BIBLIOFGRAPHY GUINYAWAN, RACHEL P. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOFGRAPHY
GUINYAWAN, RACHEL P. APRIL 2009. Social Capital among Members of the
Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser. Ma. Klondy T. Dagupen, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to look into the level of social capital among members
of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative along informal networks,
trust, poverty perception, participation and life satisfaction and to determine significant
differences in ratings of the social capital variables between officers and members of the
cooperative.
The study is descriptive and made use of questionnaire as the main instrument for
gathering data. The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive
statistical tools such as frequency, percentage and mean. One-way Analysis of variance
was used to determine relationships between the respondents’ profile with social capital
variables and the significant differences in the ratings of the officers and members. There
were 50 respondents drawn at random from the said cooperative.
Social capital components were measured using proxy variables and a five point
Likert scale. For example, sociability and participation in the cooperative activities made
use of a scale ranging from 1 to 5 where 1 represents never; 2-rarely; 3-sometimes; 4-
often and 5-always. For trust, 1-not trust; 2-little trust; 3-neutral; 4- much trust and 5-trust
much.
The results showed that only few among the respondents engaged themselves in
networks/group and they often participated in cooperative and social activities. These
indicate that the respondents are lacking in personal relationship building, which is what
social capital is all about.
On the personal side, most of the respondents were very happy and very satisfied
with their life as a whole these days. They also believed that they have moderate impact
in making the coop a better one. Moreover, there is a very close feeling of togetherness or
belongingness in the cooperative.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...
1
Rationale of the Study………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….. 3
Objectives of the Study………………………………………………… 4
Importance of the Study………………………………………………... 5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study…………………………………...
6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………..
7
Definition of Social Capital…………………………………………….
7
Variables of Social Capital……………………………………………..
7
Measurement of Social Capital………………………………………… 10
Importance and Benefits of Social Capital……………………………..
11
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………….
14
Locale and Time of Study……………………………………………...
14
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………
14
Data Collection…………………………………………………………
14
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..
14
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………
16
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………….
16
Social Capital among Members……………………………………….
19
Membership in Groups and Networks………………………….
19
Information Sources…………………………………………….
20
Trust of Respondents…………………………………………..
21
Confidence of Respondents…………………………………….
22
Agreement on Expectation Statements
about Cooperative………………………………………………
23
Poverty Perception……………………………………………...
24
Participation in Cooperative…………………………………….
25
Participation in Social Activities………………………………..
27
Life Satisfaction………………………………………………...
28
Support Given and Received…………………………………...
29
Pride in Cooperative…………………………………………….
31
Perceptions about Cooperative…………………………………..
31
Relationships between Respondents Profile
33
with Social Capital Variables…………………………………...
Position in Coop and Trust Variables…………………………..
33
Position in Household and
Sociability Variables ……………………………………...........
35
Educational Attainment and
Poverty Perception……………………………………………...
37
Educational Attainment and
Life Satisfaction…………………………………………………
39
iv
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………...
41
Summary………………………………………………………………
41
Conclusions…………………………………………………………...
42
Recommendations…………………………………………………….
42
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….
43
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….
45
A. Letter to the Respondents…………………………………………
45
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………
46
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1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
The concept of social capital was developed in sociology and political science to
describe the resources available to individuals through their membership in community
networks. In contrast to financial capital, which resides in people’s banks accounts or
human capital which is embodied in individuals investment in education and job training,
social capital adheres in the structure and quality of social relationships between
individuals (Kawachi, 2000).
Social capital is the intangible wealth that comes with good social networks,
extended families, clubs and societies and a healthy community life. It is the wealth
generated by participation.
People participate in cooperatives not primarily for social capital but because
through cooperatives they can acquire something tangible that they cannot otherwise
achieve. This provides a motive to participate in cooperatives that is not found in other
forms of social groupings. The international cooperative principle means you must
interact to keep your membership. This way, cooperatives are very powerful tools for
building the social capital needed for a rich civil society – people are motivated and
tangibly rewarded for their participation (Hood, N.D.).
At the cooperative, the members learn to appreciate the worth of help to one
another. This is a lesson espoused by the Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose
Cooperative since its inception. The NVAKMPCO was established in the municipality of
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya, the southernmost province of Region II. Solano is one of the
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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commercial centers of Nueva Vizcaya along with Bayombong. The cooperative office is
located at the 2/F Solano Public Market, Gaddang Street, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
The Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose Cooperative was organized
in 1975 as Alay Kapwa Organization with Ms. Valentina S. Tomas as founder, manager -
treasurer and Mr. Nemesio J. Estabillo as the first president. The first members were 15
teachers of Solano Elementary School who pooled their funds amounting to Two
Thousand Pesos (PhP 2,000) so they can borrow to re-structure their loans at the Rural
Bank of Solano.
After seven years as an organization, membership increased to 524 with a total
contributed share capital of PhP 179,503. It was then registered with the Bureau of
Cooperatives as Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose Cooperative. Having
accumulated sufficient capital that time, the cooperative started granting loans twice the
member’s share capital. This encouraged more people to join the cooperative causing a
dramatic increase in total share capital of PhP 6,334,686 by year 1991. It was converted
to a Multi-Purpose Cooperative on April 28, 1993. The total share capital of members as
of December 31, 2007 is PhP 101,895,092.
As the coop expanded, it continued to reach out to more individuals and the
community as it supported and provided livelihood trainings, health and sanitation
program and environmental program in Solano. The NVAKMPCO also actively
participated in the province’s socio – civic projects such as the clean and green project,
tree planting, feeding program and anti-rabies vaccination program. The coop
institutionalized these socio – economic and civic activities and strived to effectively
implement and administer them.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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Aside from credit operations, the coop has diversified into agricultural trading,
general merchandise, grains center with the latest rice mill facilities (the first of its kind
in the province which made Vizcaya rice competitive in the national market),
communication center, appliance center and trading center.
Some Novo Vizcayanos deem that the province did not become what it is today
without the contributions of the coop. With a network covering all 275 barangays
(villages) in Nueva Vizcaya’s 15 municipalities, NVAKMPCO is perceived to have
played a key role in charting the future of the people in the province.
Looking back at its humble beginning, the cooperative becoming a multi-million
enterprise was beyond the wildest dreams of its founder and officers. Through hardwork,
honesty, quality service, strong bond of members and alliances with other coop
federations, government and non- government organizations, it has gained the full trust
and confidence not only of its members but the entire community as well (Cooperative
Profile).
Statement of Problem
The study dealt with the social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
1. What are the levels of social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multipurpose Cooperative along:
a. Informal Network
b. Trust
c. Poverty Perception
d. Participation
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· Cooperative
· Social
e. Life Satisfaction
2. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?
3. What is the relationship of social capital variables and the respondents’
a. Educational attainment
b. Position in household
c. Poverty perception
d. Life satisfaction
4. What are the suggested specific actions to improve social capital for the
cooperative?
Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of the study:
1. To determine the level of Social Capital among the members of the Nueva
Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative along:
a. Informal Networks
b. Trust
c. Poverty Perception
d. Participation
· cooperative
· social
e. Life Satisfaction
2. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
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3. To determine the relationship of the social capital variables with the
respondents’
a. Educational attainment
b. Position in household
c. Poverty perception
d. Life satisfaction
4. To suggest specific actions to improve social capital for the cooperative.
Importance of the Study
There had been arising discussions on social capital and its role and importance in
institutions like government, community, business industry, organizations and
cooperatives. On the other hand, in the developing countries including Philippines, there
had been sad stories and failures of cooperatives. This study therefore looks at the social
capital among cooperative members and its potential to contribute to cooperative.
The determination of the level of social capital could give insights to the
cooperative members on what aspect or factor has to maintain or need to be improved.
Moreover, this study could benefit the members allowing them to assess and know the
importance of social capital within the cooperative and what are the benefits that could be
derived from it.
Student researchers could also gain information from this study for them to know
more about social capital. This will also serve as their reference in any study they will be
conducting that is related to it.
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative.
The study included the demographic profile of the respondents, level of social
capital among members and the relationship of the social capital variables with the
respondents’ position in household, educational attainment, poverty perception and life
satisfaction. Moreover, specific actions were recommended to improve social capital for
the cooperative.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition of Social Capital
Social capital refers to those stocks of social trust, norms and networks that
people can draw upon to solve common problems. Networks of civic engagement such as
neighborhood associations, sports clubs and cooperatives are an essential form of social
capital and the denser these networks, the more likely the members of that community
will cooperate for mutual benefit. This is so, even in the face of persistent problems of
collective action (tragedy of the commons, prisoner’s dilemma, etc.) because networks of
civic engagement (a) foster sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity by creating
expectations that favors given now will be returned later; (b) facilitate coordination and
communication and thus create channels through which information about the
trustworthiness of other individuals and groups ca n flow and be tested and verified; (c)
embody past success at collaboration which can serve as a cultural template for future
collaboration on other kinds of problems; and (d) increase the potential risk to those
who act opportunistically that they will not share in the benefits of current and future
transactions (Siriani and Lewis, N. D.)
Variables of Social Capital
Informal Networks. As argued by Montgomery (1991), firms might find
convenient to hire via employee referrals not only because this is less expensive than
more methods that are formal but also because employee referrals serve as a useful
screening device. Del Boca and Rota reported that on their sample, 16 percent of new
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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hires came from local state employment agencies mobility lists, 56 percent from other
firms and 24 percent were first job seekers found through informal networks.
Checking with relatives and friends is a widespread job search method as
documented by Holtzer (1988) and Wadsworth (1994), not only in Italy but also in the
US ad in UK. Holtzer reports that in his US National Longitudinal survey sample the two
most frequently used methods of search are friends and relatives and direct application
respectively; but he also calculates that 18% of job seekers received job offers from use
of informal networks as opposed to 19 percent from use of direct application and 10%
from use of other methods. Using the UK Labor Force, Gregg-Wadsworth find that job
centers, media and friends / contacts are the main search strategies used by unemployed
job seeker’s. The percentage of successful placements is 32 percent for the informal
network channel as opposed to 19 percent of job seeker’s and 18 percent of media.
The evidence available for other countries suggests that the use of informal
networks as a job search method is quicker and less costly than other methods. Moreover,
it is usually more productive in terms of job offers. In general, one should expect people
to seek work through informal channels when more channels that are formal work poorly
or are inexistent and firms value reference letters and other informal contacts (Pistaferrit,
1999).
Trust. According to Borgen (2001), strong identification is a significant trust –
making mechanisms. When trust is based on identification with the other’s desires and
intentions, trust exists because the parties effectively understand and appreciate the
other’s wants. They have a mutual understanding and each of them can effectively act for
the other. The other can also be confident that his/her interest will be protected and that
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no monitoring of the actor is necessary. Identification-based trust develops when both
knows and predicts the others needs, preferences and choices and also shares some of
those same needs, preferences and choices as one’s own (Lewicki and Bunker, 1996).
Calculus-based and knowledge-based trust may also allow a person, group or firm to
become more dependent on others but the exclusive advantage of identification-based
trust is that both of the parties can independently knowing their interest will be met in the
long run (Borgen, 2001).
All groups embodying social capital have a certain radius of trust that is the circle
of people among whom cooperative norms are operative. If a group’s social capital
produces positive externalities, the radius of trust can be larger than the group’s itself. It
is also possible for the radius of trust to be smaller than the membership of the group as
in large organizations that foster cooperative norms only among the group’s leadership or
permanent staff. A modern society maybe thought of as a series of concentric and
overlapping radii of trust. These can range from friends and cliques up through NGO’s
and religious groups (Fukuyama, 1999).
People are not comfortable in low trust relationships and often take steps to
remove themselves from the relationship. People who have established a high level of
trust have the cohesion with which to withstand considerable external challenges. High
trust relations are enduring because they are comfortable and satisfying to both parties.
Zak and Knack (2001) demonstrate that interpersonal trust substantially impacts
economic growth, and that sufficient interpersonal trust is necessary for economic
development.
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Reciprocity. The relationship between individual and organizational identities is
regarded as reciprocal such that organizational identities can influence individual
behavior and individual behavior can influence organizational identity (Pratt and
Foreman, 2000).
According to Portes, (1998), in a better functioning community, people are
constantly doing small favors for each other without expectation of direct returns. “A
society characterized by generalized reciprocity is more efficient than distrustful society,
for the reason that money is more efficient than barter. If we don’t have to balance every
exchange instantly, we can get a lot more accomplished” (Putnam, 2000). This resembles
Durkheim’s classical theory of social integration through common rituals of giving. In
this kind of exchange, the expectation of repayment is not based on knowledge of the
recipient but on the insertion of both actors in a common social structure. This resembles
also buying a round of drinks among friends who often meet for a pint at the pub. “First,
the donor’s returns may come not directly from the recipient but from the collectively as
a whole I the form of status, honor or approval. Second, the collectively itself acts as
guarantor that whatever debts are incurred will be repaid.
Measurement of Social Capital
Researchers in many different countries have undertaken measurements of the
components of social capital. In the United States, the Social Community Benchmark
Survey was a telephone interview survey of over 30,000 respondents conducted by a
network of researchers in 40 communities in the USA in the year 2000. It was followed
up in 2006 by a further selective survey. Up to the beginning of 2008 there have been
over 50 studies using the Social Benchmark Survey data. The European Union’s Active
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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Citizen Composite Index combines 63 basic indicators, drawn mainly from the European
Social Survey into a single index by an arbitrary weighting regime. Composite indexes
are also produced concerning the variously defined topics of social cohesion, civil
society, community cohesion, political life, human development, and corruption
perceptions. The World Bank’s Social Capital Assessment Tool gathers information by
survey and interview as source data for the assessment of social capital. Surveys
conducted by national statistics agencies provide a further source of relevant statistics.
British statistical surveys containing a social capital element have been listed by their
Office of National Statistics (Wikipedia.com).
Importance and Benefits of Social Capital
The importance of social capital theory is apparent from the literature with many
empirical studies that purport to show the importance of social capital to as very wide -
ranging set of socio economic phenomena (Durlauf, 2002). Adam and Roncevic (2003)
stated that: despite problems with its definition as well as its operationalization and
despite its (almost) metaphorical character, social capital has facilitated a series of very
important empirical investigations and theoretical debates, which have stimulated
reconsideration of the significance of human relations, of networks, of organizational
forms for the quality of life and of developmental performance.
The literature recognizes social capital as important to the efficient functioning of
modern economics and stable liberal democracy (Fukuyama, 2001), as an important base
for cooperation across sector and power differences and an important product of such
cooperative (Brown and Ashman, 1996) and Lyon (2000) described the importance of
social capital in shaping regional development patterns. It is clear that social capital is of
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importance in societal well being. Some aspects of the concept such as interpersonal trust
are clearly desirable in themselves while other aspects are more instrumental (Bankston
and Zhou, 2002). Optimism, satisfaction with life, perceptions of government institutions
and political involvement all stem from the fundamental dimensions of social capital
(Narayan and Cassidy, 2001).
According to Putnam (2000) social capital is important because (a.) social capital
allows citizens to resolve collective problems more easily. This refers to cases where
people benefit greatly as a collective if everyone is willing to pitch in with a small
personal investment. Trivial examples of this process abound in our daily lives, from
paying taxes to recycling to stopping at a red light to flushing the toilet; (b.) social capital
reduces transaction cost. Everyday business and social transactions are much less
problematic when such norms and networks are in place so that there is no need to spend
extra time and money making sure that others keep their promises; (c.) growing up in an
environment of mutual confidence socializes people to develop benevolence towards
others. Active, reliable connections with family members, friends, etc., make it easier to
see things from their point of view. “Without such opportunities, people are more likely
to be swayed by their worst impulses; and (d) networks channel helpful information.
Those low on social capital – fresh immigrants, for example – find it much more difficult
to get ahead economically even though they might be well trained and educated. They
have trouble finding the opportunities to employ their human capital.
There is evidence that communities with a good stock of social capital are more
likely to benefit from lower crime figures, better health, higher educational achievement,
better knowledge sharing, lower transaction costs and better economic growth. However,
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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there can also be a significant downside. Groups and organizations with high social
capital have the means (and sometimes the motive) to work to exclude and subordinate
others. Furthermore, the experience of living in close knit communities can be stultifying
especially to those who feel they are different in some important way.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose
Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya from December 2008 to January 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were fifty officers and members of the Nueva
Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative chosen at random.
Data Collection
A survey questionnaire was distributed to the selected respondents to accomplish.
The questionnaire sought information on the profile of the respondents, participation in
groups and networks, levels of trust, poverty perceptions and life satisfaction. The
researcher also interviewed key informants to gather more information about the
cooperative. Proxy variables were used to measure social capital.
Furthermore, the researcher used secondary data from the internet and cooperative
profile to have a good understanding of the research.
Data Analysis
The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical tools
such as frequency, percentage and mean. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) software was used to perform One-way Analysis of variance to determine
differences at .05 significance level of the social capital variables among groups of
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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respondent like the officers and members. Social capital variables also were measured
using a five point Likert scale using the range below.
1 - 1.74 = 1
1.75 - 2.54 = 2
2.55 - 3/34 = 3
3.35 - 4.14 = 4
4.15 - 5 = 5
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents information about the respondents’ background. There were fifty
respondents included in this study. Forty-one (82%) were members and 9 (18%) were
officers of the cooperative. Majority (58%) were household heads. Twenty eight (56%)
are male and 28 (44%) are female. As to civil status, 37 (74%) were married, 7 (14%)
were single and 6 (12%) were widowed. The mean age of the respondents was 41 years.
All respondents reported to be regular members of the cooperative for an average of 9
years. There were twenty nine (58%) who finished or have at least reached college level
of education. Thirty two (32%) were employed in government institutions, eight (25%)
were engaged in farming, four (12.5%) were housewife, two (6.2%) engineers and the
rest were self-employed.
Iloko is the major dialect of the Nueva Vizcaya province being used by 66.9% of
its residents (Philippine Travel Guide, 2007). For the respondents of this study, Iloko is
the colloquial speech (94%), although English and Filipino were widely spoken by 80%
and 94%, respectively. There were 18% of the respondents who can speak the Kalanguya,
some (14%) of them can also speak Ibaloi and the rest (4%) can speak the Kankana-ey.
As to religion, 28 (56%) of the respondents were Roman Catholic, 11 (22%) were
Iglesia ni Cristo, 6 (12%) were Born Again and the rest were Methodist and Baptist. Most
(86%) of the respondents belong to the Ilokano ethno-linguistic group.
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Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Respondent is the head of the household
Household head
29
58
None household head
21
42
TOTAL
50
100
Sex
Male
28
56
Female
22
44
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Single
7
14
Married
37
74
Widow/er
6
12
TOTAL
50
100
Position in Cooperative
Officer
9
18
Member
41
82
TOTAL
50
100
Years of Membership
1 – 5
16
32
6 – 10
6
12
11 – 15
13
26
16 – 20
7
14
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Table 1. Continued…
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Types of Membership
Regular
50
100
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
7
14.3
Secondary
13
26.5
University/College or more
29
59.2
TOTAL
50
100
Occupation
Housewife
4
12.5
Self-employed
2
6.2
Government/Coop Employee
16
50
Engineer
2
6.2
Farmer
8
25
TOTAL
32
99.9
Dialects/Languages Spoken
English
40
80
Tagalog
47
94
Ibaloi
7
14
Kalanguya
9
18
Iloko
47
94
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Table 1. Continued…
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Kankana-ey
4
8
Bulakeño
1
2
Age of Respondent
20 – 30
12
24
31 – 40
11
22
41 – 50
11
22
51 – 60
11
22
61 – 70
2
4
Mean Age: 9
Social Capital among Members
Membership in groups and networks. Table 2 presents the percentage of members
who engaged themselves in any other group or organizations. Forty five members (90%)
reported that they belong to a religious organization; 18% belong to a production group
(Solano Market Vendors Association). There were 14% who belong to professional
associations. Others (12%) belong to a cultural/ social group, 4% engaged in a basic
services groups and a 2% of them belong to a sports group.
The findings in the study indicated that the respondents are more active to their
membership in religious groups/organizations.
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Table 2. Membership in groups and networks
GROUP
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Religious group
45
90
Cultural, social, emotional/support group
6
12
Sports group
1
2
Basic services group
2
98
Production group
9
18
Professional association
7
14
Information sources. As to sources of information, Table 3 presents
that all
respondents listened to radio programs. Other sources of information according to
frequency counts were television, newspapers, magazines, and groups. This finding is
supported by Putnam (1993) that newspaper readership maybe a better indicator of civic
engagement in Italy than in India because of the varying literacy rates.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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Table 3. Information sources
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Radio
50
100
Newspapers, journals, magazines
42
84
Television
48
96
Clubs/groups/associations
31
62
Within village/neighborhood sources
28
56
Outside village
24
48
Level of trust of respondents. Like organizational identity, trust can be examined
at different levels. Trust at the level of organizations refers to a commitment and
cooperation in order to achieve organizational goals and at the individual level, trust
affects the willingness to cooperate and to commit to such organizational changes
(Atkinson and Butcher, 2003).
Table 4 presents the mean levels of trust of the respondents on families, friends,
co-tribes that are a member of the same coop, to neighbors and to coop officers. The
respondents’ put much trust to very much trust to families, friends that are a member of
the same coop and to coop officers as indicated by a mean rating ranging from 3.98 to
4.24.
The study showed that, feeling of trust is expressed at different levels. In
sociology and psychology, the degree to which one party trust another is a measure of
belief in the honesty, benevolence and competence of the other party (Wikipedia.com)
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Table 4. Level of trust of respondents
TRUST VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Families/relatives that are a
4.24
Very much trust
member of the same coop
Friends that are a member of the same coop
3.14
Neutral
Co-tribes that are a member of the same coop
2.96
Neutral
Neighbors
3.04
Neutral
Coop manager
4.08
Much trust
Coop board of directors
4.08
Much trust
Coop bookkeeper/secretary
3.96
Much trust
Coop treasurer
4.16
Very much trust
Coop collector
4.04
Much trust
Coop audit committee
4.12
Much trust
Coop credit committee
3.98
Much trust
Legend: 1-not trust; 2-little trust; 3-neutral; 4-much trust and 5-very much trust
Level of confidence of respondents. Another trust variable measured was the
confidence of the respondents that in times of financial difficulty, they can turn to
relatives, friends, informal credit groups, government banks in times of financial
difficulty. As presented in Table 5 the respondents are confident that they can turn for a
help to their family/relatives, friends, neighbors, moneylender, informal credit as well as
to groups and associations. On the other hand, a mean rating of 2.40 (little) and 2.68
(neutral) was given to government and cooperative co-members, respectively.
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Table 5. Level of confidence of respondents that they can turn to others in times of
financial difficulty
CONFIDENCE VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Family/relatives, friends, neighbors
4.0
Confident
Moneylender, informal credit,
groups/associations
3.58
Confident
Government bank
2.40
Little confidence
Cooperative and co-members
2.68
Neutral
Legend: 1-not confident; 2-little confident; 3-neutral; 4-confident and 5-very confident
The finding showed that there is higher level of confidence for a help in informal
relationships particularly with families, relatives, friends and neighbors.
Level of agreement on expectation statements about cooperative operation. Table
6 presents the respondents’ mean rating with regards to whether they agree or disagree
with statements about the cooperative. The respondents strongly agreed (4.18) that “It is
generally expected that people will volunteer or help in coop activities.” The respondents
agreed that most coop members contribute to coops activities and the members generally
have to do favor to coop officers from time to time to get things done as indicated by
their mean rating of 3.94 and 4.06. Furthermore, they gave a mean rating of 3.18 and 2.76
in statements that “People who did not volunteer in coop activities are likely to be not
criticized nor be fined as well as to the “Rules, laws and policies that affect coops
economic well-being changes without warning”.
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Table 6. Level of agreement of respondents in statements about cooperative
STATEMENTS
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
It is generally expected that people will
volunteer or help in coop activities
4.18
Strongly agree
People who did not volunteer or
participate in coop's activities are likely
3.18
Neutral
to be criticized or fined
Most coop members contribute to
coop's activities
3.94
Agree
Rules, laws and policies that affect
your coop's economic well being
2.76
Neutral
changes without warning
Members, like you, generally have to do
favors to coop officers from time to time
4.06
Agree
to get things done
Legend: 1-strongly disagree; 2-disagree; 3-neutral; 4-agree and 5-strongly agree
The study showed that the respondents strongly agree that people will volunteer
or help in coop activities. This is similar to the lesson espoused by the Nueva Vizcaya
Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative wherein at the cooperative; the members learn to
appreciate the worth of help to one another.
Poverty perception. It can be observed in Table 7 that being a member of a
cooperative, the respondents gave a rating of 3.24 (neutral) as to how they see their
household in terms of power. However, the respondents were certain that they will be
much better off in the future with the 4.46 rating, meaning they are very confident that
they would cope in crisis since they became coop members despite the mean rating 2.8
(neutral or about the same) to their household status.
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Table 7. Poverty perception of respondents
POVERTY VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
How would you rate your household
2.8
Neutral
Future while still a member of the coop
4.26
Much better off
Being a member of coop, where would
you put yourself
3.24
Neutral
Household's ability to survive such crisis
3.32
Neutral
Household confidence that they could cope
4.46
in crisis since they became a coop member
Much more confident
Legend: a1-very poor; a2-poor; a3-neutral; a4-somewhat powerful and a5-very powerful
b1-much worse; b2-somewhat worse; b3-about the same; b4-somewhat powerful
and b5-much better off
c1-totally powerless; c2-somewhat powerless; c3-neutral; c4-somewhat powerful
and c5-very powerful
d1-very unsecured; d2-somewhat unsecured; d3-neutral; d4-somewhat secure
and d5-very secure
e1-much less confident; e2-less confident; e3-same; e4-more confident and e5-
very confident
This findings corroborate with the perception of some Novo Vizcayanos that the
province will not have become what it is today without the contributions of the coop.
Participation in cooperative. In Table 8, a total of 50% deposits money in the
cooperative in a month and it can be seen that all of them participate in the coop’s annual
general assembly in a year. There were 48% who helped someone of the coop member’s
in the last 6 months. They serve as co-maker/guarantor; others conducted seminar and
give advices.
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Table 8. Participation in cooperative
PARTICIPATION
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
How much money do you
deposit in the coop in a month
1000
2
50
2000
1
25
100
1
25
TOTAL
4
100
Participation in coop activities
in a year
Once
50
100
TOTAL
50
100
Helped someone of the coop
member's in the last six months
Helped someone
20
48.8
Did not helped someone
21
51.2
TOTAL
41
100
Respondent’s reason why do
they indicated that the coop is
an active one
Desire to get ahead
47
94
economically
Good governance
46
92
Strong leadership
39
78
Strong sense of
32
64
cooperativism
Government support
28
56
Politics/politicians
2
4
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The findings explain that the respondents prefer to add to their share capital
instead of having monthly deposit.
As to activeness, almost all of the respondents reported that the coop is an active
one because it serves more than fifty percent of the member’s. The reasons for
respondent’s perception that the coop is active were the following: 94% desires to get
ahead economically, 92% good governance, 78% strong leadership, 64% strong sense of
cooperativism and 56% government support. By participating in coop activities, it shows
that the respondents believe that they can acquire something from these activities. The
finding of the study is similar with the statement of Hood (N. D.) that people participate
in cooperatives not primarily for social capital but because through cooperatives they can
acquire something tangible that they cannot otherwise achieve.
Participation in social activities. As shown in Table 9, social activities where the
respondents often participate with mean rating of 3.70 and 3.46 respectively were clan
reunions and community activities. Activities that they rated as sometimes participated or
done, with mean rating ranging from 2.55 – 3.34 include visiting co-members in their
homes, getting together with co-members, attending recreations and participating in
bayanihan.
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Table 9. Participation of respondents in social activities
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Visit co-members in their homes
3.02
Sometimes
Get together with co-members
2.80
Sometimes
Participate in coop's decision making
3.64
Often
Attend cañao
1.00
Never
Attend community activities
3.46
Often
Attend recreations
2.96
Sometimes
Attend clan reunions
3.70
Often
Attend bayanihan activities
2.72
Sometimes
Legend: 1-never; 2-rarely; 3-sometimes; 4-often and 5-always
Life satisfaction. Life satisfaction, like job satisfaction is one of the most
important thing that could make people happy or contented with what they have in life.
In Table 10, the respondents indicated that they are very happy and very satisfied
with their life as a whole these days. They also believe that they have moderate impact
(4.12) in making the coop a better one. Moreover, they gave a mean rate 4.16 (very close)
on the feeling of togetherness and belongingness in the coop.
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Table 10. Life satisfaction of the respondents
LIFE SATISFACTION VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Taking all things together, would you
say you that you are happy or not
4.32
Very happy
How much impact do you think members
like you, can have in making your coop a
4.12
Moderate impact
better one
How would you rate the togetherness or
feeling of belonging in your coop
4.16
Very close
How satisfied are you with your life as
a whole these days
4.24
Very satisfied
Legend:a1-very unhappy; a2-unhappy; a3-neutral; a4-happy and a5-very happy
b1-no impact; b2-little impact; b3-neutral; b4-moderate impact and b5-big impact
c1-not close at all; c2-not very close; c3-neutral; c4-somewhat close and c5-very
close
d1-very dissatisfied; d2-somewhat satisfied; d3-neutral; d4-somewhat satisfied
and d5-very satisfied
Support given and received. Table 11 and 12 presents the support given and
received respectively from parents, children and to other relatives, either living with them
or living elsewhere since they became a member of the coop. The respondents rated lot of
support (4.40) was given to children and likewise a 4.20 mean of support is being
received from them. Just enough support (3.74 and 3.40) was given to and received from
parents also. It can be observed more that about the same or neutral support was given to
other relatives.
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Table 11. Support given by the respondents to parents, children, and other relatives
SUPPORT GIVEN
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Support you are giving to parents
3.74
Just enough support
Support you are giving to children
4.4
Lot of support
Support you are giving to other
relatives
3.32
Neutral
Legend: 1-no support; 2-little support; 3-neutral; 4-just enough support and 5-lot of
support
It is generally interpreted that lot of support is being given and taken from parents
and children. This implies that family is very important. According to (Bubolz and
Hogan, 1998), family is the first building block in the generation of social capital for the
larger society as the main source of economic and social welfare for its members.
Relations within family foster the development of trust, essential for the formation of all
outside relations. The family’s ability to meet children’s physical and emotional needs
strongly influences their perceptions of the trustworthiness of others outside the family.
Family dynamics also encourages reciprocity and exchange, two other important
factors in social capital generation. The material and emotional support shared freely
between family members generates an implicit willingness to return such support.
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Table 12. Support received by the respondents from parents, children, and other relatives
SUPPORT RECEIVED
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Support you are getting from parents
3.4
Just enough support
Support you are getting from children
4.2
Lot of support
Support you are getting from other
3.02
Neutral
relatives
Legend: 1-no support; 2-little support; 3-neutral; 4-just enough support and 5-lot of
support
Pride in cooperative. As to pride in cooperative, the respondents were very proud
of who they are in the cooperative as indicated by a mean rating of 4.52.
This finding of the study implies that the respondents were proud that they are a
member of this cooperative.
Perceptions about cooperatives
Perceptions of the respondents about cooperative. Table 13 presents the
respondents perceptions about the most important cooperative problems in general. As to
management, 82% of the respondents rated incompetence as the biggest problem while
corruption was indicated by 72% as the biggest problem under Coop leaders. For
members, a negative value was considered as the biggest problem by 62%.
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TABLE 13. Perceptions of the respondents about cooperative
PROBLEMS
BIGGEST
2ND BIGGEST
3RD BIGGEST
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Management
F
%
F %
F %
Incompetence
41
82
9 18
0
Lack of skills
28 56
18 36
4 8
Coop leaders
Corruption
36
72
12 24
2 4
Lack of
leadership
16 32
18 36
16 32
capability
Leaders
19 38
15 30
16 32
negative values
Members
Members
31
62
19 38
0 32
negative values
Lack of
20 40
16 32
14 28
cooperation
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Relationships Between Respondents’ Profile with Social Capital Variables
Some of the respondents’ profile variables were related with social capital
variables to determine significant differences in the mean ratings of officers and members
of the cooperative. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Position in coop and trust variables. Table 14 presents the respondents position in
the coop as related with trust variables in order to determine significant differences in the
mean ratings between officers and members. Showing a highly significant difference in
mean ratings were trust in friends and co-tribes who are members of the same
cooperatives, with the officers indicating little trust (2.22 and 2.0), respectively), and
members indicating neutral trust (3.34 and 3.17), respectively. Trust in the coop credit
committee is another with significant difference in mean ratings between the officers and
members, wherein the officers gave a higher trust rating (4.14) for this committee.
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Table 13. Relationship of position in coop and trust variables
MEAN
TRUST VARIABLES
Officer
Description
Members
Description
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
Families/relatives that are
a member of the same coop
4.11
Much trust
4.26
Very much trust
0.585
Friends that are a member of the
same coop
2.22
Little trust
3.34
Neutral
0.000*
Co-tribes that are a member of the
2.00
Little trust
3.17
Neutral
same coop
0.000*
Neighbors
2.44
Little trust
3.17
Neutral
0.027*
Coop manager
3.77
Much trust
4.14
Much trust
0.201
Coop board of directors
4.00
Much trust
4.09
Much trust
0.737
Coop bookkeeper/secretary
3.77
Much trust
4.00
Much trust
0.460
Coop treasurer
4.22
Very much trust
4.14
Much trust
0.775
Coop collector
4.00
Much trust
4.04
Much trust
0.872
Coop audit committee
4.00
Much trust
3.44
Much trust
0.599
Coop credit committee
4.14
Much trust
4.09
Much trust
0.024*
Legend: with asterisk (*) - that there is a significant difference
34
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Position in household and sociability variables. Table 15 presents the
respondents’ relationship of the members’ position in the household, whether head or not
with sociability variables.
Significant differences were observed in the sociability variables: participating in
community activities; recreations and in clan reunions; with household heads
participating less in these activities. The finding implies that household heads are often
involved in work and may not have time to socialize with groups.
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Table 14. Relationship of position in household and sociability variables
MEAN
SIGNIFICANCE
TRUST VARIABLES
Description
Description
Household
Non Household
LEVEL
Head
Head
Get together with
co-members
2.6
Neutral
3.04
Neutral
.195
Participate in coop's
decision making
3.62
Often
3.66
Often
.867
Community
activities
3.24
Neutral
3.76
Often
.029*
Recreations
2.74
Neutral
3.28
Neutral
.004*
Clan Reunion
3.44
Often
4.04
Often
.042*
Bayanihan
2.65
Neutral
2.8
Neutral
.599
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
36
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Educational attainment and poverty perception. Significant differences between
the respondents’ educational attainment and poverty perception were presented in Table
16. It was observed that college and secondary group of respondents have higher positive
outlook in life. They are much more confident and somewhat secure that their household
would cope in or they have the ability to survive such crisis since they became a coop
member.
The finding of the study implies that higher educational achievement contributes
to one’s positive outlook in life.
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Table 15. Educational attainment and poverty perception
MEAN
POVERTY PERCEPTION
SIGNIFICANCE
VARIABLES
Elem.
Description
HS
Description College Description
LEVEL
Household rate
2.42
Poor
2.38
Neutral
3.06
Neutral
000*
Households’ future
4
Somewhat
4.15
Much
Much
better off
better off
4.37
better off
0.248
Respondents’ cooperative
power
3
Neutral
3.23
Neutral
3.27
Neutral
0.448
Household's ability to survive
Somewhat
crisis
3.14
Neutral
2.76
Neutral
3.62
secure
0.001*
Household confidence that
they would cope in crisis
4
More
since they became a
confident
4.30
Much more
confident
4.65
Much more
confident
0.002*
coop member
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
38
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Educational attainment and life satisfaction. As shown in Table 17, respondents’
educational attainment was related of the different groups of respondents. The life
satisfaction variables having significant differences were the statements of happiness,
feeling of togetherness or belongingness and life satisfaction. College groups were very
happy and very satisfied with their life as a whole these days. On the other hand,
elementary groups were very close as to feeling of togetherness or belongingness in the
cooperative.
The findings explain that higher educational achievement contributes to
individuals’ life satisfaction.
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Table 16. Educational attainment and life satisfaction
MEAN
LIFE SATISFACTION
SIGNIFICANCE
VARIABLES
Elementary Description Secondary Description College Description
LEVEL
Taking all thing together,
would you say that you
4.00
Happy
3.92
Happy
4.55
Very happy
0.002*
are happy or not
Members' impact in
making the coop a better
3.85
Moderate
impact
4.07
Moderate
impact
4.20
Big impact
0.620
one
Feeling of togetherness or
5.00
Very close
3.84
Somewhat
close
4.10
Somewhat
close
0.017*
belongingness in coop
How satisfied are you
with your life as a whole
4.00
Somewhat
satisfied
3.34
Neutral
4.65
Very
satisfied
0.000*
these days
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
40
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to measure the social capital among members of the
Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
A survey questionnaire was used to gather relevant data and information needed
in this study. The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical
tools such as frequency, percentage and mean. One-way Analysis of variance was used to
determine relationships between the respondents’ profile with social capital variables.
There were 50 respondents drawn at random from the said cooperative.
Although, it was found out that only few among the coop’s member belong or
engaged themselves in any other groups or networks, they actively participate when it
comes to groups decision-making.
With respect to sociability and participation of members, one can say in general
that, they have a better level of social capital as manifested by their participation in coops
activities as well as to other informal activities like community activities.
Most of them shows neutral to much trust to their families, relatives, friends, co-
tribes, neighbors as well as to coop’s officer. There is relatively higher confidence that
they can turn to others in times of financial difficulty and they as well agree in statements
about cooperative. A mean rating of 3.94 to 4.18 was given to statements “It is generally
expected that people will volunteer or help in coop’s activities;” “Generally, members
have to do favors to coop officers from time to time to get things done and “Most coop
members contribute to coop’s activities. Also, the members gave rating of 2.76 and 3.18
(neutral) in statements “Rules, laws and policies that affect coop’s economic well-being
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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changes without warning, likewise “People who did not volunteer or participate in coop’s
activities are likely to be criticized or fined”.
Regarding poverty perception, most of the members gave a mean rating of 2.80,
meaning neutral (neither poor nor rich) to their household but are certain that they will be
much better off in the future. Being a member of the coop, they gave a rating of 3.24
(neutral) as to their power. They are much more confident that their household would
cope in crisis since they became a member of the cooperative. Besides, they gave mean
rating of 3.32 (neutral) as to their household’s ability to survive such crisis.
The findings also showed that most of the members were very happy and very
satisfied with their life as a whole these days. They also believe that they have moderate
impact in making the coop a better one. Moreover, there is a very close feeling of
togetherness or belongingness in the cooperative.
As to management, 82% of the respondents rated incompetence as the biggest
problem while corruption was indicated by 72% as the biggest problem under Coop
leaders. For members, a negative value was considered as the biggest problem by 62 %.
Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the respondent’s position in
coop and trust variables, position in household and sociability variables, educational
attainment and poverty perception and educational attainment and life satisfaction.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The respondents’ membership in group or networks in the community is at low
level.
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2. Most of the respondents participate only in coops annual general assembly.
3. Majority of the respondents participate in clan reunion and community activities.
4. The respondents show a positive outlook in life.
5. Respondents feeling of trust between the families and to coop officers are
expressed at different levels.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. Coop members should join to other networks/groups because the denser these
networks are, the more likely that the members will cooperate for mutual benefit.
Networks also facilitate coordination and communication and thus create channels
through which information about the trustworthiness of other individuals and groups can
flow.
2. Relationship building activities like teambuilding activities among members of
the cooperative should be done to enhance more participation and sociability.
3. Continuous active involvement and participation of the members and officers in
the affairs of the cooperative like forums, workshops and seminars and in community
activities such as livelihood trainings, good governance campaign should be done also to
improve social capital for the cooperative.
4. Management must take full guidance with the cooperative. Management team
should always consult the members about the plans, policies, goals and problems of the
cooperative. Through this process, higher feeling of trust to coop officers will flow.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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LITERATURE CITED
ADAM, F. and RONCEVIC, B. 2003. Measurement of Social Capital. Accessed from
the internet at http://www.gnudung.com/literature/measurement.html on July
18, 2008.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Nueva Vizcaya Phillippines. Accessed from the internet at
http://www.philippine_travel_guide.com/nueva_vizcaya.html on March 26, 2009.
ANONYMOUS. N. D. Benefits and Importance of Social Capital. Accessed from
the internet at http://www.gnudung.com/literature/benefits.html on September 03,
2008.
ASHMAN, D. and BROWN, L. 1996. Beyond the Community. Accessed from the
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ATKINSON, S. and BUTCHER, D. 2003. The relationship of Organizational Cultures,
Trust and Innovativeness. Accesed from the internet at
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BORGEN, N. 2000. Organizational Identity and Trust. Accessed from the internet at
http://www.ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol11_no2pages29-33.pdf. on July 18, 2008.
BUNKER, B. and LEWICKI, R. 1996. Chapter XX Trust, Trust Development and Trust
Repair. Accessed from the internet at
http://www.fisher.osu.edu/ftmba/library/file/faculty/Leadership-Paper-
Lewicki.pdf on July 18, 2008.
CASSIDY, M. and NARAYAN, D. 2001. A Dimensional Approach to Measuring Social
Capital. Accessed from the internet at http://www.twu.org/intstaff/.../Narayan
AND Cassidy_DimAppMeasSocCap-CS-200103.pdf. on August 8, 2008.
DURLAUF, S. 2002. On the Empirics of Social Capital. Accessed from the internet at
http://www.aula.org/people/jyri/papers/socialcapital/inex.html on August 10,
2008.
FUKUYAMA, F. 1999. Social Capital and Civil Society. The Institute of Public Policy,
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10, 2008.
HOLTZER, T. 1998. Questions and Answers on Measurement of High School
Graduation Rates. Accessed from the internet at
http://www.stanford.edu/~pista/networks.pdf. on August 16, 2008.
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Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
45
HOOD, M. N. D. Colloquium on the Contribution of the Cooperative Sector to Housing
Development. Accessed from the internet at
www.business.uts.edu.au/cacom/articles/infobriefs/turkish_experience on July 09,
2008.
KAWACHI, I. 2000. Social Capital. Accessed from the internet at
www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Social Environment/notebook/capital on
September 19, 2008
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at
http://www.gnudung.com/literature/benifits.html. on September 19, 2008.
PISTAFERRIT, L. 1999. Informal Networks in the Italian Labor Market. Accessed from
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Menus in Socialization. Accessed from the internet at
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PUTNAM, R. 1993. Sizing Up Social Capital. Accessed from the Internet at
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SIRIANI, C. and Lewis F. N. D. Social Capital. Accessed from the Internet at
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policy_interpersonal_trust_and-economic on July 18, 2008.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
46
APPENDIX
A. Letter to the Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
AND AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMNET
December 19, 2008
Dear Sir/ Madam:
I, Rachel P. Guinyawan, fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up
Bachelor of Science in agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. As part of our
requirements for the degree, I am conducting my special problem titled “SOCIAL
CAPITAL AMONG MEMBERS OF THE NUEVA VIZCAYA ALAY KAPWA
MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE IN SOLANO, NUEVA VIZCAYA”.
In this connection, I am appealing for your cooperation in answering the attached
questionnaire. Rest assured that the data to be obtained from you will be kept
confidential.
Thank you and hoping for your cooperative response.
Respectfully yours,
RACHEL P. GUINYAWAN
Researcher
Noted by:
MA. KLONDY T. DAGUPEN
Adviser
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47
B. Survey Questionnaire
Questionnaire No.________
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of cooperative: _________________________ Location: _________________
2. Is the respondent the head of household? ______ Yes ______ No
3. Sex of respondent: ______Male _______Female
4. Age of respondent: _______
5. Civil status: ______single; ________married; _________widow/er;
6. How long has respondent been a member of this cooperative? ____
7. Position in cooperative: _____ Officer _____ Member
8. Membership: _____ Associate member _____ Regular member
B. GROUPS/ NETWORKS AND PARTICIPATION
9. Please indicate if you belong to any of the following groups by answering the
appropriate columns
How actively do you
How much
participate in this group’s
Name of
money do you decision-making
Group
Organization
contribute to
1 = Leader
or Group
this group in a 2 = Very active
month
3 = Somewhat active
4 = Does not participate in
decision-making
Religious or spiritual
group; specify
Cultural, social,
emotional/support
group such as BIBAK,
senior citizen; specify
Sports groups; specify
Basic services groups
such as Barangay
Health Worker,
Mothers’ classes,
Tanod; specify
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How actively do you
How much
participate in this group’s
Name of
money do you decision-making
Group
Organization
contribute to
1 = Leader
or Group
this group in a 2 = Very active
month
3 = Somewhat active
4 = Does not participate in
decision-making
Ethnic based groups
such as tribe,
indigenous,
community
organizations; specify
Production group such
as farmers, vendors
groups; specify
Professional
association (such as
Rotary, Lion’s ,
Chamber of
Commerce; specify
Other Cooperatives,
specify name
Sociability
10. Please rate your participation in the following activities?
Never (1) 2
3
4.
5. Always
I do the following informal
activities
a. Visit co-members in
their homes
b. Get together with co-
members (for recreation,
parties etc.)
I participate in our coop’s
decision making
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49
Never (1) 2
3
4.
5. Always
I attend the following
activities
a. Cañao
b. Community activities
(fiesta, Christmas)
c. Recreations (sports
fest, film showing, liga)
d. Clan reunion
e. Bayanihan
Participation in Cooperative
11. On average, how much money do you deposit in your coop in a month? _________
12. On average, how often do you participate in your coop’s activities in a year?
____(Once); _____(Twice);______(More than twice)
Specify: ____________________________
13. Have you helped someone of the coop members in the last 6 months?
____ Yes ____ No:
If yes how?___________________
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14. Please indicate how you rate your coop whether active or inactive. Rank the reasons
why you chose your specific answer (1 is the most important and 5 is the least
important)
I. ACTIVE (serves 50% or II. INACTIVE ( serves less than 50% of the members)
more of the members)
____ a. Strong leadership
____ a. No strong leadership
____ b. Strong sense of
____ b. no sense of cooperativism
cooperativism
____ c. Politics/politicians
____ c. Mismanagement of coop
____ d. Government support/ ____ d. Conflict between groups
management
____ e. Desire to get ahead
____ e. Coop members think only about themselves
economically
(selfish)
____ f. Good governance
____ f. No government support/connections
____ g. Coop members’ delinquency on loans
____ i. Lack resources
C. TRUST
15. How much do you trust the following?
Not trust
Little
Neutral
Much Very much
(1)
trust (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
a. families/ relatives that
are a member of the same
coop
b. friends that are a
member of the same coop
c. co-tribes that are a
member of the same coop
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How much do you trust the following?
Not trust
Little
Neutral
Much Very much
(1)
trust (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
d. Neighbors
e. Coop employees
e1. Manager
e2. Board of Directors
e3. Bookkeeper/
Secretary
e4. Treasurer
e5. Collector
e6. Audit committee
e7. Credit committee
16. In times of financial difficulty, how confident are you that you can turn to these
different groups for a help?
Not
Little
Neutral Confiden Very confident
confident confi-
(3)
t
(5)
(1)
dent (2)
(4)
Family/ relatives,
friends, neighbors,
Moneylender, Informal
credit, groups,
associations
Government, Bank
Cooperatives and co-
members
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17. How much do you agree or disagree with each one of the statement?
Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Strongly
disagree
(2)
(3)
(4)
agree
(1)
(5)
In your coop, it is
generally expected that
people will volunteer or
help in coop activities
People who do not
volunteer or participate in
coop’s activities are likely
to be criticized or fined
Most of the coop members
contribute to coop’s
activities
The rules, laws and
policies that affect your
coop’s economic well-
being change without
warning
Members like you
generally have to do
favors to coop officers
from time to time to get
things done
D. POVERTY PERCEPTION
18. How would you rate your household?
____ Very poor (1)
____ Poor (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Rich (4)
____ Very rich (5)
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19. Thinking about the future while still a member of the coop, overall do you think that
you and your household will be…
____ Much worse off (1)
____ Somewhat worse off (2)
____ About the same (3)
____ Somewhat better off (4)
____ Much better off (5)
20. Being a member of the coop, where would you put yourself?
____ Totally powerless (1)
____ Somewhat powerless (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat powerful (4)
____ Very powerful (5)
21. If there was a crisis, such as poor crops, loss of job, or illness, how would you rate
your households’ ability to survive such crisis?
____ Very unsecured (1)
____ Somewhat unsecured (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat secure (4)
____ Very secure (5)
22. How confident would you say you that you and your household would cope in a crisis
since you became a cooperative member?
____ Much less confident (1)
____ Less confident (2)
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54
____ Same (3)
____ More confident (4)
____ Much more confident (5)
E. LIFE SATISFACTION (Please check the appropriate number corresponding to your
answer)
23. Taking all things together, would you say you are…
____ Very unhappy (1)
____ Unhappy (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Happy (4)
____ Very happy (5)
24. Overall, how much impact do you think members like you, can have in making your
coop a better one?
____ No impact (1)
____ Little impact (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Moderate impact (4)
____ Big impact (5)
25. How would you rate the togetherness or feeling of belonging in your coop?
____ Not close at all (1)
____ Not very close (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat close (4)
____ Very close (5)
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26. All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?
____ Very dissatisfied (1)
____ Somewhat dissatisfied (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat satisfied (4)
____ Very satisfied(5)
27. How would you rate the support you are giving to parents, children or other relatives,
either living with you or living elsewhere since you became a member of the coop?
No support
Little
Neutral Just enough Lot of support
(1)
support (2)
(3)
support (4)
(5)
Parents
Children
Other
relatives
28. How would you rate the support you are getting from parents, children or other
relatives, either living with you or living elsewhere since you became a member of
the coop?
No support
Little support Neutral
Just enough
Lot of
(1)
(2)
(3)
support (4)
support (5)
Parents
Children
Other
relatives
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29. People have different opinions about the most important problems that need to be
fixed to make the coop better. In your opinion, what is the BIGGEST problem facing
you, rank as 1? What is the SECOND biggest problem, rank as 2? What is the THIRD
biggest problem, rank as 3,
a. Management
b. Coop leaders
c. Members
___ Incompetence
___ Corruption
___ Negative values
like______________
___ Lack of Skills
___ Lack of leadership
capability
___ Lack of cooperation
___ Others _________ ___ Negative values
___ Others________________
like _____________
30. How proud are you about who you are in the coop you belong to?
Reason (s)
____ Very ashamed _____________________________
____ Ashamed
_____________________________
____ Neither proud nor ashamed
_____________________________
____ Proud
____________________________
____ Very proud
____________________________
31. How proud are you about who you are in the coop you belong to?
____ Very ashamed
____ Ashamed
____ Neither proud nor ashamed
____ Proud
____ Very proud
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G. DEMOGRAPHIC
32. How much formal schooling have you had?
____ None
____ Primary
____ Elementary
____ Secondary
____ University/ College or more
____ Vocational/technical
33. How many of the following live in your household?
a. Adult men (16 and over): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b. Adult women (16 and over) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
c. Boys (15 and under) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d. Girls (15 and under) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
e. Total Members: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
34. What is your occupation?
____ Housewife
____ Student
____ Self-employed: please specify _______________
____ Others, Please specify: _________________
35. What language/s and dialect/s do you speak?
____ English
____ Tagalog
____ Iloko
____ Ibaloi
____ Kankanaey
____ Kalanguya
____ others, specify___________________
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36. What is your ethno-linguistic group?
____ Ilokano ____ Ibaloi ____ others, specify___________
____ Kakanaey ____ Kalanguya
37. What is your religious affiliation?
____ Catholic
___ Islam
____ Born Again others, specify ______________
____ Iglesia ni Cristo
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
GUINYAWAN, RACHEL P. APRIL 2009. Social Capital among Members of the
Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser. Ma. Klondy T. Dagupen, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to look into the level of social capital among members
of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative along informal networks,
trust, poverty perception, participation and life satisfaction and to determine significant
differences in ratings of the social capital variables between officers and members of the
cooperative.
The study is descriptive and made use of questionnaire as the main instrument for
gathering data. The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive
statistical tools such as frequency, percentage and mean. One-way Analysis of variance
was used to determine relationships between the respondents’ profile with social capital
variables and the significant differences in the ratings of the officers and members. There
were 50 respondents drawn at random from the said cooperative.
Social capital components were measured using proxy variables and a five point
Likert scale. For example, sociability and participation in the cooperative activities made
use of a scale ranging from 1 to 5 where 1 represents never; 2-rarely; 3-sometimes; 4-
often and 5-always. For trust, 1-not trust; 2-little trust; 3-neutral; 4- much trust and 5-trust
much.
The results showed that only few among the respondents engaged themselves in
networks/group and they often participated in cooperative and social activities. These
indicate that the respondents are lacking in personal relationship building, which is what
social capital is all about.
On the personal side, most of the respondents were very happy and very satisfied
with their life as a whole these days. They also believed that they have moderate impact
in making the coop a better one. Moreover, there is a very close feeling of togetherness or
belongingness in the cooperative.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography...………………………………………………………………... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...
1
Rationale of the Study………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………….. 3
Objectives of the Study………………………………………………… 4
Importance of the Study………………………………………………... 5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study…………………………………...
6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………..
7
Definition of Social Capital…………………………………………….
7
Variables of Social Capital……………………………………………..
7
Measurement of Social Capital………………………………………… 10
Importance and Benefits of Social Capital……………………………..
11
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………….
14
Locale and Time of Study……………………………………………...
14
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………
14
Data Collection…………………………………………………………
14
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..
14
iii
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………
16
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………….
16
Social Capital among Members……………………………………….
19
Membership in Groups and Networks………………………….
19
Information Sources…………………………………………….
20
Trust of Respondents…………………………………………..
21
Confidence of Respondents…………………………………….
22
Agreement on Expectation Statements
about Cooperative………………………………………………
23
Poverty Perception……………………………………………...
24
Participation in Cooperative…………………………………….
25
Participation in Social Activities………………………………..
27
Life Satisfaction………………………………………………...
28
Support Given and Received…………………………………...
29
Pride in Cooperative…………………………………………….
31
Perceptions about Cooperative…………………………………..
31
Relationships between Respondents Profile
33
with Social Capital Variables…………………………………...
Position in Coop and Trust Variables…………………………..
33
Position in Household and
Sociability Variables ……………………………………...........
35
Educational Attainment and
Poverty Perception……………………………………………...
37
Educational Attainment and
Life Satisfaction…………………………………………………
39
iv
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………...
41
Summary………………………………………………………………
41
Conclusions…………………………………………………………...
42
Recommendations…………………………………………………….
42
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….
43
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….
45
A. Letter to the Respondents…………………………………………
45
B. Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………
46
v
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
The concept of social capital was developed in sociology and political science to
describe the resources available to individuals through their membership in community
networks. In contrast to financial capital, which resides in people’s banks accounts or
human capital which is embodied in individuals investment in education and job training,
social capital adheres in the structure and quality of social relationships between
individuals (Kawachi, 2000).
Social capital is the intangible wealth that comes with good social networks,
extended families, clubs and societies and a healthy community life. It is the wealth
generated by participation.
People participate in cooperatives not primarily for social capital but because
through cooperatives they can acquire something tangible that they cannot otherwise
achieve. This provides a motive to participate in cooperatives that is not found in other
forms of social groupings. The international cooperative principle means you must
interact to keep your membership. This way, cooperatives are very powerful tools for
building the social capital needed for a rich civil society – people are motivated and
tangibly rewarded for their participation (Hood, N.D.).
At the cooperative, the members learn to appreciate the worth of help to one
another. This is a lesson espoused by the Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose
Cooperative since its inception. The NVAKMPCO was established in the municipality of
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya, the southernmost province of Region II. Solano is one of the
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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commercial centers of Nueva Vizcaya along with Bayombong. The cooperative office is
located at the 2/F Solano Public Market, Gaddang Street, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
The Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose Cooperative was organized
in 1975 as Alay Kapwa Organization with Ms. Valentina S. Tomas as founder, manager -
treasurer and Mr. Nemesio J. Estabillo as the first president. The first members were 15
teachers of Solano Elementary School who pooled their funds amounting to Two
Thousand Pesos (PhP 2,000) so they can borrow to re-structure their loans at the Rural
Bank of Solano.
After seven years as an organization, membership increased to 524 with a total
contributed share capital of PhP 179,503. It was then registered with the Bureau of
Cooperatives as Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose Cooperative. Having
accumulated sufficient capital that time, the cooperative started granting loans twice the
member’s share capital. This encouraged more people to join the cooperative causing a
dramatic increase in total share capital of PhP 6,334,686 by year 1991. It was converted
to a Multi-Purpose Cooperative on April 28, 1993. The total share capital of members as
of December 31, 2007 is PhP 101,895,092.
As the coop expanded, it continued to reach out to more individuals and the
community as it supported and provided livelihood trainings, health and sanitation
program and environmental program in Solano. The NVAKMPCO also actively
participated in the province’s socio – civic projects such as the clean and green project,
tree planting, feeding program and anti-rabies vaccination program. The coop
institutionalized these socio – economic and civic activities and strived to effectively
implement and administer them.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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Aside from credit operations, the coop has diversified into agricultural trading,
general merchandise, grains center with the latest rice mill facilities (the first of its kind
in the province which made Vizcaya rice competitive in the national market),
communication center, appliance center and trading center.
Some Novo Vizcayanos deem that the province did not become what it is today
without the contributions of the coop. With a network covering all 275 barangays
(villages) in Nueva Vizcaya’s 15 municipalities, NVAKMPCO is perceived to have
played a key role in charting the future of the people in the province.
Looking back at its humble beginning, the cooperative becoming a multi-million
enterprise was beyond the wildest dreams of its founder and officers. Through hardwork,
honesty, quality service, strong bond of members and alliances with other coop
federations, government and non- government organizations, it has gained the full trust
and confidence not only of its members but the entire community as well (Cooperative
Profile).
Statement of Problem
The study dealt with the social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
1. What are the levels of social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multipurpose Cooperative along:
a. Informal Network
b. Trust
c. Poverty Perception
d. Participation
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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· Cooperative
· Social
e. Life Satisfaction
2. What is the demographic profile of the respondents?
3. What is the relationship of social capital variables and the respondents’
a. Educational attainment
b. Position in household
c. Poverty perception
d. Life satisfaction
4. What are the suggested specific actions to improve social capital for the
cooperative?
Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of the study:
1. To determine the level of Social Capital among the members of the Nueva
Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative along:
a. Informal Networks
b. Trust
c. Poverty Perception
d. Participation
· cooperative
· social
e. Life Satisfaction
2. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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3. To determine the relationship of the social capital variables with the
respondents’
a. Educational attainment
b. Position in household
c. Poverty perception
d. Life satisfaction
4. To suggest specific actions to improve social capital for the cooperative.
Importance of the Study
There had been arising discussions on social capital and its role and importance in
institutions like government, community, business industry, organizations and
cooperatives. On the other hand, in the developing countries including Philippines, there
had been sad stories and failures of cooperatives. This study therefore looks at the social
capital among cooperative members and its potential to contribute to cooperative.
The determination of the level of social capital could give insights to the
cooperative members on what aspect or factor has to maintain or need to be improved.
Moreover, this study could benefit the members allowing them to assess and know the
importance of social capital within the cooperative and what are the benefits that could be
derived from it.
Student researchers could also gain information from this study for them to know
more about social capital. This will also serve as their reference in any study they will be
conducting that is related to it.
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on social capital among members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay
Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative.
The study included the demographic profile of the respondents, level of social
capital among members and the relationship of the social capital variables with the
respondents’ position in household, educational attainment, poverty perception and life
satisfaction. Moreover, specific actions were recommended to improve social capital for
the cooperative.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition of Social Capital
Social capital refers to those stocks of social trust, norms and networks that
people can draw upon to solve common problems. Networks of civic engagement such as
neighborhood associations, sports clubs and cooperatives are an essential form of social
capital and the denser these networks, the more likely the members of that community
will cooperate for mutual benefit. This is so, even in the face of persistent problems of
collective action (tragedy of the commons, prisoner’s dilemma, etc.) because networks of
civic engagement (a) foster sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity by creating
expectations that favors given now will be returned later; (b) facilitate coordination and
communication and thus create channels through which information about the
trustworthiness of other individuals and groups ca n flow and be tested and verified; (c)
embody past success at collaboration which can serve as a cultural template for future
collaboration on other kinds of problems; and (d) increase the potential risk to those
who act opportunistically that they will not share in the benefits of current and future
transactions (Siriani and Lewis, N. D.)
Variables of Social Capital
Informal Networks. As argued by Montgomery (1991), firms might find
convenient to hire via employee referrals not only because this is less expensive than
more methods that are formal but also because employee referrals serve as a useful
screening device. Del Boca and Rota reported that on their sample, 16 percent of new
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hires came from local state employment agencies mobility lists, 56 percent from other
firms and 24 percent were first job seekers found through informal networks.
Checking with relatives and friends is a widespread job search method as
documented by Holtzer (1988) and Wadsworth (1994), not only in Italy but also in the
US ad in UK. Holtzer reports that in his US National Longitudinal survey sample the two
most frequently used methods of search are friends and relatives and direct application
respectively; but he also calculates that 18% of job seekers received job offers from use
of informal networks as opposed to 19 percent from use of direct application and 10%
from use of other methods. Using the UK Labor Force, Gregg-Wadsworth find that job
centers, media and friends / contacts are the main search strategies used by unemployed
job seeker’s. The percentage of successful placements is 32 percent for the informal
network channel as opposed to 19 percent of job seeker’s and 18 percent of media.
The evidence available for other countries suggests that the use of informal
networks as a job search method is quicker and less costly than other methods. Moreover,
it is usually more productive in terms of job offers. In general, one should expect people
to seek work through informal channels when more channels that are formal work poorly
or are inexistent and firms value reference letters and other informal contacts (Pistaferrit,
1999).
Trust. According to Borgen (2001), strong identification is a significant trust –
making mechanisms. When trust is based on identification with the other’s desires and
intentions, trust exists because the parties effectively understand and appreciate the
other’s wants. They have a mutual understanding and each of them can effectively act for
the other. The other can also be confident that his/her interest will be protected and that
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no monitoring of the actor is necessary. Identification-based trust develops when both
knows and predicts the others needs, preferences and choices and also shares some of
those same needs, preferences and choices as one’s own (Lewicki and Bunker, 1996).
Calculus-based and knowledge-based trust may also allow a person, group or firm to
become more dependent on others but the exclusive advantage of identification-based
trust is that both of the parties can independently knowing their interest will be met in the
long run (Borgen, 2001).
All groups embodying social capital have a certain radius of trust that is the circle
of people among whom cooperative norms are operative. If a group’s social capital
produces positive externalities, the radius of trust can be larger than the group’s itself. It
is also possible for the radius of trust to be smaller than the membership of the group as
in large organizations that foster cooperative norms only among the group’s leadership or
permanent staff. A modern society maybe thought of as a series of concentric and
overlapping radii of trust. These can range from friends and cliques up through NGO’s
and religious groups (Fukuyama, 1999).
People are not comfortable in low trust relationships and often take steps to
remove themselves from the relationship. People who have established a high level of
trust have the cohesion with which to withstand considerable external challenges. High
trust relations are enduring because they are comfortable and satisfying to both parties.
Zak and Knack (2001) demonstrate that interpersonal trust substantially impacts
economic growth, and that sufficient interpersonal trust is necessary for economic
development.
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Reciprocity. The relationship between individual and organizational identities is
regarded as reciprocal such that organizational identities can influence individual
behavior and individual behavior can influence organizational identity (Pratt and
Foreman, 2000).
According to Portes, (1998), in a better functioning community, people are
constantly doing small favors for each other without expectation of direct returns. “A
society characterized by generalized reciprocity is more efficient than distrustful society,
for the reason that money is more efficient than barter. If we don’t have to balance every
exchange instantly, we can get a lot more accomplished” (Putnam, 2000). This resembles
Durkheim’s classical theory of social integration through common rituals of giving. In
this kind of exchange, the expectation of repayment is not based on knowledge of the
recipient but on the insertion of both actors in a common social structure. This resembles
also buying a round of drinks among friends who often meet for a pint at the pub. “First,
the donor’s returns may come not directly from the recipient but from the collectively as
a whole I the form of status, honor or approval. Second, the collectively itself acts as
guarantor that whatever debts are incurred will be repaid.
Measurement of Social Capital
Researchers in many different countries have undertaken measurements of the
components of social capital. In the United States, the Social Community Benchmark
Survey was a telephone interview survey of over 30,000 respondents conducted by a
network of researchers in 40 communities in the USA in the year 2000. It was followed
up in 2006 by a further selective survey. Up to the beginning of 2008 there have been
over 50 studies using the Social Benchmark Survey data. The European Union’s Active
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Citizen Composite Index combines 63 basic indicators, drawn mainly from the European
Social Survey into a single index by an arbitrary weighting regime. Composite indexes
are also produced concerning the variously defined topics of social cohesion, civil
society, community cohesion, political life, human development, and corruption
perceptions. The World Bank’s Social Capital Assessment Tool gathers information by
survey and interview as source data for the assessment of social capital. Surveys
conducted by national statistics agencies provide a further source of relevant statistics.
British statistical surveys containing a social capital element have been listed by their
Office of National Statistics (Wikipedia.com).
Importance and Benefits of Social Capital
The importance of social capital theory is apparent from the literature with many
empirical studies that purport to show the importance of social capital to as very wide -
ranging set of socio economic phenomena (Durlauf, 2002). Adam and Roncevic (2003)
stated that: despite problems with its definition as well as its operationalization and
despite its (almost) metaphorical character, social capital has facilitated a series of very
important empirical investigations and theoretical debates, which have stimulated
reconsideration of the significance of human relations, of networks, of organizational
forms for the quality of life and of developmental performance.
The literature recognizes social capital as important to the efficient functioning of
modern economics and stable liberal democracy (Fukuyama, 2001), as an important base
for cooperation across sector and power differences and an important product of such
cooperative (Brown and Ashman, 1996) and Lyon (2000) described the importance of
social capital in shaping regional development patterns. It is clear that social capital is of
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importance in societal well being. Some aspects of the concept such as interpersonal trust
are clearly desirable in themselves while other aspects are more instrumental (Bankston
and Zhou, 2002). Optimism, satisfaction with life, perceptions of government institutions
and political involvement all stem from the fundamental dimensions of social capital
(Narayan and Cassidy, 2001).
According to Putnam (2000) social capital is important because (a.) social capital
allows citizens to resolve collective problems more easily. This refers to cases where
people benefit greatly as a collective if everyone is willing to pitch in with a small
personal investment. Trivial examples of this process abound in our daily lives, from
paying taxes to recycling to stopping at a red light to flushing the toilet; (b.) social capital
reduces transaction cost. Everyday business and social transactions are much less
problematic when such norms and networks are in place so that there is no need to spend
extra time and money making sure that others keep their promises; (c.) growing up in an
environment of mutual confidence socializes people to develop benevolence towards
others. Active, reliable connections with family members, friends, etc., make it easier to
see things from their point of view. “Without such opportunities, people are more likely
to be swayed by their worst impulses; and (d) networks channel helpful information.
Those low on social capital – fresh immigrants, for example – find it much more difficult
to get ahead economically even though they might be well trained and educated. They
have trouble finding the opportunities to employ their human capital.
There is evidence that communities with a good stock of social capital are more
likely to benefit from lower crime figures, better health, higher educational achievement,
better knowledge sharing, lower transaction costs and better economic growth. However,
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there can also be a significant downside. Groups and organizations with high social
capital have the means (and sometimes the motive) to work to exclude and subordinate
others. Furthermore, the experience of living in close knit communities can be stultifying
especially to those who feel they are different in some important way.
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Nueva Vizcaya ALAY KAPWA Multi-Purpose
Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya from December 2008 to January 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were fifty officers and members of the Nueva
Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative chosen at random.
Data Collection
A survey questionnaire was distributed to the selected respondents to accomplish.
The questionnaire sought information on the profile of the respondents, participation in
groups and networks, levels of trust, poverty perceptions and life satisfaction. The
researcher also interviewed key informants to gather more information about the
cooperative. Proxy variables were used to measure social capital.
Furthermore, the researcher used secondary data from the internet and cooperative
profile to have a good understanding of the research.
Data Analysis
The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical tools
such as frequency, percentage and mean. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) software was used to perform One-way Analysis of variance to determine
differences at .05 significance level of the social capital variables among groups of
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respondent like the officers and members. Social capital variables also were measured
using a five point Likert scale using the range below.
1 - 1.74 = 1
1.75 - 2.54 = 2
2.55 - 3/34 = 3
3.35 - 4.14 = 4
4.15 - 5 = 5
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 presents information about the respondents’ background. There were fifty
respondents included in this study. Forty-one (82%) were members and 9 (18%) were
officers of the cooperative. Majority (58%) were household heads. Twenty eight (56%)
are male and 28 (44%) are female. As to civil status, 37 (74%) were married, 7 (14%)
were single and 6 (12%) were widowed. The mean age of the respondents was 41 years.
All respondents reported to be regular members of the cooperative for an average of 9
years. There were twenty nine (58%) who finished or have at least reached college level
of education. Thirty two (32%) were employed in government institutions, eight (25%)
were engaged in farming, four (12.5%) were housewife, two (6.2%) engineers and the
rest were self-employed.
Iloko is the major dialect of the Nueva Vizcaya province being used by 66.9% of
its residents (Philippine Travel Guide, 2007). For the respondents of this study, Iloko is
the colloquial speech (94%), although English and Filipino were widely spoken by 80%
and 94%, respectively. There were 18% of the respondents who can speak the Kalanguya,
some (14%) of them can also speak Ibaloi and the rest (4%) can speak the Kankana-ey.
As to religion, 28 (56%) of the respondents were Roman Catholic, 11 (22%) were
Iglesia ni Cristo, 6 (12%) were Born Again and the rest were Methodist and Baptist. Most
(86%) of the respondents belong to the Ilokano ethno-linguistic group.
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Table 1. Profile of the Respondents
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Respondent is the head of the household
Household head
29
58
None household head
21
42
TOTAL
50
100
Sex
Male
28
56
Female
22
44
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Single
7
14
Married
37
74
Widow/er
6
12
TOTAL
50
100
Position in Cooperative
Officer
9
18
Member
41
82
TOTAL
50
100
Years of Membership
1 – 5
16
32
6 – 10
6
12
11 – 15
13
26
16 – 20
7
14
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Table 1. Continued…
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Types of Membership
Regular
50
100
TOTAL
50
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
7
14.3
Secondary
13
26.5
University/College or more
29
59.2
TOTAL
50
100
Occupation
Housewife
4
12.5
Self-employed
2
6.2
Government/Coop Employee
16
50
Engineer
2
6.2
Farmer
8
25
TOTAL
32
99.9
Dialects/Languages Spoken
English
40
80
Tagalog
47
94
Ibaloi
7
14
Kalanguya
9
18
Iloko
47
94
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Table 1. Continued…
PROFILE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Kankana-ey
4
8
Bulakeño
1
2
Age of Respondent
20 – 30
12
24
31 – 40
11
22
41 – 50
11
22
51 – 60
11
22
61 – 70
2
4
Mean Age: 9
Social Capital among Members
Membership in groups and networks. Table 2 presents the percentage of members
who engaged themselves in any other group or organizations. Forty five members (90%)
reported that they belong to a religious organization; 18% belong to a production group
(Solano Market Vendors Association). There were 14% who belong to professional
associations. Others (12%) belong to a cultural/ social group, 4% engaged in a basic
services groups and a 2% of them belong to a sports group.
The findings in the study indicated that the respondents are more active to their
membership in religious groups/organizations.
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Table 2. Membership in groups and networks
GROUP
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Religious group
45
90
Cultural, social, emotional/support group
6
12
Sports group
1
2
Basic services group
2
98
Production group
9
18
Professional association
7
14
Information sources. As to sources of information, Table 3 presents
that all
respondents listened to radio programs. Other sources of information according to
frequency counts were television, newspapers, magazines, and groups. This finding is
supported by Putnam (1993) that newspaper readership maybe a better indicator of civic
engagement in Italy than in India because of the varying literacy rates.
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Table 3. Information sources
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
Radio
50
100
Newspapers, journals, magazines
42
84
Television
48
96
Clubs/groups/associations
31
62
Within village/neighborhood sources
28
56
Outside village
24
48
Level of trust of respondents. Like organizational identity, trust can be examined
at different levels. Trust at the level of organizations refers to a commitment and
cooperation in order to achieve organizational goals and at the individual level, trust
affects the willingness to cooperate and to commit to such organizational changes
(Atkinson and Butcher, 2003).
Table 4 presents the mean levels of trust of the respondents on families, friends,
co-tribes that are a member of the same coop, to neighbors and to coop officers. The
respondents’ put much trust to very much trust to families, friends that are a member of
the same coop and to coop officers as indicated by a mean rating ranging from 3.98 to
4.24.
The study showed that, feeling of trust is expressed at different levels. In
sociology and psychology, the degree to which one party trust another is a measure of
belief in the honesty, benevolence and competence of the other party (Wikipedia.com)
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Table 4. Level of trust of respondents
TRUST VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Families/relatives that are a
4.24
Very much trust
member of the same coop
Friends that are a member of the same coop
3.14
Neutral
Co-tribes that are a member of the same coop
2.96
Neutral
Neighbors
3.04
Neutral
Coop manager
4.08
Much trust
Coop board of directors
4.08
Much trust
Coop bookkeeper/secretary
3.96
Much trust
Coop treasurer
4.16
Very much trust
Coop collector
4.04
Much trust
Coop audit committee
4.12
Much trust
Coop credit committee
3.98
Much trust
Legend: 1-not trust; 2-little trust; 3-neutral; 4-much trust and 5-very much trust
Level of confidence of respondents. Another trust variable measured was the
confidence of the respondents that in times of financial difficulty, they can turn to
relatives, friends, informal credit groups, government banks in times of financial
difficulty. As presented in Table 5 the respondents are confident that they can turn for a
help to their family/relatives, friends, neighbors, moneylender, informal credit as well as
to groups and associations. On the other hand, a mean rating of 2.40 (little) and 2.68
(neutral) was given to government and cooperative co-members, respectively.
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Table 5. Level of confidence of respondents that they can turn to others in times of
financial difficulty
CONFIDENCE VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Family/relatives, friends, neighbors
4.0
Confident
Moneylender, informal credit,
groups/associations
3.58
Confident
Government bank
2.40
Little confidence
Cooperative and co-members
2.68
Neutral
Legend: 1-not confident; 2-little confident; 3-neutral; 4-confident and 5-very confident
The finding showed that there is higher level of confidence for a help in informal
relationships particularly with families, relatives, friends and neighbors.
Level of agreement on expectation statements about cooperative operation. Table
6 presents the respondents’ mean rating with regards to whether they agree or disagree
with statements about the cooperative. The respondents strongly agreed (4.18) that “It is
generally expected that people will volunteer or help in coop activities.” The respondents
agreed that most coop members contribute to coops activities and the members generally
have to do favor to coop officers from time to time to get things done as indicated by
their mean rating of 3.94 and 4.06. Furthermore, they gave a mean rating of 3.18 and 2.76
in statements that “People who did not volunteer in coop activities are likely to be not
criticized nor be fined as well as to the “Rules, laws and policies that affect coops
economic well-being changes without warning”.
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Table 6. Level of agreement of respondents in statements about cooperative
STATEMENTS
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
It is generally expected that people will
volunteer or help in coop activities
4.18
Strongly agree
People who did not volunteer or
participate in coop's activities are likely
3.18
Neutral
to be criticized or fined
Most coop members contribute to
coop's activities
3.94
Agree
Rules, laws and policies that affect
your coop's economic well being
2.76
Neutral
changes without warning
Members, like you, generally have to do
favors to coop officers from time to time
4.06
Agree
to get things done
Legend: 1-strongly disagree; 2-disagree; 3-neutral; 4-agree and 5-strongly agree
The study showed that the respondents strongly agree that people will volunteer
or help in coop activities. This is similar to the lesson espoused by the Nueva Vizcaya
Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative wherein at the cooperative; the members learn to
appreciate the worth of help to one another.
Poverty perception. It can be observed in Table 7 that being a member of a
cooperative, the respondents gave a rating of 3.24 (neutral) as to how they see their
household in terms of power. However, the respondents were certain that they will be
much better off in the future with the 4.46 rating, meaning they are very confident that
they would cope in crisis since they became coop members despite the mean rating 2.8
(neutral or about the same) to their household status.
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Table 7. Poverty perception of respondents
POVERTY VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
How would you rate your household
2.8
Neutral
Future while still a member of the coop
4.26
Much better off
Being a member of coop, where would
you put yourself
3.24
Neutral
Household's ability to survive such crisis
3.32
Neutral
Household confidence that they could cope
4.46
in crisis since they became a coop member
Much more confident
Legend: a1-very poor; a2-poor; a3-neutral; a4-somewhat powerful and a5-very powerful
b1-much worse; b2-somewhat worse; b3-about the same; b4-somewhat powerful
and b5-much better off
c1-totally powerless; c2-somewhat powerless; c3-neutral; c4-somewhat powerful
and c5-very powerful
d1-very unsecured; d2-somewhat unsecured; d3-neutral; d4-somewhat secure
and d5-very secure
e1-much less confident; e2-less confident; e3-same; e4-more confident and e5-
very confident
This findings corroborate with the perception of some Novo Vizcayanos that the
province will not have become what it is today without the contributions of the coop.
Participation in cooperative. In Table 8, a total of 50% deposits money in the
cooperative in a month and it can be seen that all of them participate in the coop’s annual
general assembly in a year. There were 48% who helped someone of the coop member’s
in the last 6 months. They serve as co-maker/guarantor; others conducted seminar and
give advices.
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Table 8. Participation in cooperative
PARTICIPATION
INDICATOR
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
How much money do you
deposit in the coop in a month
1000
2
50
2000
1
25
100
1
25
TOTAL
4
100
Participation in coop activities
in a year
Once
50
100
TOTAL
50
100
Helped someone of the coop
member's in the last six months
Helped someone
20
48.8
Did not helped someone
21
51.2
TOTAL
41
100
Respondent’s reason why do
they indicated that the coop is
an active one
Desire to get ahead
47
94
economically
Good governance
46
92
Strong leadership
39
78
Strong sense of
32
64
cooperativism
Government support
28
56
Politics/politicians
2
4
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The findings explain that the respondents prefer to add to their share capital
instead of having monthly deposit.
As to activeness, almost all of the respondents reported that the coop is an active
one because it serves more than fifty percent of the member’s. The reasons for
respondent’s perception that the coop is active were the following: 94% desires to get
ahead economically, 92% good governance, 78% strong leadership, 64% strong sense of
cooperativism and 56% government support. By participating in coop activities, it shows
that the respondents believe that they can acquire something from these activities. The
finding of the study is similar with the statement of Hood (N. D.) that people participate
in cooperatives not primarily for social capital but because through cooperatives they can
acquire something tangible that they cannot otherwise achieve.
Participation in social activities. As shown in Table 9, social activities where the
respondents often participate with mean rating of 3.70 and 3.46 respectively were clan
reunions and community activities. Activities that they rated as sometimes participated or
done, with mean rating ranging from 2.55 – 3.34 include visiting co-members in their
homes, getting together with co-members, attending recreations and participating in
bayanihan.
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Table 9. Participation of respondents in social activities
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Visit co-members in their homes
3.02
Sometimes
Get together with co-members
2.80
Sometimes
Participate in coop's decision making
3.64
Often
Attend cañao
1.00
Never
Attend community activities
3.46
Often
Attend recreations
2.96
Sometimes
Attend clan reunions
3.70
Often
Attend bayanihan activities
2.72
Sometimes
Legend: 1-never; 2-rarely; 3-sometimes; 4-often and 5-always
Life satisfaction. Life satisfaction, like job satisfaction is one of the most
important thing that could make people happy or contented with what they have in life.
In Table 10, the respondents indicated that they are very happy and very satisfied
with their life as a whole these days. They also believe that they have moderate impact
(4.12) in making the coop a better one. Moreover, they gave a mean rate 4.16 (very close)
on the feeling of togetherness and belongingness in the coop.
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Table 10. Life satisfaction of the respondents
LIFE SATISFACTION VARIABLES
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Taking all things together, would you
say you that you are happy or not
4.32
Very happy
How much impact do you think members
like you, can have in making your coop a
4.12
Moderate impact
better one
How would you rate the togetherness or
feeling of belonging in your coop
4.16
Very close
How satisfied are you with your life as
a whole these days
4.24
Very satisfied
Legend:a1-very unhappy; a2-unhappy; a3-neutral; a4-happy and a5-very happy
b1-no impact; b2-little impact; b3-neutral; b4-moderate impact and b5-big impact
c1-not close at all; c2-not very close; c3-neutral; c4-somewhat close and c5-very
close
d1-very dissatisfied; d2-somewhat satisfied; d3-neutral; d4-somewhat satisfied
and d5-very satisfied
Support given and received. Table 11 and 12 presents the support given and
received respectively from parents, children and to other relatives, either living with them
or living elsewhere since they became a member of the coop. The respondents rated lot of
support (4.40) was given to children and likewise a 4.20 mean of support is being
received from them. Just enough support (3.74 and 3.40) was given to and received from
parents also. It can be observed more that about the same or neutral support was given to
other relatives.
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Table 11. Support given by the respondents to parents, children, and other relatives
SUPPORT GIVEN
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Support you are giving to parents
3.74
Just enough support
Support you are giving to children
4.4
Lot of support
Support you are giving to other
relatives
3.32
Neutral
Legend: 1-no support; 2-little support; 3-neutral; 4-just enough support and 5-lot of
support
It is generally interpreted that lot of support is being given and taken from parents
and children. This implies that family is very important. According to (Bubolz and
Hogan, 1998), family is the first building block in the generation of social capital for the
larger society as the main source of economic and social welfare for its members.
Relations within family foster the development of trust, essential for the formation of all
outside relations. The family’s ability to meet children’s physical and emotional needs
strongly influences their perceptions of the trustworthiness of others outside the family.
Family dynamics also encourages reciprocity and exchange, two other important
factors in social capital generation. The material and emotional support shared freely
between family members generates an implicit willingness to return such support.
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Table 12. Support received by the respondents from parents, children, and other relatives
SUPPORT RECEIVED
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Support you are getting from parents
3.4
Just enough support
Support you are getting from children
4.2
Lot of support
Support you are getting from other
3.02
Neutral
relatives
Legend: 1-no support; 2-little support; 3-neutral; 4-just enough support and 5-lot of
support
Pride in cooperative. As to pride in cooperative, the respondents were very proud
of who they are in the cooperative as indicated by a mean rating of 4.52.
This finding of the study implies that the respondents were proud that they are a
member of this cooperative.
Perceptions about cooperatives
Perceptions of the respondents about cooperative. Table 13 presents the
respondents perceptions about the most important cooperative problems in general. As to
management, 82% of the respondents rated incompetence as the biggest problem while
corruption was indicated by 72% as the biggest problem under Coop leaders. For
members, a negative value was considered as the biggest problem by 62%.
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TABLE 13. Perceptions of the respondents about cooperative
PROBLEMS
BIGGEST
2ND BIGGEST
3RD BIGGEST
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Management
F
%
F %
F %
Incompetence
41
82
9 18
0
Lack of skills
28 56
18 36
4 8
Coop leaders
Corruption
36
72
12 24
2 4
Lack of
leadership
16 32
18 36
16 32
capability
Leaders
19 38
15 30
16 32
negative values
Members
Members
31
62
19 38
0 32
negative values
Lack of
20 40
16 32
14 28
cooperation
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Relationships Between Respondents’ Profile with Social Capital Variables
Some of the respondents’ profile variables were related with social capital
variables to determine significant differences in the mean ratings of officers and members
of the cooperative. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Position in coop and trust variables. Table 14 presents the respondents position in
the coop as related with trust variables in order to determine significant differences in the
mean ratings between officers and members. Showing a highly significant difference in
mean ratings were trust in friends and co-tribes who are members of the same
cooperatives, with the officers indicating little trust (2.22 and 2.0), respectively), and
members indicating neutral trust (3.34 and 3.17), respectively. Trust in the coop credit
committee is another with significant difference in mean ratings between the officers and
members, wherein the officers gave a higher trust rating (4.14) for this committee.
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Table 13. Relationship of position in coop and trust variables
MEAN
TRUST VARIABLES
Officer
Description
Members
Description
SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
Families/relatives that are
a member of the same coop
4.11
Much trust
4.26
Very much trust
0.585
Friends that are a member of the
same coop
2.22
Little trust
3.34
Neutral
0.000*
Co-tribes that are a member of the
2.00
Little trust
3.17
Neutral
same coop
0.000*
Neighbors
2.44
Little trust
3.17
Neutral
0.027*
Coop manager
3.77
Much trust
4.14
Much trust
0.201
Coop board of directors
4.00
Much trust
4.09
Much trust
0.737
Coop bookkeeper/secretary
3.77
Much trust
4.00
Much trust
0.460
Coop treasurer
4.22
Very much trust
4.14
Much trust
0.775
Coop collector
4.00
Much trust
4.04
Much trust
0.872
Coop audit committee
4.00
Much trust
3.44
Much trust
0.599
Coop credit committee
4.14
Much trust
4.09
Much trust
0.024*
Legend: with asterisk (*) - that there is a significant difference
34
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Position in household and sociability variables. Table 15 presents the
respondents’ relationship of the members’ position in the household, whether head or not
with sociability variables.
Significant differences were observed in the sociability variables: participating in
community activities; recreations and in clan reunions; with household heads
participating less in these activities. The finding implies that household heads are often
involved in work and may not have time to socialize with groups.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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Table 14. Relationship of position in household and sociability variables
MEAN
SIGNIFICANCE
TRUST VARIABLES
Description
Description
Household
Non Household
LEVEL
Head
Head
Get together with
co-members
2.6
Neutral
3.04
Neutral
.195
Participate in coop's
decision making
3.62
Often
3.66
Often
.867
Community
activities
3.24
Neutral
3.76
Often
.029*
Recreations
2.74
Neutral
3.28
Neutral
.004*
Clan Reunion
3.44
Often
4.04
Often
.042*
Bayanihan
2.65
Neutral
2.8
Neutral
.599
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
36
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Educational attainment and poverty perception. Significant differences between
the respondents’ educational attainment and poverty perception were presented in Table
16. It was observed that college and secondary group of respondents have higher positive
outlook in life. They are much more confident and somewhat secure that their household
would cope in or they have the ability to survive such crisis since they became a coop
member.
The finding of the study implies that higher educational achievement contributes
to one’s positive outlook in life.
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Table 15. Educational attainment and poverty perception
MEAN
POVERTY PERCEPTION
SIGNIFICANCE
VARIABLES
Elem.
Description
HS
Description College Description
LEVEL
Household rate
2.42
Poor
2.38
Neutral
3.06
Neutral
000*
Households’ future
4
Somewhat
4.15
Much
Much
better off
better off
4.37
better off
0.248
Respondents’ cooperative
power
3
Neutral
3.23
Neutral
3.27
Neutral
0.448
Household's ability to survive
Somewhat
crisis
3.14
Neutral
2.76
Neutral
3.62
secure
0.001*
Household confidence that
they would cope in crisis
4
More
since they became a
confident
4.30
Much more
confident
4.65
Much more
confident
0.002*
coop member
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
38
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Educational attainment and life satisfaction. As shown in Table 17, respondents’
educational attainment was related of the different groups of respondents. The life
satisfaction variables having significant differences were the statements of happiness,
feeling of togetherness or belongingness and life satisfaction. College groups were very
happy and very satisfied with their life as a whole these days. On the other hand,
elementary groups were very close as to feeling of togetherness or belongingness in the
cooperative.
The findings explain that higher educational achievement contributes to
individuals’ life satisfaction.
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Table 16. Educational attainment and life satisfaction
MEAN
LIFE SATISFACTION
SIGNIFICANCE
VARIABLES
Elementary Description Secondary Description College Description
LEVEL
Taking all thing together,
would you say that you
4.00
Happy
3.92
Happy
4.55
Very happy
0.002*
are happy or not
Members' impact in
making the coop a better
3.85
Moderate
impact
4.07
Moderate
impact
4.20
Big impact
0.620
one
Feeling of togetherness or
5.00
Very close
3.84
Somewhat
close
4.10
Somewhat
close
0.017*
belongingness in coop
How satisfied are you
with your life as a whole
4.00
Somewhat
satisfied
3.34
Neutral
4.65
Very
satisfied
0.000*
these days
Legend: with asterisk (*) - there is a significant difference
40
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted to measure the social capital among members of the
Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya.
A survey questionnaire was used to gather relevant data and information needed
in this study. The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical
tools such as frequency, percentage and mean. One-way Analysis of variance was used to
determine relationships between the respondents’ profile with social capital variables.
There were 50 respondents drawn at random from the said cooperative.
Although, it was found out that only few among the coop’s member belong or
engaged themselves in any other groups or networks, they actively participate when it
comes to groups decision-making.
With respect to sociability and participation of members, one can say in general
that, they have a better level of social capital as manifested by their participation in coops
activities as well as to other informal activities like community activities.
Most of them shows neutral to much trust to their families, relatives, friends, co-
tribes, neighbors as well as to coop’s officer. There is relatively higher confidence that
they can turn to others in times of financial difficulty and they as well agree in statements
about cooperative. A mean rating of 3.94 to 4.18 was given to statements “It is generally
expected that people will volunteer or help in coop’s activities;” “Generally, members
have to do favors to coop officers from time to time to get things done and “Most coop
members contribute to coop’s activities. Also, the members gave rating of 2.76 and 3.18
(neutral) in statements “Rules, laws and policies that affect coop’s economic well-being
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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changes without warning, likewise “People who did not volunteer or participate in coop’s
activities are likely to be criticized or fined”.
Regarding poverty perception, most of the members gave a mean rating of 2.80,
meaning neutral (neither poor nor rich) to their household but are certain that they will be
much better off in the future. Being a member of the coop, they gave a rating of 3.24
(neutral) as to their power. They are much more confident that their household would
cope in crisis since they became a member of the cooperative. Besides, they gave mean
rating of 3.32 (neutral) as to their household’s ability to survive such crisis.
The findings also showed that most of the members were very happy and very
satisfied with their life as a whole these days. They also believe that they have moderate
impact in making the coop a better one. Moreover, there is a very close feeling of
togetherness or belongingness in the cooperative.
As to management, 82% of the respondents rated incompetence as the biggest
problem while corruption was indicated by 72% as the biggest problem under Coop
leaders. For members, a negative value was considered as the biggest problem by 62 %.
Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the respondent’s position in
coop and trust variables, position in household and sociability variables, educational
attainment and poverty perception and educational attainment and life satisfaction.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The respondents’ membership in group or networks in the community is at low
level.
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2. Most of the respondents participate only in coops annual general assembly.
3. Majority of the respondents participate in clan reunion and community activities.
4. The respondents show a positive outlook in life.
5. Respondents feeling of trust between the families and to coop officers are
expressed at different levels.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. Coop members should join to other networks/groups because the denser these
networks are, the more likely that the members will cooperate for mutual benefit.
Networks also facilitate coordination and communication and thus create channels
through which information about the trustworthiness of other individuals and groups can
flow.
2. Relationship building activities like teambuilding activities among members of
the cooperative should be done to enhance more participation and sociability.
3. Continuous active involvement and participation of the members and officers in
the affairs of the cooperative like forums, workshops and seminars and in community
activities such as livelihood trainings, good governance campaign should be done also to
improve social capital for the cooperative.
4. Management must take full guidance with the cooperative. Management team
should always consult the members about the plans, policies, goals and problems of the
cooperative. Through this process, higher feeling of trust to coop officers will flow.
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
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LITERATURE CITED
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Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
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APPENDIX
A. Letter to the Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
AND AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMNET
December 19, 2008
Dear Sir/ Madam:
I, Rachel P. Guinyawan, fourth year student of Benguet State University taking up
Bachelor of Science in agribusiness major in Cooperative Management. As part of our
requirements for the degree, I am conducting my special problem titled “SOCIAL
CAPITAL AMONG MEMBERS OF THE NUEVA VIZCAYA ALAY KAPWA
MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE IN SOLANO, NUEVA VIZCAYA”.
In this connection, I am appealing for your cooperation in answering the attached
questionnaire. Rest assured that the data to be obtained from you will be kept
confidential.
Thank you and hoping for your cooperative response.
Respectfully yours,
RACHEL P. GUINYAWAN
Researcher
Noted by:
MA. KLONDY T. DAGUPEN
Adviser
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B. Survey Questionnaire
Questionnaire No.________
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of cooperative: _________________________ Location: _________________
2. Is the respondent the head of household? ______ Yes ______ No
3. Sex of respondent: ______Male _______Female
4. Age of respondent: _______
5. Civil status: ______single; ________married; _________widow/er;
6. How long has respondent been a member of this cooperative? ____
7. Position in cooperative: _____ Officer _____ Member
8. Membership: _____ Associate member _____ Regular member
B. GROUPS/ NETWORKS AND PARTICIPATION
9. Please indicate if you belong to any of the following groups by answering the
appropriate columns
How actively do you
How much
participate in this group’s
Name of
money do you decision-making
Group
Organization
contribute to
1 = Leader
or Group
this group in a 2 = Very active
month
3 = Somewhat active
4 = Does not participate in
decision-making
Religious or spiritual
group; specify
Cultural, social,
emotional/support
group such as BIBAK,
senior citizen; specify
Sports groups; specify
Basic services groups
such as Barangay
Health Worker,
Mothers’ classes,
Tanod; specify
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How actively do you
How much
participate in this group’s
Name of
money do you decision-making
Group
Organization
contribute to
1 = Leader
or Group
this group in a 2 = Very active
month
3 = Somewhat active
4 = Does not participate in
decision-making
Ethnic based groups
such as tribe,
indigenous,
community
organizations; specify
Production group such
as farmers, vendors
groups; specify
Professional
association (such as
Rotary, Lion’s ,
Chamber of
Commerce; specify
Other Cooperatives,
specify name
Sociability
10. Please rate your participation in the following activities?
Never (1) 2
3
4.
5. Always
I do the following informal
activities
a. Visit co-members in
their homes
b. Get together with co-
members (for recreation,
parties etc.)
I participate in our coop’s
decision making
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Never (1) 2
3
4.
5. Always
I attend the following
activities
a. Cañao
b. Community activities
(fiesta, Christmas)
c. Recreations (sports
fest, film showing, liga)
d. Clan reunion
e. Bayanihan
Participation in Cooperative
11. On average, how much money do you deposit in your coop in a month? _________
12. On average, how often do you participate in your coop’s activities in a year?
____(Once); _____(Twice);______(More than twice)
Specify: ____________________________
13. Have you helped someone of the coop members in the last 6 months?
____ Yes ____ No:
If yes how?___________________
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14. Please indicate how you rate your coop whether active or inactive. Rank the reasons
why you chose your specific answer (1 is the most important and 5 is the least
important)
I. ACTIVE (serves 50% or II. INACTIVE ( serves less than 50% of the members)
more of the members)
____ a. Strong leadership
____ a. No strong leadership
____ b. Strong sense of
____ b. no sense of cooperativism
cooperativism
____ c. Politics/politicians
____ c. Mismanagement of coop
____ d. Government support/ ____ d. Conflict between groups
management
____ e. Desire to get ahead
____ e. Coop members think only about themselves
economically
(selfish)
____ f. Good governance
____ f. No government support/connections
____ g. Coop members’ delinquency on loans
____ i. Lack resources
C. TRUST
15. How much do you trust the following?
Not trust
Little
Neutral
Much Very much
(1)
trust (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
a. families/ relatives that
are a member of the same
coop
b. friends that are a
member of the same coop
c. co-tribes that are a
member of the same coop
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How much do you trust the following?
Not trust
Little
Neutral
Much Very much
(1)
trust (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
d. Neighbors
e. Coop employees
e1. Manager
e2. Board of Directors
e3. Bookkeeper/
Secretary
e4. Treasurer
e5. Collector
e6. Audit committee
e7. Credit committee
16. In times of financial difficulty, how confident are you that you can turn to these
different groups for a help?
Not
Little
Neutral Confiden Very confident
confident confi-
(3)
t
(5)
(1)
dent (2)
(4)
Family/ relatives,
friends, neighbors,
Moneylender, Informal
credit, groups,
associations
Government, Bank
Cooperatives and co-
members
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17. How much do you agree or disagree with each one of the statement?
Strongly
Disagree Neutral Agree
Strongly
disagree
(2)
(3)
(4)
agree
(1)
(5)
In your coop, it is
generally expected that
people will volunteer or
help in coop activities
People who do not
volunteer or participate in
coop’s activities are likely
to be criticized or fined
Most of the coop members
contribute to coop’s
activities
The rules, laws and
policies that affect your
coop’s economic well-
being change without
warning
Members like you
generally have to do
favors to coop officers
from time to time to get
things done
D. POVERTY PERCEPTION
18. How would you rate your household?
____ Very poor (1)
____ Poor (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Rich (4)
____ Very rich (5)
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19. Thinking about the future while still a member of the coop, overall do you think that
you and your household will be…
____ Much worse off (1)
____ Somewhat worse off (2)
____ About the same (3)
____ Somewhat better off (4)
____ Much better off (5)
20. Being a member of the coop, where would you put yourself?
____ Totally powerless (1)
____ Somewhat powerless (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat powerful (4)
____ Very powerful (5)
21. If there was a crisis, such as poor crops, loss of job, or illness, how would you rate
your households’ ability to survive such crisis?
____ Very unsecured (1)
____ Somewhat unsecured (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat secure (4)
____ Very secure (5)
22. How confident would you say you that you and your household would cope in a crisis
since you became a cooperative member?
____ Much less confident (1)
____ Less confident (2)
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____ Same (3)
____ More confident (4)
____ Much more confident (5)
E. LIFE SATISFACTION (Please check the appropriate number corresponding to your
answer)
23. Taking all things together, would you say you are…
____ Very unhappy (1)
____ Unhappy (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Happy (4)
____ Very happy (5)
24. Overall, how much impact do you think members like you, can have in making your
coop a better one?
____ No impact (1)
____ Little impact (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Moderate impact (4)
____ Big impact (5)
25. How would you rate the togetherness or feeling of belonging in your coop?
____ Not close at all (1)
____ Not very close (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat close (4)
____ Very close (5)
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26. All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?
____ Very dissatisfied (1)
____ Somewhat dissatisfied (2)
____ Neutral (3)
____ Somewhat satisfied (4)
____ Very satisfied(5)
27. How would you rate the support you are giving to parents, children or other relatives,
either living with you or living elsewhere since you became a member of the coop?
No support
Little
Neutral Just enough Lot of support
(1)
support (2)
(3)
support (4)
(5)
Parents
Children
Other
relatives
28. How would you rate the support you are getting from parents, children or other
relatives, either living with you or living elsewhere since you became a member of
the coop?
No support
Little support Neutral
Just enough
Lot of
(1)
(2)
(3)
support (4)
support (5)
Parents
Children
Other
relatives
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29. People have different opinions about the most important problems that need to be
fixed to make the coop better. In your opinion, what is the BIGGEST problem facing
you, rank as 1? What is the SECOND biggest problem, rank as 2? What is the THIRD
biggest problem, rank as 3,
a. Management
b. Coop leaders
c. Members
___ Incompetence
___ Corruption
___ Negative values
like______________
___ Lack of Skills
___ Lack of leadership
capability
___ Lack of cooperation
___ Others _________ ___ Negative values
___ Others________________
like _____________
30. How proud are you about who you are in the coop you belong to?
Reason (s)
____ Very ashamed _____________________________
____ Ashamed
_____________________________
____ Neither proud nor ashamed
_____________________________
____ Proud
____________________________
____ Very proud
____________________________
31. How proud are you about who you are in the coop you belong to?
____ Very ashamed
____ Ashamed
____ Neither proud nor ashamed
____ Proud
____ Very proud
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G. DEMOGRAPHIC
32. How much formal schooling have you had?
____ None
____ Primary
____ Elementary
____ Secondary
____ University/ College or more
____ Vocational/technical
33. How many of the following live in your household?
a. Adult men (16 and over): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b. Adult women (16 and over) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
c. Boys (15 and under) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
d. Girls (15 and under) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
e. Total Members: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
34. What is your occupation?
____ Housewife
____ Student
____ Self-employed: please specify _______________
____ Others, Please specify: _________________
35. What language/s and dialect/s do you speak?
____ English
____ Tagalog
____ Iloko
____ Ibaloi
____ Kankanaey
____ Kalanguya
____ others, specify___________________
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36. What is your ethno-linguistic group?
____ Ilokano ____ Ibaloi ____ others, specify___________
____ Kakanaey ____ Kalanguya
37. What is your religious affiliation?
____ Catholic
___ Islam
____ Born Again others, specify ______________
____ Iglesia ni Cristo
Social Capital among Members of the Nueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya / Rachel P. Guinyawan. 2009
Document Outline
- Social Capital among Members of theNueva Vizcaya Alay Kapwa Multi-Purpose Cooperative in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX