilian road and is the
first town towards the City of Baguio and the province of Benguetor rather the “gateway
“to the city and the province of Benguet which is almost twenty-one (21) kilometers.
Sablan is basically an agricultural town. Mountain soils are generally fertile and
temperate climate is making it ideal for farming activities. Due to temperate climate, the
place is suitable for all kinds of crops like cassava, ginger, gabi, camote, ube, and other
orchard crops like coffee, citrus, avocado, santol, mango, banana, and some other fruits.
Banana is one of the many crops that are commonly grown in barangay of Sablan
especially in Bayabas. Majority of the farmers living in barangay Bayabas usually plant
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
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banana not just for family consumption but also as a source of livelihood (Caliging,
2007).
The banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is the most dreaded disease of banana
because it can wipe out plantations that are neglected with pest management practices.
In the early 1970’s the bananas in the municipality of Sablan and Tuba, Benguet
were infected with BBTV disease which wipe out the banana plantations, causing
shortage of supply and brings huge economic losses to farmers.
The Sablan officials and banana growers were alarmed by the BBTV so they
looked for ways to combat these diseases. According to Ramon Anacioco, the municipal
agriculturist officer of Sablan, the local government introduced a new technology to solve
the problem and eventually revive the industry of Sablan. The tissue cultured banana
gives the farmer a promising result that leads to the increase of tissue cultured banana
users. Nowadays, the growers of Sablan are using the new technology to overcome the
losses of farmers that can be brought by BBTV.
Even though the new technology is giving them a good performance, there is still
a need to study the productivity, cost and return of production, and the management of
tissue cultured banana to guide, help and inform individual, groups, researchers,
entrepreneurs and farmers about tissue culture.
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Statement of the Problem
The study was conducted to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology in livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet.
Specifically, this research sought to answer the following:
1. What is the profile of farmers planting tissue-cultured banana?
2. What are the factors influencing the farmer to adopt the tissue-cultured
technology?
3. What are the positive impacts of the technology on farmers livelihood specifically
in terms of its contribution to provide
a) Income
b) Employment
4. What is the negative impact of adopting the technology on farmer’s livelihood
specifically in terms of labor?
5. What is the trend in the output or yield produced by banana growers upon
adoption of the technology?
Objective of the Study
The study aimed to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana technology on
livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan.
Specifically this study aimed;
1. To know the profile of farmers planting tissue-cultured banana.
2. To briefly discus the factors that influence the farmers to adopt the technology.
3. To find out the positive impacts of using the technology on farmers livelihood.
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4. To find out the negative impact of using the technology on farmers livelihood.
5. To document the trend in yield produced by farmers when technology was
adopted.
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to present the problems encountered by the tissue
cultured banana growers of Bayabas Sablan, Benguet. It also highlights the positive and
negative impact of adopting the new technology on farmer’s livelihood in Bayabas
Sablan.
The findings and result of this study will provide information on banana growers
in their decision making on what to be done to improve banana production.
Furthermore, this assessment will help in understanding the problems of banana
producers and may come up with recommendations that will ease the problems of
producers. This study could also serve as a reference material for future researches and
other related to the topics.
Scope and Delimitation
The study focused only on the discussion of the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology on livelihood specifically on lakatan variety.
The study was conducted at Bayabas Sablan, Benguet from November- January
2008. This was done through research from internet, library with encyclopedia, books,
and dictionaries as references. Furthermore, a one on one interview with the respondents
was done.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Banana Industry of Sablan
Sablan is a well-known banana-producing municipality in Benguet. It produces
three main varieties which are cavendish, lakatan, and dinurado.
Ramon Anacioco (2007) stated that in the early 1960’s up to middle 1970’s,
banana is the number one source of income of farmers in Sablan. Lakatan variety is
mostly produced during this time because of its high value. The said variety is highly in
demand in the market especially in US bases here in the Philippines. Sablan also exports
bananas to Japan to boost the income of banana growers. However, during the early
1970’s, banana in the municipality of Sablan and Tuba were infected by banana bunchy
top virus (BBTV). In the 1980’s, the bananas of Sablan was totally wiped out, but due to
high the demand of banana, the municipality wants to revive its banana industry. During
1990’s, Sablan asked the assistance of the National Government for the rehabilitation. As
a response, the national government gives financial assistance, procurement of banana
tissue culture, conducts training and seminars to farmers, and monitors and evaluate how
was the project is doing.
With the help and assistance of the National Government, the banana industry of
Sablan was continuously recovering from its losses. According to Professor Bony Ligat,
the new technology adopted by the farmers in Bayabas gives them a good result that their
income boosted and some even became rich.
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Tissue-Cultured Banana Technology
Henri-Louis Duhamel du Munceau’s pioneered experiments in 1756 on wound
healing of plants demonstrated spontaneous callus formation on the decorticated region
of elm plants. His studies, according to noted biologist Gautheret could be considered a
“foreword for the discovery of plant tissue culture” (Razdan, 1996).
According to Razdan, knowledge of tissue culture has contributed greatly to our
understanding of the factors responsible for growth, metabolism, differentiation, and
morphogenesis of plant cells. Plant–tissue is presently of great interest to molecular
biologist, plant breeders, and industrialist. Tissue culture methods have been employed as
an important aid to conventional methods of plant improvement.
For tissue-culture, the hearts or shoots of banana plants are cleaned and placed on
Petri dishes where cells continue to divide and grow, forming a callus. Tissue-cultured
calli are divided several times (sub-cultured) to produce up to 2000 plantlets from one
mother plant. Before being transplanted to a nursery, the tissue-cultured material grows
shoot and roots on special nutritive media. Then the tissue- cultured plants are
acclimatized in a shaded nursery before being transplanted in farming fields (ISAA,
2006).
Tissue-cultured plantlets have four advantages over traditionally propagated
planting material. First, they are clean: the sterile conditions under which tissue-culture is
carried out eliminate fungal diseases, nematodes, and bacteria. Second, the trees were far
more productive, reaching maturity earlier and bearing fruit bunches up to 50% heavier
than traditionally raised trees. Elsewhere, tissue-cultured plants typically produce 50 tons
of fruit per hectare per year under favorable climate conditions. Third, the trees are more
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uniform and will all reach maturity at the same time. Finally, each tree produces up to
1,015 suckers per year which is more than the number of traditionally propagated trees.
This offered a rapid means of multiplying and disseminating better planting material
(ISAA, 2006).
Furthermore, a result of study conducted in Cavite showed that the introduced
varieties of banana exhibited better field performance compared to the local varieties in
all sites planted. Likewise, all tested varieties of banana grew best in hilly area and it
showed more tolerance to BBTV though they did not replace the local varieties in terms
of consumer preferences for fresh bananas (Crucido, et al., 2007).
Impact of Tissue Culture on Livelihood
A good number of poor marginal farmers including housewives have already
changed their job by cultivating tissue cultured banana as economic value of the crop has
benefited them than the other crops.
In one of the studies accounted in Dhaka, Rina Parveen, a housewife of Dodapara
village under Thakurgaon, Jagannathpur union of Sadar Upazila in the district has
achieved success by cultivating tissue cultured banana. She raised a banana garden by
planting 448 seedlings of Mecher variety, produced by tissue culture on 25 decimals. She
got 115 to 118 bananas from each of the plants and the average length of the banana was
nine inches without using any kind of steroid fertilizers. She earned Taka 53,760 by
selling the banana while spent Taka 28,000 as production cost. Rina is very happy with
the tissue cultured seedlings and said these are much productive than the seedlings
produced in traditional way (Ahmed, 2006).
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Tissue culturing of banana plants, a biotechnology initiative increase the yield by
five times of the traditional farming is becoming popular among banana growers in
Oman, middle East, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Africa. Recently, agro-technology major
Jains Irrigation System exported the first consignment of its grand-Nain variety of tissue
cultured banana plants in Oman. It plans to further export around 66,000 plants by the
end of this year. But since the market potential for banana is very high in the Middle
East, the demand is met through exports from the Philippines, India, and South American
countries (Thomas, 2007).
In the highland of Kenya, almost every farm household has a small banana
orchard. Bananas are important both for food and for cash, providing the women who
grow and market them with a small but much needed source of income to pay for
household necessities. Because of the decline of coffee, many families are becoming
more dependent on bananas for their livelihood. At the same time, however, banana
yields are declining mainly because of the build up of pest and diseases. This problem
was addressed by dynamic partnership of the county’s public sector biotechnology
researchers, private sector biotechnology industry and innovative farmers. The central
technical ingredient of the project is tissue culture or micro propagation. The planting
materials where distributed to the farmers and a formal training on the management of the
introduced technology was also conducted. For the farmers who were successful with the
use of the new technology, the payoff has been considerable. The heavier and more
predictable fruiting of the tissue cultured bananas have made the fruiting easier to market
commercially. Furthermore, the demand for tissue cultured plantlets of banana and other
crops has provided new jobs in the growing biotechnology sector, while the increased
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production of banana should in due course stimulate the development of processing
industries. If this will be achieved, an innovation in planting material technology will
have catalyzed the transformation of a neglected subsistence crop into a new source of
prosperity (Economic and Social Department, 2001).
Meanwhile, Esther Gachugu who was a project beneficiary of International
Service for the Acquisition of Agro biotechnology Applications (ISAAA) demonstrated
similar experience. She was one of the demonstration farmers and an early adaptor of
tissue cultured technology in Nairobi, Kenya. Her family’s modest banana plot was
transformed into profitable enterprise, yielding the equivalent of up to US $300 from a
single day’s sale of fruit in Nairobi. Among her investment is a new kitchen, which
allows her to feed her family in comfort (Wambugu, 2001).
In Lagawe Ifugao, the Provincial government has stepped up its program and
efforts to assist farmers and enhance their capability for coffee and banana production as
an additional industry and source of livelihood. The project on banana production has
been showing a steady growth recovering after the propagation of the banana tissue
cultured seedlings which are resistant to the banana disease called “bunchy top” that wipe
out the banana industry of Ifugao since the early 1990’s. As a result of the project study,
the banana producers are claiming that they are deriving a remarkable income from this
industry since the introduction of the banana tissue cultured suckers. A nursery for the
production of seedlings is now established in Nayon, Lamut to cater the needs of the
banana growers (Cadalig, 2006).
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Impact of New Technologies on Livelihood
Biotechnologies are pursued for private sectors, and the situation of the
appropriability problem in plant breeding is an important potential source of increased
profitability (Swanson, 2002).
A researched conducted by Sankula (2006) on six biotech crops (corn, cotton,
canola, papaya, squash, and soybean) shows that American has made decisions to choose
biotechnology-derived crops for the last 10 years because they realized significant and
positive benefits from planting these crops. Biotechnology provided best hope to growers
by providing enhanced pest protection thereby improving yields with the use of minimal
inputs. American grower’s confidence in biotechnology-derived crops is due to positive
impacts provided by these crops in terms of enhanced crop yields, improved insurance
against pest problems, reduced pest management costs, lowered pesticide use, and overall
increased in grower returns.
Another research from ISAA’s study on Bt maize resulted that Bt maize could
meet the subsistence requirement of a family of five (in the Philippines), in which a
conventional grower of banana could not do. Bt maize hybrids consistently performed
better than their corresponding conventional maize hybrids, in terms of yield, production
cost, profitability and capacity to meet subsistence needs of families. Although biotech
seed corn cost about 80 percent more than the conventional hybrid seed, Randy Hautea,
director of the ISAA office in the Philippines, said the net income of farmers who planted
Bt corn increased about 34%, on average. Bt corn enhanced with a naturally occurring
soil protein that protects plants from insect pests such as corn borer-significantly boost
farmers income. Moreover, according to the secretary of agriculture, Bt corn is now
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planted on about 49,000 acres of land in the Philippines. The government approved the
commercial planting of the crop as a way “to help the poor of our country” (ISAA, 2002).
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Operational Definition of Terms
Tissue culture. It is the growth in artificial medium of cells derived from living
tissue.
The growth of isolated plant or animal cells or small pieces of tissue under
controlled condition in a sterile medium that is design to meet particular growth
requirements of the cell or tissue ( Mckean, 2005).
Biotechnology. The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or
biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing
processes.
It is most briefly defined as the art of utilizing living organisms and their products
for the production of food, drink, medicine or for other benefits to the human race, or
other animal species (Phillips, 2007).
Callus. It is a hard formation of tissue especially new tissue formed over a wound
(Team of experts, 2000).
Micropropagation. It is a tissue culture technique for plant propagation in which
offspring is cloned from tissue taken from a single plant (http.dictionary.reference.com).
Plant breeding. It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create
desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes ( Carr, 2008).
It is the application of genetic principles to produce plants that are more useful to
humans.
Morphogenesis. It is the origin and development of morphological characteristics
(Team of experts, 2000).
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet where most tissue cultured
banana are produced, starting November 2007 to January 2008.
Respondent of the Study
The respondent of the study were traditional banana growers of Bayabas Sablan,
Benguet who are now using the newly introduced technology. A sample of 15 banana
growers was chosen at random.
Data Collection
The researcher conducted interviews on October 2007. The interview schedule
was prepared by the researcher to collect the needed data and necessary information on
the production and marketing of tissue-cultured banana. The questionnaire used was
adopted from another study titled “Impact of Improved Vegetable Farming Technology
on Farmer’s Livelihood in the Philippines.”
Data Analysis
The collected data were consolidated, categorized, and tabulated. Descriptive
statistics such as frequency and percentage averages were used. Ranking and column
graph were also used to aid the interpretation of the data.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents according to sex, age, highest
educational attainment, number of household members, crop planted, number of fulltime
agricultural labor, sources of income, total earnings per year, farm characteristics, farm
irrigation, farm ownership, area cultivated for banana, duration of banana production,
production of banana according to area, quantity sold for banana according to area, and
sales for banana according to area.
Age. The age of the respondents ranges from 30-80 years old. Most of them
(53.33%) belonged to age bracket 30-40 years old. This was followed by the age bracket
41-50, representing 20% of the respondents. The remaining 26.66% of the respondents
belong to the age brackets 51-60 and 71-80 years old. The result shows that most of the
middle aged people adopted the new technology.
Gender. Out of 15 respondents 11 or 73.33% were male and only 4 or 26.67%
were female. Results shows that majority of the tissue cultured banana growers were
male.
Educational
attainment. The educational attainment was classified into four
classifications: elementary undergraduate, elementary graduate, high school and college.
Most of the respondents (26.67%) finished elementary. This has the same rate
with high school and college graduate. This was followed by 20% of respondents who
were elementary undergraduate. Result shows that majority of the banana growers who
adopted the technology have had formal education. However, the farmers commented
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that knowledge in banana production is more important than level of education attained
to become successful in the business.
Number of household members. Most of the respondents (53.33%) claimed to
have a range of 3 to 5 household members. This was followed by a percentage of 46.67
with a ranged of 6 to 8 household members.
Crops
planted. All of the respondents were planting tissue cultured banana and
majority were male with a percentage of 73.33 compared to the female having only
26.67% or 4. On the other hand, out of 15 respondents, only 7 or 46.67% were planting
both tissue cultured and traditional bananas. Out of the 7 respondents who were planting
both, 4 or 57.14% were male and 3 or 42.86% were female. Result shows that majority of
the male were planting tissue cultured and traditional bananas.
Number of fulltime agricultural labor. Out of 15 respondents, 53.33% claimed to
have employed one fulltime agricultural laborer. This was followed by 26.67% who
employed 2 persons. Next to this figures were the number of respondents who did not
employ labor and those that employed 3 labors.
Sourced of income. Majority of the respondents (60%) source out their income
from farming and non-agricultural activities such as planting agricultural crops, income
from driving, being a barangay official or contractors. This was followed by 40% or 6 out
of 15 respondents who claimed to source out their income from agricultural activities
only.
Total earnings per year. Out of 15 farmers, 9 mentioned that they earn income
from other sources. The amount of income earned varies with the outcome of the other
employment.
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Based on Table 1, most of the farmers (66.67%) earn Php 5, 000-Php 15, 000
income from farming. On the other hand, those farmers who have other sources of
income earn as much as Php 41,000 and above, but most of them (53.56%) claimed to
earn Php 5,000-20,000.
Farm
characteristics. The farm characteristics were divided into two land
category; upland and lowland. Majority of the respondents (66.67%) rely on rain to water
their crops compared to 33.33% who used rain and underground water to irrigate their
lands.
Farm
ownership. Out of 15 respondents, 86.67% claimed to own the land they are
tilling. Meanwhile, 13.33% claimed to own some part of the land and the rest were rented
for a price of 3,000 per year.
Area cultivated for bananas. The farmers were grouped into two; those with a land
area of 910 square meters and below cultivated to tissue cultured banana and those with
more than 911 square meters.
There were 9 farmers who belong to the former group and 5 belonging to the
latter who were interviewed.
Duration for banana production. Most of the respondents (73.33%) claimed to
have duration of below 1 year and 3 months from planting to harvesting compared to
26.67% who have duration of more than 1 year and 4 months. The respondents claimed
to start planting during rainy season on the month of June or July.
Production of banana according to area in fingers. Most of the respondents
(66.67%) having an area of 910 square meter and below claimed to harvest a range of
9,001-17,831 fingers. This was followed by a range of 170-9,000 (22.22%) and the least
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was 17,832-26,662 fingers with a rate of 11.11%. On the other hand, 66.67% of the
respondents who owned more than 911 square meters claimed to harvest a range of
8,500-29,000 fingers. Few of them (33.33%) harvest around 29,000-49,501 fingers
annually.
Quantity sold according to area in fingers. Out of 15 respondents, 9 were having
an area of 910 square meters and below and 4 or 66.67% claimed to sell 8,500-29,000
fingers for every harvest. This was followed by 2 or 33.33% selling 29,001-49,501.
While 4 or 66.67% of the respondents who own an area of more than 911 square meters
claimed to sell 8,480-18,480 fingers compared to 2 or 33.33% selling 38,483-48,483
fingers.
Sale according to area in pesos. Majority of the respondents (66.67%) having an
area of below 910 square meters claimed to earn 15,483-20,483. This was followed by
480-5,480; 5,481-10,481 and 10,482-15,482 having the same rate of 11.11%. On the
other hand, majority of the respondents (66.67%) having an area of more than 911 square
meters claimed to earn around 19,000-29,900 followed by 16.67% earning around
49,903-59,903 pesos.
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age
30-40 8 53.33
41-50 3 20
51-60 2 13.33
61-70 0 0.00
71-80 2 13.33
TOTAL 15 100
Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate 3 20
Elementary Graduate 4 26.67
High School 4 26.67
College 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Number of Household Members
3-5 8 53.33
6-8 5 46.67
TOTAL 15 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Crop Planted
Tissue Cultured Banana
Male 11 73.33
Female 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Tissue Cultured and Traditional Banana
Male 4 57.14
Female 3 42.86
TOTAL 7 100
Number of Fulltime Agricultural Labor
Male
0 2 13.33
1 8 53.33
2 4 26.67
3 1 6.67
TOTAL 15 100
Source of Income
Agriculture(including Livestock) 6 40
Agriculture and Non-agriculture 9 60
TOTAL 15 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Total Earnings per year
Agriculture
5,000-15,000 10 66.67
16,000-25,000 2 13.33
26,000-35,000 3 20
TOTAL 15 100
Non-agriculture
5,000-20,000 5 55.56
21,000-40,000 2 22.22
41,000 and above 2 22.22
TOTAL 9 100
Farm Characteristics
Land Category
Upland 10 66.67
Upland and Lowland 5 33.33
TOTAL 15 100
Farm Irrigation
Rainfed 10 66.67
Rainfed and underground water 5 33.33
TOTAL 15 100
17
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Farm Ownership
Owned 13 86.67
Owned and Rented 2 13.33
TOTAL 15 100
Area Cultivated for banana
< 910 square meter 9 60
> 911 square meter 6 40
TOTAL 15 100
Duration for Banana Production
< 1 year and 3 mos. 11 73.33
> 1 year and 4 mos. 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Production of Bananas according to area in fingers
910 square meter and above
170-9,000 2 22.22
9,001-17,831 6 66.67
17,832-26,,662 1 11.11
TOTAL 15 100
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
18
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
>911 square meter
8,500-29,000 4 66.67
29,001-49,501 2 33.33
TOTAL 6 100
Quantity sold for Banana according to area in fingers
<910 square meter
160-10,000 4 44.44
10,001-19,841 4 44.44
19,842-38,482
38,843-48,483 1 11.11
TOTAL 9 100
>911 square meter
8,480-18,480 4 66.67
18,481and above 2 33.33
TOTAL 6 100
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
19
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Sales of bananas according to area in pesos
910 square meters and below
480-5,480 1 11.11
5,481-10,481 1 11.11
10,482-15,482 1 11.11
15,483-20,483 6 66.67
TOTAL 9 100
>911 square meter
19,000-29,900 4 66.67
29,001-39,901
39,902-49,902
49,903-59,903 1 16.67
59,904-69,904 1 16.67
TOTAL 6 100
Factors Influencing Adoption of the Technology
Matrix ranking was done with the farmers in the study area to determine the
factors influencing adoption of the technology. The farmers were asked to use ranking
from 1 to 10 with 1 for least important and 10 for most important. The resulting ranks
were consolidated to get the average total scores and the corresponding rank of each
factor as shown in Table 2.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
20
The most important factor influencing adoption of the technology that was
identified by the farmers was the influence of Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource
Management (CHARM). CHARM is a government institution tasked to implement the
rehabilitation of the affected area of the said virus on bananas. Influence of technician
was identified as the next factor that largely affected the farmers to adopt the technology.
Other factors like availability of sucker, “productive”, “clean” and influence of neighbor
are likewise counted to have influenced the farmers to use the new technology.
Table 2. Factors influencing adoption of tissue cultured banana
LEVEL FACTORS AVERAGE SCORE RANK
________________________________________________________________________
Variety Specific Productive 7.2 4
Clean 6.67 5
Available Sucker 7.8 3
Location Specific Influence of CHARM 9 1
Influence of Neighbor 4.67 6
Influence of Technician 8.75 2
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
21
Positive Impact of Technology Adoption on
Farmer’s Livelihood on Income
Income. The impact of adopting the technology on farmer’s livelihood and
income was gauged by slight decreased and increased in income that the farmers reported
by using the technology. Tables 3 and 4 show the “before and after” income rating that
the farmers reported.
Both farmers indicated high income rating before adopting the technology. From
the group cultivating 910 square meters and below, 77.77% rated their income from 7 to
8. On the other hand, 83.33% of those cultivating above 911 square meter rated their
income from 6 to 8.
After adopting the technology, the first group gave a lesser rating for their income
but is still high. On the other hand, the second group claimed to have a little increase on
their rate of income. From the group cultivating 910 square meter and below, 77.78%
rated their income from 6 to 8 as against 83.33% from the other group with a rate of 7 to
9.
With regard to marketing, the farmers estimated the price of banana per finger as
2.33 pesos. The farmers reported that the bananas planted in the municipality of Sablan
have high salability since Sablan is a known producer of sweet bananas due to its
favorable climate. Some also claimed that the used of tissue cultured banana resulted to
increased productivity which has led to slight increased on the farmers income.
When farmers were asked about the change in their income before and after
adoption of the technology, 40% of them rated that indeed there was a significant
increase in their income.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
22
Table 3. Description of income by farmers before adopting tissue cultured banana area
planted (score 1-10; 1 is lowest and 10 is highest)
INCOME RATING BEFORE ADOPTING
THE TECHNOLOGY
AREA CULTIVATED TO BANANA _____________________________________
4 5 6 7 8 TOTAL
910 square meters and below 0 2 0 3 4 9
0% 22.22% 0% 33.33% 44.44% 100%
>911 square meters 1 0 1 2 2 6
16.67%0% 16.67% 33.33% 33.33% 100%
TOTAL 1 2 1 5 6 15
6.67%13.33% 6.67% 33.33% 40% 100%
Table 4. Description of income after adopting tissue cultured banana according to area
planted (score 1-10; 1 is lowest and 10 is highest)
INCOME RATING BEFORE ADOPTING
THE TECHNOLOGY
AREA CULTIVATED TO BANANA _____________________________________________
4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTAL
910 square meters and below 0 2 1 5 1 0 9
0% 22.22% 11% 55.55% 11.11% 0% 100%
>911 square meters 1 0 0 2 2 1 6
16.67% 0% 0% 33.33% 33.33%16.67% 100%
TOTAL 1 2 1 7 3 1 15
6.67%13.33% 6.67% 46.67% 20% 6.67% 100%
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
23
Provided employment. Table 5 shows the impact of adopting tissue cultured
banana technology on employment.
With the adoption of the technology, the farmers claimed that a lot of people were
gainfully employed especially during cleaning activity and cleaning in preparation for
land cultivation. This phenomenon is specially pointed out by farmers having an area of
more than 911 square meter or those who are planting not below 300 suckers. The
respondents also claimed that tissue cultured banana need to be maintained well so it
would not be easily attacked by banana bunchy top virus and other pest and diseases of
bananas.
Table 5. Impact of adopting tissue culture banana on employment
OWN LABOR HIRED LABOR
PARTICULARS ____________________________________________________
No. Percentage Rank No. Percentage Rank
Cleaning
1-2 6 40 2 7 46.67 2
2-4 9 60 1 8 53.33 1
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Land Preparation
1-3 12 80 1 5 33.33 2
3-6 3 20 2 10 66.67 1
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
24
Table 5. Continued…
OWN LABOR HIRED LABOR
PARTICULARS ____________________________________________________
No. Percentage Rank No. Percentage Rank
Planting
1-2 11 73.33 1 13 86.67 1
2-4 4 26.67 2 2 13.33 2
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Harvesting
1 13 86.67 1 13 86.67 1
2 2 13.33 2 2 13.33 2
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Negative impact of using tissue cultured banana technology. Table 6 shows the
average score of some indicators relating to the negative impact of using tissue cultured
banana. High mortality rate was considered to be the number one factor that negatively
impacts the banana growers in terms of productivity. Other factors that brought negative
impact to farmers were one time used of tissue cultured banana sucker, high priced of
sucker, late procurement of planting material, low adoptability of farmers and high labor
cost.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
25
Table 6. Negative impact of using tissue cultured banana technology
CHANGES AVERAGE SCORE RANK
________________________________________________________________________
High Mortality 6.07 1
Tissue cultured banana suckers
are used for one cropping 3 2
High Price of sucker 2.67 3
Late procurement of planting material 2 4
low adaptability of farmers 0.53 5
High labor cost 0.47 6
Level of Satisfaction with the Current Price of Banana
per Finger and Cost of Improved Sucker
Table 7 shows that 12 out of 15 respondents were satisfied with the current price
of banana per finger compared to 3 or 30% who were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.
On the other hand, 6 or 40% of the respondents were satisfied with the current price of
improved sucker. Meanwhile, 40% were dissatisfied of the sucker cost while 20 % were
neutral or neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
26
Table 7. Level of satisfaction of the respondents on the current price of banana per finger
and cost of improved sucker
PARTICULARS CROP PRICE RANK % SUCKER COST RANK %
Satisfied 12 1 80 6 1 40
Neutral 3 2 20 3 2 20
Dissatisfied - - - 6 1 40
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Major Changes Occurred as a Result of
Technology Adoption
Most of the respondents claimed that there was no tremendous change in their
income when they adopted the technology but some claimed to have paid their debts and
have augmented source of their income as a result of technology adoption (Table 8).
Table 8. Major changes occurred as a result of technology adoption
CHANGES AVERAGE SCORE RANK
Paid Debts 2.73 2
Increase Household Income 2.40 3
No Change 3.33 1
Problems Encountered
The respondents reported that the major problems they experienced were the
decreasing productivity of tissue cultured banana due to the acidity of the soil and high
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
27
mortality because their plant were still attacked by banana bunchy top virus and other
pest and diseases of banana during its growing stage.
Table 9. Cost and analysis according to area planted
PARTICULARS
<910 SQUARE METERS
>911 SQUARE METERS
Sale 16,525.56
34,224
Cost of Product
Input cost
4,561
10,281.17
Sucker
2,016.67
5,666.67
Fertilizer
857.5
1,257
Pesticide
187.5
557.5
Hired Labor
3,000
2,800
Imputed cost
3,000
4,800
Family labor
3,000
4,800
Total cost
7,561
15,081.17
Net Returns
8,964.56
19,142.83
Cost and Return Analysis According to Area Planted
Cost and return analysis for the 15 respondents were categorized into two; those
having an area of 910 square meters and below and those having an area of more than
911 square meters.
Table 9 shows the distribution of cost, sales income, and returns for the 2 groups.
It shows that people having an area of more than 911 square meters have higher net
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
28
returns than those having an area of 910 square meters and below. Result shows that it is
better to apply the concept of economies of scale to gain more profit.
Trend in adopting Tissue Cultured Banana in terms of Yield
Figure 1 show that the annual yield of farmers was increasing from year 1992 to
1996 but it suddenly decreased on year 1997. In year 2003, the yield decreased due to
high mortality and acidity of soil. Another probable cause of decline may also attribute to
“mutation,” a case where tissue cultured banana bear many suckers that cannot bear fruit.
Trend of Adopting Tissue Cultured Banana
20000
18000
s
16000
14000
i
nger
F
12000
n
d i
10000
i
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Y
8000
6000
nnual
A
4000
2000
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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1
2
3
4
5
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7
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9
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9
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0
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ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 19
ar 20
ar 20
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ar 20
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ar 20
ar 20
ar 20
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
ye
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ye
ye
Figure 1. Trend in adopting tissue cultured banana in terms of yield
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in the area of barangay Bayabas Sablan, Benguet with
the following objectives: 1) to know the profile of farmers planting tissue cultured
banana; 2) to briefly discuss the factors that influence the farmers to adopt the
technology; 3) to find out the positive impacts of using the technology on farmer’s
livelihood and 4) to find out the negative impact of using the technology on farmer’s
livelihood.
There were 15 respondents chosen from the said area. The ages of the respondents
ranges from 30-40 years old. Majority of them were male and mostly were educated
finishing elementary, high school and college.
Majority of the respondents owned an upland area where they use rain to water
their crops. They usually plant banana during rainy season of June or July and this last up
to 1 year and 3 months. Most of them have an area of 910 square meters and below
cultivated purposely for banana. Majority of them source their income from agriculture
and non-agricultural activities.
The factors that influenced the farmers to adopt the technology were due to the
influenced of Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project (CHARM)
and encouragement of Field Technician.
Farmers have identified some positive impacts that were experienced by farmers
upon adoption of the new technology. These include slight increase in farmer’s income
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
30
and employment for other people. As a result of slight increased on their income, the
farmers reported that they were able to pay their debt.
For marketing practices, most of the respondents were satisfied with the current
price of banana per finger which 2.25 pesos as well as the cost of improved suckers. They
claimed to sell 8,500-29,000 fingers for those who have an area of 910 square meters and
below with a sale ranges from 18,483-20,483 pesos. While 8,480-18,480 fingers for those
having an area of more than 911 square meters with a sale ranges from 19,000-29,000
pesos.
Problems encountered by banana growers that resulted to its negative impact on
farmer’s livelihood were; high mortality, tissue cultured banana suckers were used for
one cropping only and high acidity of soil which resulted to decreasing productivity of
tissue cultured banana.
Conclusions
1. Most of the respondents were male and majority of them belong to the middle
age group. Most of them also have formal education and majority of them source out
their income from farming and non-agricultural activities.
2. The field technicians and government institution (CHARM) played an
important role in farmer’s adoption of the technology. Most of the farmers in this study
indicated that the tissue cultured suckers they planted were introduced to them by
CHARM and the field technician.
3. Majority of the respondents mentioned that adoption of tissue cultured banana
brought an increase in income and provided employment for others.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
31
4. The major problems encountered by banana growers were high mortality, one
time used of banana suckers and high acidity of the soil.
5. Adopters of the technology presently experiencing deteriorating harvest have
attributed such phenomenon to declining soil fertility due to continuous cultivation,
heavy pest and disease infestation. Another probable cause of decreased on productivity
was due to mutation.
Recommendations
1. Tissue cultured banana growers should follow cultural practices of growing
bananas especially the management of aphids and immediate eradication of plant infected
with banana bunchy top virus so as to not to repeat the negative externalities of the crop
performance.
2. Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project should
continuously monitor the tissue cultured banana growers and the field technicians should
fully teach the farmers regarding the cultural practices of growing bananas.
3. Banana growers should be aware of attending seminar and meetings of Bayabas
Banana Growers Association regarding tissue cultured banana production and updates
about the technology to enhance their knowledge managing their farm.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
32
LITERATURE CITED
AHMED, R. 2006. Tissue Cultured Banana changes lots of Poor. The News Today.
Retrieved September 21, 2007 from http//www.newstoday_bd.com.
ANACIOCO, R. 2007. Banana Industry of Sablan. Interview Schedule.September 1,
2007.
ANONYMOUS. Micropropagation. Retrieved March 24, 2008 from Dictionary. com
website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Micropropagatio
CADALIG, J. 2006. Ifugao Fortifiescoffee, banana production. Sunstar. Retrieved
September 23, 2007 .Sunstar from http//www.sunstar.com
CALIGING, N. 2007. History of Sablan Municipal Planning and Development Office
of Sablan.
CARR, N . 2008. Plant Breeding. Encylopedia Britanica. Retrieved March 24, 2008
from http://www.britannica.com
CRUCIDO, S.S, et al., 2007. Rehabilitation of Banana Industry in Cavite. Retrieved
from
http//www.pssn.bahaykubo.net.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEPARTMENT. 2001. Tissue Culture raises banana yields
and incomes in Kenya. Retrieved September 23, 2007 from http//www.foa.org.
LIGAT, B. 2007.Tissue Cultured Banana in Bayabas Sabaln. Interview Schedule.
September 10, 2007
ISAA. 2006. Yes we will have bananas. Retrieved from http//www. http://www.isaaa.org
MCKEAN, E. 2005. The New Oxford American Dictionary, Oxford University Press,
Inc., New York, Pp. 245, 1103, 1769
PHILLIPS, T. Your Guide to Biotech/Biomedical. Retrieved October 15, 2007 from
http://biotech.about.com
RAZDAN, M.K. 1996. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Science Publisher, Inc.
Enfield; New Hampshire, U.S.A.Pp.1, 4, 5
SANKULA, S. 2006. Quantification of the impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-
Derived Crops planted in 2005.September 23, 2007
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in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
33
SWANSON, T. 2002. Biotechnology, Agriculture and the Developing World, Edward
Edgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK. P. 22
TEAM OF EXPERTS. 2000. Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Botany. Anmol
Publications PVT. LTD. New Delhi; India. Pp. 217 and 342
THOMAS, M. 2007. Tissue-Culture in banana plants is getting popular. Retrieved
September 23, 2007 from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com.
WAMBUGU, F. 2001. Modifying Africa: How biotechnology can benefit the poor and
hungry, a Case Study from Kenya Nairobi. Retrieved September 23, 2007 from
http//www.foa.org.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
34
APPENDIX
Survey Questionnaire
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers in Bayabas
Sablan, Benguet
Crop: _____Tissue cultured banana _____Traditional banana
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
A. General Information
A.1 Name: __________________ Sex: ______ Age: ____ Education:
_____________
B. Household Information
B.1 Please describe the following information about your household
Particulars Male Female
No. of household members
No. of Full time Agricultural labor
B.2 Please indicate the source of your household income
Income Source
Total Earnings per year
Agriculture (including Livestock
Non-Agriculture
C. Farm Characteristics
C.1 Please provide the following details about your landholding (area in square
meter)
Land category
Irrigated
Rain fed
Ownership
Total
Lowland
Upland
C.2 Details about land utilization and crop production in the last cropping year
Crops Area
Duration
Production
Quantity
Sales
(month-month)
(No. of
Sold
Fingers)
D. Crop Cultivation situation (on selected crop) and Technology adoption
D.1 Please score the factors that influence you to adopt tissue cultured
banana?
1- Lowest
10- Highest
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
35
Factors Score
(1-10)
Influence of CHARM
Influence of a Technician
Influence of Neighbor
Others
D.2 When did you start growing tissue cultured banana?
Year Variety Source
Lakatan
Cantong
Tumok
D.3 Input used and cost
Inputs Amount
used Cost
Sucker or planting material
Chemical fertilizer
Pesticide
others
D.4 What method of watering do you use in farming?
____ Rain fed
____ Underground water
E. Market, positive impact of using tissue cultured banana and influencing factor
E.1 How much price do you get for your crop per finger?
Variety
T.C Lakatan
T.C Cantong T.C Latundan T.C Tomok
Minimum (P/Finger)
Maximum
(P/Finger)
Average (P/Finger)
E.2 Do you get price information about the crop in the area before and after planting and
harvesting?
Yes/No From
whom
Before planting
Before harvesting
E.3 Please check your level of satisfaction with the current price of the crop and cost of
improved sucker?
Level of Satisfaction
Crop Price
Sucker Cost
Highly satisfied (5)
Satisfied (4)
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
36
Neutral (3)
Dissatisfied (2)
Highly dissatisfied (1)
F. Yield difference and changes due to variety adoption
A.
INCOME
F.1 How much yield (Fingers/sq.m) do you get from tissue cultured plant?
Variety Yield
Lakatan
Cantong
Tumok
Others
F.2 Please rate your income from growing the crop before and after using the improved
sucker?
1- Lowest
10- Highest
Income Score
(1-10)
Before using improved sucker
After using improved sucker
F.3 What major changes occurred as a result of variety adoption?
Changes Score
(1-10)
Paid debts
Increased household income
Decreased in household income
No change
others
B. EMPLOYEMENT
G.1 Olease provide the following details on labor and inputs use during last season
Activities
Own Labor
Hired Labor
Wage rate
Total cost
Male
Female
Male
Female
Cleaning
Planting
Harvesting
H. Negative impact of adopting the technology
H.1 Please score the negative impact of adopting the technology
Negative impact
Score (1-10)
Mortality
Labor cost
Price of sucker
Late procurement of planting material
Used for one cropping only
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
37
Others
H.2 Please score the positive impact of adopting the technology
Positive impact
Score (1-10)
High salability
Productive
Others
I. Production over the years in the use of tissue culture banana
I.1 Please indicate the yield throughout the year
Year
Yield 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(finge
rs
ThANk You Very much!!!
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
PACIS, JENNY D. APRIL 2008. Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies
on Livelihood of Growers in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet. Benguet State University La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Thesis Adviser: Jo Ann L. Guillao, BA Social Science
ABSTRACT
This study primarily aimed to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology on livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan. Specifically, the study aimed to
determine: 1) the profile of farmers planting tissue cultured banana; 2) the factors that
influence the farmers to adopt the technology and 3) the positive impact and negative
impact on livelihood of banana growers adopting the technology. The data were gathered
by means of survey questionnaires which were supplemented by personal interview of the
respondents. Descriptive statistics was employed for the analysis of the data.
Results revealed that tissue cultured banana growers were mostly of the middle
aged group and were male. Majority of the tissue cultured banana growers have formal
education and most of them owned an upland area cultivated for bananas of about 910
square meters and below.
The respondents were mostly influenced by CHARM and technician who have
introduced the technology.
The major problems identified by the respondents in the adoption of the
technology were: high mortality, one time used of tissue cultured banana suckers and
high acidity of the soil.
With regard to the positive impact of the technology adoption, 40% of the
respondents rated that there was a significant increase in their income after the adoption
of the said technology. Some have been able to pay their debts and most of them claimed
to help in the employment of other people. Meanwhile, the negative impact of adopting
the technology were high mortality, one time used of banana suckers, high price of
suckers and late procurement of planting material.
Result of this study further revealed that tissue cultured banana growers should
follow cultural practices of growing bananas especially the management of aphids and
immediate eradication of plant infected with BBTV to attain considerable yield of
banana.
Cost and return analysis for the 15 respondents were categorized into two groups:
banana growers with an area of 910 square meters and below and those banana growers
with an area of more than 911 square meters cultivated for banana. The result showed
that both groups gained positive income amounting to Php 8,964.56 and Php 19,142.83
respectively.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………………...... 3
Objective of the Study…………………………………………………..... 3
Importance of the Study…………………………………………………... 4
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………………………….. 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Banana Industry of Sablan………………………………………….... 5
Tissue Cultured Banana Technology……………………………………... 6
Impact of Tissue Culture on Livelihood………………………………....... 7
Impact of New Technologies on Livelihood……………………………… 10
Operational Definition of Terms…………………………………………. 12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of Study…………………………………………….... 13
Respondent of the Study……………………………………………….. 13
Data Collection………………………………………………………… 13
Data Analysis………………………………………………………….. 13
iii
RESULT AND DISCCUSION
Demographic Profile of the Respondents……………………………… 14
Factors influencing Adoption of the Technology……………………… 23
Positive Impact of Technology Adoption on
Farmer’s Livelihood on Income……………………………………….. 25
Provided Employment………………………………………………..... 27
Negative Impact of Using Tissue Cultured
Banana Technology…………………………………………………..... 28
Level of Satisfaction with the Current Price
of Banana per Finger and Cost of
Improved Sucker………………………………………………………. 29
Major Changes Occurred as a Result of
Technology Adoption…………………………………………………. 30
Problems Encountered………………………………………………… 30
Cost and Analysis According to Area Planted………………………… 31
Trend in Adopting Tissue Cultured Banana in
Terms of Yield………………………………………………………… 32
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary…………………………………………………………….. 33
Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 34
Recommendations…………………………………………………… 35
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………… 36
APPENDIX
A. Survey Questionnaire……………………………………………... 38
iv
1
INRODUCTION
Rationale
Sablan is one of the smallest towns in Benguet. Its terrain is mountainous. Creeks
and mountains separate barangays as well as sitios. The municipality of Sablan is located
at the South Eastern part of the province of Benguet. Kapangan, Burgos, La Union bound
it on the north, on the south by Tuba, on the eastern part by Tublay, and La Trinidad, and
on the west by municipality of Aringay, La Union.
The estimated land area is 91.60 square kilometers (kms.) or 9,160 hectares (has.)
this constitutes 5.45% of the land area of the province of Benguet. It has eight (8)
barangays. The barangays of the municipality of Sablan are the following: Balluay,
Banangan, Banengbeng, Bagong, Bayabas, Palali, Pappa and Poblacion.
The climate of Sablan is comparable to climate of Benguet classified under two
(2) pronounced seasons. Wet seasons are from May to November while the dry season is
from December to April.
The municipality of Sablan is traversed by the Baguio-Naguilian road and is the
first town towards the City of Baguio and the province of Benguetor rather the “gateway
“to the city and the province of Benguet which is almost twenty-one (21) kilometers.
Sablan is basically an agricultural town. Mountain soils are generally fertile and
temperate climate is making it ideal for farming activities. Due to temperate climate, the
place is suitable for all kinds of crops like cassava, ginger, gabi, camote, ube, and other
orchard crops like coffee, citrus, avocado, santol, mango, banana, and some other fruits.
Banana is one of the many crops that are commonly grown in barangay of Sablan
especially in Bayabas. Majority of the farmers living in barangay Bayabas usually plant
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banana not just for family consumption but also as a source of livelihood (Caliging,
2007).
The banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is the most dreaded disease of banana
because it can wipe out plantations that are neglected with pest management practices.
In the early 1970’s the bananas in the municipality of Sablan and Tuba, Benguet
were infected with BBTV disease which wipe out the banana plantations, causing
shortage of supply and brings huge economic losses to farmers.
The Sablan officials and banana growers were alarmed by the BBTV so they
looked for ways to combat these diseases. According to Ramon Anacioco, the municipal
agriculturist officer of Sablan, the local government introduced a new technology to solve
the problem and eventually revive the industry of Sablan. The tissue cultured banana
gives the farmer a promising result that leads to the increase of tissue cultured banana
users. Nowadays, the growers of Sablan are using the new technology to overcome the
losses of farmers that can be brought by BBTV.
Even though the new technology is giving them a good performance, there is still
a need to study the productivity, cost and return of production, and the management of
tissue cultured banana to guide, help and inform individual, groups, researchers,
entrepreneurs and farmers about tissue culture.
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Statement of the Problem
The study was conducted to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology in livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet.
Specifically, this research sought to answer the following:
1. What is the profile of farmers planting tissue-cultured banana?
2. What are the factors influencing the farmer to adopt the tissue-cultured
technology?
3. What are the positive impacts of the technology on farmers livelihood specifically
in terms of its contribution to provide
a) Income
b) Employment
4. What is the negative impact of adopting the technology on farmer’s livelihood
specifically in terms of labor?
5. What is the trend in the output or yield produced by banana growers upon
adoption of the technology?
Objective of the Study
The study aimed to determine the impact of tissue cultured banana technology on
livelihood of growers in Bayabas Sablan.
Specifically this study aimed;
1. To know the profile of farmers planting tissue-cultured banana.
2. To briefly discus the factors that influence the farmers to adopt the technology.
3. To find out the positive impacts of using the technology on farmers livelihood.
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4. To find out the negative impact of using the technology on farmers livelihood.
5. To document the trend in yield produced by farmers when technology was
adopted.
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to present the problems encountered by the tissue
cultured banana growers of Bayabas Sablan, Benguet. It also highlights the positive and
negative impact of adopting the new technology on farmer’s livelihood in Bayabas
Sablan.
The findings and result of this study will provide information on banana growers
in their decision making on what to be done to improve banana production.
Furthermore, this assessment will help in understanding the problems of banana
producers and may come up with recommendations that will ease the problems of
producers. This study could also serve as a reference material for future researches and
other related to the topics.
Scope and Delimitation
The study focused only on the discussion of the impact of tissue cultured banana
technology on livelihood specifically on lakatan variety.
The study was conducted at Bayabas Sablan, Benguet from November- January
2008. This was done through research from internet, library with encyclopedia, books,
and dictionaries as references. Furthermore, a one on one interview with the respondents
was done.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Banana Industry of Sablan
Sablan is a well-known banana-producing municipality in Benguet. It produces
three main varieties which are cavendish, lakatan, and dinurado.
Ramon Anacioco (2007) stated that in the early 1960’s up to middle 1970’s,
banana is the number one source of income of farmers in Sablan. Lakatan variety is
mostly produced during this time because of its high value. The said variety is highly in
demand in the market especially in US bases here in the Philippines. Sablan also exports
bananas to Japan to boost the income of banana growers. However, during the early
1970’s, banana in the municipality of Sablan and Tuba were infected by banana bunchy
top virus (BBTV). In the 1980’s, the bananas of Sablan was totally wiped out, but due to
high the demand of banana, the municipality wants to revive its banana industry. During
1990’s, Sablan asked the assistance of the National Government for the rehabilitation. As
a response, the national government gives financial assistance, procurement of banana
tissue culture, conducts training and seminars to farmers, and monitors and evaluate how
was the project is doing.
With the help and assistance of the National Government, the banana industry of
Sablan was continuously recovering from its losses. According to Professor Bony Ligat,
the new technology adopted by the farmers in Bayabas gives them a good result that their
income boosted and some even became rich.
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Tissue-Cultured Banana Technology
Henri-Louis Duhamel du Munceau’s pioneered experiments in 1756 on wound
healing of plants demonstrated spontaneous callus formation on the decorticated region
of elm plants. His studies, according to noted biologist Gautheret could be considered a
“foreword for the discovery of plant tissue culture” (Razdan, 1996).
According to Razdan, knowledge of tissue culture has contributed greatly to our
understanding of the factors responsible for growth, metabolism, differentiation, and
morphogenesis of plant cells. Plant–tissue is presently of great interest to molecular
biologist, plant breeders, and industrialist. Tissue culture methods have been employed as
an important aid to conventional methods of plant improvement.
For tissue-culture, the hearts or shoots of banana plants are cleaned and placed on
Petri dishes where cells continue to divide and grow, forming a callus. Tissue-cultured
calli are divided several times (sub-cultured) to produce up to 2000 plantlets from one
mother plant. Before being transplanted to a nursery, the tissue-cultured material grows
shoot and roots on special nutritive media. Then the tissue- cultured plants are
acclimatized in a shaded nursery before being transplanted in farming fields (ISAA,
2006).
Tissue-cultured plantlets have four advantages over traditionally propagated
planting material. First, they are clean: the sterile conditions under which tissue-culture is
carried out eliminate fungal diseases, nematodes, and bacteria. Second, the trees were far
more productive, reaching maturity earlier and bearing fruit bunches up to 50% heavier
than traditionally raised trees. Elsewhere, tissue-cultured plants typically produce 50 tons
of fruit per hectare per year under favorable climate conditions. Third, the trees are more
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uniform and will all reach maturity at the same time. Finally, each tree produces up to
1,015 suckers per year which is more than the number of traditionally propagated trees.
This offered a rapid means of multiplying and disseminating better planting material
(ISAA, 2006).
Furthermore, a result of study conducted in Cavite showed that the introduced
varieties of banana exhibited better field performance compared to the local varieties in
all sites planted. Likewise, all tested varieties of banana grew best in hilly area and it
showed more tolerance to BBTV though they did not replace the local varieties in terms
of consumer preferences for fresh bananas (Crucido, et al., 2007).
Impact of Tissue Culture on Livelihood
A good number of poor marginal farmers including housewives have already
changed their job by cultivating tissue cultured banana as economic value of the crop has
benefited them than the other crops.
In one of the studies accounted in Dhaka, Rina Parveen, a housewife of Dodapara
village under Thakurgaon, Jagannathpur union of Sadar Upazila in the district has
achieved success by cultivating tissue cultured banana. She raised a banana garden by
planting 448 seedlings of Mecher variety, produced by tissue culture on 25 decimals. She
got 115 to 118 bananas from each of the plants and the average length of the banana was
nine inches without using any kind of steroid fertilizers. She earned Taka 53,760 by
selling the banana while spent Taka 28,000 as production cost. Rina is very happy with
the tissue cultured seedlings and said these are much productive than the seedlings
produced in traditional way (Ahmed, 2006).
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Tissue culturing of banana plants, a biotechnology initiative increase the yield by
five times of the traditional farming is becoming popular among banana growers in
Oman, middle East, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Africa. Recently, agro-technology major
Jains Irrigation System exported the first consignment of its grand-Nain variety of tissue
cultured banana plants in Oman. It plans to further export around 66,000 plants by the
end of this year. But since the market potential for banana is very high in the Middle
East, the demand is met through exports from the Philippines, India, and South American
countries (Thomas, 2007).
In the highland of Kenya, almost every farm household has a small banana
orchard. Bananas are important both for food and for cash, providing the women who
grow and market them with a small but much needed source of income to pay for
household necessities. Because of the decline of coffee, many families are becoming
more dependent on bananas for their livelihood. At the same time, however, banana
yields are declining mainly because of the build up of pest and diseases. This problem
was addressed by dynamic partnership of the county’s public sector biotechnology
researchers, private sector biotechnology industry and innovative farmers. The central
technical ingredient of the project is tissue culture or micro propagation. The planting
materials where distributed to the farmers and a formal training on the management of the
introduced technology was also conducted. For the farmers who were successful with the
use of the new technology, the payoff has been considerable. The heavier and more
predictable fruiting of the tissue cultured bananas have made the fruiting easier to market
commercially. Furthermore, the demand for tissue cultured plantlets of banana and other
crops has provided new jobs in the growing biotechnology sector, while the increased
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production of banana should in due course stimulate the development of processing
industries. If this will be achieved, an innovation in planting material technology will
have catalyzed the transformation of a neglected subsistence crop into a new source of
prosperity (Economic and Social Department, 2001).
Meanwhile, Esther Gachugu who was a project beneficiary of International
Service for the Acquisition of Agro biotechnology Applications (ISAAA) demonstrated
similar experience. She was one of the demonstration farmers and an early adaptor of
tissue cultured technology in Nairobi, Kenya. Her family’s modest banana plot was
transformed into profitable enterprise, yielding the equivalent of up to US $300 from a
single day’s sale of fruit in Nairobi. Among her investment is a new kitchen, which
allows her to feed her family in comfort (Wambugu, 2001).
In Lagawe Ifugao, the Provincial government has stepped up its program and
efforts to assist farmers and enhance their capability for coffee and banana production as
an additional industry and source of livelihood. The project on banana production has
been showing a steady growth recovering after the propagation of the banana tissue
cultured seedlings which are resistant to the banana disease called “bunchy top” that wipe
out the banana industry of Ifugao since the early 1990’s. As a result of the project study,
the banana producers are claiming that they are deriving a remarkable income from this
industry since the introduction of the banana tissue cultured suckers. A nursery for the
production of seedlings is now established in Nayon, Lamut to cater the needs of the
banana growers (Cadalig, 2006).
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Impact of New Technologies on Livelihood
Biotechnologies are pursued for private sectors, and the situation of the
appropriability problem in plant breeding is an important potential source of increased
profitability (Swanson, 2002).
A researched conducted by Sankula (2006) on six biotech crops (corn, cotton,
canola, papaya, squash, and soybean) shows that American has made decisions to choose
biotechnology-derived crops for the last 10 years because they realized significant and
positive benefits from planting these crops. Biotechnology provided best hope to growers
by providing enhanced pest protection thereby improving yields with the use of minimal
inputs. American grower’s confidence in biotechnology-derived crops is due to positive
impacts provided by these crops in terms of enhanced crop yields, improved insurance
against pest problems, reduced pest management costs, lowered pesticide use, and overall
increased in grower returns.
Another research from ISAA’s study on Bt maize resulted that Bt maize could
meet the subsistence requirement of a family of five (in the Philippines), in which a
conventional grower of banana could not do. Bt maize hybrids consistently performed
better than their corresponding conventional maize hybrids, in terms of yield, production
cost, profitability and capacity to meet subsistence needs of families. Although biotech
seed corn cost about 80 percent more than the conventional hybrid seed, Randy Hautea,
director of the ISAA office in the Philippines, said the net income of farmers who planted
Bt corn increased about 34%, on average. Bt corn enhanced with a naturally occurring
soil protein that protects plants from insect pests such as corn borer-significantly boost
farmers income. Moreover, according to the secretary of agriculture, Bt corn is now
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planted on about 49,000 acres of land in the Philippines. The government approved the
commercial planting of the crop as a way “to help the poor of our country” (ISAA, 2002).
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Operational Definition of Terms
Tissue culture. It is the growth in artificial medium of cells derived from living
tissue.
The growth of isolated plant or animal cells or small pieces of tissue under
controlled condition in a sterile medium that is design to meet particular growth
requirements of the cell or tissue ( Mckean, 2005).
Biotechnology. The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or
biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing
processes.
It is most briefly defined as the art of utilizing living organisms and their products
for the production of food, drink, medicine or for other benefits to the human race, or
other animal species (Phillips, 2007).
Callus. It is a hard formation of tissue especially new tissue formed over a wound
(Team of experts, 2000).
Micropropagation. It is a tissue culture technique for plant propagation in which
offspring is cloned from tissue taken from a single plant (http.dictionary.reference.com).
Plant breeding. It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create
desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes ( Carr, 2008).
It is the application of genetic principles to produce plants that are more useful to
humans.
Morphogenesis. It is the origin and development of morphological characteristics
(Team of experts, 2000).
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet where most tissue cultured
banana are produced, starting November 2007 to January 2008.
Respondent of the Study
The respondent of the study were traditional banana growers of Bayabas Sablan,
Benguet who are now using the newly introduced technology. A sample of 15 banana
growers was chosen at random.
Data Collection
The researcher conducted interviews on October 2007. The interview schedule
was prepared by the researcher to collect the needed data and necessary information on
the production and marketing of tissue-cultured banana. The questionnaire used was
adopted from another study titled “Impact of Improved Vegetable Farming Technology
on Farmer’s Livelihood in the Philippines.”
Data Analysis
The collected data were consolidated, categorized, and tabulated. Descriptive
statistics such as frequency and percentage averages were used. Ranking and column
graph were also used to aid the interpretation of the data.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents according to sex, age, highest
educational attainment, number of household members, crop planted, number of fulltime
agricultural labor, sources of income, total earnings per year, farm characteristics, farm
irrigation, farm ownership, area cultivated for banana, duration of banana production,
production of banana according to area, quantity sold for banana according to area, and
sales for banana according to area.
Age. The age of the respondents ranges from 30-80 years old. Most of them
(53.33%) belonged to age bracket 30-40 years old. This was followed by the age bracket
41-50, representing 20% of the respondents. The remaining 26.66% of the respondents
belong to the age brackets 51-60 and 71-80 years old. The result shows that most of the
middle aged people adopted the new technology.
Gender. Out of 15 respondents 11 or 73.33% were male and only 4 or 26.67%
were female. Results shows that majority of the tissue cultured banana growers were
male.
Educational
attainment. The educational attainment was classified into four
classifications: elementary undergraduate, elementary graduate, high school and college.
Most of the respondents (26.67%) finished elementary. This has the same rate
with high school and college graduate. This was followed by 20% of respondents who
were elementary undergraduate. Result shows that majority of the banana growers who
adopted the technology have had formal education. However, the farmers commented
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that knowledge in banana production is more important than level of education attained
to become successful in the business.
Number of household members. Most of the respondents (53.33%) claimed to
have a range of 3 to 5 household members. This was followed by a percentage of 46.67
with a ranged of 6 to 8 household members.
Crops
planted. All of the respondents were planting tissue cultured banana and
majority were male with a percentage of 73.33 compared to the female having only
26.67% or 4. On the other hand, out of 15 respondents, only 7 or 46.67% were planting
both tissue cultured and traditional bananas. Out of the 7 respondents who were planting
both, 4 or 57.14% were male and 3 or 42.86% were female. Result shows that majority of
the male were planting tissue cultured and traditional bananas.
Number of fulltime agricultural labor. Out of 15 respondents, 53.33% claimed to
have employed one fulltime agricultural laborer. This was followed by 26.67% who
employed 2 persons. Next to this figures were the number of respondents who did not
employ labor and those that employed 3 labors.
Sourced of income. Majority of the respondents (60%) source out their income
from farming and non-agricultural activities such as planting agricultural crops, income
from driving, being a barangay official or contractors. This was followed by 40% or 6 out
of 15 respondents who claimed to source out their income from agricultural activities
only.
Total earnings per year. Out of 15 farmers, 9 mentioned that they earn income
from other sources. The amount of income earned varies with the outcome of the other
employment.
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Based on Table 1, most of the farmers (66.67%) earn Php 5, 000-Php 15, 000
income from farming. On the other hand, those farmers who have other sources of
income earn as much as Php 41,000 and above, but most of them (53.56%) claimed to
earn Php 5,000-20,000.
Farm
characteristics. The farm characteristics were divided into two land
category; upland and lowland. Majority of the respondents (66.67%) rely on rain to water
their crops compared to 33.33% who used rain and underground water to irrigate their
lands.
Farm
ownership. Out of 15 respondents, 86.67% claimed to own the land they are
tilling. Meanwhile, 13.33% claimed to own some part of the land and the rest were rented
for a price of 3,000 per year.
Area cultivated for bananas. The farmers were grouped into two; those with a land
area of 910 square meters and below cultivated to tissue cultured banana and those with
more than 911 square meters.
There were 9 farmers who belong to the former group and 5 belonging to the
latter who were interviewed.
Duration for banana production. Most of the respondents (73.33%) claimed to
have duration of below 1 year and 3 months from planting to harvesting compared to
26.67% who have duration of more than 1 year and 4 months. The respondents claimed
to start planting during rainy season on the month of June or July.
Production of banana according to area in fingers. Most of the respondents
(66.67%) having an area of 910 square meter and below claimed to harvest a range of
9,001-17,831 fingers. This was followed by a range of 170-9,000 (22.22%) and the least
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was 17,832-26,662 fingers with a rate of 11.11%. On the other hand, 66.67% of the
respondents who owned more than 911 square meters claimed to harvest a range of
8,500-29,000 fingers. Few of them (33.33%) harvest around 29,000-49,501 fingers
annually.
Quantity sold according to area in fingers. Out of 15 respondents, 9 were having
an area of 910 square meters and below and 4 or 66.67% claimed to sell 8,500-29,000
fingers for every harvest. This was followed by 2 or 33.33% selling 29,001-49,501.
While 4 or 66.67% of the respondents who own an area of more than 911 square meters
claimed to sell 8,480-18,480 fingers compared to 2 or 33.33% selling 38,483-48,483
fingers.
Sale according to area in pesos. Majority of the respondents (66.67%) having an
area of below 910 square meters claimed to earn 15,483-20,483. This was followed by
480-5,480; 5,481-10,481 and 10,482-15,482 having the same rate of 11.11%. On the
other hand, majority of the respondents (66.67%) having an area of more than 911 square
meters claimed to earn around 19,000-29,900 followed by 16.67% earning around
49,903-59,903 pesos.
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age
30-40 8 53.33
41-50 3 20
51-60 2 13.33
61-70 0 0.00
71-80 2 13.33
TOTAL 15 100
Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate 3 20
Elementary Graduate 4 26.67
High School 4 26.67
College 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Number of Household Members
3-5 8 53.33
6-8 5 46.67
TOTAL 15 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Crop Planted
Tissue Cultured Banana
Male 11 73.33
Female 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Tissue Cultured and Traditional Banana
Male 4 57.14
Female 3 42.86
TOTAL 7 100
Number of Fulltime Agricultural Labor
Male
0 2 13.33
1 8 53.33
2 4 26.67
3 1 6.67
TOTAL 15 100
Source of Income
Agriculture(including Livestock) 6 40
Agriculture and Non-agriculture 9 60
TOTAL 15 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Total Earnings per year
Agriculture
5,000-15,000 10 66.67
16,000-25,000 2 13.33
26,000-35,000 3 20
TOTAL 15 100
Non-agriculture
5,000-20,000 5 55.56
21,000-40,000 2 22.22
41,000 and above 2 22.22
TOTAL 9 100
Farm Characteristics
Land Category
Upland 10 66.67
Upland and Lowland 5 33.33
TOTAL 15 100
Farm Irrigation
Rainfed 10 66.67
Rainfed and underground water 5 33.33
TOTAL 15 100
17
Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Farm Ownership
Owned 13 86.67
Owned and Rented 2 13.33
TOTAL 15 100
Area Cultivated for banana
< 910 square meter 9 60
> 911 square meter 6 40
TOTAL 15 100
Duration for Banana Production
< 1 year and 3 mos. 11 73.33
> 1 year and 4 mos. 4 26.67
TOTAL 15 100
Production of Bananas according to area in fingers
910 square meter and above
170-9,000 2 22.22
9,001-17,831 6 66.67
17,832-26,,662 1 11.11
TOTAL 15 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
>911 square meter
8,500-29,000 4 66.67
29,001-49,501 2 33.33
TOTAL 6 100
Quantity sold for Banana according to area in fingers
<910 square meter
160-10,000 4 44.44
10,001-19,841 4 44.44
19,842-38,482
38,843-48,483 1 11.11
TOTAL 9 100
>911 square meter
8,480-18,480 4 66.67
18,481and above 2 33.33
TOTAL 6 100
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Table 1. Continued…
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Sales of bananas according to area in pesos
910 square meters and below
480-5,480 1 11.11
5,481-10,481 1 11.11
10,482-15,482 1 11.11
15,483-20,483 6 66.67
TOTAL 9 100
>911 square meter
19,000-29,900 4 66.67
29,001-39,901
39,902-49,902
49,903-59,903 1 16.67
59,904-69,904 1 16.67
TOTAL 6 100
Factors Influencing Adoption of the Technology
Matrix ranking was done with the farmers in the study area to determine the
factors influencing adoption of the technology. The farmers were asked to use ranking
from 1 to 10 with 1 for least important and 10 for most important. The resulting ranks
were consolidated to get the average total scores and the corresponding rank of each
factor as shown in Table 2.
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The most important factor influencing adoption of the technology that was
identified by the farmers was the influence of Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource
Management (CHARM). CHARM is a government institution tasked to implement the
rehabilitation of the affected area of the said virus on bananas. Influence of technician
was identified as the next factor that largely affected the farmers to adopt the technology.
Other factors like availability of sucker, “productive”, “clean” and influence of neighbor
are likewise counted to have influenced the farmers to use the new technology.
Table 2. Factors influencing adoption of tissue cultured banana
LEVEL FACTORS AVERAGE SCORE RANK
________________________________________________________________________
Variety Specific Productive 7.2 4
Clean 6.67 5
Available Sucker 7.8 3
Location Specific Influence of CHARM 9 1
Influence of Neighbor 4.67 6
Influence of Technician 8.75 2
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Positive Impact of Technology Adoption on
Farmer’s Livelihood on Income
Income. The impact of adopting the technology on farmer’s livelihood and
income was gauged by slight decreased and increased in income that the farmers reported
by using the technology. Tables 3 and 4 show the “before and after” income rating that
the farmers reported.
Both farmers indicated high income rating before adopting the technology. From
the group cultivating 910 square meters and below, 77.77% rated their income from 7 to
8. On the other hand, 83.33% of those cultivating above 911 square meter rated their
income from 6 to 8.
After adopting the technology, the first group gave a lesser rating for their income
but is still high. On the other hand, the second group claimed to have a little increase on
their rate of income. From the group cultivating 910 square meter and below, 77.78%
rated their income from 6 to 8 as against 83.33% from the other group with a rate of 7 to
9.
With regard to marketing, the farmers estimated the price of banana per finger as
2.33 pesos. The farmers reported that the bananas planted in the municipality of Sablan
have high salability since Sablan is a known producer of sweet bananas due to its
favorable climate. Some also claimed that the used of tissue cultured banana resulted to
increased productivity which has led to slight increased on the farmers income.
When farmers were asked about the change in their income before and after
adoption of the technology, 40% of them rated that indeed there was a significant
increase in their income.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
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Table 3. Description of income by farmers before adopting tissue cultured banana area
planted (score 1-10; 1 is lowest and 10 is highest)
INCOME RATING BEFORE ADOPTING
THE TECHNOLOGY
AREA CULTIVATED TO BANANA _____________________________________
4 5 6 7 8 TOTAL
910 square meters and below 0 2 0 3 4 9
0% 22.22% 0% 33.33% 44.44% 100%
>911 square meters 1 0 1 2 2 6
16.67%0% 16.67% 33.33% 33.33% 100%
TOTAL 1 2 1 5 6 15
6.67%13.33% 6.67% 33.33% 40% 100%
Table 4. Description of income after adopting tissue cultured banana according to area
planted (score 1-10; 1 is lowest and 10 is highest)
INCOME RATING BEFORE ADOPTING
THE TECHNOLOGY
AREA CULTIVATED TO BANANA _____________________________________________
4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTAL
910 square meters and below 0 2 1 5 1 0 9
0% 22.22% 11% 55.55% 11.11% 0% 100%
>911 square meters 1 0 0 2 2 1 6
16.67% 0% 0% 33.33% 33.33%16.67% 100%
TOTAL 1 2 1 7 3 1 15
6.67%13.33% 6.67% 46.67% 20% 6.67% 100%
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
23
Provided employment. Table 5 shows the impact of adopting tissue cultured
banana technology on employment.
With the adoption of the technology, the farmers claimed that a lot of people were
gainfully employed especially during cleaning activity and cleaning in preparation for
land cultivation. This phenomenon is specially pointed out by farmers having an area of
more than 911 square meter or those who are planting not below 300 suckers. The
respondents also claimed that tissue cultured banana need to be maintained well so it
would not be easily attacked by banana bunchy top virus and other pest and diseases of
bananas.
Table 5. Impact of adopting tissue culture banana on employment
OWN LABOR HIRED LABOR
PARTICULARS ____________________________________________________
No. Percentage Rank No. Percentage Rank
Cleaning
1-2 6 40 2 7 46.67 2
2-4 9 60 1 8 53.33 1
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Land Preparation
1-3 12 80 1 5 33.33 2
3-6 3 20 2 10 66.67 1
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
24
Table 5. Continued…
OWN LABOR HIRED LABOR
PARTICULARS ____________________________________________________
No. Percentage Rank No. Percentage Rank
Planting
1-2 11 73.33 1 13 86.67 1
2-4 4 26.67 2 2 13.33 2
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Harvesting
1 13 86.67 1 13 86.67 1
2 2 13.33 2 2 13.33 2
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Negative impact of using tissue cultured banana technology. Table 6 shows the
average score of some indicators relating to the negative impact of using tissue cultured
banana. High mortality rate was considered to be the number one factor that negatively
impacts the banana growers in terms of productivity. Other factors that brought negative
impact to farmers were one time used of tissue cultured banana sucker, high priced of
sucker, late procurement of planting material, low adoptability of farmers and high labor
cost.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
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Table 6. Negative impact of using tissue cultured banana technology
CHANGES AVERAGE SCORE RANK
________________________________________________________________________
High Mortality 6.07 1
Tissue cultured banana suckers
are used for one cropping 3 2
High Price of sucker 2.67 3
Late procurement of planting material 2 4
low adaptability of farmers 0.53 5
High labor cost 0.47 6
Level of Satisfaction with the Current Price of Banana
per Finger and Cost of Improved Sucker
Table 7 shows that 12 out of 15 respondents were satisfied with the current price
of banana per finger compared to 3 or 30% who were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.
On the other hand, 6 or 40% of the respondents were satisfied with the current price of
improved sucker. Meanwhile, 40% were dissatisfied of the sucker cost while 20 % were
neutral or neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
26
Table 7. Level of satisfaction of the respondents on the current price of banana per finger
and cost of improved sucker
PARTICULARS CROP PRICE RANK % SUCKER COST RANK %
Satisfied 12 1 80 6 1 40
Neutral 3 2 20 3 2 20
Dissatisfied - - - 6 1 40
TOTAL 15 100 15 100
Major Changes Occurred as a Result of
Technology Adoption
Most of the respondents claimed that there was no tremendous change in their
income when they adopted the technology but some claimed to have paid their debts and
have augmented source of their income as a result of technology adoption (Table 8).
Table 8. Major changes occurred as a result of technology adoption
CHANGES AVERAGE SCORE RANK
Paid Debts 2.73 2
Increase Household Income 2.40 3
No Change 3.33 1
Problems Encountered
The respondents reported that the major problems they experienced were the
decreasing productivity of tissue cultured banana due to the acidity of the soil and high
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
27
mortality because their plant were still attacked by banana bunchy top virus and other
pest and diseases of banana during its growing stage.
Table 9. Cost and analysis according to area planted
PARTICULARS
<910 SQUARE METERS
>911 SQUARE METERS
Sale 16,525.56
34,224
Cost of Product
Input cost
4,561
10,281.17
Sucker
2,016.67
5,666.67
Fertilizer
857.5
1,257
Pesticide
187.5
557.5
Hired Labor
3,000
2,800
Imputed cost
3,000
4,800
Family labor
3,000
4,800
Total cost
7,561
15,081.17
Net Returns
8,964.56
19,142.83
Cost and Return Analysis According to Area Planted
Cost and return analysis for the 15 respondents were categorized into two; those
having an area of 910 square meters and below and those having an area of more than
911 square meters.
Table 9 shows the distribution of cost, sales income, and returns for the 2 groups.
It shows that people having an area of more than 911 square meters have higher net
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
28
returns than those having an area of 910 square meters and below. Result shows that it is
better to apply the concept of economies of scale to gain more profit.
Trend in adopting Tissue Cultured Banana in terms of Yield
Figure 1 show that the annual yield of farmers was increasing from year 1992 to
1996 but it suddenly decreased on year 1997. In year 2003, the yield decreased due to
high mortality and acidity of soil. Another probable cause of decline may also attribute to
“mutation,” a case where tissue cultured banana bear many suckers that cannot bear fruit.
Trend of Adopting Tissue Cultured Banana
20000
18000
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ar 19
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ye
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Figure 1. Trend in adopting tissue cultured banana in terms of yield
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in the area of barangay Bayabas Sablan, Benguet with
the following objectives: 1) to know the profile of farmers planting tissue cultured
banana; 2) to briefly discuss the factors that influence the farmers to adopt the
technology; 3) to find out the positive impacts of using the technology on farmer’s
livelihood and 4) to find out the negative impact of using the technology on farmer’s
livelihood.
There were 15 respondents chosen from the said area. The ages of the respondents
ranges from 30-40 years old. Majority of them were male and mostly were educated
finishing elementary, high school and college.
Majority of the respondents owned an upland area where they use rain to water
their crops. They usually plant banana during rainy season of June or July and this last up
to 1 year and 3 months. Most of them have an area of 910 square meters and below
cultivated purposely for banana. Majority of them source their income from agriculture
and non-agricultural activities.
The factors that influenced the farmers to adopt the technology were due to the
influenced of Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project (CHARM)
and encouragement of Field Technician.
Farmers have identified some positive impacts that were experienced by farmers
upon adoption of the new technology. These include slight increase in farmer’s income
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
30
and employment for other people. As a result of slight increased on their income, the
farmers reported that they were able to pay their debt.
For marketing practices, most of the respondents were satisfied with the current
price of banana per finger which 2.25 pesos as well as the cost of improved suckers. They
claimed to sell 8,500-29,000 fingers for those who have an area of 910 square meters and
below with a sale ranges from 18,483-20,483 pesos. While 8,480-18,480 fingers for those
having an area of more than 911 square meters with a sale ranges from 19,000-29,000
pesos.
Problems encountered by banana growers that resulted to its negative impact on
farmer’s livelihood were; high mortality, tissue cultured banana suckers were used for
one cropping only and high acidity of soil which resulted to decreasing productivity of
tissue cultured banana.
Conclusions
1. Most of the respondents were male and majority of them belong to the middle
age group. Most of them also have formal education and majority of them source out
their income from farming and non-agricultural activities.
2. The field technicians and government institution (CHARM) played an
important role in farmer’s adoption of the technology. Most of the farmers in this study
indicated that the tissue cultured suckers they planted were introduced to them by
CHARM and the field technician.
3. Majority of the respondents mentioned that adoption of tissue cultured banana
brought an increase in income and provided employment for others.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
31
4. The major problems encountered by banana growers were high mortality, one
time used of banana suckers and high acidity of the soil.
5. Adopters of the technology presently experiencing deteriorating harvest have
attributed such phenomenon to declining soil fertility due to continuous cultivation,
heavy pest and disease infestation. Another probable cause of decreased on productivity
was due to mutation.
Recommendations
1. Tissue cultured banana growers should follow cultural practices of growing
bananas especially the management of aphids and immediate eradication of plant infected
with banana bunchy top virus so as to not to repeat the negative externalities of the crop
performance.
2. Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project should
continuously monitor the tissue cultured banana growers and the field technicians should
fully teach the farmers regarding the cultural practices of growing bananas.
3. Banana growers should be aware of attending seminar and meetings of Bayabas
Banana Growers Association regarding tissue cultured banana production and updates
about the technology to enhance their knowledge managing their farm.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
32
LITERATURE CITED
AHMED, R. 2006. Tissue Cultured Banana changes lots of Poor. The News Today.
Retrieved September 21, 2007 from http//www.newstoday_bd.com.
ANACIOCO, R. 2007. Banana Industry of Sablan. Interview Schedule.September 1,
2007.
ANONYMOUS. Micropropagation. Retrieved March 24, 2008 from Dictionary. com
website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Micropropagatio
CADALIG, J. 2006. Ifugao Fortifiescoffee, banana production. Sunstar. Retrieved
September 23, 2007 .Sunstar from http//www.sunstar.com
CALIGING, N. 2007. History of Sablan Municipal Planning and Development Office
of Sablan.
CARR, N . 2008. Plant Breeding. Encylopedia Britanica. Retrieved March 24, 2008
from http://www.britannica.com
CRUCIDO, S.S, et al., 2007. Rehabilitation of Banana Industry in Cavite. Retrieved
from
http//www.pssn.bahaykubo.net.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEPARTMENT. 2001. Tissue Culture raises banana yields
and incomes in Kenya. Retrieved September 23, 2007 from http//www.foa.org.
LIGAT, B. 2007.Tissue Cultured Banana in Bayabas Sabaln. Interview Schedule.
September 10, 2007
ISAA. 2006. Yes we will have bananas. Retrieved from http//www. http://www.isaaa.org
MCKEAN, E. 2005. The New Oxford American Dictionary, Oxford University Press,
Inc., New York, Pp. 245, 1103, 1769
PHILLIPS, T. Your Guide to Biotech/Biomedical. Retrieved October 15, 2007 from
http://biotech.about.com
RAZDAN, M.K. 1996. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Science Publisher, Inc.
Enfield; New Hampshire, U.S.A.Pp.1, 4, 5
SANKULA, S. 2006. Quantification of the impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-
Derived Crops planted in 2005.September 23, 2007
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
33
SWANSON, T. 2002. Biotechnology, Agriculture and the Developing World, Edward
Edgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK. P. 22
TEAM OF EXPERTS. 2000. Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Botany. Anmol
Publications PVT. LTD. New Delhi; India. Pp. 217 and 342
THOMAS, M. 2007. Tissue-Culture in banana plants is getting popular. Retrieved
September 23, 2007 from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com.
WAMBUGU, F. 2001. Modifying Africa: How biotechnology can benefit the poor and
hungry, a Case Study from Kenya Nairobi. Retrieved September 23, 2007 from
http//www.foa.org.
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
34
APPENDIX
Survey Questionnaire
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers in Bayabas
Sablan, Benguet
Crop: _____Tissue cultured banana _____Traditional banana
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
A. General Information
A.1 Name: __________________ Sex: ______ Age: ____ Education:
_____________
B. Household Information
B.1 Please describe the following information about your household
Particulars Male Female
No. of household members
No. of Full time Agricultural labor
B.2 Please indicate the source of your household income
Income Source
Total Earnings per year
Agriculture (including Livestock
Non-Agriculture
C. Farm Characteristics
C.1 Please provide the following details about your landholding (area in square
meter)
Land category
Irrigated
Rain fed
Ownership
Total
Lowland
Upland
C.2 Details about land utilization and crop production in the last cropping year
Crops Area
Duration
Production
Quantity
Sales
(month-month)
(No. of
Sold
Fingers)
D. Crop Cultivation situation (on selected crop) and Technology adoption
D.1 Please score the factors that influence you to adopt tissue cultured
banana?
1- Lowest
10- Highest
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
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35
Factors Score
(1-10)
Influence of CHARM
Influence of a Technician
Influence of Neighbor
Others
D.2 When did you start growing tissue cultured banana?
Year Variety Source
Lakatan
Cantong
Tumok
D.3 Input used and cost
Inputs Amount
used Cost
Sucker or planting material
Chemical fertilizer
Pesticide
others
D.4 What method of watering do you use in farming?
____ Rain fed
____ Underground water
E. Market, positive impact of using tissue cultured banana and influencing factor
E.1 How much price do you get for your crop per finger?
Variety
T.C Lakatan
T.C Cantong T.C Latundan T.C Tomok
Minimum (P/Finger)
Maximum
(P/Finger)
Average (P/Finger)
E.2 Do you get price information about the crop in the area before and after planting and
harvesting?
Yes/No From
whom
Before planting
Before harvesting
E.3 Please check your level of satisfaction with the current price of the crop and cost of
improved sucker?
Level of Satisfaction
Crop Price
Sucker Cost
Highly satisfied (5)
Satisfied (4)
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
36
Neutral (3)
Dissatisfied (2)
Highly dissatisfied (1)
F. Yield difference and changes due to variety adoption
A.
INCOME
F.1 How much yield (Fingers/sq.m) do you get from tissue cultured plant?
Variety Yield
Lakatan
Cantong
Tumok
Others
F.2 Please rate your income from growing the crop before and after using the improved
sucker?
1- Lowest
10- Highest
Income Score
(1-10)
Before using improved sucker
After using improved sucker
F.3 What major changes occurred as a result of variety adoption?
Changes Score
(1-10)
Paid debts
Increased household income
Decreased in household income
No change
others
B. EMPLOYEMENT
G.1 Olease provide the following details on labor and inputs use during last season
Activities
Own Labor
Hired Labor
Wage rate
Total cost
Male
Female
Male
Female
Cleaning
Planting
Harvesting
H. Negative impact of adopting the technology
H.1 Please score the negative impact of adopting the technology
Negative impact
Score (1-10)
Mortality
Labor cost
Price of sucker
Late procurement of planting material
Used for one cropping only
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
37
Others
H.2 Please score the positive impact of adopting the technology
Positive impact
Score (1-10)
High salability
Productive
Others
I. Production over the years in the use of tissue culture banana
I.1 Please indicate the yield throughout the year
Year
Yield 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(finge
rs
ThANk You Very much!!!
Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologies on Livelihood of Growers
in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet / Jenny D. Pacis. 2008
Document Outline
- Impact of Tissue Cultured Banana Technologieson Livelihood of Growers in Bayabas Sablan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Statement of the Problem
- Objective of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- The Banana Industry of Sablan
- Tissue-Cultured Banana Technology
- Impact of Tissue Culture on Livelihood
- Impact of New Technologies on Livelihood
- Operational Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Demographic Profile of the Respondents
- Factors Influencing Adoption of the Technology
- Positive Impact of Technology Adoption onFarmer�s Livelihood on Income
- Level of Satisfaction with the Current Price of Bananaper Finger and Cost of Improved Sucker
- Major Changes Occurred as a Result ofTechnology Adoption
- Problems Encountered
- Cost and Return Analysis According to Area Planted
- Trend in adopting Tissue Cultured Banana in terms of Yield
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX