BIBLIOGRAPHY ALINDAN, JHAURDAN A. APRIL 2009....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALINDAN, JHAURDAN A. APRIL 2009. Evolution of Potato Industry in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Adrew K. Del-ong
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the evolution potato of the industry in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. This includes the drivers of change and factors affecting
production. A survey questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher to the
respondents. This was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009.
The findings show that before the 1980’s, farmers had been planting Native
potato, Geneky, Morado, Greta, Conchita, Univita, Red Pontiac and Mexican. However,
these varieties are not being planted by farmers nowadays. In the year 1981-20001, there
were four varieties that were introduced in the area. These were the Granola, Montañosa,
Igorota and Solibao. Since 2001 to the present, potato varieties such as Igorota and
Granola are popularly being planted by the farmers in the area.
Having good quality products was the most reason of increasing consumer
demand. The introduction of different potato variety was most causes of having
competitive advantage and high productivity. On the other hand, decreasing consumer
demand and decreasing productivity were the causes of the phase out of some varieties.
Before 1980’s, the major problems faced by the farmers on production were
rugged terrain, far source of production inputs and insufficient capital. On the other hand,
1981-2000, still the above mentioned was the major problems. In 2001-present, the,
major problem faced by the farmers were insufficient capital, high acidity of soil, pest
and diseases and lack of irrigation during summer season.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Content …………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study …………………………………………....... 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………….. 3
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………. 3
Importance of the Study …………………………………………… 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evolution of Potato Industry ……………………………………….. 5
Domestic Drivers …………………………………………………… 7
Factors Affecting Potato Industry…………………………………... 8
Marketing …………………………………………………………... 9
METHODOLOGY
Locale and time of the Study …………………………………….… 12
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………….. 12
Data Collection …………………………………………………….. 12
Data to be gathered ………………………………………………… 12
Data analysis ……………………………………………………….. 13
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Personal Characteristics of the Respondents ………………………. 14
Introduction of Potato Variety to Farmer ………………………..…. 17
Past and Present Cultural Practices
of Potato growers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet ………….….. 24
Trends and Drivers of Change
of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet ……………... 31
Factors Affecting Potato Industry …………………………...…….. 34
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………………………… 38
Conclusions ……………………………………………………….... 42
Recommendations …………………………………………………. 43
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………. 44
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….. 45
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Madaymen is the main vegetable crop producer of the Municipality of Kibungan
which is located 72 kilometers away from Baguio City and takes two to three hours ride
by bus taking the Halsema road from La Trinidad. It is bounded on the north by the
Municipality of Bakun, on the south by Natubleng, Buguias, on the east by Sinipsip,
Buguias and on the west by Poblacion, Kibungan.
According to Balusdan and Sangyoen (1999), this place was once known as Kada
in the 1900’s, meaning much forested area. Aside from the big trees and wild plants, soft
grasses known as moss massively grew in the area. Moss abound the area because of the
cold climate. This place has a very cold temperature due to its high elevation of more
than 2,500 feet above sea level.
When early people settled in Napsong, sitio of Barangay Madaymen, it was
believed that the present Madaymen was just a route where people used to pass by going
to other places. The cold climate was not favorable for the early inhabitants to make
kaingin or rice field. Thus, Madaymen only served as a way to the Municipality of
Buguias and other places such as Tinoc in Ifugao and Bauko in Mountain Province.
These were based on the stories about the movements and migrations of early settlers.
One day, a traveler passed by Kada but because of the very thick forest and
clouds, the man got confused of the right way to follow. So frightened, he moved out his
bowel under a big tree. As he tried to move out of the area several times, he always
returned to where he moved out his bowel. So desperate because it was already dark, he
decided to sleep in soft grasses which he called “Mandaydaymen”.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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The following day, other travelers found the man sleeping in the very soft moss.
Then they helped and guided him to the right way getting out of the Kada. This
experience of the man was told in Napsong and in other nearby places. Unconfirmed
stories also revealed that several people passing in the Kada suffered the same experience
as the man.
The first settlers came and put up their house in the place. They called this place
not only Kada but Mandaydaymen. This name was very appropriate not only because of
the stories about travelers who have seen the soft mosses, which were called
Mandaydaymen in the native dialect, that massively grew in the area. Later, this place
was called Madaymen.
Vegetable production began to flourish in Madaymen in the 1950’s. People from
the neighboring places were attracted to settle here. Some came from Napsong, Camiling
and Palina in Kibungan. Others came from other places like Atok, Bakun and Mankayan
in Benguet. Later, migrant families who profited from vegetable gardening bought lands
from the original landowners.
It will be recalled that the Americans, who usually visit Baguio City as the
summer capital of the Philippines, discovered that the Mountain Trail areas were
favorable for temperate vegetables crops. Many Americans preferred to stay in Baguio
during summer time. According to stories, this led the Americans together with some
Filipino Chinese families to introduce vegetable production in the highland.
The discovery of the mountain trail areas as a suitable vegetable producer led the
Americans to design and construct the Halsema highway, which then served as the main
route of Baguio City to Northern Benguet and Mountain Province.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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Madaymen often experience frost, locally called “Andap” which destroys
vegetable farms. The temperature drop from December to February, the planting season
of almost potato farmers in the barangay.
In this study, the evolution of potato industry will be done to find out the
historical background of potato industry in Barangay Madaymen and the past and the
present cultural practices of growing potatoes. Drivers of change and factors affecting the
production of potato industry will also be considered in the study.
Statement of the Problem
1. How did the Potato Industry evolve in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet?
2. What are the drivers of change in the Potato Industry in the said place?
3. What are the factors affecting the Potato Industry in the said place?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, the study aims:
1. To document the evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet.
2. To determine the drivers of change in the Potato Industry in the said place.
3. To determine the factors affecting the Potato Industry in the said place.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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Importance of the Study
The result of the study would serve as a historical data of the potato industry in
Barangay Madaymen.
The information from this study would serve as benchmark information to the
Municipality of Kibungan, other researchers, government planners, and private agencies,
who be interested to know the evolution of the potato industry in the said area.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study was focused on the potato industry in a barangay level. Barangay
Madaymen has 22 sitios, the study covered only these sitios that were considered as the
major potato producing area, namely: Balangsayan, Tonguey, Masala, Nangayangan and
Pakpakitan.
Time frames of the study were divided to three periods as follows; before 1980’s,
1991-2000 and 2001-present. However, time periods before 1950’s, 1951-1960, 1961-
1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-present were specifically considered
for the identification of the periods the different varieties were introduced into the study
area.
Respondents were limited to farmers who were engaged in potato production for
at least 25 years.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evolution of Potato Industry
Potato originated from South America, in the Andes region of Peru and Bolivia,
where the crop was cultivated long before the arrival of the Spaniards to the New World
in the 16th century. It was introduced to Europe by the returning Spanish explorers and
quickly spread throughout the continent. At first it was planted because of curiosity other
than of cultivated crop. However, by the end of the century, potato became an important
food crop throughout Europe (Swiader and Ware, 2002). Rasco (1997) added that potato
cultivators were from the highland tropics (the Andes Mountains of South America).
As early as 1538, potatoes in Ecuador were referred to as “papas”. The word is
said to be derived from the language spoken by the Incas and means “tubers”. It was later
adopted by the Spaniards and today it is the word designating the potato through Latin
America (Smith, 1977). Rasco (1997) reported that potato tubers were imported usually
from Germany or Holland and multiplied over several generations in the high elevation
areas of Benguet and Mountain Province
In Benguet province, seed piece may come from several sources: importers,
farmers-cooperators of the Philippine-German Seed Potato Program, the Bureau of Plant
Industry, and other farmers (Valmayor, 1982).
In the late 1950’s, but more particularly in the 1960’s and 1970’s, there were
regular imports of small quantities of variety. Red Pontiac have been made particularly
from the USA. This cultivar is especially favored by growers in the lower, warmer and
drier valleys particularly for the irrigated dry-season crop, December to March. Sporadic
imports of a number of cultivars continued throughout the 1950’s from various parts of
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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the world, but it was not until the early 1960’s when two cultivars; conchita and greta
were imported from Mexico, that any major change in cultivar use took place. Native
potatoes were grown by planting tubers in the piles of ash resulting from burning grasses
but they appear to have been used principally for domestic consumption. Farmers in the
region recall growing considerable areas of “native” potato as recently as the late 1960’s
but it is no longer to be found. Another major cultivar grown in the wet season is cosima
which accounts for approximately 17% of the crop (Albert, 1983).
In all provinces of Benguet covered, Granola is the most widely grown variety
occupying 95% of the total land area planted to potatoes in the research sites. Growers
and traders prefer this cultivar due to its availability, adaptability, good yield, high ratio
of large tubers, resistance to pests and diseases, short maturity period, peel quality, and
desirable shape (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995).
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the family solanaceae and grows well in
the cool highland of tropical countries. History reveals that potato production started in
Benguet sometime in 18th century. The temperature climate brought about by high
elevation is 1200 to 2100 meters above sea level and rainfall of 2000mm explains the
suitability of potatoes in the cordillera mountain ranges. At present, it produces 75% of
the total potato production in the cordillera region. Potato is a prime agricultural product
of six municipalities of Benguet namely Buguias, Atok, Bakun, Mankayan and Kibungan
(Gayao and Sim, 1998).
Igorota and solibao potato varieties developed at BSU were products of a clonal
evaluation process that involved the active cooperation of potato farmers and breeders.
These are far better than the traditional cultivar called granola in terms. Igorota is the first
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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locally-bred highland potato variety in the Philippines. It has a maturity of 90 to 120
days. Solibao or BSU-P04, on the other hand, was developed tinkering with the genes of
a planting material from India. It was introduced in the country through the International
Potato Center. Like Igorota, it matures within 90 to 120 days and has an oblong-oval
shape, brownish skin and cream-colored flesh (Consolacion et al., 1999).
Domestic Drivers
Domestically, consumer preferences continue to grow increasingly sophisticated
as income rise due largely to the increasing number of dual income households. One of
the most notable conclusions of proprietary consumer tests has been the realization the
consumer prefer frozen potato products. Changes in consumer taste present opportunities
for the development of new frozen potato products, e.g., flavored fries (Foundation for
Resource Linkages and Development, Inc. 1997).
In the Philippines, the demand for potatoes continues to increase because of the
growing population, rise in the number of fast food chains, hotels and restaurants, and
presence of local potato-based snack food manufacturers. Aside from its use as an
ingredient in many food preparations, potato is processed into numerous value-added
products such as French fries, chips, strings, flour, among others, making it a high value
cash crop (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995). Rasco
(1997) stated that among the lowland potato areas in the ASPRAD Region, it appears that
the Philippine has the best opportunity to increase potato yield, based on reported yield
from various trials and interviews with farmers.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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Development in processing had a profound effect on the potato industry.
Improvements in packaging frozen potato products, especially for the fast food chains
and institutional markets was the major advancement (Foundation for Resource Linkages
and Development, Inc., 1997).
In light of the government’s thrust in promoting high value crops such as
potatoes, a marketing appraisal of the commodity can shed light to its current status,
needs for technological improvement and at the same time, asses its potentials for
domestic and foreign markets.
The Philippine Council on agriculture and Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD) in 1985 stated that cultivar selection is an important as seed piece selection.
The best variety may fail if the seed piece is poor. On the other hand good quality seed
may not compensate for a choice of cultivar. Using the right cultivar and the right king of
seed pieces will ensure high yield and better quality of produce.
The development now days had great impact into the formation of new
communities such as in Madaymen. In exchange for cash, people encouraged to produce
vegetables mainly for the market. Madaymen was already integrated into the market
economy in producing vegetables for the needs of the market namely potatoes, cabbage
and others. These differences triggered a change not only in the mobility of people but
also even in political set up of the barangay (Balusdan and Songyoen, 1999).
Factors Affecting the Production
Many farmers encountered many problems beginning from production to moving
the products to market outlets. Delivery trucks sometimes are stranded because of
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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landslide, mechanical defect among others. These many problems prove that “bayanihan”
is still existing and working where they help one another to overcome these problems.
One of the main production constraints of potato in Benguet is the inadequacy of
capital. Some farmer are even forced to raise the crop without using much needed
production inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, certified seed pieces, etc., at their
recommended levels thus resulting to meager yields. It has been observed that great part
of the seed potato produced locally are of poor quality of low varietals purity and are
contaminated with seed-borne disease (Valmayor, 1982)
As stated by Omaweng (1995), the major problems faced by farmers on
production were soil degradation followed by pest and diseases as well as weather
fluctuation. A very serious financial problem was the insufficiency of capital. In
marketing, rugged road followed by dominance of middlemen in price decision were the
most pressing problems. PCARRD (1987) added that losses are incurred between
harvesting and final utilization of the produce due to pest, improper handling techniques
and physiological changes. The (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development,
Inc., (1995) revealed that the growth and sustainability of potato production system
largely depend on appropriate and adaptable varieties suited to the tropical agronomic
environments in the country
Marketing
The marketing of the potato crop has now developed into a highly complex and
sophisticated system, which is allied closely to the financing of the crop. It has been
described in detail by (Albert, 1983).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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According to Albert (1983) an increasing number of farmers now have their own
transport, a truck, and take their own produce to market in Baguio City or in the case of
larger farmers, by truck to Manila; the ultimate destination for most of the potato crop.
Along the cordillera itself, where transport is readily available, produce seed is collected
directly from the farm, but in more remote areas it first has to be carried to a main road,
usually by hired laborers known as “convoy laborers” or “kargadores” It is usually taken
to Baguio by bus for small consignments or by truck for larger loads.
Potato growers in Benguet usually transport and sell their produce to assembler-
wholesalers and wholesalers at the La Trinidad trading post and Dangwa area.
Assembler-wholesalers and wholesalers commonly intercept farmers along Halsema
highway to be assured of supply particularly during December which is the peak selling
period (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995).
Over the past decade, major changes have been observed in the organization of
marketing channels, as new supply chains based on relation management, rather than
marketing functions, institutions and transactions, have emerged (Lewis, 1995).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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Definition of Terms
Andap. Refers to frost due to cold climate.
Demand. The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or
group Evolution. Change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one
generation to the next.
Farmer. A person who grows field crops, and/or manages orchards or vineyards,
or raises livestock or poultry. Their products are usually sold in a market or, in a
subsistence economy, consumed by the family or pooled by the community.
Market. Any one of a variety of different systems, institutions, procedures, social
relations and infrastructures whereby persons trade, and goods and services are
exchanged, forming part of the economy.
Sanggap. Material used for planting potatoes. It is plat metal or wood.
Variety. Low-level taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members
of different populations can interbreed easily.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
specifically at sitios Balangsayan, Tonguey, Masala, Nangayangan and Pakpakitan. The
said sitios are the major potato production areas in the said barangay.
The study was undertaken from December 2008 to February 2009.
Respondent of the Study
The respondents of the study were the elder farmers who were potato growers in
the locality, for significantly long period of time.
The study involved 50 respondents, 10 respondents came from each of the five
identified sitios.
Research Instrument
Data was gathered through survey questionnaire and an interview schedule which
was administered personally by the researcher.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Their
ideas regarding the evolution of the potato industry from previous to current period
Furthermore, information regarding the drivers of change and factors affecting the potato
industry were also dealt with.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as
frequencies and percentages.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Socio-economic Profile
The profile of the respondents included sex, age, civil status, educational
attainment, numbers of years engage in potato farming and farm size.
There were 50 respondents interviewed and majority of them were males (62 %).
As to age, all the respondents were adults with no one below 41 years old with an even
significant 10% were more than 80 years old. This analysis reveals that most respondents
are in their older years. As to civil status, it shows that majority (68%) were married,
22% widowed, and 8% single.
Educational attainment. As shown in table 1, most (92%) had a formal education
with a significant 20% even reaching college level. The 38% reached elementary level
and 26% reached high school level.
Number of years in potato farming. All the respondents were engage in potato
farming in the study area for at least 20 years and above. A significant 38% and 32%
were in the 47-55 and 38-46 years brackets, respectively. It can be noted further that 20%
were even in the 56-64 years bracket. This finding implies that the respondents have at
least sufficient background about the potato industry in their barangay, which is vital in
this study.
Farm size. The respondents farms were categorized according into the following
land areas; small (1.0 hectare and below), medium (1.1 hectare-2.0), big (2.1 heactare-
3.0) and large (3.0 hectare and above). The majority of the farms fall under big (42%)
and medium (36%) sizes
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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Table 1. General profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Sex
Female
19
38
Male
31
62
TOTAL 50
100
Age
41-50
8
16
51-60
15
30
61-70
13
26
71-80
9
18
81-90
3
6
90-100
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Married
34
68
Single
4
8
100
TOTAL
50
Educational Attainment
Non-formal education
8
16
Elementary level
19
38
High school level
13
26
College level
10
20
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Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Number of Years in Farming
29-37
2
4
38-46
16
32
47-55
19
38
56-above
13
26
TOTAL 50
100
Farm Size
Small (1.0-below hec)
8
16
Medium (1.1-2.0)
18
36
Big (2.1-3.0)
21
42
Large (3.1-above)
3
6
TOTAL 50
100
categories. This finding shows that the respondents were operating at significantly wide
areas for their potato production.
Introduction of Different Potato Varieties in the Area
Before the 1950’s, there were only two potato varieties being grown in the area.
These were the native and the geneky varieties. For the native variety, most (86%) of the
respondents claimed that their families were already planting it during the said period.
Though they were not aware of its origin, experts believed that it probably
reached the area through the seed dispersal programs of the Bureau of Plant Industry
(BPI). For the geneky variety, 24% claimed that their families were already planting them
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
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before the 1950’s, while the majority (76%) claimed that they started planting them on
the succeeding decade (1951-1960). This indicates that the native variety was more
popular farmers during the period.
As to source of planting materials, the native varieties were produced by local
seed producers. On the other hand, most (84%) of the geneky variety came from farm
suppliers (importers). This collaborates the findings of Valmayor in 1982. Only few
(16%) were produced by local seed producers who propagated it themselves. Both
varieties were introduced and popularized in the area through the gayagaya system in
which some farmers followed to plant the same as to what others had planted.
In the years 1951-1960, there was a shift of farmer’s preferences. More farmers
(76%) planted the geneky variety. Three new varieties were introduced in the area during
this period through importers. This collaborates the finding of Valmayor in 1982 and
Albert in 1983. These new varieties were the morado, greta, and conchita varieties. The
morado and greta varieties were introduced to the farmers through the seminars
sponsored by concerned agencies which are attended by some farmers. On the other
hand, the conchita was introduced both through seminars and media (radio). The said
three varieties were popularized through the gayagaya system
These three varieties had been planted by farmers in the area until the succeeding
decade, 1961-1970; the time when the native and the geneky varieties became instinct
(reasons were presented in Table 11). It can be noted that the three varieties were equally
popular during this period.
On the other hand, another three new varieties namely red pontiac, mexican, and
univita were introduced in the area during this period (1961-1970). Although they were
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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not as popular as the three older varieties, it can be noted that it was the Mexican variety
that was more preferred since 42% of the respondents had been planting them during this
period.
The red Pontiac was introduced to the farmers through seminars (10%) and
gayagaya system. For the mexican and univita varieties, they were introduced through
seminars (6% and 12%); others heard it from radio (16% and 12%). Said varieties were
popularized through gayagaya.
As to the source of planting materials for the three varieties, majority was from
farmer suppliers and the rest were from the local seed producers.
For the period 1971-1980, there was again a shift in the type of potato varieties
planted by farmers. The varieties that were introduced in the previous decade became
were popular than the older varieties. The conchita variety was not even planted by the
farmers in the area, during this period. (Reasons were presented in Table 11).
It was also during this period that the two new varieties, namely the granola and
motañosa varieties were introduced in the area. They was initially introduced in the area
through seminars (14% and 16%) others heard it from the radio (32% and 20%). The
majority then followed suit as the original farmers adapted the said varieties. As to seed
source, originally the granola seeds came from the Bureau of Plant and Industry (BPI)
while montañosa seeds came from the Benguet State University (BSU). As they
propagated said seed varieties, this also served as source of seeds to other farmers.
For the period 1981-1990, the trend followed that of the previous decades. The
granola and the montañosa varieties were also popular among the farmers (64% and 46%,
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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respectively). Only 28%, 14% and 2% had planted the univita, red pontiac, and mexican
varieties, respectively.
In this period, two new varieties were introduced in the area, namely the Igorota
(BSU PO3) and solibao (BSU PO4) varieties. Just like the other varieties that were
introduced in the previous decades, the said new varieties were not very popular among
the farmers, as only 20% and 14%, respectively had planted them. It can be noted that a
few learned of the two varieties through seminars (14% and 6%), others heard it from the
radio (20% and 16%), the majority (66% and 785) had them trough gayagaya system.
Just like the previous periods, 1991-2000 also marked a shift in the varietals
preferences of farmers. Although a significant a significant 42% and 21% planted the
granola and montañosa varieties, the igorota and solibao varieties were already more
popular among the farmers (62% and 50%, respectively).
Igorota and solibao varieties were developed by the Benguet State University
(BSU) through the National Potato Root Crops Training Center (NPRTC). It was
introduced to them through seminars (6%), through the radio (12%), and the rest (82%)
through gayagaya system.
In year 2001-present, igorota and granola were widely planted in the area. The
other varieties which were introduced earlier were not already planted. Other varieties
produced by the Benguet State University were known by the farmers but not planted
such as tamid, gloria, gansa, and Bengueta Batatas. Farmers claimed that the varieties
were not suitable to the area.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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Table 2. Potato varieties grown in the area, year introduced and groups responsible in its introduction
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Native Potato
Geneky
Morado
Greta
Conchita Red
Pontiac Mexican Univita
Period
introduced
F
% F % F % F % F % F % F % F %
Before 1950
43
86
12
24
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1951-1960
7
14
38
76
17
34
12
24
11
22
0
-
0
-
0
-
1961-1970
0
-
0
-
33
66
30
60
29
58
10
20
21
42
4
8
1971-1980
0
-
0
-
0
-
8
16
10
20
40
80
29
58
32 64
1981-1990
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
0
14 28
1991-2000
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2001-present
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50
100
Source of planting materials
Supplier
0
-
42
84
50
100 50 100 50 100
38
76
45
90
33 66
Farmer
50
100
8
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
12
24
5
10
17 34
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
21
Table 2. Continued......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Native Potato
Geneky
Morado
Greta
Conchita Red
Pontiac Mexican Univita
Source of planting
F % F % F % F % F % F % F % F %
materials
BSU-Root Crops
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
BPI-Baguio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
Mode
of
introduction
Seminar
0
-
0
-
3
6
3
6
2
4
5
10
3
6
6
12
Radio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
6
12
0
-
8
16
5
10
Gaya-gaya
50
100 50 100 47
94
47
94
42
84
45
90
39
78
39
78
TOTAL
50 100
50 100
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
Still existing/ currently
0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 -
being planted
Not
being
planted
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 50 100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
22
Table 2. Continued......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Granola
Montañosa
Igorota
Solibao
Period
introduced
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Before 1950
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1951-1960
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1961-1970
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1971-1980
0
0
0
-
0
-
1981-1990
43
86
29
58
0
0
1991-2000
7
14
21
42
41
82
32
64
2001-present
0
-
-
9
18
18
36
TOTAL
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
Source
of
planting
materials
Supplier
21
42
0
-
0
-
0
-
Farmer
16
32
0
-
0
-
0
-
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
23
Table 2. Continued.......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Granola
Montañosa
Igorota
Solibao
Source of planting
F
% F %
F
% F %
materials
BSU-Root Crops
13
26
50
100
50
100
50
100
BPI-Baguio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50
100 50 100
50
100 50 100
Mode
of
introduction
Seminar
7
14
8
16
7
14
3
6
Radio
16
32
10
20
10
20
8
16
Gaya-gaya
27
54
32
64
33
66
39
78
TOTAL
50
100 50 100
50
100 50 100
Still existing/currently
50
100
0
50
100
0
being planted
Not
being
planted
0
-
100
100
0
-
100
100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
24
Past and Present Cultural Practices of Potato Growers
Land preparation. Before the 1980’s, farmers in the area operated their farm
manually with the use of any sharped objects and later on employed spading fork and
grab hoe in loosening the soil and removing the weeds.
In the year 1981-2000 and 2001 up to present, there is no significant change in the
tools employed by the farmers. The use of agricultural machineries like tractor such as
koliglig and araro were very rare to farmers due to the small terraces of farm and because
the land areas are rocky which could cause the tractor to malfunction or even be
damaged.
Planting of potato seed-piece. From the previous to the present, there were no
significant changes in the tools employed in their planting. They have been using the
“sanggap”.
Fertilizer application. Farmers in the area have used both inorganic and organic
types of fertilizers. Before the 1980’s, ashes (56%) and compost (44%) were widely used
as organic fertilizers in the area. Chicken dung was not yet known and was not being
used in the area. For the inorganic fertilizers, the vigoro (76%) was commonly used.
Fertilizers like urea and the corona were also used.
In 1981-2000, chicken manure was introduced in the area and became the most
widely used (80%) organic fertilizers by the farmers. The rest (20%) made used of the
ashes. The use of composts became rare to farmers up to current period. An inorganic
fertilizer like the T-14 was introduced and subsequently was commonly used by the
farmers. The vigoro and urea were still used but not the corona anymore.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
25
Table 3. Organic and in-organic fertilizer used
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
% F %
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Compost 22
44
0
-
0
-
Ashes 28
56
10
20
5
10
Chicken manure
0
-
40
80
45
90
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
IN-ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Corona 5
10
0
-
0
-
Vigoro (6-10-4)
38
76
17
34
7
14
Urea (46-0-0)
7
14
12
24
15
30
14-14-14
0
-
21
42
28
56
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
For the current period (2001-present), the chicken manure is the most widely used
among the organic fertilizers. Few farmers used ashes. On the other hand, T-14 continues
to dominate inorganic fertilizers application (56%) followed by the urea (30%). The once
popular vigoro only accounted for 14%.
Irrigation system. Before 1980’s, farmers in the area made use of improvised cans
such as large can of sardines to irrigate their plants. This was widely practiced by the
farmers.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
26
In 1981-2000, rain birds became more popular than watering cans. It can be noted
in the table that majority (66%) of the respondents are using it.
For the current period (2001-present), rain bird is now the only tool of irrigation
being used by the farmers. As they claimed, it is more economical and efficient than the
other methods. Watering cans are rarely used by the farmers for irrigation.
Weeds control. In the period before 1980’s, majority (64%) of the respondents
controlled weeds by the use of some tools such as the grab hoe, sanggap, and sickle. They
also remove weeds with their bare hands. Few (20%) of them used herbicides like the
round-up and power. Others preferred to control weeds through hilling up (16%).
For the second period (1981-2000), herbicides were introduced in the area. The
table shows that majority (54%) of the respondents were using it. Hilling up and the use
of grab hoe has significant 12% and 28%, respectively.
In the period (2001-present), there was a significant increased in the utilization of
herbicides (64%). This includes gramaxon, clear out and slash. On the other hand,
manual weeding and hilling up significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that the use of
herbicides lessens effort and time in their work, thus leading to the shift in weeding
practices.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
27
Table 4. Methods of irrigation system and weeds control
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
IRRIGATION
Using watering cans
50
100
17
34
0
-
Rain birds
0
-
33
66
50
100
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
WEEDS CONTROL
Manual 32
64
14
28
12
24
Herbicides 10
20
27
54
32
64
Hilling-up 8
16
9
18
6
12
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Pest and diseases control. The respondents in the area were practicing both
spraying pesticides and fungicides and rouging to minimize the spreading of pest and
diseases of the plants.
Before the 1980’s, majority (66%) of the farmers were spraying pesticides and
fungicides which include sumicidin and tamaron, manzate, curzate and dethane. The rest
applied rouging.
In the year, 1981-2000, rouging was not already applied by the farmers because
farmers are occupying big farm size which was shown in table 1. Farmers widely used
pesticides and fungicides such as magnum, siga, brodan,manager, dithane 45, leadomil
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
28
Table 5. Methods of controlling pest and diseases and method of harvesting
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
PEST AND DISEASES
Spraying pesticides
33
66
50
100
50
100
and fungicides
Roguing
17
34
0
0
0
0
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
HARVESTING
Manual 50
100
50
100
50
100
Machine
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
and many more. As they claimed, it is more economical and efficient than the other
method.
Harvesting of potato products. Harvesting tools used in the previous years up to
the current periods doesn’t have significant change in the tools employed in harvesting.
They have been using “kali”.
Transportation system. Before the 1980’s, farm to market roads in the area was
not cemented. Accessibility to market was quite difficult for the farmers. Farmers in the
area transport their harvested products in different ways. Few (10%) of them hired car
and most (84%) farmers transport their harvested product through Public Utility Vehicle
specifically Dangwa transportation corporation. Only 6% of the respondents have car.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
29
In 1981-2000, few (34%) farmers have their own tracks and majority (60%) of the
respondents were hiring car to transport their products. As a result, using PUV
significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that using PUV cannot accommodate all their
harvested products, thus leading to have their own car.
The same as trend followed in the third period (2001-present).
Seed-piece storage of potato. Before the 1980’s, majority (70%) of the
respondents were storing their seed-piece in sacks beside and at the back of their house,
others (20%) stored them in their bodega, the rest (10%) stored them underground.
During the succeeding periods, 1981-2000, there was a shift in the farmer’s
practices. Few respondents (26%) already put up bodegas for storage and 30%
respondents in underground. Farmers claimed that storing them in their bodegas and in
undergrounds, give more protections to their seeds from pest and diseases, rodents and
sun green.
The same trend followed during the third period (2001-present)
Table 6. Medium of transportation system
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
TRANSPORTATION
Owns transport facility
3
6
17
34
21
42
Hire transport facility
5
10
30
60
29
58
Through PUV
42
84
3
6
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
30
Table 7. Methods of potato seed-piece storage
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
SEED-PIECE STORAGE
In sacks beneath the house
35
70
12
24
7
14
Stored underground
5
10
15
30
20
40
Bodiga 10
20
23
46
23
46
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Marketing. Before the 1980’s, majority (66%) of the respondents market their
products at Baguio City Hangar Market, few (26%) of them directly retailed their
products in the lowland area, some (8%) preferred to market their products in different
sari-sari stores. The La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was not yet known.
In 1981-2000, La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was known where most (82%)
farmers market their products. Market in the Baguio City Hangar Market and some part
of lowland area significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that the La Trinidad trading
post is more efficient than the other.
In the current period (2001-present), there was no significant changed used by the
farmers in marketing. The La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was the most widely used.
Few (6%) were using Baguio City Hangar Market and sometimes they used Palma
Vegetable trading when oversupply of vegetables occurs.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
31
Table 8. Market outlet
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
MARKETING
Trading post
0
-
41
82
47
94
Baguio hanger market
33
66
6
12
3
6
Sari-sari store
4
8
0
-
0
-
Lowland area (manila)
13
26
3
6
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Trends and Drivers of change of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
Increase potato consumer demand. Before the 1980’s, most (92%) of the
respondents said that producing good quality products was the cause of increasing
consumer demand of potatoes. This was followed by increasing population (22%). Entry
of fast food chains such as Jollibee, Mc Donald, KFC and Chow king contributed to the
increase in consumer demand of potato. The entry of institutions such as supermarket,
Liwayway, Universal Robina Corporation, and hotel and restaurant were known for their
contributions to the increase in potato consumer demand.
In 1981-2000, the entry of institution (12%) was known for their contributions
towards increasing consumer demand of potatoes. Good quality products, increasing
population and entry of fast food chains significantly increased.
The same trend followed during third period (2001-present).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
32
Table 9. Drivers of increasing consumer demand
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
INCREASE CONSUMER DEMAND
Good quality products
46
92
43
86
47
94
Increasing population
11
22
9
18
11
22
Entry of fast food chains
4
8
7
14
8
16
Entry of institutions
0
-
6
12
7
14
Introduction of different potato varieties. Before the 1980’s, majority (74% and
56%) of the respondents claimed that having competitive advantage in potato varieties
and good productivity were the reasons to reproduce new variety. Entry of fast food
chains and consumer exposure were not claimed.
In the succeeding years, 1981-2000, media exposure and entry of fast food chains
were known for its contribution (24% and 8%), respectively. Having competitive
advantage and high productivity were significantly increased. Potato variety was known
to farmers through the gayagaya system, seminars and media like radios.
In the current period, 2001-present, there was a significant increased than the
previous years (1981-2000). The Benguet State University and Bureau of Plant Industry
were contributed also to the entry of different potato variety.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
33
Table 10. Drivers of introduction of different potato variety
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
% F %
INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT POTATO VARIETIES
Competitive advantage
37
74
36
72
43
86
High productivity
28
56
34
68
41
82
Media exposure
12 24 21 42
Entry of fast food chains
0
-
4
8
7
14
Some varieties of potato were phased out. Before the 1980’s, farmers in the area
mentioned that decreasing production capability of a potato variety was mostly (90%) the
reason for them to minimize reproduction. Few (8% and 16%) farmers mentioned of
having poor quality harvested products and decreasing consumer demand.
In 1981-2000, few (16%) farmers mentioned that lack sources of seeds were the
reason of not reproducing the variety. On the other hand, decreasing production and
consumer demand and susceptibility to pest and diseases were mentioned significantly
increased.
The same trend followed during the third period (2001-present).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
34
Table 11. Causes why some variety was phase out
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F %
F
% F %
SOME VARIETIES ARE FACE OUT
Decreasing consumer demand
4
8
19
38
24
48
Decreasing productivity
45
90
50
100
50
100
Susceptibility to pest and diseases
8
16
21
42
45
90
No source of seeds
0
-
8
16
9
18
Factors affecting potato industry
Production. Before the 1980’s, rugged terrain of farm to market road became the
farmer’s problem which caused the decrease in the potato production during the
following years (1981-2000). Luckily, the rugged road was improved by government
projects in the current period (2001-present).
As to quality of seeds, few (8%) farmers encountered the problems before the
1980’s. In the following period, 1981-2000, few (20%) farmers encountered the
problems. Majority (68%) of the farmers encountered the problem in year 2001-present.
Farmers claimed that the production power and insusceptibility to pest and diseases
decreased.
On the other hand, before the 1980’s, most (92%) farmers have problem on the
climate change especially in the month of December to January due to “Andap”. In the
year, 1981-2000 and 2001 to present, there was a significant decrease in the climate
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
35
change. Farmers claimed that temperature in the past is colder compared to the present
climate conditions.
Summer became farmers’ problem. Before the 1980’s, few farmers encountered
water shortage which greatly affected their potato production. Supply of water was not a
problem during rainy seasons. Springs were available to supply water for irrigation.
However, due to excessive cutting of trees, springs are not abundant source of water. In
the year, 2001- present, the problem in water for irrigation became complicated causing
the farmers to buy water pump for irrigation.
Before the 1980’s, plant pests and diseases such as cutworm, aphid, early blight
and black leg were not (2%) common problems in the area. However, there was a
significant increase in the year 1981-2000. The same trend followed in the year 2001-
present. Farmers claimed that out beak of different kinds of pest and diseases was due to
changes of the environment.
In the production inputs, before 1980’s, most (94%) farmers were experiencing
far source of production inputs such as chicken manure and other inorganic fertilizers.
Farmers badly needed cars to transport from lowland areas. In the year 1981-2000 and
2001-present, most farm supply establishments were put up near the area. This resulted
to significant decrease in experiencing the problems. Consequently, most (86%) farmers
were experiencing problem in high acidity of soil in the present time. This marked the
effect of club roots to different kinds of crucifer’s plants that also resulted to soil acidity.
Before 1980’s, 1981-2000 and 2001-present, most farmers were experiencing
problem in the insufficiency of capital. Farmers experienced difficulties in borrowing
some amount from financing institution such as Rural Bank, Land Bank, Credit
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
36
Table 12. Factors affecting the production of potato variety
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
%
F %
PRODUCTION
Rugged terrain remote areas
50
100
42
84
10
20
Lack of quality seeds
4
8
10
20
34
68
Climate change
46
92
43
86
39
78
Lack of irrigation
23
46
43
86
44
88
Plant pest and disease
2
4
34
68
44
88
Far source of production inputs
47
94
16
32
5
10
Soil ph
0
0
43 86
Insufficient capital
43
86
45
90
50
100
Cooperatives and private lender such as auntie, uncle and some suppliers. Guarantors and
titled properties were needed.
Marketing. Before the 1980’s, most (90%) of the respondents experienced
problems in marketing due to lack of information regarding price of potato. Farmers
claimed that they just inquire prices from their neighbors. Fortunately, in 1981-2000,
modernization brought the farmers to more faster and convenient communication. In the
year 2001-present, use of new technology products such as radios, cell phones and
computers were much helpful to every respondent.
Before the 1980’s, Halsema and other provincial road were not cemented. Trucks
and jeepneys easily malfunctioned and even destroyed which sometimes led to accidents.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
37
This was the problems experienced by the farmers even in the other areas. The problem
was minimized in the succeeding decade (1981-2000) because of road constructions until
this time (2001-present).
Before the 1980’s, lack of market outlet was the most (86%) problem of the
respondents in the first period. In the succeeding years, 1981-2001 few farmers
encountered lesser problems because of the construction of La Trinidad trading post and
also the Palma trading.
Before the 1980’s, competition among farmers was not serious. On the other
hand, there was a significant increase in the succeeding years, 1981-2000. Farmers
claimed that increasing population and immigration led to competition. The same trend
followed in year 2001-present generation.
Table 13. Factors affecting the marketing system
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
MARKETING
Lack of information about price
45
90
12
24
0
-
Rugged road
50
100
23
46
2
4
Dominance of middlemen
4
8
14
28
3
6
In price decision
Market outlet
43
86
21
42
3
6
Competition among farmers
0
-
17
34
47
94
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
38
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study investigated the evolution of the potato industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet. Particularly, it determined the evolution, the drivers of changes and
the factors affecting the potato industry in the study area.
The study was conducted in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Fifty (50)
respondents were purposively chosen from whom the source of data and information
were elicited. The study covered three periods particularly: before the 1980’s, 1981-2000
and 2001 to the present. Data were gathered through a survey questionnaire and personal
interview which were supplemented with field visits and observation.
Native potato and geneky were the first varieties grown in the study area before
the 1950’s. Of these two, the native was popular and commonly grown. This was
followed by geneky variety. The two varieties were popularized through gaya-gaya
system. Experts believed that probably these varieties reached the area through the
dispersal programs of Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI). Succeeding planting materials for
the native variety came from local seed producers while for geneky they came from farm
suppliers. In 1951-1960, three new varieties were introduced in the area through
importation. These were the morado, greta, and conchita varieties. These new varieties
were introduced in the area through seminars; others heard about them in the radio and
later on were popularized through the gaya-gaya system. The three varieties were planted
in the area until 1961-1970.
In 1961-1970 another three varieties were introduced in the area namely red
pontiac, mexican and univita. These potato varieties were known by majority of the
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
39
respondents through gaya-gaya system, although initially, few were informed about the
variety through seminars and through radios. The three varieties were produced by farm
suppliers and some were produced by local seed producers. These were popularized in
the year 1971-1980. In 1981-1990, two new varieties, the granola and montañosa were
popularized in the area. As to seed source, the granola seeds came from the Bureau of
Plant Industry (BPI) while montañosa seeds come from the Benguet State University
(BSU). These were initially introduced into the area through seminars conducted by the
concerned institutions that developed the said varieties, others heard about them from the
radio and later popularized through the gaya-gaya system. In 1991-2000, igorota (BSU
PO3) and solibao (BSU PO4) were also introduced in the area through the National
Potato Root Crops Training Center (NPRTC). Others learned from the radio. These were
initial groups embrace the said varieties and later on were popularized through the gaya-
gaya system. Currently, only the granola and igorota varieties were being planted in the
area, almost all of the other varieties were not already being grown. For their cultural
practices, land preparations were done manually with the use of any sharped objects and
later on with spading forks and grub hoes. Agricultural machines are not applicable in the
area thus they are not being employed. The use of “sanggap” in planting was also the
major tool from the earlier periods up to the present. In terms of fertilizer application the
farmers were using both organic and in organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers used in the
periods before the 1980’s were compost and ashes. For the succeeding time periods, there
was a continuous use of ashes although at decreasing rates. On the other hand, compost
was not already being applied. Chicken manure was only introduced in the succeeding
area but became the commonly applied organic fertilizers up to the present period. For
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
40
the inorganic fertilizers, corona, vigoro and urea were common inorganic fertilizers used
by the farmers before the 1980’s. The most popular of this was the vigoro. The
succeeding periods, marked the extinction of corona and the introduction of triple 14. The
once popular vigoro started and continued to decline while urea and T-14 became more
and more popular.
In terms of irrigation, watering cans that were commonly used in the periods
before the 1980’s up to the 1981-2000 were not already being planted. They were
substituted by rain birds, which were initially introduced after 1980. Weeds were
controlled manually, through hilling-up, and with the used of herbicides. Herbicide
application is the more practice for the current period.
Pest and diseases were controlled with the use of pesticides and fungicides.
Roguing that were employed before the 1980’s is not anymore employed by farmers
In the past and in the present periods harvesting was manually done using “kali”.
Seed piece were mostly stored in a “bodega”. Some stored them in underground and
sacks behind their houses.
Before the 1980’s, most of the respondents transported their products through the
PUV’s. Few of them were hiring private trucks. In 2001 up to the present, almost half of
them had their own car. Majority of the farmers market their products in La Trinidad
Trading Post, only few markets at Baguio Hangar Market in the present generation
(2001-present). In the previous decades, before 1980’s, majority (66%) of them directly
market their products to Baguio Hanger Market and few market their products in lowland
areas.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
41
From the previous to the current period, the increase of demand of specific potato
varieties were primarily caused by the good quality of newly introduced products,
increasing population, entry of fast food chains, and other institution buyers. Popularity
of specific potato varieties were caused by competitive advantage, high productivity,
media exposure that eventually led to the gaya-gaya system among the farmers.
Meanwhile, some varieties were phased out or not being planted anymore because of
decreasing demand, decreasing productivity of the varieties, susceptibility to plant pests,
and diseases and lack of sources of seeds.
From the earlier period up to the current period, many problems were encountered
by the farmers in potato production. These include the rugged roads, lack of source for
irrigation, far source of production inputs, plant pests and diseases, high production cost,
fluctuating temperature, low productivity, soil erosion, soil ph, and insufficient capital.
Lack of information about price, and dominance of middle men in price decision, lack of
market outlet and high level competition among the farmers also contributed to the
problems encountered by the respondents in marketing their products.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
42
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. potato farming in Madyamen, Kibungan, Benguet was already a common
practices of farmers even the 1950’s;
2. potato varieties were commonly introduced to the farmers through seminars and
radio sponsored by the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), farm suppliers-importers, and
latter by the Benguet State University (BSU) who were also the original sources of
planting materials;
3. varieties were popularized through the gaya-gaya system among the farmers.
4. most varieties were either already extinct or not favored anymore by most farmers
due to decreasing productivity, susceptibility to pests and diseases, and decreasing
consumer demand;
5. institutions like the BPI and BSU played a key role in the development of potato
varieties currently planted in the area;
6. subsequent supply of planting materials were farm suppliers and local seed
producers;
7. drivers of popularization of the different varieties include competitive advantage,
high productivity and media;
8. the entry of major markets like fast foods, processors, and other institutional
buyers generally keyed the commercialization of potato production resulting to more
profits among the farmers that led to their improved economic status;
9. land preparation, crop maintenance, and harvesting did not significantly
changed, farmers still rely on manual operation;
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
43
10. from watering cans, farmers shifted to rain birds;
11. there was a significantly shift from organic to inorganic production; inorganic
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are now being currently applied;
Recommendations
Based on the above conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. potato farmers should organize themselves into an association like cooperative for
a possible source of operating capital, stronger voice in airing concerns as well as linking
with concerned institutions;
2. the local government and other concerned institutions should educate and
encourage farmers to revert back to organic production in order to solve their problems
on soil acidity as well as pest and diseases; this would surely initially lessen their
productivity but would eventually result to higher profit in the long run;
3. the farmers are also encouraged to test other varieties produced by the BSU-
NPRTC such as dalisay, bengueta batatas, watawat, tamid and gloria kamaptengan.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
44
LITERATURE CITED
ALBERT, W.V. 1983. On-farm Potato Research in the Philippines. The International
Potato Center. Philippine Journal of Potato Research. Pp. 43, 53, 71
BALUSDAN, C.D. and A.M. SONGYOEN. 1999. Brief Documentation of the Results
of Interview Conducted in Napsong, Madaymen, Kibungan, and Benguet in
relation to the Research on the History of Madaymen. (Unpub.). Pp. 13-16.
BLALOCK, C.D. 1997. The Potato, Frozen Food Report, the Frozen Potato Products
Institute. Unpublished Report. (FPPI). Pp. 28-31.
CAYABAS, J.D. 2003. Survey and Assessment of Major Disease Affecting Potato
Production in Benguet, Mountain Province and La Union. BS Thesis (Unpub.).
Benguet State University. P.1.
CONSOLACION, C.C., R.D. COLTING, L.L. TANDANG. 1999. BSU Potatoes: Best
for Chips and Fries. Benguet State University Research Digest. Vol. 1. P. 4.
FOUNDATION FOR RESUORCE LINKAGES AND DEVELOPMENT, Inc. (FFRLD),
1995. The Potato Marketing System in Major Production and Demand Areas in
the Philippines. Pp. 1-9.
LEWIS, J.A. 1995.The Connected Corporation. New York, NY. Business-To Business
Relationship by Categories of Suppliers in the Marketing Channel. Dynamics in
Chain and Networks. Wageningen Academic Publishers. Pp. 532-537.
OMAWENG, C.N. 1995. Economics of Vegetable Production in Bauko, Mountain
Province. BS Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State University. P. 47.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1987. Highland Potato Techno guide. Pp. 2, 28
RASCO, E.T. 1997. The Potato in Tropical Asia. Tropical Publishing Center. Pp. 34-36.
SMITH, O.A. 1977. Second Edition. Potatoes: Production Storing Processing. American
Journal of Potato Production. P.3-4.
VERMEULEN, S.B. and F.J. PROCTOR. 2008. Chain-wide Learning for Inclusive
Agri-food Market Development: A guide to Multi-stakeholder Processes for
Linking Small-scale Producers with Modern Markets. Wageningen Academic
Publishers. Pp. 19-25.
VALMAYOR, R.V. 1982. Benguet Techno guide for Potato. Techno Publishing Center,
Inc. Pp. 3-4.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
45
APPENDIX A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
I. Socio-economic Profile
A. Respondents
1. Name (Optional) ____________________2. Sex____3. Age ____
4. Civil Status ______________
5. Educational Attainment ____________________________________
6. No. of years engaged in potato farming______________________
7. Farm size (hec) _______________________
II. Introduction of Potato Varieties in the Area
QUESTIONS
Potato Varieties (please check)
Period introduced
A B C D E
F
G H I
J K
L
M
Before 1950
1951-1960
1961-1970
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2000-present
Source of planting materials
Supplier
Farmers
BSU-root
crops
BPI-Baguio
Others
Mode of introduction
Seminar
Radio
Gaya-gaya
Others
Still existing/ currently being
planted
Not being planted
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
46
Legend:
A. Native potato
F. Red Pontiac
K. BSU PO3/Igorota/LBR
B. Geneky
G.
Mexican
L.
BSU
PO4/Solibao
C. Morado
H.
Univita
D. Greta
I.
Granola
E. Conchita
J.
Montanosa
111. Past and Present Cultural Practices of Potato Growers
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
CULTURAL PRACTICES
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Land Preparation
a. Manual
b. Araro
c. Tractor
Seed-piece Storage
a. In sacks beneath the house
b. Stored underground
c. bodiga”
d. Others
(specify)________
Planting
a. By hand
b. By machine
Organic fertilizer
a. Compost
b. Ashes
c. Chicken Dung
In-organic fertilizer
a. Vigoro
b. Urea
c. Triple 14
d. Others
(Specify)__________
Irrigation
a. Furrow irrigation
b. Using watering cans
c. Sprinkler irrigation
d. Rain bird
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
47
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
CULTURAL PRACTICES
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Weed Control
a. Manual
b. Herbicide
c. Hilling-up
d. Mulching
Pest and Diseases
a. Spraying of pesticides/fungicides
b. Roguing
c. Others
(Specify)____________
Harvesting
a. Manual
b. Machine
Transporting
a. Own transport facility
b. Hire
c. Through PUV
Marketing
a. Trading post
b. Baguio Hanger Market
c. Sari-sari store
d. Other
(specify)_________
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
48
IV. Trends and Drivers of Change of Potato Industry
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
TRENDS AND DRIVERS OF CHANGE
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Increase consumer demand
a. Good quality products
b. Increasing population
c. Entry of fast food chains
d. Entry of institution
e. Others (Specify) _______
Introducing of different potato varieties
a. Competitive Advantage
b. High productivity
c. Media exposure
d. Entry of fast food chains
e. Others (Specify) _______
Some cultivars are face out
a. Decreasing consumer demand
b. Decreasing productivity
c. Susceptibility to pest & diseases
d. No source of seeds
e. Others (Specify)_______
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
49
V. Factors Affecting Potato Industry
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
FACTORS
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Production
a. Rugged terrain of remote areas
b. Lack of quality seeds
c. Climate
d. Topography
e. Lack of irrigation
f. Plant pest and disease
g. Far source of production inputs
h. Soil pH
i. Insufficient capital
j. Others
(Specify)___________
Marketing
a. Lack of information about price
b. Rugged road
c. Dominance of middlemen in price
decision
d. Market outlet
e. Competition among farmers
f. Others
(specify)____________
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
ALINDAN, JHAURDAN A. APRIL 2009. Evolution of Potato Industry in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Adrew K. Del-ong
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to find out the evolution potato of the industry in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. This includes the drivers of change and factors affecting
production. A survey questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher to the
respondents. This was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009.
The findings show that before the 1980’s, farmers had been planting Native
potato, Geneky, Morado, Greta, Conchita, Univita, Red Pontiac and Mexican. However,
these varieties are not being planted by farmers nowadays. In the year 1981-20001, there
were four varieties that were introduced in the area. These were the Granola, Montañosa,
Igorota and Solibao. Since 2001 to the present, potato varieties such as Igorota and
Granola are popularly being planted by the farmers in the area.
Having good quality products was the most reason of increasing consumer
demand. The introduction of different potato variety was most causes of having
competitive advantage and high productivity. On the other hand, decreasing consumer
demand and decreasing productivity were the causes of the phase out of some varieties.
Before 1980’s, the major problems faced by the farmers on production were
rugged terrain, far source of production inputs and insufficient capital. On the other hand,
1981-2000, still the above mentioned was the major problems. In 2001-present, the,
major problem faced by the farmers were insufficient capital, high acidity of soil, pest
and diseases and lack of irrigation during summer season.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Content …………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study …………………………………………....... 1
Statement of the Problem ………………………………………….. 3
Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………. 3
Importance of the Study …………………………………………… 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evolution of Potato Industry ……………………………………….. 5
Domestic Drivers …………………………………………………… 7
Factors Affecting Potato Industry…………………………………... 8
Marketing …………………………………………………………... 9
METHODOLOGY
Locale and time of the Study …………………………………….… 12
Respondents of the Study ………………………………………….. 12
Data Collection …………………………………………………….. 12
Data to be gathered ………………………………………………… 12
Data analysis ……………………………………………………….. 13
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Personal Characteristics of the Respondents ………………………. 14
Introduction of Potato Variety to Farmer ………………………..…. 17
Past and Present Cultural Practices
of Potato growers in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet ………….….. 24
Trends and Drivers of Change
of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet ……………... 31
Factors Affecting Potato Industry …………………………...…….. 34
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary …………………………………………………………… 38
Conclusions ……………………………………………………….... 42
Recommendations …………………………………………………. 43
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………. 44
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….. 45
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Madaymen is the main vegetable crop producer of the Municipality of Kibungan
which is located 72 kilometers away from Baguio City and takes two to three hours ride
by bus taking the Halsema road from La Trinidad. It is bounded on the north by the
Municipality of Bakun, on the south by Natubleng, Buguias, on the east by Sinipsip,
Buguias and on the west by Poblacion, Kibungan.
According to Balusdan and Sangyoen (1999), this place was once known as Kada
in the 1900’s, meaning much forested area. Aside from the big trees and wild plants, soft
grasses known as moss massively grew in the area. Moss abound the area because of the
cold climate. This place has a very cold temperature due to its high elevation of more
than 2,500 feet above sea level.
When early people settled in Napsong, sitio of Barangay Madaymen, it was
believed that the present Madaymen was just a route where people used to pass by going
to other places. The cold climate was not favorable for the early inhabitants to make
kaingin or rice field. Thus, Madaymen only served as a way to the Municipality of
Buguias and other places such as Tinoc in Ifugao and Bauko in Mountain Province.
These were based on the stories about the movements and migrations of early settlers.
One day, a traveler passed by Kada but because of the very thick forest and
clouds, the man got confused of the right way to follow. So frightened, he moved out his
bowel under a big tree. As he tried to move out of the area several times, he always
returned to where he moved out his bowel. So desperate because it was already dark, he
decided to sleep in soft grasses which he called “Mandaydaymen”.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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The following day, other travelers found the man sleeping in the very soft moss.
Then they helped and guided him to the right way getting out of the Kada. This
experience of the man was told in Napsong and in other nearby places. Unconfirmed
stories also revealed that several people passing in the Kada suffered the same experience
as the man.
The first settlers came and put up their house in the place. They called this place
not only Kada but Mandaydaymen. This name was very appropriate not only because of
the stories about travelers who have seen the soft mosses, which were called
Mandaydaymen in the native dialect, that massively grew in the area. Later, this place
was called Madaymen.
Vegetable production began to flourish in Madaymen in the 1950’s. People from
the neighboring places were attracted to settle here. Some came from Napsong, Camiling
and Palina in Kibungan. Others came from other places like Atok, Bakun and Mankayan
in Benguet. Later, migrant families who profited from vegetable gardening bought lands
from the original landowners.
It will be recalled that the Americans, who usually visit Baguio City as the
summer capital of the Philippines, discovered that the Mountain Trail areas were
favorable for temperate vegetables crops. Many Americans preferred to stay in Baguio
during summer time. According to stories, this led the Americans together with some
Filipino Chinese families to introduce vegetable production in the highland.
The discovery of the mountain trail areas as a suitable vegetable producer led the
Americans to design and construct the Halsema highway, which then served as the main
route of Baguio City to Northern Benguet and Mountain Province.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
3
Madaymen often experience frost, locally called “Andap” which destroys
vegetable farms. The temperature drop from December to February, the planting season
of almost potato farmers in the barangay.
In this study, the evolution of potato industry will be done to find out the
historical background of potato industry in Barangay Madaymen and the past and the
present cultural practices of growing potatoes. Drivers of change and factors affecting the
production of potato industry will also be considered in the study.
Statement of the Problem
1. How did the Potato Industry evolve in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet?
2. What are the drivers of change in the Potato Industry in the said place?
3. What are the factors affecting the Potato Industry in the said place?
Objectives of the Study
Specifically, the study aims:
1. To document the evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan,
Benguet.
2. To determine the drivers of change in the Potato Industry in the said place.
3. To determine the factors affecting the Potato Industry in the said place.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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4
Importance of the Study
The result of the study would serve as a historical data of the potato industry in
Barangay Madaymen.
The information from this study would serve as benchmark information to the
Municipality of Kibungan, other researchers, government planners, and private agencies,
who be interested to know the evolution of the potato industry in the said area.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study was focused on the potato industry in a barangay level. Barangay
Madaymen has 22 sitios, the study covered only these sitios that were considered as the
major potato producing area, namely: Balangsayan, Tonguey, Masala, Nangayangan and
Pakpakitan.
Time frames of the study were divided to three periods as follows; before 1980’s,
1991-2000 and 2001-present. However, time periods before 1950’s, 1951-1960, 1961-
1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-present were specifically considered
for the identification of the periods the different varieties were introduced into the study
area.
Respondents were limited to farmers who were engaged in potato production for
at least 25 years.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evolution of Potato Industry
Potato originated from South America, in the Andes region of Peru and Bolivia,
where the crop was cultivated long before the arrival of the Spaniards to the New World
in the 16th century. It was introduced to Europe by the returning Spanish explorers and
quickly spread throughout the continent. At first it was planted because of curiosity other
than of cultivated crop. However, by the end of the century, potato became an important
food crop throughout Europe (Swiader and Ware, 2002). Rasco (1997) added that potato
cultivators were from the highland tropics (the Andes Mountains of South America).
As early as 1538, potatoes in Ecuador were referred to as “papas”. The word is
said to be derived from the language spoken by the Incas and means “tubers”. It was later
adopted by the Spaniards and today it is the word designating the potato through Latin
America (Smith, 1977). Rasco (1997) reported that potato tubers were imported usually
from Germany or Holland and multiplied over several generations in the high elevation
areas of Benguet and Mountain Province
In Benguet province, seed piece may come from several sources: importers,
farmers-cooperators of the Philippine-German Seed Potato Program, the Bureau of Plant
Industry, and other farmers (Valmayor, 1982).
In the late 1950’s, but more particularly in the 1960’s and 1970’s, there were
regular imports of small quantities of variety. Red Pontiac have been made particularly
from the USA. This cultivar is especially favored by growers in the lower, warmer and
drier valleys particularly for the irrigated dry-season crop, December to March. Sporadic
imports of a number of cultivars continued throughout the 1950’s from various parts of
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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6
the world, but it was not until the early 1960’s when two cultivars; conchita and greta
were imported from Mexico, that any major change in cultivar use took place. Native
potatoes were grown by planting tubers in the piles of ash resulting from burning grasses
but they appear to have been used principally for domestic consumption. Farmers in the
region recall growing considerable areas of “native” potato as recently as the late 1960’s
but it is no longer to be found. Another major cultivar grown in the wet season is cosima
which accounts for approximately 17% of the crop (Albert, 1983).
In all provinces of Benguet covered, Granola is the most widely grown variety
occupying 95% of the total land area planted to potatoes in the research sites. Growers
and traders prefer this cultivar due to its availability, adaptability, good yield, high ratio
of large tubers, resistance to pests and diseases, short maturity period, peel quality, and
desirable shape (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995).
Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the family solanaceae and grows well in
the cool highland of tropical countries. History reveals that potato production started in
Benguet sometime in 18th century. The temperature climate brought about by high
elevation is 1200 to 2100 meters above sea level and rainfall of 2000mm explains the
suitability of potatoes in the cordillera mountain ranges. At present, it produces 75% of
the total potato production in the cordillera region. Potato is a prime agricultural product
of six municipalities of Benguet namely Buguias, Atok, Bakun, Mankayan and Kibungan
(Gayao and Sim, 1998).
Igorota and solibao potato varieties developed at BSU were products of a clonal
evaluation process that involved the active cooperation of potato farmers and breeders.
These are far better than the traditional cultivar called granola in terms. Igorota is the first
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
7
locally-bred highland potato variety in the Philippines. It has a maturity of 90 to 120
days. Solibao or BSU-P04, on the other hand, was developed tinkering with the genes of
a planting material from India. It was introduced in the country through the International
Potato Center. Like Igorota, it matures within 90 to 120 days and has an oblong-oval
shape, brownish skin and cream-colored flesh (Consolacion et al., 1999).
Domestic Drivers
Domestically, consumer preferences continue to grow increasingly sophisticated
as income rise due largely to the increasing number of dual income households. One of
the most notable conclusions of proprietary consumer tests has been the realization the
consumer prefer frozen potato products. Changes in consumer taste present opportunities
for the development of new frozen potato products, e.g., flavored fries (Foundation for
Resource Linkages and Development, Inc. 1997).
In the Philippines, the demand for potatoes continues to increase because of the
growing population, rise in the number of fast food chains, hotels and restaurants, and
presence of local potato-based snack food manufacturers. Aside from its use as an
ingredient in many food preparations, potato is processed into numerous value-added
products such as French fries, chips, strings, flour, among others, making it a high value
cash crop (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995). Rasco
(1997) stated that among the lowland potato areas in the ASPRAD Region, it appears that
the Philippine has the best opportunity to increase potato yield, based on reported yield
from various trials and interviews with farmers.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
8
Development in processing had a profound effect on the potato industry.
Improvements in packaging frozen potato products, especially for the fast food chains
and institutional markets was the major advancement (Foundation for Resource Linkages
and Development, Inc., 1997).
In light of the government’s thrust in promoting high value crops such as
potatoes, a marketing appraisal of the commodity can shed light to its current status,
needs for technological improvement and at the same time, asses its potentials for
domestic and foreign markets.
The Philippine Council on agriculture and Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD) in 1985 stated that cultivar selection is an important as seed piece selection.
The best variety may fail if the seed piece is poor. On the other hand good quality seed
may not compensate for a choice of cultivar. Using the right cultivar and the right king of
seed pieces will ensure high yield and better quality of produce.
The development now days had great impact into the formation of new
communities such as in Madaymen. In exchange for cash, people encouraged to produce
vegetables mainly for the market. Madaymen was already integrated into the market
economy in producing vegetables for the needs of the market namely potatoes, cabbage
and others. These differences triggered a change not only in the mobility of people but
also even in political set up of the barangay (Balusdan and Songyoen, 1999).
Factors Affecting the Production
Many farmers encountered many problems beginning from production to moving
the products to market outlets. Delivery trucks sometimes are stranded because of
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
9
landslide, mechanical defect among others. These many problems prove that “bayanihan”
is still existing and working where they help one another to overcome these problems.
One of the main production constraints of potato in Benguet is the inadequacy of
capital. Some farmer are even forced to raise the crop without using much needed
production inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, certified seed pieces, etc., at their
recommended levels thus resulting to meager yields. It has been observed that great part
of the seed potato produced locally are of poor quality of low varietals purity and are
contaminated with seed-borne disease (Valmayor, 1982)
As stated by Omaweng (1995), the major problems faced by farmers on
production were soil degradation followed by pest and diseases as well as weather
fluctuation. A very serious financial problem was the insufficiency of capital. In
marketing, rugged road followed by dominance of middlemen in price decision were the
most pressing problems. PCARRD (1987) added that losses are incurred between
harvesting and final utilization of the produce due to pest, improper handling techniques
and physiological changes. The (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development,
Inc., (1995) revealed that the growth and sustainability of potato production system
largely depend on appropriate and adaptable varieties suited to the tropical agronomic
environments in the country
Marketing
The marketing of the potato crop has now developed into a highly complex and
sophisticated system, which is allied closely to the financing of the crop. It has been
described in detail by (Albert, 1983).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
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10
According to Albert (1983) an increasing number of farmers now have their own
transport, a truck, and take their own produce to market in Baguio City or in the case of
larger farmers, by truck to Manila; the ultimate destination for most of the potato crop.
Along the cordillera itself, where transport is readily available, produce seed is collected
directly from the farm, but in more remote areas it first has to be carried to a main road,
usually by hired laborers known as “convoy laborers” or “kargadores” It is usually taken
to Baguio by bus for small consignments or by truck for larger loads.
Potato growers in Benguet usually transport and sell their produce to assembler-
wholesalers and wholesalers at the La Trinidad trading post and Dangwa area.
Assembler-wholesalers and wholesalers commonly intercept farmers along Halsema
highway to be assured of supply particularly during December which is the peak selling
period (Foundation for Resource Linkages and Development, Inc., 1995).
Over the past decade, major changes have been observed in the organization of
marketing channels, as new supply chains based on relation management, rather than
marketing functions, institutions and transactions, have emerged (Lewis, 1995).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
11
Definition of Terms
Andap. Refers to frost due to cold climate.
Demand. The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or
group Evolution. Change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one
generation to the next.
Farmer. A person who grows field crops, and/or manages orchards or vineyards,
or raises livestock or poultry. Their products are usually sold in a market or, in a
subsistence economy, consumed by the family or pooled by the community.
Market. Any one of a variety of different systems, institutions, procedures, social
relations and infrastructures whereby persons trade, and goods and services are
exchanged, forming part of the economy.
Sanggap. Material used for planting potatoes. It is plat metal or wood.
Variety. Low-level taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members
of different populations can interbreed easily.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
12
METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Barangay Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
specifically at sitios Balangsayan, Tonguey, Masala, Nangayangan and Pakpakitan. The
said sitios are the major potato production areas in the said barangay.
The study was undertaken from December 2008 to February 2009.
Respondent of the Study
The respondents of the study were the elder farmers who were potato growers in
the locality, for significantly long period of time.
The study involved 50 respondents, 10 respondents came from each of the five
identified sitios.
Research Instrument
Data was gathered through survey questionnaire and an interview schedule which
was administered personally by the researcher.
Data Gathered
The data gathered include the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Their
ideas regarding the evolution of the potato industry from previous to current period
Furthermore, information regarding the drivers of change and factors affecting the potato
industry were also dealt with.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
13
Data Analysis
The data collected were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as
frequencies and percentages.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Respondents Socio-economic Profile
The profile of the respondents included sex, age, civil status, educational
attainment, numbers of years engage in potato farming and farm size.
There were 50 respondents interviewed and majority of them were males (62 %).
As to age, all the respondents were adults with no one below 41 years old with an even
significant 10% were more than 80 years old. This analysis reveals that most respondents
are in their older years. As to civil status, it shows that majority (68%) were married,
22% widowed, and 8% single.
Educational attainment. As shown in table 1, most (92%) had a formal education
with a significant 20% even reaching college level. The 38% reached elementary level
and 26% reached high school level.
Number of years in potato farming. All the respondents were engage in potato
farming in the study area for at least 20 years and above. A significant 38% and 32%
were in the 47-55 and 38-46 years brackets, respectively. It can be noted further that 20%
were even in the 56-64 years bracket. This finding implies that the respondents have at
least sufficient background about the potato industry in their barangay, which is vital in
this study.
Farm size. The respondents farms were categorized according into the following
land areas; small (1.0 hectare and below), medium (1.1 hectare-2.0), big (2.1 heactare-
3.0) and large (3.0 hectare and above). The majority of the farms fall under big (42%)
and medium (36%) sizes
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
15
Table 1. General profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Sex
Female
19
38
Male
31
62
TOTAL 50
100
Age
41-50
8
16
51-60
15
30
61-70
13
26
71-80
9
18
81-90
3
6
90-100
2
4
TOTAL
50
100
Civil Status
Married
34
68
Single
4
8
100
TOTAL
50
Educational Attainment
Non-formal education
8
16
Elementary level
19
38
High school level
13
26
College level
10
20
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
16
CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY
PERCENT
Number of Years in Farming
29-37
2
4
38-46
16
32
47-55
19
38
56-above
13
26
TOTAL 50
100
Farm Size
Small (1.0-below hec)
8
16
Medium (1.1-2.0)
18
36
Big (2.1-3.0)
21
42
Large (3.1-above)
3
6
TOTAL 50
100
categories. This finding shows that the respondents were operating at significantly wide
areas for their potato production.
Introduction of Different Potato Varieties in the Area
Before the 1950’s, there were only two potato varieties being grown in the area.
These were the native and the geneky varieties. For the native variety, most (86%) of the
respondents claimed that their families were already planting it during the said period.
Though they were not aware of its origin, experts believed that it probably
reached the area through the seed dispersal programs of the Bureau of Plant Industry
(BPI). For the geneky variety, 24% claimed that their families were already planting them
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
17
before the 1950’s, while the majority (76%) claimed that they started planting them on
the succeeding decade (1951-1960). This indicates that the native variety was more
popular farmers during the period.
As to source of planting materials, the native varieties were produced by local
seed producers. On the other hand, most (84%) of the geneky variety came from farm
suppliers (importers). This collaborates the findings of Valmayor in 1982. Only few
(16%) were produced by local seed producers who propagated it themselves. Both
varieties were introduced and popularized in the area through the gayagaya system in
which some farmers followed to plant the same as to what others had planted.
In the years 1951-1960, there was a shift of farmer’s preferences. More farmers
(76%) planted the geneky variety. Three new varieties were introduced in the area during
this period through importers. This collaborates the finding of Valmayor in 1982 and
Albert in 1983. These new varieties were the morado, greta, and conchita varieties. The
morado and greta varieties were introduced to the farmers through the seminars
sponsored by concerned agencies which are attended by some farmers. On the other
hand, the conchita was introduced both through seminars and media (radio). The said
three varieties were popularized through the gayagaya system
These three varieties had been planted by farmers in the area until the succeeding
decade, 1961-1970; the time when the native and the geneky varieties became instinct
(reasons were presented in Table 11). It can be noted that the three varieties were equally
popular during this period.
On the other hand, another three new varieties namely red pontiac, mexican, and
univita were introduced in the area during this period (1961-1970). Although they were
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
18
not as popular as the three older varieties, it can be noted that it was the Mexican variety
that was more preferred since 42% of the respondents had been planting them during this
period.
The red Pontiac was introduced to the farmers through seminars (10%) and
gayagaya system. For the mexican and univita varieties, they were introduced through
seminars (6% and 12%); others heard it from radio (16% and 12%). Said varieties were
popularized through gayagaya.
As to the source of planting materials for the three varieties, majority was from
farmer suppliers and the rest were from the local seed producers.
For the period 1971-1980, there was again a shift in the type of potato varieties
planted by farmers. The varieties that were introduced in the previous decade became
were popular than the older varieties. The conchita variety was not even planted by the
farmers in the area, during this period. (Reasons were presented in Table 11).
It was also during this period that the two new varieties, namely the granola and
motañosa varieties were introduced in the area. They was initially introduced in the area
through seminars (14% and 16%) others heard it from the radio (32% and 20%). The
majority then followed suit as the original farmers adapted the said varieties. As to seed
source, originally the granola seeds came from the Bureau of Plant and Industry (BPI)
while montañosa seeds came from the Benguet State University (BSU). As they
propagated said seed varieties, this also served as source of seeds to other farmers.
For the period 1981-1990, the trend followed that of the previous decades. The
granola and the montañosa varieties were also popular among the farmers (64% and 46%,
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
19
respectively). Only 28%, 14% and 2% had planted the univita, red pontiac, and mexican
varieties, respectively.
In this period, two new varieties were introduced in the area, namely the Igorota
(BSU PO3) and solibao (BSU PO4) varieties. Just like the other varieties that were
introduced in the previous decades, the said new varieties were not very popular among
the farmers, as only 20% and 14%, respectively had planted them. It can be noted that a
few learned of the two varieties through seminars (14% and 6%), others heard it from the
radio (20% and 16%), the majority (66% and 785) had them trough gayagaya system.
Just like the previous periods, 1991-2000 also marked a shift in the varietals
preferences of farmers. Although a significant a significant 42% and 21% planted the
granola and montañosa varieties, the igorota and solibao varieties were already more
popular among the farmers (62% and 50%, respectively).
Igorota and solibao varieties were developed by the Benguet State University
(BSU) through the National Potato Root Crops Training Center (NPRTC). It was
introduced to them through seminars (6%), through the radio (12%), and the rest (82%)
through gayagaya system.
In year 2001-present, igorota and granola were widely planted in the area. The
other varieties which were introduced earlier were not already planted. Other varieties
produced by the Benguet State University were known by the farmers but not planted
such as tamid, gloria, gansa, and Bengueta Batatas. Farmers claimed that the varieties
were not suitable to the area.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
20
Table 2. Potato varieties grown in the area, year introduced and groups responsible in its introduction
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Native Potato
Geneky
Morado
Greta
Conchita Red
Pontiac Mexican Univita
Period
introduced
F
% F % F % F % F % F % F % F %
Before 1950
43
86
12
24
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1951-1960
7
14
38
76
17
34
12
24
11
22
0
-
0
-
0
-
1961-1970
0
-
0
-
33
66
30
60
29
58
10
20
21
42
4
8
1971-1980
0
-
0
-
0
-
8
16
10
20
40
80
29
58
32 64
1981-1990
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
0
14 28
1991-2000
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
2001-present
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50
100
Source of planting materials
Supplier
0
-
42
84
50
100 50 100 50 100
38
76
45
90
33 66
Farmer
50
100
8
16
0
-
0
-
0
-
12
24
5
10
17 34
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
21
Table 2. Continued......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Native Potato
Geneky
Morado
Greta
Conchita Red
Pontiac Mexican Univita
Source of planting
F % F % F % F % F % F % F % F %
materials
BSU-Root Crops
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
BPI-Baguio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
Mode
of
introduction
Seminar
0
-
0
-
3
6
3
6
2
4
5
10
3
6
6
12
Radio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
6
12
0
-
8
16
5
10
Gaya-gaya
50
100 50 100 47
94
47
94
42
84
45
90
39
78
39
78
TOTAL
50 100
50 100
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
Still existing/ currently
0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 -
being planted
Not
being
planted
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 50 100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
22
Table 2. Continued......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Granola
Montañosa
Igorota
Solibao
Period
introduced
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
Before 1950
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1951-1960
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1961-1970
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
1971-1980
0
0
0
-
0
-
1981-1990
43
86
29
58
0
0
1991-2000
7
14
21
42
41
82
32
64
2001-present
0
-
-
9
18
18
36
TOTAL
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
Source
of
planting
materials
Supplier
21
42
0
-
0
-
0
-
Farmer
16
32
0
-
0
-
0
-
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
23
Table 2. Continued.......
Potato Varieties Grown in the Area
PARTICULARS
Granola
Montañosa
Igorota
Solibao
Source of planting
F
% F %
F
% F %
materials
BSU-Root Crops
13
26
50
100
50
100
50
100
BPI-Baguio
0
-
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL
50
100 50 100
50
100 50 100
Mode
of
introduction
Seminar
7
14
8
16
7
14
3
6
Radio
16
32
10
20
10
20
8
16
Gaya-gaya
27
54
32
64
33
66
39
78
TOTAL
50
100 50 100
50
100 50 100
Still existing/currently
50
100
0
50
100
0
being planted
Not
being
planted
0
-
100
100
0
-
100
100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
24
Past and Present Cultural Practices of Potato Growers
Land preparation. Before the 1980’s, farmers in the area operated their farm
manually with the use of any sharped objects and later on employed spading fork and
grab hoe in loosening the soil and removing the weeds.
In the year 1981-2000 and 2001 up to present, there is no significant change in the
tools employed by the farmers. The use of agricultural machineries like tractor such as
koliglig and araro were very rare to farmers due to the small terraces of farm and because
the land areas are rocky which could cause the tractor to malfunction or even be
damaged.
Planting of potato seed-piece. From the previous to the present, there were no
significant changes in the tools employed in their planting. They have been using the
“sanggap”.
Fertilizer application. Farmers in the area have used both inorganic and organic
types of fertilizers. Before the 1980’s, ashes (56%) and compost (44%) were widely used
as organic fertilizers in the area. Chicken dung was not yet known and was not being
used in the area. For the inorganic fertilizers, the vigoro (76%) was commonly used.
Fertilizers like urea and the corona were also used.
In 1981-2000, chicken manure was introduced in the area and became the most
widely used (80%) organic fertilizers by the farmers. The rest (20%) made used of the
ashes. The use of composts became rare to farmers up to current period. An inorganic
fertilizer like the T-14 was introduced and subsequently was commonly used by the
farmers. The vigoro and urea were still used but not the corona anymore.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
25
Table 3. Organic and in-organic fertilizer used
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
% F %
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Compost 22
44
0
-
0
-
Ashes 28
56
10
20
5
10
Chicken manure
0
-
40
80
45
90
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
IN-ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Corona 5
10
0
-
0
-
Vigoro (6-10-4)
38
76
17
34
7
14
Urea (46-0-0)
7
14
12
24
15
30
14-14-14
0
-
21
42
28
56
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
For the current period (2001-present), the chicken manure is the most widely used
among the organic fertilizers. Few farmers used ashes. On the other hand, T-14 continues
to dominate inorganic fertilizers application (56%) followed by the urea (30%). The once
popular vigoro only accounted for 14%.
Irrigation system. Before 1980’s, farmers in the area made use of improvised cans
such as large can of sardines to irrigate their plants. This was widely practiced by the
farmers.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
26
In 1981-2000, rain birds became more popular than watering cans. It can be noted
in the table that majority (66%) of the respondents are using it.
For the current period (2001-present), rain bird is now the only tool of irrigation
being used by the farmers. As they claimed, it is more economical and efficient than the
other methods. Watering cans are rarely used by the farmers for irrigation.
Weeds control. In the period before 1980’s, majority (64%) of the respondents
controlled weeds by the use of some tools such as the grab hoe, sanggap, and sickle. They
also remove weeds with their bare hands. Few (20%) of them used herbicides like the
round-up and power. Others preferred to control weeds through hilling up (16%).
For the second period (1981-2000), herbicides were introduced in the area. The
table shows that majority (54%) of the respondents were using it. Hilling up and the use
of grab hoe has significant 12% and 28%, respectively.
In the period (2001-present), there was a significant increased in the utilization of
herbicides (64%). This includes gramaxon, clear out and slash. On the other hand,
manual weeding and hilling up significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that the use of
herbicides lessens effort and time in their work, thus leading to the shift in weeding
practices.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
27
Table 4. Methods of irrigation system and weeds control
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
IRRIGATION
Using watering cans
50
100
17
34
0
-
Rain birds
0
-
33
66
50
100
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
WEEDS CONTROL
Manual 32
64
14
28
12
24
Herbicides 10
20
27
54
32
64
Hilling-up 8
16
9
18
6
12
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Pest and diseases control. The respondents in the area were practicing both
spraying pesticides and fungicides and rouging to minimize the spreading of pest and
diseases of the plants.
Before the 1980’s, majority (66%) of the farmers were spraying pesticides and
fungicides which include sumicidin and tamaron, manzate, curzate and dethane. The rest
applied rouging.
In the year, 1981-2000, rouging was not already applied by the farmers because
farmers are occupying big farm size which was shown in table 1. Farmers widely used
pesticides and fungicides such as magnum, siga, brodan,manager, dithane 45, leadomil
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
28
Table 5. Methods of controlling pest and diseases and method of harvesting
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
PEST AND DISEASES
Spraying pesticides
33
66
50
100
50
100
and fungicides
Roguing
17
34
0
0
0
0
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
HARVESTING
Manual 50
100
50
100
50
100
Machine
0
-
0
-
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
and many more. As they claimed, it is more economical and efficient than the other
method.
Harvesting of potato products. Harvesting tools used in the previous years up to
the current periods doesn’t have significant change in the tools employed in harvesting.
They have been using “kali”.
Transportation system. Before the 1980’s, farm to market roads in the area was
not cemented. Accessibility to market was quite difficult for the farmers. Farmers in the
area transport their harvested products in different ways. Few (10%) of them hired car
and most (84%) farmers transport their harvested product through Public Utility Vehicle
specifically Dangwa transportation corporation. Only 6% of the respondents have car.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
29
In 1981-2000, few (34%) farmers have their own tracks and majority (60%) of the
respondents were hiring car to transport their products. As a result, using PUV
significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that using PUV cannot accommodate all their
harvested products, thus leading to have their own car.
The same as trend followed in the third period (2001-present).
Seed-piece storage of potato. Before the 1980’s, majority (70%) of the
respondents were storing their seed-piece in sacks beside and at the back of their house,
others (20%) stored them in their bodega, the rest (10%) stored them underground.
During the succeeding periods, 1981-2000, there was a shift in the farmer’s
practices. Few respondents (26%) already put up bodegas for storage and 30%
respondents in underground. Farmers claimed that storing them in their bodegas and in
undergrounds, give more protections to their seeds from pest and diseases, rodents and
sun green.
The same trend followed during the third period (2001-present)
Table 6. Medium of transportation system
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
TRANSPORTATION
Owns transport facility
3
6
17
34
21
42
Hire transport facility
5
10
30
60
29
58
Through PUV
42
84
3
6
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
30
Table 7. Methods of potato seed-piece storage
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
SEED-PIECE STORAGE
In sacks beneath the house
35
70
12
24
7
14
Stored underground
5
10
15
30
20
40
Bodiga 10
20
23
46
23
46
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Marketing. Before the 1980’s, majority (66%) of the respondents market their
products at Baguio City Hangar Market, few (26%) of them directly retailed their
products in the lowland area, some (8%) preferred to market their products in different
sari-sari stores. The La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was not yet known.
In 1981-2000, La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was known where most (82%)
farmers market their products. Market in the Baguio City Hangar Market and some part
of lowland area significantly decreased. Farmers claimed that the La Trinidad trading
post is more efficient than the other.
In the current period (2001-present), there was no significant changed used by the
farmers in marketing. The La Trinidad Vegetable trading post was the most widely used.
Few (6%) were using Baguio City Hangar Market and sometimes they used Palma
Vegetable trading when oversupply of vegetables occurs.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
31
Table 8. Market outlet
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
MARKETING
Trading post
0
-
41
82
47
94
Baguio hanger market
33
66
6
12
3
6
Sari-sari store
4
8
0
-
0
-
Lowland area (manila)
13
26
3
6
0
-
TOTAL 50
100
50
100
50
100
Trends and Drivers of change of Potato Industry in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
Increase potato consumer demand. Before the 1980’s, most (92%) of the
respondents said that producing good quality products was the cause of increasing
consumer demand of potatoes. This was followed by increasing population (22%). Entry
of fast food chains such as Jollibee, Mc Donald, KFC and Chow king contributed to the
increase in consumer demand of potato. The entry of institutions such as supermarket,
Liwayway, Universal Robina Corporation, and hotel and restaurant were known for their
contributions to the increase in potato consumer demand.
In 1981-2000, the entry of institution (12%) was known for their contributions
towards increasing consumer demand of potatoes. Good quality products, increasing
population and entry of fast food chains significantly increased.
The same trend followed during third period (2001-present).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
32
Table 9. Drivers of increasing consumer demand
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
INCREASE CONSUMER DEMAND
Good quality products
46
92
43
86
47
94
Increasing population
11
22
9
18
11
22
Entry of fast food chains
4
8
7
14
8
16
Entry of institutions
0
-
6
12
7
14
Introduction of different potato varieties. Before the 1980’s, majority (74% and
56%) of the respondents claimed that having competitive advantage in potato varieties
and good productivity were the reasons to reproduce new variety. Entry of fast food
chains and consumer exposure were not claimed.
In the succeeding years, 1981-2000, media exposure and entry of fast food chains
were known for its contribution (24% and 8%), respectively. Having competitive
advantage and high productivity were significantly increased. Potato variety was known
to farmers through the gayagaya system, seminars and media like radios.
In the current period, 2001-present, there was a significant increased than the
previous years (1981-2000). The Benguet State University and Bureau of Plant Industry
were contributed also to the entry of different potato variety.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
33
Table 10. Drivers of introduction of different potato variety
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
% F %
INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT POTATO VARIETIES
Competitive advantage
37
74
36
72
43
86
High productivity
28
56
34
68
41
82
Media exposure
12 24 21 42
Entry of fast food chains
0
-
4
8
7
14
Some varieties of potato were phased out. Before the 1980’s, farmers in the area
mentioned that decreasing production capability of a potato variety was mostly (90%) the
reason for them to minimize reproduction. Few (8% and 16%) farmers mentioned of
having poor quality harvested products and decreasing consumer demand.
In 1981-2000, few (16%) farmers mentioned that lack sources of seeds were the
reason of not reproducing the variety. On the other hand, decreasing production and
consumer demand and susceptibility to pest and diseases were mentioned significantly
increased.
The same trend followed during the third period (2001-present).
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
34
Table 11. Causes why some variety was phase out
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F %
F
% F %
SOME VARIETIES ARE FACE OUT
Decreasing consumer demand
4
8
19
38
24
48
Decreasing productivity
45
90
50
100
50
100
Susceptibility to pest and diseases
8
16
21
42
45
90
No source of seeds
0
-
8
16
9
18
Factors affecting potato industry
Production. Before the 1980’s, rugged terrain of farm to market road became the
farmer’s problem which caused the decrease in the potato production during the
following years (1981-2000). Luckily, the rugged road was improved by government
projects in the current period (2001-present).
As to quality of seeds, few (8%) farmers encountered the problems before the
1980’s. In the following period, 1981-2000, few (20%) farmers encountered the
problems. Majority (68%) of the farmers encountered the problem in year 2001-present.
Farmers claimed that the production power and insusceptibility to pest and diseases
decreased.
On the other hand, before the 1980’s, most (92%) farmers have problem on the
climate change especially in the month of December to January due to “Andap”. In the
year, 1981-2000 and 2001 to present, there was a significant decrease in the climate
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
35
change. Farmers claimed that temperature in the past is colder compared to the present
climate conditions.
Summer became farmers’ problem. Before the 1980’s, few farmers encountered
water shortage which greatly affected their potato production. Supply of water was not a
problem during rainy seasons. Springs were available to supply water for irrigation.
However, due to excessive cutting of trees, springs are not abundant source of water. In
the year, 2001- present, the problem in water for irrigation became complicated causing
the farmers to buy water pump for irrigation.
Before the 1980’s, plant pests and diseases such as cutworm, aphid, early blight
and black leg were not (2%) common problems in the area. However, there was a
significant increase in the year 1981-2000. The same trend followed in the year 2001-
present. Farmers claimed that out beak of different kinds of pest and diseases was due to
changes of the environment.
In the production inputs, before 1980’s, most (94%) farmers were experiencing
far source of production inputs such as chicken manure and other inorganic fertilizers.
Farmers badly needed cars to transport from lowland areas. In the year 1981-2000 and
2001-present, most farm supply establishments were put up near the area. This resulted
to significant decrease in experiencing the problems. Consequently, most (86%) farmers
were experiencing problem in high acidity of soil in the present time. This marked the
effect of club roots to different kinds of crucifer’s plants that also resulted to soil acidity.
Before 1980’s, 1981-2000 and 2001-present, most farmers were experiencing
problem in the insufficiency of capital. Farmers experienced difficulties in borrowing
some amount from financing institution such as Rural Bank, Land Bank, Credit
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
36
Table 12. Factors affecting the production of potato variety
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F % F
%
F %
PRODUCTION
Rugged terrain remote areas
50
100
42
84
10
20
Lack of quality seeds
4
8
10
20
34
68
Climate change
46
92
43
86
39
78
Lack of irrigation
23
46
43
86
44
88
Plant pest and disease
2
4
34
68
44
88
Far source of production inputs
47
94
16
32
5
10
Soil ph
0
0
43 86
Insufficient capital
43
86
45
90
50
100
Cooperatives and private lender such as auntie, uncle and some suppliers. Guarantors and
titled properties were needed.
Marketing. Before the 1980’s, most (90%) of the respondents experienced
problems in marketing due to lack of information regarding price of potato. Farmers
claimed that they just inquire prices from their neighbors. Fortunately, in 1981-2000,
modernization brought the farmers to more faster and convenient communication. In the
year 2001-present, use of new technology products such as radios, cell phones and
computers were much helpful to every respondent.
Before the 1980’s, Halsema and other provincial road were not cemented. Trucks
and jeepneys easily malfunctioned and even destroyed which sometimes led to accidents.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
37
This was the problems experienced by the farmers even in the other areas. The problem
was minimized in the succeeding decade (1981-2000) because of road constructions until
this time (2001-present).
Before the 1980’s, lack of market outlet was the most (86%) problem of the
respondents in the first period. In the succeeding years, 1981-2001 few farmers
encountered lesser problems because of the construction of La Trinidad trading post and
also the Palma trading.
Before the 1980’s, competition among farmers was not serious. On the other
hand, there was a significant increase in the succeeding years, 1981-2000. Farmers
claimed that increasing population and immigration led to competition. The same trend
followed in year 2001-present generation.
Table 13. Factors affecting the marketing system
BEFORE 1980's
1981-2000
2001-PRESENT
PARTICULARS
F
%
F
%
F
%
MARKETING
Lack of information about price
45
90
12
24
0
-
Rugged road
50
100
23
46
2
4
Dominance of middlemen
4
8
14
28
3
6
In price decision
Market outlet
43
86
21
42
3
6
Competition among farmers
0
-
17
34
47
94
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
38
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study investigated the evolution of the potato industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet. Particularly, it determined the evolution, the drivers of changes and
the factors affecting the potato industry in the study area.
The study was conducted in Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet. Fifty (50)
respondents were purposively chosen from whom the source of data and information
were elicited. The study covered three periods particularly: before the 1980’s, 1981-2000
and 2001 to the present. Data were gathered through a survey questionnaire and personal
interview which were supplemented with field visits and observation.
Native potato and geneky were the first varieties grown in the study area before
the 1950’s. Of these two, the native was popular and commonly grown. This was
followed by geneky variety. The two varieties were popularized through gaya-gaya
system. Experts believed that probably these varieties reached the area through the
dispersal programs of Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI). Succeeding planting materials for
the native variety came from local seed producers while for geneky they came from farm
suppliers. In 1951-1960, three new varieties were introduced in the area through
importation. These were the morado, greta, and conchita varieties. These new varieties
were introduced in the area through seminars; others heard about them in the radio and
later on were popularized through the gaya-gaya system. The three varieties were planted
in the area until 1961-1970.
In 1961-1970 another three varieties were introduced in the area namely red
pontiac, mexican and univita. These potato varieties were known by majority of the
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
39
respondents through gaya-gaya system, although initially, few were informed about the
variety through seminars and through radios. The three varieties were produced by farm
suppliers and some were produced by local seed producers. These were popularized in
the year 1971-1980. In 1981-1990, two new varieties, the granola and montañosa were
popularized in the area. As to seed source, the granola seeds came from the Bureau of
Plant Industry (BPI) while montañosa seeds come from the Benguet State University
(BSU). These were initially introduced into the area through seminars conducted by the
concerned institutions that developed the said varieties, others heard about them from the
radio and later popularized through the gaya-gaya system. In 1991-2000, igorota (BSU
PO3) and solibao (BSU PO4) were also introduced in the area through the National
Potato Root Crops Training Center (NPRTC). Others learned from the radio. These were
initial groups embrace the said varieties and later on were popularized through the gaya-
gaya system. Currently, only the granola and igorota varieties were being planted in the
area, almost all of the other varieties were not already being grown. For their cultural
practices, land preparations were done manually with the use of any sharped objects and
later on with spading forks and grub hoes. Agricultural machines are not applicable in the
area thus they are not being employed. The use of “sanggap” in planting was also the
major tool from the earlier periods up to the present. In terms of fertilizer application the
farmers were using both organic and in organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers used in the
periods before the 1980’s were compost and ashes. For the succeeding time periods, there
was a continuous use of ashes although at decreasing rates. On the other hand, compost
was not already being applied. Chicken manure was only introduced in the succeeding
area but became the commonly applied organic fertilizers up to the present period. For
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
40
the inorganic fertilizers, corona, vigoro and urea were common inorganic fertilizers used
by the farmers before the 1980’s. The most popular of this was the vigoro. The
succeeding periods, marked the extinction of corona and the introduction of triple 14. The
once popular vigoro started and continued to decline while urea and T-14 became more
and more popular.
In terms of irrigation, watering cans that were commonly used in the periods
before the 1980’s up to the 1981-2000 were not already being planted. They were
substituted by rain birds, which were initially introduced after 1980. Weeds were
controlled manually, through hilling-up, and with the used of herbicides. Herbicide
application is the more practice for the current period.
Pest and diseases were controlled with the use of pesticides and fungicides.
Roguing that were employed before the 1980’s is not anymore employed by farmers
In the past and in the present periods harvesting was manually done using “kali”.
Seed piece were mostly stored in a “bodega”. Some stored them in underground and
sacks behind their houses.
Before the 1980’s, most of the respondents transported their products through the
PUV’s. Few of them were hiring private trucks. In 2001 up to the present, almost half of
them had their own car. Majority of the farmers market their products in La Trinidad
Trading Post, only few markets at Baguio Hangar Market in the present generation
(2001-present). In the previous decades, before 1980’s, majority (66%) of them directly
market their products to Baguio Hanger Market and few market their products in lowland
areas.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
41
From the previous to the current period, the increase of demand of specific potato
varieties were primarily caused by the good quality of newly introduced products,
increasing population, entry of fast food chains, and other institution buyers. Popularity
of specific potato varieties were caused by competitive advantage, high productivity,
media exposure that eventually led to the gaya-gaya system among the farmers.
Meanwhile, some varieties were phased out or not being planted anymore because of
decreasing demand, decreasing productivity of the varieties, susceptibility to plant pests,
and diseases and lack of sources of seeds.
From the earlier period up to the current period, many problems were encountered
by the farmers in potato production. These include the rugged roads, lack of source for
irrigation, far source of production inputs, plant pests and diseases, high production cost,
fluctuating temperature, low productivity, soil erosion, soil ph, and insufficient capital.
Lack of information about price, and dominance of middle men in price decision, lack of
market outlet and high level competition among the farmers also contributed to the
problems encountered by the respondents in marketing their products.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
42
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. potato farming in Madyamen, Kibungan, Benguet was already a common
practices of farmers even the 1950’s;
2. potato varieties were commonly introduced to the farmers through seminars and
radio sponsored by the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), farm suppliers-importers, and
latter by the Benguet State University (BSU) who were also the original sources of
planting materials;
3. varieties were popularized through the gaya-gaya system among the farmers.
4. most varieties were either already extinct or not favored anymore by most farmers
due to decreasing productivity, susceptibility to pests and diseases, and decreasing
consumer demand;
5. institutions like the BPI and BSU played a key role in the development of potato
varieties currently planted in the area;
6. subsequent supply of planting materials were farm suppliers and local seed
producers;
7. drivers of popularization of the different varieties include competitive advantage,
high productivity and media;
8. the entry of major markets like fast foods, processors, and other institutional
buyers generally keyed the commercialization of potato production resulting to more
profits among the farmers that led to their improved economic status;
9. land preparation, crop maintenance, and harvesting did not significantly
changed, farmers still rely on manual operation;
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
43
10. from watering cans, farmers shifted to rain birds;
11. there was a significantly shift from organic to inorganic production; inorganic
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are now being currently applied;
Recommendations
Based on the above conclusions, the following are recommended:
1. potato farmers should organize themselves into an association like cooperative for
a possible source of operating capital, stronger voice in airing concerns as well as linking
with concerned institutions;
2. the local government and other concerned institutions should educate and
encourage farmers to revert back to organic production in order to solve their problems
on soil acidity as well as pest and diseases; this would surely initially lessen their
productivity but would eventually result to higher profit in the long run;
3. the farmers are also encouraged to test other varieties produced by the BSU-
NPRTC such as dalisay, bengueta batatas, watawat, tamid and gloria kamaptengan.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
44
LITERATURE CITED
ALBERT, W.V. 1983. On-farm Potato Research in the Philippines. The International
Potato Center. Philippine Journal of Potato Research. Pp. 43, 53, 71
BALUSDAN, C.D. and A.M. SONGYOEN. 1999. Brief Documentation of the Results
of Interview Conducted in Napsong, Madaymen, Kibungan, and Benguet in
relation to the Research on the History of Madaymen. (Unpub.). Pp. 13-16.
BLALOCK, C.D. 1997. The Potato, Frozen Food Report, the Frozen Potato Products
Institute. Unpublished Report. (FPPI). Pp. 28-31.
CAYABAS, J.D. 2003. Survey and Assessment of Major Disease Affecting Potato
Production in Benguet, Mountain Province and La Union. BS Thesis (Unpub.).
Benguet State University. P.1.
CONSOLACION, C.C., R.D. COLTING, L.L. TANDANG. 1999. BSU Potatoes: Best
for Chips and Fries. Benguet State University Research Digest. Vol. 1. P. 4.
FOUNDATION FOR RESUORCE LINKAGES AND DEVELOPMENT, Inc. (FFRLD),
1995. The Potato Marketing System in Major Production and Demand Areas in
the Philippines. Pp. 1-9.
LEWIS, J.A. 1995.The Connected Corporation. New York, NY. Business-To Business
Relationship by Categories of Suppliers in the Marketing Channel. Dynamics in
Chain and Networks. Wageningen Academic Publishers. Pp. 532-537.
OMAWENG, C.N. 1995. Economics of Vegetable Production in Bauko, Mountain
Province. BS Thesis (Unpub.). Benguet State University. P. 47.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 1987. Highland Potato Techno guide. Pp. 2, 28
RASCO, E.T. 1997. The Potato in Tropical Asia. Tropical Publishing Center. Pp. 34-36.
SMITH, O.A. 1977. Second Edition. Potatoes: Production Storing Processing. American
Journal of Potato Production. P.3-4.
VERMEULEN, S.B. and F.J. PROCTOR. 2008. Chain-wide Learning for Inclusive
Agri-food Market Development: A guide to Multi-stakeholder Processes for
Linking Small-scale Producers with Modern Markets. Wageningen Academic
Publishers. Pp. 19-25.
VALMAYOR, R.V. 1982. Benguet Techno guide for Potato. Techno Publishing Center,
Inc. Pp. 3-4.
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
45
APPENDIX A
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
I. Socio-economic Profile
A. Respondents
1. Name (Optional) ____________________2. Sex____3. Age ____
4. Civil Status ______________
5. Educational Attainment ____________________________________
6. No. of years engaged in potato farming______________________
7. Farm size (hec) _______________________
II. Introduction of Potato Varieties in the Area
QUESTIONS
Potato Varieties (please check)
Period introduced
A B C D E
F
G H I
J K
L
M
Before 1950
1951-1960
1961-1970
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2000
2000-present
Source of planting materials
Supplier
Farmers
BSU-root
crops
BPI-Baguio
Others
Mode of introduction
Seminar
Radio
Gaya-gaya
Others
Still existing/ currently being
planted
Not being planted
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
46
Legend:
A. Native potato
F. Red Pontiac
K. BSU PO3/Igorota/LBR
B. Geneky
G.
Mexican
L.
BSU
PO4/Solibao
C. Morado
H.
Univita
D. Greta
I.
Granola
E. Conchita
J.
Montanosa
111. Past and Present Cultural Practices of Potato Growers
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
CULTURAL PRACTICES
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Land Preparation
a. Manual
b. Araro
c. Tractor
Seed-piece Storage
a. In sacks beneath the house
b. Stored underground
c. bodiga”
d. Others
(specify)________
Planting
a. By hand
b. By machine
Organic fertilizer
a. Compost
b. Ashes
c. Chicken Dung
In-organic fertilizer
a. Vigoro
b. Urea
c. Triple 14
d. Others
(Specify)__________
Irrigation
a. Furrow irrigation
b. Using watering cans
c. Sprinkler irrigation
d. Rain bird
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
47
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
CULTURAL PRACTICES
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Weed Control
a. Manual
b. Herbicide
c. Hilling-up
d. Mulching
Pest and Diseases
a. Spraying of pesticides/fungicides
b. Roguing
c. Others
(Specify)____________
Harvesting
a. Manual
b. Machine
Transporting
a. Own transport facility
b. Hire
c. Through PUV
Marketing
a. Trading post
b. Baguio Hanger Market
c. Sari-sari store
d. Other
(specify)_________
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
48
IV. Trends and Drivers of Change of Potato Industry
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
TRENDS AND DRIVERS OF CHANGE
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Increase consumer demand
a. Good quality products
b. Increasing population
c. Entry of fast food chains
d. Entry of institution
e. Others (Specify) _______
Introducing of different potato varieties
a. Competitive Advantage
b. High productivity
c. Media exposure
d. Entry of fast food chains
e. Others (Specify) _______
Some cultivars are face out
a. Decreasing consumer demand
b. Decreasing productivity
c. Susceptibility to pest & diseases
d. No source of seeds
e. Others (Specify)_______
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
49
V. Factors Affecting Potato Industry
BEFORE
1981-
2001-
FACTORS
1980’S
2000
PRESENT
Production
a. Rugged terrain of remote areas
b. Lack of quality seeds
c. Climate
d. Topography
e. Lack of irrigation
f. Plant pest and disease
g. Far source of production inputs
h. Soil pH
i. Insufficient capital
j. Others
(Specify)___________
Marketing
a. Lack of information about price
b. Rugged road
c. Dominance of middlemen in price
decision
d. Market outlet
e. Competition among farmers
f. Others
(specify)____________
Evolution of Potato Industry in Madaymen,
Kibungan, Benguet / Jhaurdan A. Alindan. 2009
Document Outline
- Evolution of Potato Industry in
Madaymen, Kibungan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Evolution of Potato Industry
- Domestic Drivers
- Factors Affecting the Production
- Marketing
- Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- Locale of the Study
- Respondent of the Study
- Research Instrument
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Respondents Socio-economic Profile
- Introduction of Different Potato Varieties in the Area
- Past and Present Cultural Practices of Potato Growers
- Factors affecting potato industry
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES