BIBLIOGRAPHY CHALUYEN, SHEENA ANDREA C....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHALUYEN, SHEENA ANDREA C. APRIL 2009. Production and Marketing
Practices of Citrus in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Luke E. Cuangey, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province to describe
the production practices of citrus, marketing practices of citrus and the most commonly
problem that citrus growers encountered.
From the gathered data most (73%) of the respondents were males. The age group
described were middle aged, this were under age bracket 46-55 with (40%) followed by
36-45 (27%). Thirteen (87%) of the respondents were married. All the respondents were
literate. On the other hand, (60%) of the respondents had been farming 1-9 years.
Most (30%) of the citrus growers were from sitio Mayayat. In terms of production
area, majority (73%) of the farmers had an area not more than 800 sq meters. Three
(40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with an area of 2001-3000. On
their production practices, majority (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin followed by
Sweet oranges (67%). On the other hand, the least planted citrus varieties were Pomelo
(20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%). Most (47%) of the respondents used the
seedlings as planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%) of the
farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. In harvesting,
all farmers used pruning shears because this is the right tool as suggested by Baguio
National Crop Research and Development Center (BNCRDC) and done by staggered
basis. All (100%) of the respondents applied organic fertilizer by using sunflower and
cow dung. As to marketing practices, majority (53%) of the farmers sold their products to
wholesalers and retailer (47%). Most (80%) of the respondents delivered their product to
the buyers and (20%) of buyers picked up the product. Most (60%) of the respondents
sold their products on cash basis and credit basis (40%).
The major production problems encountered by the respondents include pest and
diseases management and insufficient knowledge in producing citrus. The marketing
problems encountered by the respondents were delayed payment, limited marketing
outlets and lack of promotional activities.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of contents………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………
1
Rationale………………………………………………………………... 3
Objectives of the Study………………………………………………….
3
Significance of the Study………………………………………………..
3
Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………...
4
Citrus Varieties………………………………………………………….
4
Overview and Opportunities of the Citrus
Production in Cordillera Region………………………………………...
5
Pre-Production Practices………………………………………………...
5
Post Harvest……………………………………………………………..
9
Post-Production…………………………………………………………. 9
Marketing Practices and Problems
in Citrus Industry………………………………………………………..
9
iii
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………… 11
Locale of the Study……………………………………………………...
11
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………..
11
Research Instrument and Data Collection……………………………….
11
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………...
12
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………..
12
Distribution of Respondents……………………………………………..
14
Production Areas………………………………………………………...
15
Production Practices……………………………………………………..
16
Harvesting Practices……………………………………………………..
20
Marketing Practices……………………………………………………...
21
Problems Encountered by the Farmers………………………………….
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION………………...
24
Summary………………………………………………………………... 24
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 25
Recommendation……………………………………………………….. 25
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….
26
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………... 27
A. Letter to the Respondents…………………………………………….
27
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………...
28
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Citrus (Citrus spp.) is one of the major fruit crops grown in the Philippines. It has
a good commercial potential. Citrus fruits are consumed either as fresh or juice. The peel
and seed oil of some species are used as food additives for flavoring, coloring and
perfume. Citrus rind is also used in the preparation of candies and marmalades
(BNCRDC, 2007).
Citrus production in Mountain Province has been promising considering the
climatic conditions prevailing such as tropical and sub-tropical climate which is
conducive to citrus growing. Citrus can be grown in four types of climate but areas with
well-distributed rainfall throughout the year are best. Those with distinct and long dry
periods should bank heavily on irrigation to raise high quality citrus fruits.
Citrus growing that has become a lucrative enterprise for some farmers in
Mountain Province but recently it slowed down because the growers found out that it is
financially draining due to expensive chemical inputs. The inevitable problems on pests
such as aphids, mites, scale insects, fruit flies, and diseases like Huanglongbing or
greening and tristeza has greatly affected the production of citrus fruits. Inspite of this,
the area for citrus expanded from 71,000 hectares in 2000 to 105,000 hectares in 2004
(Ochasan, 2005).
Tracing the migration and development of citrus is like having a course in world
history. One of the well-known local citrus grower was the Masfere Family of Spanish
2
descent who came to Mountain province as a philanthropist and popularized the
highlands in photography.
Existing citrus in the highlands is believed to have been introduced by the
American missionaries in the 1930s. Bauko municipality in the Western Mountain
Province had been called the “California of the North” because temperate fruits like
citrus and apples were being grown in commercial scale. The plantation was later wiped-
out by the devastating pink disease.
Today, citrus growing provides a rewarding enterprise for the fruit grower with
remarkably good prices of fresh fruits in the local markets. Fresh fruit are available in the
markets. This was made possible with the implementation of the RP-German Fruit Tree
Project by the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1992 until the present. Various varieties of
citrus had been propagated and citrus mother gardens had been established and benefited
more than 3000 fruit growers either backyard and/or citrus orchards.
The many importance and potentials of citrus farming in Mountain Province
prompted the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Mountain Province to develop the
industry; varieties/type of citrus is widely adapted to soil and climate of the province,
increasing market demand of citrus products from the province and available lands for
the industry (Ochasan, 2005).
3
Objectives of the Study
This aimed to document the citrus production and marketing activities in
Barangay Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province. Specifically, it aims to:
1. describe the citrus production practices;
2. describe the citrus marketing practices;
3. identify problems encountered by the farmers.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study would hopefully contribute to the accumulation of
knowledge on the production practices of citrus growers in Maligcong Bontoc. This
assessment promotes understanding on the production problems of citrus growers and
help to find out the possible solutions based on the grower’s recommendations. This
research would serve as guide for farmers who are aspiring to be involved in citrus
production. This study would be a reference for future related studies.
Scope and Limitation
This study was primarily a documentation of citrus production and marketing
practices in Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province.
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Citrus Varieties
Mandarins. Locally known as “sintones” and “dalanghita”.The fruits are
generally smaller than oranges with fine and thin skins, which are easy to peel. Varieties
include: Szinkom, Ladu, Gayunan, Ponkan, King Murcott, Kara, Satsuma and
Clementine.
Sweet
Oranges. Popular as a dessert fruit and for its juice. Also processed into
marmalades and used for flavoring. Skin is generally thick, tough and leathery. Varieties
include: Valencia, Navels, Hamlin, and Trovita (BNCRDC, 2007).
Lemons. Grown extensively for their acid juice for drinks, garnishes and
flavorings. Lemons are oval with smooth skin and a marked point at the distal end.
Varieties include: Meyer, Verna, Taylor and Eureka.
Limes. It is an acid fruit with a characteristic flavor. The juice is used for
refreshing drinks. Commercial products from limes are lemonade and marmalade.
Varieties include: Bears, Tahiti, Mexican and Rangpur. Calamondin or calamansi is also
grown intensively in the country.
Tangelos. The flesh is fine textured and has a less bitter flavor component than
grapefruit. Tangelo varieties include Minneola and Orlando.
Pomelo. Locally known as “lukban” or “suha”. They have thick skins, abundant
seeds. Varieties include: Magallanes, Siamese, Chinese, Red chandler.
5
Overview and Opportunities of the Citrus
Production in the Cordillera Region
Citrus production is a growing enterprise in the Cordillera. The area planted to
citrus is about 2,056 hectares with potential expansion to about 5,534.25 hectares.
However, at present only less than half of the area planted is productive or economically
viable due to various problems.
One particular advantage of citrus production in the Cordillera region is the color
development of the rind to yellow or orange owing to the relatively cool climate. With
this characteristic, the Cordillera grown fruit is comparable to imported ones. The
challenge, however, is to make Cordillera-grown fruit competitive in terms of quality and
price in the local market. In this way importation will be reduced and thus dollars are
saved through import substitution (Ochasan, 2001).
Pre-Production Practices
1.
Seedling
Production/Propagation
Selection of seeds for rootstock. Use of seeds either imported or extracted from
rootstock fruits is highly recommended by the Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery to ensure
sustainable citrus production.
Preparation of growing medium. Gather topsoil from the forest, compost and
sand. The soil mixture is composed of 2 parts topsoil + 1 part sand +1 part compost.
Seedbox and sowing. Narlyn’s Nursery uses available wood slab for his seed box.
It is place in an elevated portion and could be carried to a shade when necessary.
6
2. Land preparation. Clear the land of grasses, weeds and any obstruction. Stake
the site where each tree will be planted. Dig holes of about 50 x 50 cm width and 60 cm
depth. Make holes bigger on compact or heavy soils. Fill the hole with compost or
composted animal manure/vegetative plant parts mixed with the excavated soil.
Production
Planting. Budded planting materials are planted six months after budding at the
onset of rainy season but because irrigation water is available, planting is done anytime
of the year. Avoid planting during hot summer weather.
Remove the plastic bag and check roots for rotting or goosenecks. Prune severely
bent roots. Plant the seedling into the prepared hole as deep ass they were standing in
their original container. It is recommended to plant in mounds. Cover with top soil and
press firmly. The bud union must not be covered with soil at planting. Water immediately
if no rain is expected (BNCRDC, 2007).
Weeding and Mulching. Weed an area equal to or larger than the tree canopy to
avoid competition for moisture and nutrients. Use dried grasses or rice straw. Mulch must
be at least 5 cm thick and placed 20 cm away from the base of the tree to prevent trunk
rot. Mulch prevents weed growth, improves soil structure and provides organic matter
when it rots (BNCRDC, 2007).
Irrigation and Drainage. Proper irrigation during the dry season and a good
drainage during wet months ensure a good quality crop and stable yield of citrus.
Fertilizer uptake and translocation in the tree largely depends on the water supply. During
new flush development, flowering, fruit set and fruit enlargement, optimum soil moisture
7
is a must. Even slight water deficiency may mean smaller and shortened flush. A severe
water deficiency leads to poor development, incomplete flowering, poor fruit set and high
rate of fruit drop. It is during the late fruit development stage where citrus trees need their
greatest amount of water. On the other hand, during fruit maturing stage, soil should be
kept fairly dry in order to inhibit vegetative growth. After harvest, the tree needs small
amount of water to restore tree growth. Water requirement of citrus is approximately
1000-2000mm annually. Irrigation maybe applied by surface, sprinkle, trickle or mist
methods. Whatever method is used, the proper amount and quality of water should be
considered (BNCRDC, 2007).
Fertilization
application. Fertilizer recommendations are numerous and varied.
Each farmer seems to have his own special mixtures and formulations to produce the best
yields and quality fruits. In practice, the application rate of fertilizers varies according to
age of the trees, fruit load, soil fertility and the nutrient status of the tree. If available, soil
testing and leaf analysis are good ways to monitor the nutrient status and hence will serve
as a basis for fertilizer management. In this way, fertilizer application is optimized, thus
production is increased and cost is reduced (BNCRDC, 2007).
Method and time of fertilizer application. Fertilizers maybe applied by circle
banding (a furrow is cut, 20 cm wide and 30 cm deep around the tree in a circle beneath
the outer canopy); strip (suitable for old orchards; parallel furrows are cut, 20 cm wide
and 30 cm deep, between the rows of trees); and hole placement (four or five holes of
about 15-20 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep are dug beneath the outer canopy of each
tree).Fertilizer must be applied at the right time. It can be applied in two to three doses.
As a guide, about 50% of the fertilizer required must be applied within one month after
8
harvest until the emergence of flushes. The other half is applied after fruit set. If applied
at the doses, the 50% fertilizer requirement may be split after fruit set and during the fruit
development stage. Do not apply nitrogen during the late fruit development or maturity
stage (BNCRDC, 2007).
Insect
pest
management. Marigold flower, hot pepper and other insect repellant
plants are planted in between the orange trees to serve as repellants (HARRDEC, 2007).
Organic pesticide is also being recommended. This is prepared from the decoction of the
sunflower + cow dung + hot pepper or tobacco to control powdery mildew, aphids, mites
and cutworms. Aside from spraying, the use of improvised insect catcher out of plastic
plates greased with motor oil (BNCRDC, 2007).
Training and pruning. In the second year after transplanting, train the tree to a
single trunk with three to four well-distributed branches. Remove all sprouts below 50 cm
from the ground. The citrus tree is an evergreen and needs very little pruning except to
remove diseased or dead twigs, unproductive branches as well as those less expose to
sunlight. Lemons, however, need pruning after harvest. For sealing pruning cuts, heat
together ½ gal. asphalt and 1 ½ tbsp.coconut oil. Cool before use (BNCRDC, 2007).
Harvesting. Citrus can be harvested 5-9 months from flowering depending on the
variety, environment and cultural management practices. Use pruning shears to avoid
damage of the fruits. Cut the stem as close as possible to the stem end. Do not pull the
fruits from the tree (BNCRDC, 2007).
9
Post Harvest
Sorting. Sort according to size, color and rind qualities. Discard diseased and
misshapen fruits.
Packing. Fruits should be carefully packed in plastic or wooden crates. It is best to
line containers with newspapers or other suitable materials to avoid abrasions on the fruit.
Degreening. Degreening is the removal of green coloration on the rind to improve
the appearance of fruits. This can be done by ethylene gas application in a closed
chamber.
Waxing. This is done to minimize shriveling and to impart additional gloss of
fruits.
Storage. Storage duration varies with cultivars and species. Tight-skinned citrus
like Valencia orange and pomelo store longer than the loose-skinned varieties. At
ambient conditions, citrus can be stored only up to two weeks (BNCRDC, 2007).
Post-Production
Packaging. Sorted fruits should be carefully packed in the packaging materials
such as cartoons, plastic crates and sando bags (HARRDEC, 2007).
Marketing Practices and Problems in Citrus Industry
Marketing is one of the most important factors in determining the success of any
organic farming enterprise. It includes most of the decisions made by producers. These
decisions range from determining the most marketable varieties to produce to deciding
how to deliver high quality fruits and vegetables to consumers at a profit. However,
10
marketing does not begin after the fruits and vegetables are produced. Instead, marketing
alternatives need to be considered even before production takes place.
Marketing is the business activities associated with the flow of goods and services
from production to consumption. Marketing of agricultural products begins on the farm,
with planning of production to meet specific demands and market prospects. It is
complete with the sale of the fresh or processed product to consumers, or manufacturers
in the case of raw materials for industry. Agricultural marketing also includes the supply
to farmers of fertilizers and other inputs for production. It also directs the flow of goods
and services from producer to ultimate users. One way of moving a particular commodity
is through middlemen generally classified as wholesalers and retailers (Pacsi, 2008).
The wholesalers and contract buyers are the common channels of marketing. Cash
payment is the most acceptable term of payment. Passenger jeepney’s and human beings
are use to transport farm produce to nearest market outlet. Basket and sacks are common
containers for their farm product (Pacsi, 2008).
The country’s agricultural development effort’s since 1950’s have directed
towards production to attain self-sufficiency. Philippines agricultural marketing has been
left to the private sector within the context of free market system. The private trading
sector can be viewed as a complex system of market intermediaries who are involve in
buying, transporting and processing and considered marketing mix where in the industry
determines, in response to market, not only the product but also the prices, the channel of
distribution, the market place and promotion and advertising, that an industry does not
mean much unless its products is sold (Pacsi, 2008).
11
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province from the
months of December 2008 to February 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were fifteen citrus growers in Maligcong, Bontoc,
Mountain Province.
Research Instrument and Data Collection
Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and retrieved by the
researcher.
Data Analysis
The data collected was analyzed using simple statistical tools such as frequency
counts and percentage.
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
Respondents of the Study
Table 1 presents the personal profile of fifteen (15) citrus growers from
Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province. The profile of the respondents was described in
terms of sex, age, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in farming of
respondents.
Sex. The table presents that twenty seven (27%) of the respondents are females
and seventy three (73%) are males. There were more males engaged in citrus production
in the area.
Age. The table shows that the respondents belong to different age brackets, age
26-35 years old makes up (13%) respondents while ages 36-45 years old compose of
(27%) respondents. Moreover, ages 46-55 years old makes up (40%) of the respondents
followed by 56-65 years old compose (20%) respondents. It indicates that even senior
citizens were engaged in such activity. The study shows that citrus production is mostly
done by middle aged farmers.
Civil
status. The table presents that two (13%) respondents are single and thirteen
(87%) of the respondents are married. This is true because most of the older farmers are
married and they take care of their citrus fruits aside from other activities.
Educational
attainment. The table shows that ten (67%) of the respondents have
attended formal education having reached college level and five (33%) high school level.
The finding shows that the respondents were literate.
13
Number of years in farming. The table shows that (60%) of the respondents
reported to have been in farming within 1-9 years. Thirty three (33%) have been farming
about 10-18 years, and only seven (7%) had been farming for 19-27 years. This shows
that citrus production is a young industry in Maligcong.
Table 1. Respondents’ personal profile
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Female
4
27
Male
11
73
TOTAL
15
100
Age
26-35
2
13
36-45 4 27
46-55
6 40
56-65
3 20
TOTAL
15
100
Civil Status
Single
2
13
Married
13
87
TOTAL 15 100
14
Table 1. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Educational Attainment
Elementary
0
0
High School
5
33
College 10 67
TOTAL 15
100
Number of years in farming
1-9
9
60
10-18
5 33
19-27
1
7
TOTAL 15 100
Distribution of Respondents
In Table 2, majority (33%) of the respondents who are producing citrus are from
Mayayat, (27%) from sitio Makonig, (13%) from sitio Mabila, (13%) from sitio Faboyan,
(7%) from sitio Fangorao, and (7%) from sitio Ada-an.
15
Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to sitios
SITIO
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mayayat
5 33
Makonig
4 27
Mabila
2
13
Faboyan
2
13
Fangorao
1
7
Ada-an
1
7
TOTAL 15 100
Production Areas
In terms of production area, majority (73%) of the farmers have an area not more
than 800 sq meters. Three (40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with
an area of 2001-3000. This shows that citrus production is mostly considered as backyard
production in the area.
Table 3. Respondents’ farm size for citrus production
LAND AREA (SQ. M)
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less
than
1000
sq.m
11
73
1001-2000
3
20
2001-3000
1
7
TOTAL
15 100
16
Production Practices
Varieties
planted. The commonly planted varieties were shown in table 4.
Majority, (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin, followed by Sweet Oranges (67%).
The finding shows that respondents claimed that these varieties have good quality. On the
other hand, the least planted are Pomelo (20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%).
Number of trees. Of the thirteen respondents who planted mandarin variety,
(53%) have 6-90 trees, (13%) have 91-200 trees, and (20%) have 201-400 trees. Ten of
the respondents who planted sweet oranges variety, (53%) have 18-95 trees and (13%)
have 96-200 trees. Three of the respondents who planted lemons variety, (7%) have 1-50
trees while (7%) of the respondents planted the pomelo and limes variety with 1-10 trees.
Table 4. Varieties planted by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mandarin
13
87
Sweet
oranges 10
67
Pomelo
3
20
Limes
2
13
Lemon
1
7
*Multiple
responses
17
Table 5. Number of trees planted by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mandarin
Less
than
100
9 60
101-200 0 0
201-300
2 13
301-400
1
7
Sweet Oranges
18-95
8 53
96-200
2 13
Lemons
1-50
1
7
Pomelo
1-10
1
7
Limes
1-10
1
7
*Multiple responses
Year planted. Table 6 shows that (20%) of the citrus growers planted from 1990
to 1995, (40%) planted from 1996 to 2000 and (40%) planted from 2001 to 2005. This
shows that citrus production is a young industry in the study area.
18
Table 6. Year planted by the respondents
YEARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
1990-1995
3
20
1996-2000
6
40
2001-2005
6
40
TOTAL
15 100
Source of planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%)
of the farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. They also
sourced their planting materials (20%) from BPI, Guisad, Baguio City, followed by
Thomas Nursery with (13%) planting materials. Only one (7%) reported to have acquired
the planting materials from CHARM Project.
Table 7. Source of planting materials by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Narlyn’s
Fruit
Tree
Nursery
9
60
BPI, Guisad, Baguio City
3
20
Thomas Nursery
2
13
CHARM Project 1 7
TOTAL
15
100
19
Planting materials used. Majority (47%) of the respondents used the seedlings as
planting materials. This is followed by budded with (40%) and grafted with (13%). This
shows that the growers are following the recommendations of Narlyn’s Fruit Tree
Nursery in order to insure sustainable citrus production. However, all (100%) of the
respondents applied organic fertilizer (e.g. sunflower and cow dung) as shown in Table 9.
Table 8. Planting materials used by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Seedlings
7 47
Budded
6 40
Grafted
2
13
TOTAL
15
100
Table 9. Fertilizer applied by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Organic
15
100
Inorganic
0
0
TOTAL
15
100
20
Harvesting Practices
Manner of harvesting. All (100%) of the respondents harvest in staggered basis
for the reason that the fruit of citrus will not ripe all at the same time. In harvesting, all
farmers used pruning shears in harvesting because this is the right tool in harvesting as
stated by the respondents during the interview. The finding shows that the farmers used
pruning shears in harvesting as suggested by Baguio National Crop Research and
Development Center (BNCRDC).
Reason for harvesting. Based on the results, most (60%) of the respondents
harvest when the crop is already matured and for food as shown in Table 11. However,
(33%) of the respondents harvest when somebody orders.
Table 10. Manner of harvesting
MANNER OF HARVESTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Staggered
15
100
All at once
0
0
TOTAL
15
100
Table 11.Reason for harvesting
REASON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Crop
is
mature
14
60
For
consumption
1
7
When
somebody
orders
5
33
*Multiple responses
21
Marketing Practices
The marketing practices of citrus growers in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain
Province are presented in Table 12.
Market
outlet. Majority (53%) of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers
and retailer with (47%). The findings attest to the statement of HARRDEC where in it
stated that sweet oranges are marketed locally.
Ways of disposing product. Most (80%) of the respondents delivered their
products to the buyers and (20%) of buyers picked up the product.
Mode of payment. Most (60%) of the respondents sold their products on cash
basis and credit basis (40%).
Table 12. Marketing practices of respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Marketing outlet
Wholesaler
8
53
Retailer
7 47
TOTAL
15
100
Ways of disposing products
Delivered
12
80
Pick-up
3
20
TOTAL 15
100
22
Table 12. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mode of payment
Cash
9
60
Credit
6
40
TOTAL
15 100
Problems Normally Encountered
Production. Table 13 presents the problems encountered in citrus production. The
major problems identified by the respondents include pest and diseases (100%) and
insufficient knowledge in producing citrus (40%).This finding attests to the statement of
Ochasan wherein she said that pests problems affect citrus production in Mountain
Province.
Marketing. Table 13 shows the marketing problems of the respondents. The
problems identified by the respondents include delayed payment (80%), limited market
outlets (47%) and lack of promotional activities (27%).
Table 13. Problems encountered by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Production
Prevention
of
pest
and
diseases 15
100
Insufficient knowledge in
producing
citrus
6
40
23
Table 13. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Marketing
Delayed
payment
12
80
Limited
of
marketing
outlets
7
47
for citrus
Lack
of
promotional
4
33
activities
*Multiple responses
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province to describe
the production practices of citrus, marketing practices of citrus and the most commonly
problem that citrus growers encountered.
From the gathered data most (73%) of the respondents were males. The age group
described were middle aged, this were under age bracket 46-55 with (40%) followed by
36-45 (27%). Eighty seven respondents or (87%) were married. All the respondents were
literate. On the other hand, sixty respondents or (60%) had been farming 1-9 years.
Most (30%) of the citrus growers were from sitio Mayayat. In terms of production
area, majority (73%) of the farmers had an area not more than 800 sq meters. Three
(40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with an area of 2001-3000. On
their production practices, majority (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin followed by
Sweet oranges (67%). On the other hand, the least planted citrus varieties were Pomelo
(20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%). Most (47%) of the respondents used the
seedlings as planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%) of the
farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. In harvesting,
all farmers used pruning shears because this is the right tool as suggested by BNCRDC
and done by staggered basis. All (100%) of the respondents applied organic fertilizer by
using sunflower and cow dung. As to marketing practices, majority (53%) of the farmers
sold their products to wholesalers and retailer (47%). Most (80%) of the respondents
25
delivered their product to the buyers and (20%) of buyer’s picked up the product. Most
(60%) of the respondents sold their products on cash basis and credit basis (40%).
The major production problems encountered by the respondents including the
following, pest and diseases and insufficient knowledge in producing citrus. The
marketing problems encountered by the respondents were delayed payment, limited of
marketing outlets and lack of promotional activities.
Conclusions
Based on the discussions, the following are the conclusion of the study:
1. Citrus production in Maligcong is a young industry and is mostly considered as
backyard.
2. Farmers do not produce their planting materials but instead get them from
nurseries.
3. Harvesting is done when the fruits are matured and done in staggered basis.
4. In selecting variety to plant, Mandarin and Sweet oranges are the best varieties
to be grown because these are marketable, while Pomelo, Limes and Lemons are not a
good source of variety to be planted because these are not marketable.
Recommendations
1. There is a need to encourage farmers to go into agroforestry using citrus as the
fruit trees intercropped with pine trees, while conserving the forest they get added income
from citrus.
26
2. The DA should help farmers grow their own seedlings so that they would not
depend in nurseries.
3. Based on findings, trainings and seminars are needed by the farmers with
regards to pest and diseases control.
27
LITERATURE CITED
BNCRDC Technoguide, 2007.Citrus.Pp.1-8, 20.
HARRDEC. 2007 MS Best Practices Series 2: Citrus Production. Highland Agriculture
and Resources Research and Development Consortium.
OCHASAN, J, M. 2001. Assessment of Citrus Huanglongbing Disease in Benguet and
Mountain Province and Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. MS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp.6.
OCHASAN, J, M. 2005. Citrus Production. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from
http://neda.gov.ph.knowledgeemporium/DataCAR/Organic citrus production.pdf.
PACSI, R, Y. 2008. Production and Marketing Profile of Cassava in Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 9-10.
28
APPENDIX A
Letter to the Respondents
College of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management
Benguet State University
Dear Respondents:
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University, taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness majoring in Enterprise Management. I am presently conducting
my undergraduate research, entitled “Production and Marketing Practices of Citrus in
Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province”.
In this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the questionnaire
of my research. Rest assured that all data gathered would be kept confidential.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration. God Bless!
Very truly yours,
SHEENA ANDREA C. CHALUYEN
Researcher
Noted by:
LUKE E. CUANGEY
Adviser
29
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
Instruction: Kindly check/fill up your answer on the space provided.
I. Respondent’s Profile
1. Name (Optional):__________________________________
2. Sex: ______3. Age: _______4. Civil Status: __________
5. Highest Educational Attainment:
______Elementary Level
______High School Level
______College Level
______Others (specify) ____________________________________
6. No. of years in farming: ___________
II.FarmProfile:
1. Farm Location: Sitio: ___________
Area: ____________
2. Source of Irrigation: _____________________________________
III. Production Practices
1. Please fill in the blanks below to describe your production practices:
Variety planted
No. of trees
Year established
Source of planting
materials
30
a. Planting materials:
_________seeds
_________seedlings
_________budded
_________grafted
_________others (specify) _______________________
b. Fertilizer Applied
_________Organic
_________Inorganic
IV.Harvesting Practices
1. Manner of harvesting.
_____staggered
_____all at once
2. When to harvest the citrus?
_____crop is mature
_____when somebody orders
_____others (please specify) _________________________
3. What are the tools you use in harvesting?
_____pruning shears
_____others (please specify) ________________________
V.Marketing Practices
1. Market outlet
_____wholesaler
_____retailer
_____neighbor
_____others (specify) ____________________
2. How to dispose your product?
_____delivered
_____picked up
_____others (specify) ___________________
31
3. Mode of payment
_____cash
_____credit
_____others (specify) _________________
VI.Problems Encountered
1. Production
_________Insufficient knowledge in producing citrus
_________Prevention of pest and diseases
_________Others (specify) _____________________
2. Marketing
_________delayed payment
_________limited of marketing outlets of citrus
_________lack of promotional activities
_________others (specify) _____________________
3. What are your suggestions/ recommendations on the problem you have
encountered?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
CHALUYEN, SHEENA ANDREA C. APRIL 2009. Production and Marketing
Practices of Citrus in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province. Benguet State University,
La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Luke E. Cuangey, BSc
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province to describe
the production practices of citrus, marketing practices of citrus and the most commonly
problem that citrus growers encountered.
From the gathered data most (73%) of the respondents were males. The age group
described were middle aged, this were under age bracket 46-55 with (40%) followed by
36-45 (27%). Thirteen (87%) of the respondents were married. All the respondents were
literate. On the other hand, (60%) of the respondents had been farming 1-9 years.
Most (30%) of the citrus growers were from sitio Mayayat. In terms of production
area, majority (73%) of the farmers had an area not more than 800 sq meters. Three
(40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with an area of 2001-3000. On
their production practices, majority (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin followed by
Sweet oranges (67%). On the other hand, the least planted citrus varieties were Pomelo
(20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%). Most (47%) of the respondents used the
seedlings as planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%) of the
farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. In harvesting,
all farmers used pruning shears because this is the right tool as suggested by Baguio
National Crop Research and Development Center (BNCRDC) and done by staggered
basis. All (100%) of the respondents applied organic fertilizer by using sunflower and
cow dung. As to marketing practices, majority (53%) of the farmers sold their products to
wholesalers and retailer (47%). Most (80%) of the respondents delivered their product to
the buyers and (20%) of buyers picked up the product. Most (60%) of the respondents
sold their products on cash basis and credit basis (40%).
The major production problems encountered by the respondents include pest and
diseases management and insufficient knowledge in producing citrus. The marketing
problems encountered by the respondents were delayed payment, limited marketing
outlets and lack of promotional activities.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of contents………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………
1
Rationale………………………………………………………………... 3
Objectives of the Study………………………………………………….
3
Significance of the Study………………………………………………..
3
Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………...
4
Citrus Varieties………………………………………………………….
4
Overview and Opportunities of the Citrus
Production in Cordillera Region………………………………………...
5
Pre-Production Practices………………………………………………...
5
Post Harvest……………………………………………………………..
9
Post-Production…………………………………………………………. 9
Marketing Practices and Problems
in Citrus Industry………………………………………………………..
9
iii
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………… 11
Locale of the Study……………………………………………………...
11
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………..
11
Research Instrument and Data Collection……………………………….
11
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………...
12
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………..
12
Distribution of Respondents……………………………………………..
14
Production Areas………………………………………………………...
15
Production Practices……………………………………………………..
16
Harvesting Practices……………………………………………………..
20
Marketing Practices……………………………………………………...
21
Problems Encountered by the Farmers………………………………….
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION………………...
24
Summary………………………………………………………………... 24
Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 25
Recommendation……………………………………………………….. 25
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………….
26
APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………... 27
A. Letter to the Respondents…………………………………………….
27
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………...
28
iv
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Citrus (Citrus spp.) is one of the major fruit crops grown in the Philippines. It has
a good commercial potential. Citrus fruits are consumed either as fresh or juice. The peel
and seed oil of some species are used as food additives for flavoring, coloring and
perfume. Citrus rind is also used in the preparation of candies and marmalades
(BNCRDC, 2007).
Citrus production in Mountain Province has been promising considering the
climatic conditions prevailing such as tropical and sub-tropical climate which is
conducive to citrus growing. Citrus can be grown in four types of climate but areas with
well-distributed rainfall throughout the year are best. Those with distinct and long dry
periods should bank heavily on irrigation to raise high quality citrus fruits.
Citrus growing that has become a lucrative enterprise for some farmers in
Mountain Province but recently it slowed down because the growers found out that it is
financially draining due to expensive chemical inputs. The inevitable problems on pests
such as aphids, mites, scale insects, fruit flies, and diseases like Huanglongbing or
greening and tristeza has greatly affected the production of citrus fruits. Inspite of this,
the area for citrus expanded from 71,000 hectares in 2000 to 105,000 hectares in 2004
(Ochasan, 2005).
Tracing the migration and development of citrus is like having a course in world
history. One of the well-known local citrus grower was the Masfere Family of Spanish
2
descent who came to Mountain province as a philanthropist and popularized the
highlands in photography.
Existing citrus in the highlands is believed to have been introduced by the
American missionaries in the 1930s. Bauko municipality in the Western Mountain
Province had been called the “California of the North” because temperate fruits like
citrus and apples were being grown in commercial scale. The plantation was later wiped-
out by the devastating pink disease.
Today, citrus growing provides a rewarding enterprise for the fruit grower with
remarkably good prices of fresh fruits in the local markets. Fresh fruit are available in the
markets. This was made possible with the implementation of the RP-German Fruit Tree
Project by the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1992 until the present. Various varieties of
citrus had been propagated and citrus mother gardens had been established and benefited
more than 3000 fruit growers either backyard and/or citrus orchards.
The many importance and potentials of citrus farming in Mountain Province
prompted the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Mountain Province to develop the
industry; varieties/type of citrus is widely adapted to soil and climate of the province,
increasing market demand of citrus products from the province and available lands for
the industry (Ochasan, 2005).
3
Objectives of the Study
This aimed to document the citrus production and marketing activities in
Barangay Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province. Specifically, it aims to:
1. describe the citrus production practices;
2. describe the citrus marketing practices;
3. identify problems encountered by the farmers.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study would hopefully contribute to the accumulation of
knowledge on the production practices of citrus growers in Maligcong Bontoc. This
assessment promotes understanding on the production problems of citrus growers and
help to find out the possible solutions based on the grower’s recommendations. This
research would serve as guide for farmers who are aspiring to be involved in citrus
production. This study would be a reference for future related studies.
Scope and Limitation
This study was primarily a documentation of citrus production and marketing
practices in Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province.
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Citrus Varieties
Mandarins. Locally known as “sintones” and “dalanghita”.The fruits are
generally smaller than oranges with fine and thin skins, which are easy to peel. Varieties
include: Szinkom, Ladu, Gayunan, Ponkan, King Murcott, Kara, Satsuma and
Clementine.
Sweet
Oranges. Popular as a dessert fruit and for its juice. Also processed into
marmalades and used for flavoring. Skin is generally thick, tough and leathery. Varieties
include: Valencia, Navels, Hamlin, and Trovita (BNCRDC, 2007).
Lemons. Grown extensively for their acid juice for drinks, garnishes and
flavorings. Lemons are oval with smooth skin and a marked point at the distal end.
Varieties include: Meyer, Verna, Taylor and Eureka.
Limes. It is an acid fruit with a characteristic flavor. The juice is used for
refreshing drinks. Commercial products from limes are lemonade and marmalade.
Varieties include: Bears, Tahiti, Mexican and Rangpur. Calamondin or calamansi is also
grown intensively in the country.
Tangelos. The flesh is fine textured and has a less bitter flavor component than
grapefruit. Tangelo varieties include Minneola and Orlando.
Pomelo. Locally known as “lukban” or “suha”. They have thick skins, abundant
seeds. Varieties include: Magallanes, Siamese, Chinese, Red chandler.
5
Overview and Opportunities of the Citrus
Production in the Cordillera Region
Citrus production is a growing enterprise in the Cordillera. The area planted to
citrus is about 2,056 hectares with potential expansion to about 5,534.25 hectares.
However, at present only less than half of the area planted is productive or economically
viable due to various problems.
One particular advantage of citrus production in the Cordillera region is the color
development of the rind to yellow or orange owing to the relatively cool climate. With
this characteristic, the Cordillera grown fruit is comparable to imported ones. The
challenge, however, is to make Cordillera-grown fruit competitive in terms of quality and
price in the local market. In this way importation will be reduced and thus dollars are
saved through import substitution (Ochasan, 2001).
Pre-Production Practices
1.
Seedling
Production/Propagation
Selection of seeds for rootstock. Use of seeds either imported or extracted from
rootstock fruits is highly recommended by the Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery to ensure
sustainable citrus production.
Preparation of growing medium. Gather topsoil from the forest, compost and
sand. The soil mixture is composed of 2 parts topsoil + 1 part sand +1 part compost.
Seedbox and sowing. Narlyn’s Nursery uses available wood slab for his seed box.
It is place in an elevated portion and could be carried to a shade when necessary.
6
2. Land preparation. Clear the land of grasses, weeds and any obstruction. Stake
the site where each tree will be planted. Dig holes of about 50 x 50 cm width and 60 cm
depth. Make holes bigger on compact or heavy soils. Fill the hole with compost or
composted animal manure/vegetative plant parts mixed with the excavated soil.
Production
Planting. Budded planting materials are planted six months after budding at the
onset of rainy season but because irrigation water is available, planting is done anytime
of the year. Avoid planting during hot summer weather.
Remove the plastic bag and check roots for rotting or goosenecks. Prune severely
bent roots. Plant the seedling into the prepared hole as deep ass they were standing in
their original container. It is recommended to plant in mounds. Cover with top soil and
press firmly. The bud union must not be covered with soil at planting. Water immediately
if no rain is expected (BNCRDC, 2007).
Weeding and Mulching. Weed an area equal to or larger than the tree canopy to
avoid competition for moisture and nutrients. Use dried grasses or rice straw. Mulch must
be at least 5 cm thick and placed 20 cm away from the base of the tree to prevent trunk
rot. Mulch prevents weed growth, improves soil structure and provides organic matter
when it rots (BNCRDC, 2007).
Irrigation and Drainage. Proper irrigation during the dry season and a good
drainage during wet months ensure a good quality crop and stable yield of citrus.
Fertilizer uptake and translocation in the tree largely depends on the water supply. During
new flush development, flowering, fruit set and fruit enlargement, optimum soil moisture
7
is a must. Even slight water deficiency may mean smaller and shortened flush. A severe
water deficiency leads to poor development, incomplete flowering, poor fruit set and high
rate of fruit drop. It is during the late fruit development stage where citrus trees need their
greatest amount of water. On the other hand, during fruit maturing stage, soil should be
kept fairly dry in order to inhibit vegetative growth. After harvest, the tree needs small
amount of water to restore tree growth. Water requirement of citrus is approximately
1000-2000mm annually. Irrigation maybe applied by surface, sprinkle, trickle or mist
methods. Whatever method is used, the proper amount and quality of water should be
considered (BNCRDC, 2007).
Fertilization
application. Fertilizer recommendations are numerous and varied.
Each farmer seems to have his own special mixtures and formulations to produce the best
yields and quality fruits. In practice, the application rate of fertilizers varies according to
age of the trees, fruit load, soil fertility and the nutrient status of the tree. If available, soil
testing and leaf analysis are good ways to monitor the nutrient status and hence will serve
as a basis for fertilizer management. In this way, fertilizer application is optimized, thus
production is increased and cost is reduced (BNCRDC, 2007).
Method and time of fertilizer application. Fertilizers maybe applied by circle
banding (a furrow is cut, 20 cm wide and 30 cm deep around the tree in a circle beneath
the outer canopy); strip (suitable for old orchards; parallel furrows are cut, 20 cm wide
and 30 cm deep, between the rows of trees); and hole placement (four or five holes of
about 15-20 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep are dug beneath the outer canopy of each
tree).Fertilizer must be applied at the right time. It can be applied in two to three doses.
As a guide, about 50% of the fertilizer required must be applied within one month after
8
harvest until the emergence of flushes. The other half is applied after fruit set. If applied
at the doses, the 50% fertilizer requirement may be split after fruit set and during the fruit
development stage. Do not apply nitrogen during the late fruit development or maturity
stage (BNCRDC, 2007).
Insect
pest
management. Marigold flower, hot pepper and other insect repellant
plants are planted in between the orange trees to serve as repellants (HARRDEC, 2007).
Organic pesticide is also being recommended. This is prepared from the decoction of the
sunflower + cow dung + hot pepper or tobacco to control powdery mildew, aphids, mites
and cutworms. Aside from spraying, the use of improvised insect catcher out of plastic
plates greased with motor oil (BNCRDC, 2007).
Training and pruning. In the second year after transplanting, train the tree to a
single trunk with three to four well-distributed branches. Remove all sprouts below 50 cm
from the ground. The citrus tree is an evergreen and needs very little pruning except to
remove diseased or dead twigs, unproductive branches as well as those less expose to
sunlight. Lemons, however, need pruning after harvest. For sealing pruning cuts, heat
together ½ gal. asphalt and 1 ½ tbsp.coconut oil. Cool before use (BNCRDC, 2007).
Harvesting. Citrus can be harvested 5-9 months from flowering depending on the
variety, environment and cultural management practices. Use pruning shears to avoid
damage of the fruits. Cut the stem as close as possible to the stem end. Do not pull the
fruits from the tree (BNCRDC, 2007).
9
Post Harvest
Sorting. Sort according to size, color and rind qualities. Discard diseased and
misshapen fruits.
Packing. Fruits should be carefully packed in plastic or wooden crates. It is best to
line containers with newspapers or other suitable materials to avoid abrasions on the fruit.
Degreening. Degreening is the removal of green coloration on the rind to improve
the appearance of fruits. This can be done by ethylene gas application in a closed
chamber.
Waxing. This is done to minimize shriveling and to impart additional gloss of
fruits.
Storage. Storage duration varies with cultivars and species. Tight-skinned citrus
like Valencia orange and pomelo store longer than the loose-skinned varieties. At
ambient conditions, citrus can be stored only up to two weeks (BNCRDC, 2007).
Post-Production
Packaging. Sorted fruits should be carefully packed in the packaging materials
such as cartoons, plastic crates and sando bags (HARRDEC, 2007).
Marketing Practices and Problems in Citrus Industry
Marketing is one of the most important factors in determining the success of any
organic farming enterprise. It includes most of the decisions made by producers. These
decisions range from determining the most marketable varieties to produce to deciding
how to deliver high quality fruits and vegetables to consumers at a profit. However,
10
marketing does not begin after the fruits and vegetables are produced. Instead, marketing
alternatives need to be considered even before production takes place.
Marketing is the business activities associated with the flow of goods and services
from production to consumption. Marketing of agricultural products begins on the farm,
with planning of production to meet specific demands and market prospects. It is
complete with the sale of the fresh or processed product to consumers, or manufacturers
in the case of raw materials for industry. Agricultural marketing also includes the supply
to farmers of fertilizers and other inputs for production. It also directs the flow of goods
and services from producer to ultimate users. One way of moving a particular commodity
is through middlemen generally classified as wholesalers and retailers (Pacsi, 2008).
The wholesalers and contract buyers are the common channels of marketing. Cash
payment is the most acceptable term of payment. Passenger jeepney’s and human beings
are use to transport farm produce to nearest market outlet. Basket and sacks are common
containers for their farm product (Pacsi, 2008).
The country’s agricultural development effort’s since 1950’s have directed
towards production to attain self-sufficiency. Philippines agricultural marketing has been
left to the private sector within the context of free market system. The private trading
sector can be viewed as a complex system of market intermediaries who are involve in
buying, transporting and processing and considered marketing mix where in the industry
determines, in response to market, not only the product but also the prices, the channel of
distribution, the market place and promotion and advertising, that an industry does not
mean much unless its products is sold (Pacsi, 2008).
11
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Maligcong Bontoc, Mountain Province from the
months of December 2008 to February 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were fifteen citrus growers in Maligcong, Bontoc,
Mountain Province.
Research Instrument and Data Collection
Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and retrieved by the
researcher.
Data Analysis
The data collected was analyzed using simple statistical tools such as frequency
counts and percentage.
12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
Respondents of the Study
Table 1 presents the personal profile of fifteen (15) citrus growers from
Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province. The profile of the respondents was described in
terms of sex, age, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in farming of
respondents.
Sex. The table presents that twenty seven (27%) of the respondents are females
and seventy three (73%) are males. There were more males engaged in citrus production
in the area.
Age. The table shows that the respondents belong to different age brackets, age
26-35 years old makes up (13%) respondents while ages 36-45 years old compose of
(27%) respondents. Moreover, ages 46-55 years old makes up (40%) of the respondents
followed by 56-65 years old compose (20%) respondents. It indicates that even senior
citizens were engaged in such activity. The study shows that citrus production is mostly
done by middle aged farmers.
Civil
status. The table presents that two (13%) respondents are single and thirteen
(87%) of the respondents are married. This is true because most of the older farmers are
married and they take care of their citrus fruits aside from other activities.
Educational
attainment. The table shows that ten (67%) of the respondents have
attended formal education having reached college level and five (33%) high school level.
The finding shows that the respondents were literate.
13
Number of years in farming. The table shows that (60%) of the respondents
reported to have been in farming within 1-9 years. Thirty three (33%) have been farming
about 10-18 years, and only seven (7%) had been farming for 19-27 years. This shows
that citrus production is a young industry in Maligcong.
Table 1. Respondents’ personal profile
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Sex
Female
4
27
Male
11
73
TOTAL
15
100
Age
26-35
2
13
36-45 4 27
46-55
6 40
56-65
3 20
TOTAL
15
100
Civil Status
Single
2
13
Married
13
87
TOTAL 15 100
14
Table 1. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Educational Attainment
Elementary
0
0
High School
5
33
College 10 67
TOTAL 15
100
Number of years in farming
1-9
9
60
10-18
5 33
19-27
1
7
TOTAL 15 100
Distribution of Respondents
In Table 2, majority (33%) of the respondents who are producing citrus are from
Mayayat, (27%) from sitio Makonig, (13%) from sitio Mabila, (13%) from sitio Faboyan,
(7%) from sitio Fangorao, and (7%) from sitio Ada-an.
15
Table 2. Distribution of respondents according to sitios
SITIO
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mayayat
5 33
Makonig
4 27
Mabila
2
13
Faboyan
2
13
Fangorao
1
7
Ada-an
1
7
TOTAL 15 100
Production Areas
In terms of production area, majority (73%) of the farmers have an area not more
than 800 sq meters. Three (40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with
an area of 2001-3000. This shows that citrus production is mostly considered as backyard
production in the area.
Table 3. Respondents’ farm size for citrus production
LAND AREA (SQ. M)
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Less
than
1000
sq.m
11
73
1001-2000
3
20
2001-3000
1
7
TOTAL
15 100
16
Production Practices
Varieties
planted. The commonly planted varieties were shown in table 4.
Majority, (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin, followed by Sweet Oranges (67%).
The finding shows that respondents claimed that these varieties have good quality. On the
other hand, the least planted are Pomelo (20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%).
Number of trees. Of the thirteen respondents who planted mandarin variety,
(53%) have 6-90 trees, (13%) have 91-200 trees, and (20%) have 201-400 trees. Ten of
the respondents who planted sweet oranges variety, (53%) have 18-95 trees and (13%)
have 96-200 trees. Three of the respondents who planted lemons variety, (7%) have 1-50
trees while (7%) of the respondents planted the pomelo and limes variety with 1-10 trees.
Table 4. Varieties planted by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mandarin
13
87
Sweet
oranges 10
67
Pomelo
3
20
Limes
2
13
Lemon
1
7
*Multiple
responses
17
Table 5. Number of trees planted by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mandarin
Less
than
100
9 60
101-200 0 0
201-300
2 13
301-400
1
7
Sweet Oranges
18-95
8 53
96-200
2 13
Lemons
1-50
1
7
Pomelo
1-10
1
7
Limes
1-10
1
7
*Multiple responses
Year planted. Table 6 shows that (20%) of the citrus growers planted from 1990
to 1995, (40%) planted from 1996 to 2000 and (40%) planted from 2001 to 2005. This
shows that citrus production is a young industry in the study area.
18
Table 6. Year planted by the respondents
YEARS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
1990-1995
3
20
1996-2000
6
40
2001-2005
6
40
TOTAL
15 100
Source of planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%)
of the farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. They also
sourced their planting materials (20%) from BPI, Guisad, Baguio City, followed by
Thomas Nursery with (13%) planting materials. Only one (7%) reported to have acquired
the planting materials from CHARM Project.
Table 7. Source of planting materials by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Narlyn’s
Fruit
Tree
Nursery
9
60
BPI, Guisad, Baguio City
3
20
Thomas Nursery
2
13
CHARM Project 1 7
TOTAL
15
100
19
Planting materials used. Majority (47%) of the respondents used the seedlings as
planting materials. This is followed by budded with (40%) and grafted with (13%). This
shows that the growers are following the recommendations of Narlyn’s Fruit Tree
Nursery in order to insure sustainable citrus production. However, all (100%) of the
respondents applied organic fertilizer (e.g. sunflower and cow dung) as shown in Table 9.
Table 8. Planting materials used by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Seedlings
7 47
Budded
6 40
Grafted
2
13
TOTAL
15
100
Table 9. Fertilizer applied by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Organic
15
100
Inorganic
0
0
TOTAL
15
100
20
Harvesting Practices
Manner of harvesting. All (100%) of the respondents harvest in staggered basis
for the reason that the fruit of citrus will not ripe all at the same time. In harvesting, all
farmers used pruning shears in harvesting because this is the right tool in harvesting as
stated by the respondents during the interview. The finding shows that the farmers used
pruning shears in harvesting as suggested by Baguio National Crop Research and
Development Center (BNCRDC).
Reason for harvesting. Based on the results, most (60%) of the respondents
harvest when the crop is already matured and for food as shown in Table 11. However,
(33%) of the respondents harvest when somebody orders.
Table 10. Manner of harvesting
MANNER OF HARVESTING
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Staggered
15
100
All at once
0
0
TOTAL
15
100
Table 11.Reason for harvesting
REASON
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Crop
is
mature
14
60
For
consumption
1
7
When
somebody
orders
5
33
*Multiple responses
21
Marketing Practices
The marketing practices of citrus growers in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain
Province are presented in Table 12.
Market
outlet. Majority (53%) of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers
and retailer with (47%). The findings attest to the statement of HARRDEC where in it
stated that sweet oranges are marketed locally.
Ways of disposing product. Most (80%) of the respondents delivered their
products to the buyers and (20%) of buyers picked up the product.
Mode of payment. Most (60%) of the respondents sold their products on cash
basis and credit basis (40%).
Table 12. Marketing practices of respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Marketing outlet
Wholesaler
8
53
Retailer
7 47
TOTAL
15
100
Ways of disposing products
Delivered
12
80
Pick-up
3
20
TOTAL 15
100
22
Table 12. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Mode of payment
Cash
9
60
Credit
6
40
TOTAL
15 100
Problems Normally Encountered
Production. Table 13 presents the problems encountered in citrus production. The
major problems identified by the respondents include pest and diseases (100%) and
insufficient knowledge in producing citrus (40%).This finding attests to the statement of
Ochasan wherein she said that pests problems affect citrus production in Mountain
Province.
Marketing. Table 13 shows the marketing problems of the respondents. The
problems identified by the respondents include delayed payment (80%), limited market
outlets (47%) and lack of promotional activities (27%).
Table 13. Problems encountered by the respondents
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Production
Prevention
of
pest
and
diseases 15
100
Insufficient knowledge in
producing
citrus
6
40
23
Table 13. Continued.
PARTICULAR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Marketing
Delayed
payment
12
80
Limited
of
marketing
outlets
7
47
for citrus
Lack
of
promotional
4
33
activities
*Multiple responses
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province to describe
the production practices of citrus, marketing practices of citrus and the most commonly
problem that citrus growers encountered.
From the gathered data most (73%) of the respondents were males. The age group
described were middle aged, this were under age bracket 46-55 with (40%) followed by
36-45 (27%). Eighty seven respondents or (87%) were married. All the respondents were
literate. On the other hand, sixty respondents or (60%) had been farming 1-9 years.
Most (30%) of the citrus growers were from sitio Mayayat. In terms of production
area, majority (73%) of the farmers had an area not more than 800 sq meters. Three
(40%) with an area of 1001-2000 sq meter and one (7%) with an area of 2001-3000. On
their production practices, majority (87%) of the respondents plant Mandarin followed by
Sweet oranges (67%). On the other hand, the least planted citrus varieties were Pomelo
(20%), Limes (13%) and Lemons (7%). Most (47%) of the respondents used the
seedlings as planting materials. In sourcing out planting materials, majority (60%) of the
farmers obtain their planting materials from Narlyn’s Fruit Tree Nursery. In harvesting,
all farmers used pruning shears because this is the right tool as suggested by BNCRDC
and done by staggered basis. All (100%) of the respondents applied organic fertilizer by
using sunflower and cow dung. As to marketing practices, majority (53%) of the farmers
sold their products to wholesalers and retailer (47%). Most (80%) of the respondents
25
delivered their product to the buyers and (20%) of buyer’s picked up the product. Most
(60%) of the respondents sold their products on cash basis and credit basis (40%).
The major production problems encountered by the respondents including the
following, pest and diseases and insufficient knowledge in producing citrus. The
marketing problems encountered by the respondents were delayed payment, limited of
marketing outlets and lack of promotional activities.
Conclusions
Based on the discussions, the following are the conclusion of the study:
1. Citrus production in Maligcong is a young industry and is mostly considered as
backyard.
2. Farmers do not produce their planting materials but instead get them from
nurseries.
3. Harvesting is done when the fruits are matured and done in staggered basis.
4. In selecting variety to plant, Mandarin and Sweet oranges are the best varieties
to be grown because these are marketable, while Pomelo, Limes and Lemons are not a
good source of variety to be planted because these are not marketable.
Recommendations
1. There is a need to encourage farmers to go into agroforestry using citrus as the
fruit trees intercropped with pine trees, while conserving the forest they get added income
from citrus.
26
2. The DA should help farmers grow their own seedlings so that they would not
depend in nurseries.
3. Based on findings, trainings and seminars are needed by the farmers with
regards to pest and diseases control.
27
LITERATURE CITED
BNCRDC Technoguide, 2007.Citrus.Pp.1-8, 20.
HARRDEC. 2007 MS Best Practices Series 2: Citrus Production. Highland Agriculture
and Resources Research and Development Consortium.
OCHASAN, J, M. 2001. Assessment of Citrus Huanglongbing Disease in Benguet and
Mountain Province and Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. MS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp.6.
OCHASAN, J, M. 2005. Citrus Production. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from
http://neda.gov.ph.knowledgeemporium/DataCAR/Organic citrus production.pdf.
PACSI, R, Y. 2008. Production and Marketing Profile of Cassava in Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 9-10.
28
APPENDIX A
Letter to the Respondents
College of Agriculture
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management
Benguet State University
Dear Respondents:
I am a fourth year student of Benguet State University, taking up Bachelor of
Science in Agribusiness majoring in Enterprise Management. I am presently conducting
my undergraduate research, entitled “Production and Marketing Practices of Citrus in
Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province”.
In this connection, may I request a part of your time to answer the questionnaire
of my research. Rest assured that all data gathered would be kept confidential.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration. God Bless!
Very truly yours,
SHEENA ANDREA C. CHALUYEN
Researcher
Noted by:
LUKE E. CUANGEY
Adviser
29
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
Instruction: Kindly check/fill up your answer on the space provided.
I. Respondent’s Profile
1. Name (Optional):__________________________________
2. Sex: ______3. Age: _______4. Civil Status: __________
5. Highest Educational Attainment:
______Elementary Level
______High School Level
______College Level
______Others (specify) ____________________________________
6. No. of years in farming: ___________
II.FarmProfile:
1. Farm Location: Sitio: ___________
Area: ____________
2. Source of Irrigation: _____________________________________
III. Production Practices
1. Please fill in the blanks below to describe your production practices:
Variety planted
No. of trees
Year established
Source of planting
materials
30
a. Planting materials:
_________seeds
_________seedlings
_________budded
_________grafted
_________others (specify) _______________________
b. Fertilizer Applied
_________Organic
_________Inorganic
IV.Harvesting Practices
1. Manner of harvesting.
_____staggered
_____all at once
2. When to harvest the citrus?
_____crop is mature
_____when somebody orders
_____others (please specify) _________________________
3. What are the tools you use in harvesting?
_____pruning shears
_____others (please specify) ________________________
V.Marketing Practices
1. Market outlet
_____wholesaler
_____retailer
_____neighbor
_____others (specify) ____________________
2. How to dispose your product?
_____delivered
_____picked up
_____others (specify) ___________________
31
3. Mode of payment
_____cash
_____credit
_____others (specify) _________________
VI.Problems Encountered
1. Production
_________Insufficient knowledge in producing citrus
_________Prevention of pest and diseases
_________Others (specify) _____________________
2. Marketing
_________delayed payment
_________limited of marketing outlets of citrus
_________lack of promotional activities
_________others (specify) _____________________
3. What are your suggestions/ recommendations on the problem you have
encountered?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Document Outline
- Production and Marketing
Practices of Citrus in Maligcong, Bontoc, Mountain Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Objectives of the Study
- Significance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Citrus Varieties
- Overview and Opportunities of the CitrusProduction in the Cordillera Region
- Pre-Production Practices
- Production
- Post Harvest
- Post-Production
- Marketing Practices and Problems in Citrus Industry
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Research Instrument and Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION
- Respondents of the Study
- Distribution of Respondents
- Production Areas
- Production Practices
- Harvesting Practices
- Marketing Practices
- Problems Normally Encountered
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES