BIBLIOGRAPHY PADSOYAN, AGAPITO S. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PADSOYAN, AGAPITO S. APRIL 2009. Comparative Study of Cabbage
Farming Practices in Amgaleyguey, Buguias. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: David Joseph L. Bognadon, MS.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the changes of cabbage farming practices of
farmers in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet in 1990 and 2008, It was conducted from
December 2008 to February 2009 with 40 respondents.
The finding shows that the number of farmers increased in 2008 compared with
the number of farmers in 1990. Moreover, the respondents expanded the area that they
are planting. However, the respondents used the same farm implements and fertilizers.
In 1990, the Rare Ball and Scorpio were the only cabbage varieties planted by the
respondents. However, through seminars, a new variety, the Lucky Ball was introduced
by Agricultural technicians and was planted by the respondents. Almost half of the
respondents used manual irrigation in 1990. But in 2008, all of them used rain bird as
their way of irrigation. All the farmers shifted to chemicals from organic control agent as
their means of pest and disease management practice. Also in 1990, most of the
respondents used knapsack sprayer though most of them are shifting to power sprayer in
2008. Lastly, the number of farmers who used their own trucks for transporting their
product into the market increased in 2008.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ……… ……………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Content………………………………………………………............
iii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………...
1
Rationale ………………………………………………………………..
1
Statement of the problem ……………………………………………….
3
Objective of Study ……………………………………………………...
3
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………...
3
Delimitation of the Study ……………………………………….............
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………..
5
Farmers and Farming Practice ………………………………….............
5
Crops Planted and Variety ……………………………………………...
7
Cabbage Cultivation Practices ………………………………….............
7
Production ………………………………………………………............
9
Planting …………………………………………………………............
10
Handling…………………………………………………………………
11
Post Harvest Handling ………………………………………………….
11
Farming Technology …………………………………………………......
12
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………
14
Place and Time of the Study ……………………......................................
14
ii
Research Instrument …………………………..........................................
14
Respondents of the Study ……………………………………………......
14
Data to be Gathered ……………………………………………………...
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………............
16
General Information about the Respondent ……………………………...
16
Cabbage area Planted …………………………………………………….
18
Farm implements used …………………………………………………...
19
Fertilization Practices ……………………………………………………
20
Crops Planted and Variety ……………………………………………….
20
Farms Practice Applied ………………………………………………….
21
Crop Production ………………………………………………………….
22
Irrigation Practices ……………………………………………………….
23
Farm Equipments ………………………………………………………...
23
Transportation facilities used …………………………………………….
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………….
26
Summary …………………………………………………………………
26
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….
27
Recommendation ………………………………………………………...
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………...
30
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………
33
A. Survey Questionnaire…………………………………………….......
33
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Buguias is the number one producer of vegetable in Benguet (PDCO, 1993). It is
one of the cold places in Benguet and it is where vegetable vigorously grow. Vegetable
gardening is the main source of income and livelihood among local farmers.
Vegetables grown and consumed before are considered safe since they are grown
organically. Artificial growers, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and the likes are not
used. Packaging and transportation of the farm products are simple and did not require
chemicals.
However, due to the advancement of technology, market systems, and consumers
demand, producers has to spray chemicals to preserve the products. Spraying of
chemicals is very advantageous to prevent insect and pest diseases, promote growth of
plants, to prolong shelf life when transplanting products. The physical appearance of the
vegetables is the main consideration of the buyers in the market, thus, producer has to
maintain this through the use of chemicals. On the other hand, chemicals have also
disadvantages. One for example is that Chemicals on the vegetables are ingested by the
human population which means ingesting radicals that would cause a certain disease or
several diseases.
Through the years, various technologies had been introduced to Buguias farmers
but it was visibly rampant that most farmers still practice their traditional way of farming.
The farmers continued on planting vegetable and expanded production areas by
destroying the remaining forest reserve. They produce the same crops at one cropping
period which lead to the fluctuation of prices. Vegetable production continues to be
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popular way due to the favorable climatic condition, topography and soil condition in the
area. To date, Buguias remains to be the number one of producer of vegetable in Benguet.
At present vegetable industry in the Cordillera , particularly in Benguet is in
slump because of various production problems met, such us high cost of production
inputs, poor quality, unstable prices, pest and diseases, lack of financing institutions and
lack of local buyers in the production area where the farmers have no basis of pricing
their product. But vegetable farmers continue to exert effort to maximize their
production.
The study focused on the changes in cabbage farming practices of Amgaleyguey,
one of the Barangay in the Municipality of Buguias. The Barangay has an estimated area
of 2,978 hectares, about 13.47% of the municipalities total land area. The total area
planted with crops is 1,054.2 hectare (BNRMP, 2006). Enterprising Chinese introduced
highland vegetable farming at a large scale at Sinipsip after the Second World War.
Eventually, the technology was copied by the neighboring folks and now the leading
industry of the Barangay (BNRMP, 2002).
We all know that our country had been influenced by many countries and thus
many changes had occurred in the farming practices. With this, the researcher conducted
the study to understand and compare the cabbage farming practices of 1990 and 2008.
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Statement of the Problem
The study focused on the changes in cabbage farming practices of Amgaleyguey,
the researcher specifically aim to answer the following questions: a) What are the profiles
of the farmers?, b) What are the changes of cabbage farming practices in 1990 and 2008?,
c) What are the recommendations that can improve farming practices?
Objective of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to find out the cabbage farming practices of
farmers in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet. Specifically, to: a) Determine the profile of
the farmers, b) to compare the cabbage farming practices in 1990 and 2008, c) to come up
with recommendation/suggestion to address problem encountered.
Importance of the Study
Vegetable farming is the major source of income in Amgaleyguey, Buguias,
Benguet.
The finding of this study would benefit the farmers of barangay Amgaleyguey
and farmers from other places through the recommendations the researcher may impart.
This study would enhance the knowledge and practices of the respondent in vegetable
farming. Furthermore, the recommendations in the study would propose solutions or
alternatives for more productive and successful farming.
This study would determine better ways in cabbage farming practices which can
be adapted by other farmers.
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This study would provide a record or document of the cabbage farming practices
for the barangay which will serve as a reference to future researches with related studies
or as a research subject for further studies.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses on the comparison of the changes in cabbage production in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet in the year 1990 and 2008.
The study gathered information from 40 respondents of the barangay. Likewise, a
comparison of cabbage farming activity covers the cycle of farming from land
preparation to harvesting.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Farmers and Farming Practice
Benguet, one of the major suppliers of vegetables has farming as the main sources
of income to the people. Farmers are those who cultivate lands and take care of farm
animals like chickens, pigs and cattle’s for the purposes of producing agricultural goods
in order to earn income for living. However, these farmers often claim that they are not
getting much from their production. This could be attributed to different factors such as
belief, custom, and traditional practices of farmers, their educational attainment, their
experience and knowledge on modern practices in Farming and their farm size. All these
factors affect the level of production, and income, which would in turn affect the socio-
economic status of a farmer (Dodoy, 2004).
Small farmers in the Philippines are usually poor but resourceful. They know how
to improvise things. Despite this depressing picture, small farmers manage to survive. In
their struggle for survival in the changing society, they developed a system of organizing
farm activities (Department of Agriculture, 1990).
Paing (2001) declared that majority of farmers consider themselves not productive
and vary in terms of socio-economic condition. They are dissatisfied with the farming
business but they continue to farm because they find no alternative means of livelihood.
Technology helps them in farming. There are insecticides for the pest which are
the number one problem in gardening, grab hoe instead of carabaoes to toil the soil, rain
bird to water the plants instead of manual watering of the plants. But it also has
disadvantages, example is that insecticides brought new pest and destroyed the fertility of
the soil. According to Victor Compelio, a farmer in Amgalueyguey, Buguias, Benguet, he
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prefers the traditional way of gardening because of these side effects. Though nowadays,
all crops are dependent on chemicals, pesticides and fungicides because of the occurrence
of pests and diseases. Frequency of chemical fungicide and pesticides application is a
maximum of 5-14 days per hectare depending on the months or the maturity of the plants
(BNRMP 2002).
Two farming methods being applied in Amgaleyguey are manual and mechanized
but manual is mostly used due to the terraces or terrain of the area, rocky farm and small
farm size and machineries are not affordable to the farmers. Manual labor is used during
land preparation, planting and transplanting, crop care and maintenance, harvesting,
hauling and storage. On the other hand, mechanical labor is also used during plowing and
hauling (BNRMP, 2002).
Household members provide farm labor. The “bayanihan” system persists in the
area where land preparation, planting and harvesting, where in activities are done through
cooperative efforts of the farmers. However, some farmers hire additional labor during
land preparation and harvesting activities.
Both organic and inorganic fertilizer is being applied to all crops due to
deterioration of soil fertility or the nutrient content. Organic fertilizer includes chicken
manure while inorganic fertilizers include urea, triple 14, philpose and nitrogen
phosphorus 16-20-0. Beans, garden pea, and onions have the lowest amount of fertilizer
applied.
Low level farm technology is generally applied in the area; hence, crop yields are
very low. On the average, 10-15 bags per hectare of inorganic fertilizer are applied to
leafy vegetable and, five bags are applied to legumes while 150-200 bags of organic
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fertilizer are applied to leafy vegetables and 50 bags are applied to legumes. All crops are
fertilized once using basal, side dressing and top dressing methods (BNRMP, 2002).
There are three equipments used in the Barangay: work animals, farm machinery
and vehicle. Work animals include cow and carabao. Farm machineries used are water
pump and power sprayer. Vehicles utilized are jeep and truck.
Cabbage Cultivation Practices
Cabbage is usually planted after potato, carrots, and garden peas, especially in the
Benguet and mountain province areas. All farmers in these areas practice multiple
cropping (Francisco, 1990).
Diamondback moth is the most destructive insect pest on cabbage crops. Apart
from excessive insecticides and fungicide use, several indigenous crops protection
technologies are practiced, such as the use of tobacco leaves, waka and crude oil. Weeds
are generally controlled manually.
Cabbage is harvested when heads are firm and compact. The methods of
harvesting cabbage are one time (one-over) and the more popular selective harvesting
two to four times per crop (Francisco 1990).
According to Alunes, a farmer of Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet (1990), a
Barangay Kagawad of Amgaleyguey, the poor conditions of rural roads resulted in high
transport charge by owners of vehicles and also discourages farmers to seek for the best
market outlet. It takes four to six hours, for the farmers to bring their product to their
destination and this would result to high cost of transportation. Consequently many
farmers sold their products at low price to buyers who come to their farm. The farmers
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cannot argue with price because they are thinking of the expenses when they transport
their goods to the market.
Vegetable Production Practices
GROWING
VEGETABLE
TOPOGRAPHY VARIETY
SEASON
Bush snap beans
November to
Highlands
Improved tender
January
green cheroke way.
Cabbage
Year round, but best
Highlands
Scorpio, rare ball
season is the cool
globe, ring, green
month of September
express,Marion
to February.
market and
Copenhagen.
Celery Year
round
Upland Na
Chinese cabbage
Year round
All elevation but best Reyna Elena, F1
in Highlands.
Tropicana.
Cucumber
Cut In October To
Highlands and
UPLCu1, UPCu2,
December and
Lowlands with
explorer (picking
harvesting in May to
irrigation facilities
variety).
July is best.
Source: PCARRD, 2000
Nowadays, According to Walsie (2008), A barangay council of Amgaleyguey, the
market road was developed and better for the farmers to transport their goods, it takes
only two to three hours to transport their goods to the market. This way, the farmers
lessen their expenses and they can also market fresh goods. They even have a centralized
market which is Trading Post. Therefore, the middlemen follow the market price list.
Prices of commodities are much expensive now than before and the price of
vegetables are not based on how good your product is (though a little), but depends on
the price in the market and the demand from the consumer. He added that imports from
other countries added to their competitors, but still he is thankful to farming because he
was able to send his children to school and support his family with their needs.
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Production
Vegetable production is one of the agricultural industries in the country today.
Buguias is one of the major vegetable producers in the country. Vegetable production is
the major source of income of the people of Buguias (Claudio, 2004).
Vegetable production is very competitive. The implementation of the General
Agreement on Tariff and Trades (GATT-WTO) open the doors for import and export
arrangement. In the Philippines, the production of semi-temperate vegetables such as
cabbage, potato, lettuce, carrot and others is not anymore a sole trademark of Baguio and
the Cordillera (Minde News, 2004).
In the year 2002, the total area planted with crops in Amgaleyguey is 1, 054.2
hectares. White potato and cabbage has the highest area planted with a total of 930
hectares so it has the highest production with a total of 47, 435, 000 kilograms a year.
This crop is produced whole year round because it is the suitable crop in the area and it
has a favorable climate. Corn, green onions, and pechay has the lowest area planted with
.25 hectares each and corn has the lowest production with 12,500 kilograms per year
because in the most areas, intercropping of corn is common with major crops like
potatoes, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and beans. Crop rotation is also practiced to improve
condition of the soil (BNRMP, 2002).
Farmers plant from 2-3 cropping a year. The frequency of planting depends on
water, labor availability and cropping strategy. Weather condition dictates the timing and
type of crops to be planted at a given cropping season. Rainy season that usually occur
from June to October are regarded to be suitable to leafy vegetables while, during dry
season, which commence from November to May, is best for root crops. But with
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climatic change being experienced this days coupled with fluctuating prices of farm
products, the farmers tend to experiment off-season planting depending on the
availability of planting stocks (BNRMP, 2002).
Planting
Planting processes in the Benguet province is so different from foreign farming,
like Japan. Thus, Benguet farmers use the old method of planting such that they use no
machinery for cleaning and soften the land to be planted unlike foreign farmers, wherein
they use the latest technology for farming.
Harvesting
All leafy vegetables are cut by hand; but harvesting aids may be used with some.
Mechanical harvesting systems have been developed for crisp head lettuce celery,
cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. The determination of horticultural maturity
varies with commodity, but in general, size is the principal criterion. For others, the
solidity of the head determines harvest maturity.
Stem vegetables are also hand harvested. A limited amount of asparagus has been
experimentally machine harvested. Asparagus is generally hand cut when spears are at
least 23 cm (9 inches) above the soil surface. All floral vegetables are hand harvested, but
harvest aids (conveyors) are sometimes used for broccoli. Maturity of floral vegetables is
determined by head size and development.
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Handling
Microsoft Encarta (2007) defines handling as the series of steps and processes that
the vegetable undergoes from harvesting until it is consumed fresh or transform into
process product.
Faylon (1981) stressed the problem generally and commonly perceived by both
producers and traders is low price. This result from other supply and low quality of the
commodities due to inappropriate handling. Bringing products from farm to market is
considered risky to farmers due to spoilage and transport losses, which can occur along
the ways from harvesting area.
Dinal-ong (2003) stated that due to poor transportation facilities, lack of grading,
and poor handling may cause high wastage resulting to poor quality of farm produce. The
consequence of this will lead to low farm price for the farmers but usually high price for
the consumer.
Post Harvest Handling
In vegetable farming, it is the prevailing practice where in vegetables are removed
from direct sunlight and transported to the packing shed as soon as possible. Cabbage and
leafy greens are particularly susceptible to wilting and other damage from high
temperatures. When there is a delay of more than an hour or two between harvest and
packing, a water drench or spray arrangement can help prevent dehydration and
overheating.
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Farming Technology
Perlas (1998) as cited by Lacambra (1997) stated that the adoption of new
technologies can be a major instrument for achieving economics development in the
agricultural sector.
Farm machineries can significantly make farming efficient and probably more
economical. With machines, more timely land preparation could be achieved. Major farm
chore could be less backbreaking. Unfortunately, farm mechanization does not seem to be
popular as they should (Sarian, 2006).
Vesper (1982) stated that lack of technical skill can be a major problem. De Vries
(1985) also stated that once the industry gets going, certain number of farmers fail
because they lack of general information.
Tramline technology in farming is an alternative means of hauling farmers’
produce using cables and pulleys to transport products from inaccessible farms to the
nearest road network. According to Roberto Alcudia the tramline system in his town has
been helping much in bringing farm products to the market in a faster way, especially
during times when public jeepneys cannot easily reach the far flung mountainous
Barangays.
BPRE, which is lead agency for promotion and implementation of the technology,
said that agricultural tramlines are most ideal in mountainous areas, where access by road
is not possible.
Tramlines are primarily designed “to eliminate the drudgery of manual hauling”
and to reduce transport costs that would increase farmers’ productivity and income.
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Upland farmers said that about 30 to 40 percent of the market value of their products
went to hauling alone.
The DA and the BPRE have so far introduced the tramline system to four towns
in the country. These are Buguias and Atok Benguet (Bureau of Post Harvest Research
and Extension, 1994).
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet. Amgaleyguey is
one of the 14 barangays of Buguias, located at the western part of the municipality. It is
the second barangay found coming from Baguio with a distance of 70 kilometers away.
Amgaleyguey is traversed through the Halsema Road and accessible to all types of public
utility vehicles plying the National Highway routes.
The barangay has an estimated area of 2,978 hectares, about 13.247% of the
municipality’s total land area making it the largest barangay of Buguias in terms of land
area.
The barangay shares its boundaries with barangay Poblacion and Amlimay on the
west, Gambang, Bakun on the east, barangay Lengaoan on the north and Natubleng on
the south.
This study was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009.
Research Instrument
Interview schedule was done. Using structured questionnaires, the vegetable
producers (respondents) were individually interviewed to assess cabbage farming
practices in the said place.
Respondents of the Study
The respondent of the study is forty (40) vegetable producers in Amgaleyguey,
Buguias, Benguet, and At least twenty years in farming. Forty respondents were selected
randomly from vegetable producers, from 39 years old to 75 years old.
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Data Gathered
The data gathered are the following: Profile of the farmers, Changes in cabbage
farming practices in 1990 and 2008, and Recommendation/Suggestions to address
problem encountered.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Information about the Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the personal attributes of the respondents such as age, civil status,
sex, educational attainment and years in farming.
Age. The youngest respondent is 39 years old while the oldest is seventy five
years old. Most respondent 42.5% had age ranging from 41 to 50 years old followed by
37.5%whos age range from 51 to 60 years old. 10% of the respondent ages from 61 to 70
years old, 7.5% ages ranging from 30 to 40 and 2.5% of respondent ages from 71 years
old and above.
Sex. Majority or 72.5% of the respondent are males and only 27.5% are females.
Civil
status. As regards to the civil status of the respondents, majority (77.5%) of
them are married, 15% are single and 7.5 % are widow and widower.
Educational
attainment. Results revealed that 47% of them are elementary
graduates; 40% are high school graduates; and 12.5 % are college graduates.
Number of years in farming. Among the 40 respondents, most of them (82.5%)
had been into farming for 20 to 30 years, 7.5% engaged for 31 to 40 years and 7.5%
engaged for 41 to 50 years.
Cabbage Farming Practices
Cabbage has the widest area planted in barangay Amgaleyguey with a total area
of 930 hectares so it has the highest production of 47,435,000 kilograms a year. This crop
is produced whole year round because it is suitable crops in the area and has a favorable
climate (BNRMP 2006).
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Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondent
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age (Year)
30-40
3 7.5
41-50
17
42.5
51-60
15
37.5
61-70
4 10
71
and
above
1 2.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Sex
Male
29
72.5
Female
11
27.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Civil Status
Married
31
77.5
Single
6
15
Widower
3
7.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Elementary
19
47.5
High
School
16
40
College
5 12.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
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Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
Number of Years in Farming
20-30
33
82.5
31-40
4 10
41-50
3 7.5
51-60
0
0
TOTAL 40 100
Table 2 shows that in 1990, majority (60%) of the respondents planted ¼ to ½
hectare, while 32.5% planted ¾ to 1 hectare and 7.5% planted 1 ½ hectare and more. In
2008, 42.5% planted ½ to ¼ hectare, 35% for ¾ to 1 hectare and 22.5% for 1 ½ hectare
and above.
The respondents who planted 1 ½ hectare and above increased to 15%, those with
¾ to 1 hectare increased to 2.5%, while those with ¼ to ½ hectare decreased to 17.5 %.
Through these facts, it is noticeable that the farmers are expanding their lands. In an
interview, one of the respondents mentioned that the reason for this expansion is to
increase production for additional income.
Table 2. Distribution of the respondent according to area planted
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
AREA
1990 2008
1990
2008
¼ - ½ Hectare
24
17
60
42.5
¾ -1 hectare
13
14
32.5
35
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Table 2. Continued...
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
AREA
1990 2008
1990
2008
1 ½ and above
3
9
7.5
22.5
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Farm Implements used
Table 3 shows that 100 percent of the respondent used the same tools in 1990 and
2008. The results showed that there were no changes because the farmers cannot use the
latest technology like tractors because of the nature of the farms in Amgaleyguey,
Buguias, Benguet. These farms are usually terraces or terrain and small farm size.
Fertilization practices
Table 4 shows that all the respondents (100%) used the same fertilizer in 1990
and 2008. According to the respondents, they are familiar with these fertilizers and they
know the effects thus they do not change what they are using.
Table 3. Distribution of the respondent according to farm implements
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FARM IMPLEMENTS
1990
2008 1990
2008
Grab hoe
40
40 100
100
Spade 40
40 100
100
Bolo 40
40 100
100
*Multiple Responses
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Table 4. Distribution of the respondent according to fertilizer used
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
FERTILZER
1990 2008
1990 2008
Chicken manure
40
40
100 100
14-14-14
40 40
100 100
Urea
40
40
100 100
16-20-0
40 40
100 100
*multiple Responses
Crops Planted and Variety
Table 5 presents the percentage of variety of crops planted by the respondents. In
1990, 60% planted rell ball and 40% planted Scorpio. In 2008, 47.5% planted Scorpio;
30% chose lucky ball and 22.5% for rell ball.
The respondents who planted rell ball decreased to 37.5 %, those with Scorpio
increased to 7.5 %, and lucky ball, the additional variety which was introduced in 2000 is
chose by 30% of the respondents. According to the respondents, they are choosing
Scorpio because it has higher price in the market and lucky ball, though it is more
expensive, because it is sellable in the market.
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Table 5. Distribution of respondent to crops planted and variety
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
VARIETY
1990 2008 1990
2008
Rell ball
16
9
40
22.5
Scorpio
24 19 60
47.5
Lucky ball
0
12
0
30
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Farm Practices Applied
Table 6 shows that (100%) of the respondents used manual in planting and
transplanting their plants in 1990 and 2008. None used mechanized in planting or
transplanting.
Table 6. Distribution of the respondent according to farm practices employed
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
FARM
PRACTICED
1990 2008
1990 2008
Manual 40
40
100
100
Mechanized O
0
0
0
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Crop Production Practices
The result in table 7 shows that in 1990, 55% of the respondents applied
chemicals in their crops and 45% of the respondents applied organic. In 2008, all the
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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Table 7. Distribution of the respondent according to pest and disease management
Practices
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
1990 2008
1990
2008
Chemical Applied
22
40
55
100
Organic control agent
18
0
45
0
TOTAL
40
40
100
100
farmers (100%) applied chemicals in their plants because of the occurrence of pest and
diseases being encountered by the farmers.
Irrigation Practices
Table 8 shows that in 1990, 42.5 % use manual irrigation practice while 57.5%
use rain burse. In 2008, 100% of the respondent use rain burse due to expanding farm
lands wherein it is easy and faster to use than using manual irrigation. They are also
depending to natural rain fed since 1990 to present.
Table 8. Distribution of the respondent according to irrigation practices
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
1990
2008
1990
2008
Manual
17
0 42.5
0
Rain burse
23
40
57.5
100
TOTAL
40
40 100
100
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Table 9. Distribution of the respondent according to farm equipments
FREQUENC
Y
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
1990
2008
1990
2008
Water pumps
0
8
0
20
Knapsack sprayer
35
19
87.5
47.5
Power sprayer
5
13
12.5
32.5
TOTAL
40
40
100
100
Farm Equipments
Table 9 shows that in 1990, 87.5% of the respondents use knapsack sprayer and
12.5% use power sprayer. In 2008, 47.5% use knapsack sprayer, 32.5% use power
sprayer and 20% use water pumps.
The respondents who use knapsack sprayer decreased to 40% and those who use
power sprayer increased to 20%. Those who used water pump jumped to 20% due to the
expansion of the terraces wherein water are from the base of the mountain, water pump
makes it easy for them to irrigate their farms. According to the respondents, they prefer
the power sprayer than the knapsack sprayer though they have they same function
because it is easy and covers a wide area in a short span of time.
Transportation Facilities used
Table 10 shows that in 1990, 67.5% of the respondent hires a truck to transport
their products into the market; 20% have their own truck; and 12.5 % send their product
thru Bus. In 2008, 65 % of the respondent has their own truck to transport their product
into the market; 35 % still hire a truck to transport their product.
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Table 10. Distribution of the respondent according to transportation facilities used
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
1990
2008
1990
2008
Hired
27 14
67.5 35
Own trucked
8
26
20
65
Send thru bus
5
0
12.5
0
TOTAL
40 40
100
100
The farmers with own trucks increased to 45%, those who hire decreased to
32.5% and none send their products thru bus. According to the respondents, having their
own trucks to transport their product to the market is lessening their expenses.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to compare the cabbage farming practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguais, Benguet in 1990 and 2008. This study was conducted last
December 2008 to February 2009 with 40 farmers as respondents. The data were
gathered with the use of a survey questionnaire and interview.
The result showed that majority of the respondent ages from 41 to 50 years old.
Most of them are males, married, elementary graduates, and majority of them had been
farming for 20 to 30 years.
As presented in Table 2, the farmers planting ¼ to ½ hectares decreased to 17.5%
while those planting ¾ to 1 hectare and 1 ½ and above increased by 2.5% and 15%
respectively.
The results also showed that there were no changes in the tools and fertilizers
used in cabbage production in 1990 and 2008.
In 1990, there were only two variety of cabbage being planted which are the Rell
Ball and Scorpio. While in 2008, Lucky Ball was added but Scorpio was the mostly being
planted because it has high price in the market.
The result also showed that there were no changes in farm practices applied in
1990 and 2008. They still used manual due to the terraces of the area.
In terms of crops production practice, 55% used chemical in 1990 and 45% used
organic while in 2008, all the farmers (100%) shifted to chemicals because of the
occurrence of new pests and diseases of their crops.
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In 1990, 42.5% of the respondents used manual in irrigation and 57.5% only used
rain bird while in 2008, all of the farmers used rain burse as means of irrigating their
crops. They are also still depending on natural rain fed for additional irrigation.
In 1990, 87.5 % used knapsack sprayer but it decreased to 47.5 % in 2008. 12.5 %
used power sprayer and it increased to 32.5 % in 2008. In 2008, there were 20% who
used water pumps.
In 1990, 67.5 percent of the respondent hires a truck to transport their products
into the market; 20 percent have their own truck; and 12.5 percent send their product thru
Bus. While in 2008, 65 percent of the respondent has their own truck to transport their
product into the market; 35 percent still hire a truck to transport their product.
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, the lands being planted by the farmers are getting
larger because they want to expand their production because there is an increase in the
demand of the customers and they want additional income to sustain the need of the
family. One of the reasons also is that transportation is easier and faster because of the
constructions of the farm to market roads. Moreover, Cabbage has the widest area planted
in barangay Amgaleyguey because of the favorable climate in the area.
With regards to the farm implements, the farmers used the same tools such as
grab hoe, spade, and bolo. They cannot use the latest technology like tractors because of
the nature of the farms wherein it is usually terraces in the mountain. Moreover, the
farmers can’t afford these machineries.
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Both organic and inorganic fertilizers are being applied due to the familiarity with
these brands wherein the farmers know the effect. They are using both to minimize the
deterioration of soil fertility or the nutrient content.
Most of the farmers chose the variety of Scorpio because it has the higher prices
in the market. Others are more into lucky ball, though the seeds are more expensive,
because it is sellable in the market.
Within the two farming methods applied in Amgaleyguey, manual and
mechanized, manual is mostly used because of the terraces or terrain of the area, rocky
farm and small farm size. This is also because machineries are not affordable by the
farmers.
With regards to pest and disease management practices, all the farmers shifted to
chemicals. This is because of new pest and diseases of cabbage such as downy, powdery
mildew and bacterial wilt.
In irrigation, the farmers use rain burse rather than manual irrigation because it is
easier and faster to use. They could save time and energy in irrigating their lands. Thus,
giving them time to do other farm works such as preparing other lands to plant.
In relation to equipments used, knapsack sprayer is mostly used in cabbage
production although the farmers shifting to power sprayer wherein it is usually used in
wide farm lands. It is easier and faster to use than knapsack sprayer.
Farmers with own trucks for transportation increased. They strive to buy their
own truck to lessen their expenses because one of the high expenses is the transportation
when hiring other trucks. It can also lessen the trouble of transporting products to the
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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28
market like finding a truck when everyone are harvesting. They can transport their
product whenever they want.
Recommendation
In relation to the chemicals used, it is recommended that information
dissemination regarding the advantages of organic inputs as alternatives to chemical are
intensified for health reason and ecology preservation.
The researcher recommends that the farmers should continue to expand their
production not only to support their family but to meet the demand of the consumer.
Thus, minimizing the risk for a shortage of supply.
The use of power sprayer is recommend rather than the knapsack sprayer to
reduce the hard work in spraying and the time consumed. It can also minimize the risks in
their health like having back ache and sometimes results to poor body posture.
It is recommended that the farmers should have their own trucks to lessen their
expenses in transporting their crops to the market.
Lastly, I recommend that other Researchers may continue this study by
broadening the scope and delimitation.
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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29
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. R. 1986. Vegetable Production. 3rd Edition. Revised Edition of the
Vegetable Training. Pp. 200, 209-210.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP). 2000-
2006. Demographic Characteristics and Economic Sector Profile. Amgalueyguey,
Buguias, Benguet.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP). 2002.
Demographic Characteristics and Economic Sector Profile. Amgalueyguey,
Buguias, Benguet.
BPRE. 1994. Technology. Bureau of Post Harvest Research and Extension. Buguias and
Atok, Benguet.
CLAUDIO, J. N. 2004. Pesticide Utilization by Vegetable Farmers in Buguias, Benguet.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1990.
DE VRIES, M. K. 1985. The darkness of Entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review.
DINAL-ONG, F.C. 2003. Production and Marketing Strategies of Citrus in Caloocan,
Cabbarroguis, Quirino. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 3.
DODOY, J. G. 2004. Profile of Farmers- Entrepreneurs in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAYLON, L.D. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agricultural-Economics and Development. Pp. 48-49.
LACAMBRA, R. 1997. Economics of the Rice Production in San Miguel, Tarlac. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4.
MICROSOFT ENCARTA. 2007. Vegetable Production. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from
http://www.agriculure.com/
MINDE NEWS. A Weekly News of Mindanao News and Information Cooperative
Center. Vol. 1 No. 30.
PAING, B. 2001. Agri- Talk, Philippine Panorama, Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 6,
2006.
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias /Agapito S. Padsoyan. 2009
30
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2000.
PDCO. 1993. Economic Profile. Benguet Province.
SARIAN, Z. 2006. Agri- Talk, Philippine Panorama, Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 6,
2006.
SIO-ANGAN, J. 1987. A Comparative Study of Middlemen’s Practices in marketing
Selected Highland’s Vegetable in La Trinidad, Benguet. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 9.
VESPER, K. 1982. Entrepreneurs and Public policy. New Jersey: Prentig Hall, Inc. Pp.
59.
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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31
APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
I.
General Information
1. Name:__________________________(optional)
2. Age:_________
3. Sex: ( ) male
( ) female
4. Civil Status: ( ) single
( ) married
( ) widower
( ) others__________________
5. Educational Attainment: ( ) elementary
( ) high school
( ) college
( ) others______________________
6. No. of years in farming:________________________________
II.
Changes in Cabbage Production Practices
Variables 1990 2008 Reason
of
change
1. Area Planted
( ) ¼ hectare
( ) ¼ hectare
(hectare/ sq. meter)
( ) ½ hectare
( ) ½ hectare
( ) ¾ hectare
( ) ¾ hectare
( ) 1 hectare
( ) 1 hectare
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
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32
2. Technologies/Tools ( ) grab hoe
( ) grab hoe
Used in:
( ) spade
( ) spade
a. Land Preparation
( ) bolo
( ) bolo
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
3. Fertilization
( ) chicken manure ( ) chicken manure
a. Organic
( ) triple 14
( ) triple 14
b. Inorganic
( ) Urea
( ) Urea
( ) 16-20-0
( ) 16-20-0
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
4.Crops Planted & ( ) RB
( ) RB
Variety
( ) Scorpio
( ) Scorpio
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
5.Planting/
( ) manual
( ) manual
Transplanting
( ) mechanized
( ) mechanized
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
6.Crop Care/ Plantation ( ) Dithane
( ) Dithane
Maintenance
( ) Tamaron
( ) Tamaron
a. Chemical applied
( ) Manzate 200
( ) Manzate
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
7. Irrigation
( ) manual
( ) manual
( ) rain burse
( ) sprinkle
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
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8. Farm Equipments
( ) water pumps
( ) water pumps
a. Farm Machinery
( ) knapsack ( ) knapsack
sprayer
sprayer
( ) power sprayer
( ) power sprayer
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
9. Hauling
( ) Hired
( ) Hired
( ) Own trucked
( ) Own trucked
( ) Send thru Bus
( ) Send thru Bus
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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PADSOYAN, AGAPITO S. APRIL 2009. Comparative Study of Cabbage
Farming Practices in Amgaleyguey, Buguias. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: David Joseph L. Bognadon, MS.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the changes of cabbage farming practices of
farmers in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet in 1990 and 2008, It was conducted from
December 2008 to February 2009 with 40 respondents.
The finding shows that the number of farmers increased in 2008 compared with
the number of farmers in 1990. Moreover, the respondents expanded the area that they
are planting. However, the respondents used the same farm implements and fertilizers.
In 1990, the Rare Ball and Scorpio were the only cabbage varieties planted by the
respondents. However, through seminars, a new variety, the Lucky Ball was introduced
by Agricultural technicians and was planted by the respondents. Almost half of the
respondents used manual irrigation in 1990. But in 2008, all of them used rain bird as
their way of irrigation. All the farmers shifted to chemicals from organic control agent as
their means of pest and disease management practice. Also in 1990, most of the
respondents used knapsack sprayer though most of them are shifting to power sprayer in
2008. Lastly, the number of farmers who used their own trucks for transporting their
product into the market increased in 2008.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ……… ……………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Content………………………………………………………............
iii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………...
1
Rationale ………………………………………………………………..
1
Statement of the problem ……………………………………………….
3
Objective of Study ……………………………………………………...
3
Importance of the Study ………………………………………………...
3
Delimitation of the Study ……………………………………….............
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………..
5
Farmers and Farming Practice ………………………………….............
5
Crops Planted and Variety ……………………………………………...
7
Cabbage Cultivation Practices ………………………………….............
7
Production ………………………………………………………............
9
Planting …………………………………………………………............
10
Handling…………………………………………………………………
11
Post Harvest Handling ………………………………………………….
11
Farming Technology …………………………………………………......
12
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………
14
Place and Time of the Study ……………………......................................
14
ii
Research Instrument …………………………..........................................
14
Respondents of the Study ……………………………………………......
14
Data to be Gathered ……………………………………………………...
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………............
16
General Information about the Respondent ……………………………...
16
Cabbage area Planted …………………………………………………….
18
Farm implements used …………………………………………………...
19
Fertilization Practices ……………………………………………………
20
Crops Planted and Variety ……………………………………………….
20
Farms Practice Applied ………………………………………………….
21
Crop Production ………………………………………………………….
22
Irrigation Practices ……………………………………………………….
23
Farm Equipments ………………………………………………………...
23
Transportation facilities used …………………………………………….
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………….
26
Summary …………………………………………………………………
26
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….
27
Recommendation ………………………………………………………...
29
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………...
30
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………
33
A. Survey Questionnaire…………………………………………….......
33
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Buguias is the number one producer of vegetable in Benguet (PDCO, 1993). It is
one of the cold places in Benguet and it is where vegetable vigorously grow. Vegetable
gardening is the main source of income and livelihood among local farmers.
Vegetables grown and consumed before are considered safe since they are grown
organically. Artificial growers, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and the likes are not
used. Packaging and transportation of the farm products are simple and did not require
chemicals.
However, due to the advancement of technology, market systems, and consumers
demand, producers has to spray chemicals to preserve the products. Spraying of
chemicals is very advantageous to prevent insect and pest diseases, promote growth of
plants, to prolong shelf life when transplanting products. The physical appearance of the
vegetables is the main consideration of the buyers in the market, thus, producer has to
maintain this through the use of chemicals. On the other hand, chemicals have also
disadvantages. One for example is that Chemicals on the vegetables are ingested by the
human population which means ingesting radicals that would cause a certain disease or
several diseases.
Through the years, various technologies had been introduced to Buguias farmers
but it was visibly rampant that most farmers still practice their traditional way of farming.
The farmers continued on planting vegetable and expanded production areas by
destroying the remaining forest reserve. They produce the same crops at one cropping
period which lead to the fluctuation of prices. Vegetable production continues to be
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2
popular way due to the favorable climatic condition, topography and soil condition in the
area. To date, Buguias remains to be the number one of producer of vegetable in Benguet.
At present vegetable industry in the Cordillera , particularly in Benguet is in
slump because of various production problems met, such us high cost of production
inputs, poor quality, unstable prices, pest and diseases, lack of financing institutions and
lack of local buyers in the production area where the farmers have no basis of pricing
their product. But vegetable farmers continue to exert effort to maximize their
production.
The study focused on the changes in cabbage farming practices of Amgaleyguey,
one of the Barangay in the Municipality of Buguias. The Barangay has an estimated area
of 2,978 hectares, about 13.47% of the municipalities total land area. The total area
planted with crops is 1,054.2 hectare (BNRMP, 2006). Enterprising Chinese introduced
highland vegetable farming at a large scale at Sinipsip after the Second World War.
Eventually, the technology was copied by the neighboring folks and now the leading
industry of the Barangay (BNRMP, 2002).
We all know that our country had been influenced by many countries and thus
many changes had occurred in the farming practices. With this, the researcher conducted
the study to understand and compare the cabbage farming practices of 1990 and 2008.
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Statement of the Problem
The study focused on the changes in cabbage farming practices of Amgaleyguey,
the researcher specifically aim to answer the following questions: a) What are the profiles
of the farmers?, b) What are the changes of cabbage farming practices in 1990 and 2008?,
c) What are the recommendations that can improve farming practices?
Objective of the Study
The main purpose of the study is to find out the cabbage farming practices of
farmers in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet. Specifically, to: a) Determine the profile of
the farmers, b) to compare the cabbage farming practices in 1990 and 2008, c) to come up
with recommendation/suggestion to address problem encountered.
Importance of the Study
Vegetable farming is the major source of income in Amgaleyguey, Buguias,
Benguet.
The finding of this study would benefit the farmers of barangay Amgaleyguey
and farmers from other places through the recommendations the researcher may impart.
This study would enhance the knowledge and practices of the respondent in vegetable
farming. Furthermore, the recommendations in the study would propose solutions or
alternatives for more productive and successful farming.
This study would determine better ways in cabbage farming practices which can
be adapted by other farmers.
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4
This study would provide a record or document of the cabbage farming practices
for the barangay which will serve as a reference to future researches with related studies
or as a research subject for further studies.
Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses on the comparison of the changes in cabbage production in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet in the year 1990 and 2008.
The study gathered information from 40 respondents of the barangay. Likewise, a
comparison of cabbage farming activity covers the cycle of farming from land
preparation to harvesting.
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5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Farmers and Farming Practice
Benguet, one of the major suppliers of vegetables has farming as the main sources
of income to the people. Farmers are those who cultivate lands and take care of farm
animals like chickens, pigs and cattle’s for the purposes of producing agricultural goods
in order to earn income for living. However, these farmers often claim that they are not
getting much from their production. This could be attributed to different factors such as
belief, custom, and traditional practices of farmers, their educational attainment, their
experience and knowledge on modern practices in Farming and their farm size. All these
factors affect the level of production, and income, which would in turn affect the socio-
economic status of a farmer (Dodoy, 2004).
Small farmers in the Philippines are usually poor but resourceful. They know how
to improvise things. Despite this depressing picture, small farmers manage to survive. In
their struggle for survival in the changing society, they developed a system of organizing
farm activities (Department of Agriculture, 1990).
Paing (2001) declared that majority of farmers consider themselves not productive
and vary in terms of socio-economic condition. They are dissatisfied with the farming
business but they continue to farm because they find no alternative means of livelihood.
Technology helps them in farming. There are insecticides for the pest which are
the number one problem in gardening, grab hoe instead of carabaoes to toil the soil, rain
bird to water the plants instead of manual watering of the plants. But it also has
disadvantages, example is that insecticides brought new pest and destroyed the fertility of
the soil. According to Victor Compelio, a farmer in Amgalueyguey, Buguias, Benguet, he
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6
prefers the traditional way of gardening because of these side effects. Though nowadays,
all crops are dependent on chemicals, pesticides and fungicides because of the occurrence
of pests and diseases. Frequency of chemical fungicide and pesticides application is a
maximum of 5-14 days per hectare depending on the months or the maturity of the plants
(BNRMP 2002).
Two farming methods being applied in Amgaleyguey are manual and mechanized
but manual is mostly used due to the terraces or terrain of the area, rocky farm and small
farm size and machineries are not affordable to the farmers. Manual labor is used during
land preparation, planting and transplanting, crop care and maintenance, harvesting,
hauling and storage. On the other hand, mechanical labor is also used during plowing and
hauling (BNRMP, 2002).
Household members provide farm labor. The “bayanihan” system persists in the
area where land preparation, planting and harvesting, where in activities are done through
cooperative efforts of the farmers. However, some farmers hire additional labor during
land preparation and harvesting activities.
Both organic and inorganic fertilizer is being applied to all crops due to
deterioration of soil fertility or the nutrient content. Organic fertilizer includes chicken
manure while inorganic fertilizers include urea, triple 14, philpose and nitrogen
phosphorus 16-20-0. Beans, garden pea, and onions have the lowest amount of fertilizer
applied.
Low level farm technology is generally applied in the area; hence, crop yields are
very low. On the average, 10-15 bags per hectare of inorganic fertilizer are applied to
leafy vegetable and, five bags are applied to legumes while 150-200 bags of organic
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7
fertilizer are applied to leafy vegetables and 50 bags are applied to legumes. All crops are
fertilized once using basal, side dressing and top dressing methods (BNRMP, 2002).
There are three equipments used in the Barangay: work animals, farm machinery
and vehicle. Work animals include cow and carabao. Farm machineries used are water
pump and power sprayer. Vehicles utilized are jeep and truck.
Cabbage Cultivation Practices
Cabbage is usually planted after potato, carrots, and garden peas, especially in the
Benguet and mountain province areas. All farmers in these areas practice multiple
cropping (Francisco, 1990).
Diamondback moth is the most destructive insect pest on cabbage crops. Apart
from excessive insecticides and fungicide use, several indigenous crops protection
technologies are practiced, such as the use of tobacco leaves, waka and crude oil. Weeds
are generally controlled manually.
Cabbage is harvested when heads are firm and compact. The methods of
harvesting cabbage are one time (one-over) and the more popular selective harvesting
two to four times per crop (Francisco 1990).
According to Alunes, a farmer of Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet (1990), a
Barangay Kagawad of Amgaleyguey, the poor conditions of rural roads resulted in high
transport charge by owners of vehicles and also discourages farmers to seek for the best
market outlet. It takes four to six hours, for the farmers to bring their product to their
destination and this would result to high cost of transportation. Consequently many
farmers sold their products at low price to buyers who come to their farm. The farmers
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8
cannot argue with price because they are thinking of the expenses when they transport
their goods to the market.
Vegetable Production Practices
GROWING
VEGETABLE
TOPOGRAPHY VARIETY
SEASON
Bush snap beans
November to
Highlands
Improved tender
January
green cheroke way.
Cabbage
Year round, but best
Highlands
Scorpio, rare ball
season is the cool
globe, ring, green
month of September
express,Marion
to February.
market and
Copenhagen.
Celery Year
round
Upland Na
Chinese cabbage
Year round
All elevation but best Reyna Elena, F1
in Highlands.
Tropicana.
Cucumber
Cut In October To
Highlands and
UPLCu1, UPCu2,
December and
Lowlands with
explorer (picking
harvesting in May to
irrigation facilities
variety).
July is best.
Source: PCARRD, 2000
Nowadays, According to Walsie (2008), A barangay council of Amgaleyguey, the
market road was developed and better for the farmers to transport their goods, it takes
only two to three hours to transport their goods to the market. This way, the farmers
lessen their expenses and they can also market fresh goods. They even have a centralized
market which is Trading Post. Therefore, the middlemen follow the market price list.
Prices of commodities are much expensive now than before and the price of
vegetables are not based on how good your product is (though a little), but depends on
the price in the market and the demand from the consumer. He added that imports from
other countries added to their competitors, but still he is thankful to farming because he
was able to send his children to school and support his family with their needs.
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Production
Vegetable production is one of the agricultural industries in the country today.
Buguias is one of the major vegetable producers in the country. Vegetable production is
the major source of income of the people of Buguias (Claudio, 2004).
Vegetable production is very competitive. The implementation of the General
Agreement on Tariff and Trades (GATT-WTO) open the doors for import and export
arrangement. In the Philippines, the production of semi-temperate vegetables such as
cabbage, potato, lettuce, carrot and others is not anymore a sole trademark of Baguio and
the Cordillera (Minde News, 2004).
In the year 2002, the total area planted with crops in Amgaleyguey is 1, 054.2
hectares. White potato and cabbage has the highest area planted with a total of 930
hectares so it has the highest production with a total of 47, 435, 000 kilograms a year.
This crop is produced whole year round because it is the suitable crop in the area and it
has a favorable climate. Corn, green onions, and pechay has the lowest area planted with
.25 hectares each and corn has the lowest production with 12,500 kilograms per year
because in the most areas, intercropping of corn is common with major crops like
potatoes, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and beans. Crop rotation is also practiced to improve
condition of the soil (BNRMP, 2002).
Farmers plant from 2-3 cropping a year. The frequency of planting depends on
water, labor availability and cropping strategy. Weather condition dictates the timing and
type of crops to be planted at a given cropping season. Rainy season that usually occur
from June to October are regarded to be suitable to leafy vegetables while, during dry
season, which commence from November to May, is best for root crops. But with
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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10
climatic change being experienced this days coupled with fluctuating prices of farm
products, the farmers tend to experiment off-season planting depending on the
availability of planting stocks (BNRMP, 2002).
Planting
Planting processes in the Benguet province is so different from foreign farming,
like Japan. Thus, Benguet farmers use the old method of planting such that they use no
machinery for cleaning and soften the land to be planted unlike foreign farmers, wherein
they use the latest technology for farming.
Harvesting
All leafy vegetables are cut by hand; but harvesting aids may be used with some.
Mechanical harvesting systems have been developed for crisp head lettuce celery,
cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. The determination of horticultural maturity
varies with commodity, but in general, size is the principal criterion. For others, the
solidity of the head determines harvest maturity.
Stem vegetables are also hand harvested. A limited amount of asparagus has been
experimentally machine harvested. Asparagus is generally hand cut when spears are at
least 23 cm (9 inches) above the soil surface. All floral vegetables are hand harvested, but
harvest aids (conveyors) are sometimes used for broccoli. Maturity of floral vegetables is
determined by head size and development.
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Handling
Microsoft Encarta (2007) defines handling as the series of steps and processes that
the vegetable undergoes from harvesting until it is consumed fresh or transform into
process product.
Faylon (1981) stressed the problem generally and commonly perceived by both
producers and traders is low price. This result from other supply and low quality of the
commodities due to inappropriate handling. Bringing products from farm to market is
considered risky to farmers due to spoilage and transport losses, which can occur along
the ways from harvesting area.
Dinal-ong (2003) stated that due to poor transportation facilities, lack of grading,
and poor handling may cause high wastage resulting to poor quality of farm produce. The
consequence of this will lead to low farm price for the farmers but usually high price for
the consumer.
Post Harvest Handling
In vegetable farming, it is the prevailing practice where in vegetables are removed
from direct sunlight and transported to the packing shed as soon as possible. Cabbage and
leafy greens are particularly susceptible to wilting and other damage from high
temperatures. When there is a delay of more than an hour or two between harvest and
packing, a water drench or spray arrangement can help prevent dehydration and
overheating.
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Farming Technology
Perlas (1998) as cited by Lacambra (1997) stated that the adoption of new
technologies can be a major instrument for achieving economics development in the
agricultural sector.
Farm machineries can significantly make farming efficient and probably more
economical. With machines, more timely land preparation could be achieved. Major farm
chore could be less backbreaking. Unfortunately, farm mechanization does not seem to be
popular as they should (Sarian, 2006).
Vesper (1982) stated that lack of technical skill can be a major problem. De Vries
(1985) also stated that once the industry gets going, certain number of farmers fail
because they lack of general information.
Tramline technology in farming is an alternative means of hauling farmers’
produce using cables and pulleys to transport products from inaccessible farms to the
nearest road network. According to Roberto Alcudia the tramline system in his town has
been helping much in bringing farm products to the market in a faster way, especially
during times when public jeepneys cannot easily reach the far flung mountainous
Barangays.
BPRE, which is lead agency for promotion and implementation of the technology,
said that agricultural tramlines are most ideal in mountainous areas, where access by road
is not possible.
Tramlines are primarily designed “to eliminate the drudgery of manual hauling”
and to reduce transport costs that would increase farmers’ productivity and income.
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Upland farmers said that about 30 to 40 percent of the market value of their products
went to hauling alone.
The DA and the BPRE have so far introduced the tramline system to four towns
in the country. These are Buguias and Atok Benguet (Bureau of Post Harvest Research
and Extension, 1994).
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Amgaleyguey, Buguias, Benguet. Amgaleyguey is
one of the 14 barangays of Buguias, located at the western part of the municipality. It is
the second barangay found coming from Baguio with a distance of 70 kilometers away.
Amgaleyguey is traversed through the Halsema Road and accessible to all types of public
utility vehicles plying the National Highway routes.
The barangay has an estimated area of 2,978 hectares, about 13.247% of the
municipality’s total land area making it the largest barangay of Buguias in terms of land
area.
The barangay shares its boundaries with barangay Poblacion and Amlimay on the
west, Gambang, Bakun on the east, barangay Lengaoan on the north and Natubleng on
the south.
This study was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009.
Research Instrument
Interview schedule was done. Using structured questionnaires, the vegetable
producers (respondents) were individually interviewed to assess cabbage farming
practices in the said place.
Respondents of the Study
The respondent of the study is forty (40) vegetable producers in Amgaleyguey,
Buguias, Benguet, and At least twenty years in farming. Forty respondents were selected
randomly from vegetable producers, from 39 years old to 75 years old.
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Data Gathered
The data gathered are the following: Profile of the farmers, Changes in cabbage
farming practices in 1990 and 2008, and Recommendation/Suggestions to address
problem encountered.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Information about the Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows the personal attributes of the respondents such as age, civil status,
sex, educational attainment and years in farming.
Age. The youngest respondent is 39 years old while the oldest is seventy five
years old. Most respondent 42.5% had age ranging from 41 to 50 years old followed by
37.5%whos age range from 51 to 60 years old. 10% of the respondent ages from 61 to 70
years old, 7.5% ages ranging from 30 to 40 and 2.5% of respondent ages from 71 years
old and above.
Sex. Majority or 72.5% of the respondent are males and only 27.5% are females.
Civil
status. As regards to the civil status of the respondents, majority (77.5%) of
them are married, 15% are single and 7.5 % are widow and widower.
Educational
attainment. Results revealed that 47% of them are elementary
graduates; 40% are high school graduates; and 12.5 % are college graduates.
Number of years in farming. Among the 40 respondents, most of them (82.5%)
had been into farming for 20 to 30 years, 7.5% engaged for 31 to 40 years and 7.5%
engaged for 41 to 50 years.
Cabbage Farming Practices
Cabbage has the widest area planted in barangay Amgaleyguey with a total area
of 930 hectares so it has the highest production of 47,435,000 kilograms a year. This crop
is produced whole year round because it is suitable crops in the area and has a favorable
climate (BNRMP 2006).
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Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondent
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Age (Year)
30-40
3 7.5
41-50
17
42.5
51-60
15
37.5
61-70
4 10
71
and
above
1 2.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Sex
Male
29
72.5
Female
11
27.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Civil Status
Married
31
77.5
Single
6
15
Widower
3
7.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
________________________________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Elementary
19
47.5
High
School
16
40
College
5 12.5
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
40
100
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Table 1. Continued…
PARTICULAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
________________________________________________________________________
Number of Years in Farming
20-30
33
82.5
31-40
4 10
41-50
3 7.5
51-60
0
0
TOTAL 40 100
Table 2 shows that in 1990, majority (60%) of the respondents planted ¼ to ½
hectare, while 32.5% planted ¾ to 1 hectare and 7.5% planted 1 ½ hectare and more. In
2008, 42.5% planted ½ to ¼ hectare, 35% for ¾ to 1 hectare and 22.5% for 1 ½ hectare
and above.
The respondents who planted 1 ½ hectare and above increased to 15%, those with
¾ to 1 hectare increased to 2.5%, while those with ¼ to ½ hectare decreased to 17.5 %.
Through these facts, it is noticeable that the farmers are expanding their lands. In an
interview, one of the respondents mentioned that the reason for this expansion is to
increase production for additional income.
Table 2. Distribution of the respondent according to area planted
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
AREA
1990 2008
1990
2008
¼ - ½ Hectare
24
17
60
42.5
¾ -1 hectare
13
14
32.5
35
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Table 2. Continued...
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
AREA
1990 2008
1990
2008
1 ½ and above
3
9
7.5
22.5
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Farm Implements used
Table 3 shows that 100 percent of the respondent used the same tools in 1990 and
2008. The results showed that there were no changes because the farmers cannot use the
latest technology like tractors because of the nature of the farms in Amgaleyguey,
Buguias, Benguet. These farms are usually terraces or terrain and small farm size.
Fertilization practices
Table 4 shows that all the respondents (100%) used the same fertilizer in 1990
and 2008. According to the respondents, they are familiar with these fertilizers and they
know the effects thus they do not change what they are using.
Table 3. Distribution of the respondent according to farm implements
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
FARM IMPLEMENTS
1990
2008 1990
2008
Grab hoe
40
40 100
100
Spade 40
40 100
100
Bolo 40
40 100
100
*Multiple Responses
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Table 4. Distribution of the respondent according to fertilizer used
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
FERTILZER
1990 2008
1990 2008
Chicken manure
40
40
100 100
14-14-14
40 40
100 100
Urea
40
40
100 100
16-20-0
40 40
100 100
*multiple Responses
Crops Planted and Variety
Table 5 presents the percentage of variety of crops planted by the respondents. In
1990, 60% planted rell ball and 40% planted Scorpio. In 2008, 47.5% planted Scorpio;
30% chose lucky ball and 22.5% for rell ball.
The respondents who planted rell ball decreased to 37.5 %, those with Scorpio
increased to 7.5 %, and lucky ball, the additional variety which was introduced in 2000 is
chose by 30% of the respondents. According to the respondents, they are choosing
Scorpio because it has higher price in the market and lucky ball, though it is more
expensive, because it is sellable in the market.
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Table 5. Distribution of respondent to crops planted and variety
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
VARIETY
1990 2008 1990
2008
Rell ball
16
9
40
22.5
Scorpio
24 19 60
47.5
Lucky ball
0
12
0
30
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Farm Practices Applied
Table 6 shows that (100%) of the respondents used manual in planting and
transplanting their plants in 1990 and 2008. None used mechanized in planting or
transplanting.
Table 6. Distribution of the respondent according to farm practices employed
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
FARM
PRACTICED
1990 2008
1990 2008
Manual 40
40
100
100
Mechanized O
0
0
0
TOTAL 40
40
100
100
Crop Production Practices
The result in table 7 shows that in 1990, 55% of the respondents applied
chemicals in their crops and 45% of the respondents applied organic. In 2008, all the
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Table 7. Distribution of the respondent according to pest and disease management
Practices
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
1990 2008
1990
2008
Chemical Applied
22
40
55
100
Organic control agent
18
0
45
0
TOTAL
40
40
100
100
farmers (100%) applied chemicals in their plants because of the occurrence of pest and
diseases being encountered by the farmers.
Irrigation Practices
Table 8 shows that in 1990, 42.5 % use manual irrigation practice while 57.5%
use rain burse. In 2008, 100% of the respondent use rain burse due to expanding farm
lands wherein it is easy and faster to use than using manual irrigation. They are also
depending to natural rain fed since 1990 to present.
Table 8. Distribution of the respondent according to irrigation practices
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
1990
2008
1990
2008
Manual
17
0 42.5
0
Rain burse
23
40
57.5
100
TOTAL
40
40 100
100
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Table 9. Distribution of the respondent according to farm equipments
FREQUENC
Y
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
1990
2008
1990
2008
Water pumps
0
8
0
20
Knapsack sprayer
35
19
87.5
47.5
Power sprayer
5
13
12.5
32.5
TOTAL
40
40
100
100
Farm Equipments
Table 9 shows that in 1990, 87.5% of the respondents use knapsack sprayer and
12.5% use power sprayer. In 2008, 47.5% use knapsack sprayer, 32.5% use power
sprayer and 20% use water pumps.
The respondents who use knapsack sprayer decreased to 40% and those who use
power sprayer increased to 20%. Those who used water pump jumped to 20% due to the
expansion of the terraces wherein water are from the base of the mountain, water pump
makes it easy for them to irrigate their farms. According to the respondents, they prefer
the power sprayer than the knapsack sprayer though they have they same function
because it is easy and covers a wide area in a short span of time.
Transportation Facilities used
Table 10 shows that in 1990, 67.5% of the respondent hires a truck to transport
their products into the market; 20% have their own truck; and 12.5 % send their product
thru Bus. In 2008, 65 % of the respondent has their own truck to transport their product
into the market; 35 % still hire a truck to transport their product.
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Table 10. Distribution of the respondent according to transportation facilities used
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICE
1990
2008
1990
2008
Hired
27 14
67.5 35
Own trucked
8
26
20
65
Send thru bus
5
0
12.5
0
TOTAL
40 40
100
100
The farmers with own trucks increased to 45%, those who hire decreased to
32.5% and none send their products thru bus. According to the respondents, having their
own trucks to transport their product to the market is lessening their expenses.
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to compare the cabbage farming practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguais, Benguet in 1990 and 2008. This study was conducted last
December 2008 to February 2009 with 40 farmers as respondents. The data were
gathered with the use of a survey questionnaire and interview.
The result showed that majority of the respondent ages from 41 to 50 years old.
Most of them are males, married, elementary graduates, and majority of them had been
farming for 20 to 30 years.
As presented in Table 2, the farmers planting ¼ to ½ hectares decreased to 17.5%
while those planting ¾ to 1 hectare and 1 ½ and above increased by 2.5% and 15%
respectively.
The results also showed that there were no changes in the tools and fertilizers
used in cabbage production in 1990 and 2008.
In 1990, there were only two variety of cabbage being planted which are the Rell
Ball and Scorpio. While in 2008, Lucky Ball was added but Scorpio was the mostly being
planted because it has high price in the market.
The result also showed that there were no changes in farm practices applied in
1990 and 2008. They still used manual due to the terraces of the area.
In terms of crops production practice, 55% used chemical in 1990 and 45% used
organic while in 2008, all the farmers (100%) shifted to chemicals because of the
occurrence of new pests and diseases of their crops.
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In 1990, 42.5% of the respondents used manual in irrigation and 57.5% only used
rain bird while in 2008, all of the farmers used rain burse as means of irrigating their
crops. They are also still depending on natural rain fed for additional irrigation.
In 1990, 87.5 % used knapsack sprayer but it decreased to 47.5 % in 2008. 12.5 %
used power sprayer and it increased to 32.5 % in 2008. In 2008, there were 20% who
used water pumps.
In 1990, 67.5 percent of the respondent hires a truck to transport their products
into the market; 20 percent have their own truck; and 12.5 percent send their product thru
Bus. While in 2008, 65 percent of the respondent has their own truck to transport their
product into the market; 35 percent still hire a truck to transport their product.
Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, the lands being planted by the farmers are getting
larger because they want to expand their production because there is an increase in the
demand of the customers and they want additional income to sustain the need of the
family. One of the reasons also is that transportation is easier and faster because of the
constructions of the farm to market roads. Moreover, Cabbage has the widest area planted
in barangay Amgaleyguey because of the favorable climate in the area.
With regards to the farm implements, the farmers used the same tools such as
grab hoe, spade, and bolo. They cannot use the latest technology like tractors because of
the nature of the farms wherein it is usually terraces in the mountain. Moreover, the
farmers can’t afford these machineries.
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Both organic and inorganic fertilizers are being applied due to the familiarity with
these brands wherein the farmers know the effect. They are using both to minimize the
deterioration of soil fertility or the nutrient content.
Most of the farmers chose the variety of Scorpio because it has the higher prices
in the market. Others are more into lucky ball, though the seeds are more expensive,
because it is sellable in the market.
Within the two farming methods applied in Amgaleyguey, manual and
mechanized, manual is mostly used because of the terraces or terrain of the area, rocky
farm and small farm size. This is also because machineries are not affordable by the
farmers.
With regards to pest and disease management practices, all the farmers shifted to
chemicals. This is because of new pest and diseases of cabbage such as downy, powdery
mildew and bacterial wilt.
In irrigation, the farmers use rain burse rather than manual irrigation because it is
easier and faster to use. They could save time and energy in irrigating their lands. Thus,
giving them time to do other farm works such as preparing other lands to plant.
In relation to equipments used, knapsack sprayer is mostly used in cabbage
production although the farmers shifting to power sprayer wherein it is usually used in
wide farm lands. It is easier and faster to use than knapsack sprayer.
Farmers with own trucks for transportation increased. They strive to buy their
own truck to lessen their expenses because one of the high expenses is the transportation
when hiring other trucks. It can also lessen the trouble of transporting products to the
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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28
market like finding a truck when everyone are harvesting. They can transport their
product whenever they want.
Recommendation
In relation to the chemicals used, it is recommended that information
dissemination regarding the advantages of organic inputs as alternatives to chemical are
intensified for health reason and ecology preservation.
The researcher recommends that the farmers should continue to expand their
production not only to support their family but to meet the demand of the consumer.
Thus, minimizing the risk for a shortage of supply.
The use of power sprayer is recommend rather than the knapsack sprayer to
reduce the hard work in spraying and the time consumed. It can also minimize the risks in
their health like having back ache and sometimes results to poor body posture.
It is recommended that the farmers should have their own trucks to lessen their
expenses in transporting their crops to the market.
Lastly, I recommend that other Researchers may continue this study by
broadening the scope and delimitation.
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29
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. R. 1986. Vegetable Production. 3rd Edition. Revised Edition of the
Vegetable Training. Pp. 200, 209-210.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP). 2000-
2006. Demographic Characteristics and Economic Sector Profile. Amgalueyguey,
Buguias, Benguet.
BARANGAY NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN (BNRMP). 2002.
Demographic Characteristics and Economic Sector Profile. Amgalueyguey,
Buguias, Benguet.
BPRE. 1994. Technology. Bureau of Post Harvest Research and Extension. Buguias and
Atok, Benguet.
CLAUDIO, J. N. 2004. Pesticide Utilization by Vegetable Farmers in Buguias, Benguet.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1990.
DE VRIES, M. K. 1985. The darkness of Entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review.
DINAL-ONG, F.C. 2003. Production and Marketing Strategies of Citrus in Caloocan,
Cabbarroguis, Quirino. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 3.
DODOY, J. G. 2004. Profile of Farmers- Entrepreneurs in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
FAYLON, L.D. 1981. Marketing Practices and Problems of Vegetables in the
Philippines. Agricultural-Economics and Development. Pp. 48-49.
LACAMBRA, R. 1997. Economics of the Rice Production in San Miguel, Tarlac. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 4.
MICROSOFT ENCARTA. 2007. Vegetable Production. Retrieved March 5, 2009 from
http://www.agriculure.com/
MINDE NEWS. A Weekly News of Mindanao News and Information Cooperative
Center. Vol. 1 No. 30.
PAING, B. 2001. Agri- Talk, Philippine Panorama, Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 6,
2006.
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PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2000.
PDCO. 1993. Economic Profile. Benguet Province.
SARIAN, Z. 2006. Agri- Talk, Philippine Panorama, Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 6,
2006.
SIO-ANGAN, J. 1987. A Comparative Study of Middlemen’s Practices in marketing
Selected Highland’s Vegetable in La Trinidad, Benguet. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 9.
VESPER, K. 1982. Entrepreneurs and Public policy. New Jersey: Prentig Hall, Inc. Pp.
59.
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
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31
APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
I.
General Information
1. Name:__________________________(optional)
2. Age:_________
3. Sex: ( ) male
( ) female
4. Civil Status: ( ) single
( ) married
( ) widower
( ) others__________________
5. Educational Attainment: ( ) elementary
( ) high school
( ) college
( ) others______________________
6. No. of years in farming:________________________________
II.
Changes in Cabbage Production Practices
Variables 1990 2008 Reason
of
change
1. Area Planted
( ) ¼ hectare
( ) ¼ hectare
(hectare/ sq. meter)
( ) ½ hectare
( ) ½ hectare
( ) ¾ hectare
( ) ¾ hectare
( ) 1 hectare
( ) 1 hectare
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias /Agapito S. Padsoyan. 2009
32
2. Technologies/Tools ( ) grab hoe
( ) grab hoe
Used in:
( ) spade
( ) spade
a. Land Preparation
( ) bolo
( ) bolo
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
3. Fertilization
( ) chicken manure ( ) chicken manure
a. Organic
( ) triple 14
( ) triple 14
b. Inorganic
( ) Urea
( ) Urea
( ) 16-20-0
( ) 16-20-0
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
4.Crops Planted & ( ) RB
( ) RB
Variety
( ) Scorpio
( ) Scorpio
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
5.Planting/
( ) manual
( ) manual
Transplanting
( ) mechanized
( ) mechanized
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
6.Crop Care/ Plantation ( ) Dithane
( ) Dithane
Maintenance
( ) Tamaron
( ) Tamaron
a. Chemical applied
( ) Manzate 200
( ) Manzate
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
7. Irrigation
( ) manual
( ) manual
( ) rain burse
( ) sprinkle
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias /Agapito S. Padsoyan. 2009
33
8. Farm Equipments
( ) water pumps
( ) water pumps
a. Farm Machinery
( ) knapsack ( ) knapsack
sprayer
sprayer
( ) power sprayer
( ) power sprayer
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
9. Hauling
( ) Hired
( ) Hired
( ) Own trucked
( ) Own trucked
( ) Send thru Bus
( ) Send thru Bus
( ) others_______ ( ) others_______
Comparative Study of Cabbage Farming Practices in
Amgaleyguey, Buguias /Agapito S. Padsoyan. 2009
Document Outline
- Comparative Study of CabbageFarming Practices in Amgaleyguey, Buguias
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Objective of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Farmers and Farming Practice
- Cabbage Cultivation Practices
- Production
- Planting
- Harvesting
- Handling
- Post Harvest Handling
- Farming Technology
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- General Information about the Profile of the Respondents
- Cabbage Farming Practices
- Farm Implements used
- Fertilization practices
- Crops Planted and Variety
- Farm Practices Applied
- Crop Production Practices
- Irrigation Practices
- Farm Equipments
- Transportation Facilities used
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX