BIBLIOGRAPHY BENITO, JUNJUN C. OCTOBER,...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BENITO, JUNJUN C. OCTOBER, 2009. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Barlig,
Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate and document the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain Province. Specifically, it aimed to determine the socio-economic
profile of the respondents; the different farm animal species commonly raised in the
municipality; the number of animals per species raised per household; the reasons of the
respondents in raising animals; the sources of stocks and capital of the respondents; the
production management practices employed by the respondents in terms of breeds and breeding,
housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management, and marketing; the support services availed
by the respondents and the problems they encountered in relation to animal raising.
Barlig is composed of 11 barangays but only the top 8 in terms of animal population were
covered in the study. From these barangays, a total of 123 actual animal raisers were chosen to
serve as respondents in the study. To gather the data, actual informal interviews of the
respondents were conducted and some pictures were taken to support some of the information
gathered.
Out of the 123 respondents, majority are males, married and with ages ranging from 30-
45 years old. Majority of them also had finished high school education and have farming as their
main source of living.
The farm animals commonly raised in the locality include swine, chicken, ducks, cattle,
carabaos, and geese. Livestock and poultry production in the locality is under the control of
backyard raisers or small hold operators. Each household is raising 10 and below number of
swine, 1-3 carabaos and catle , 6-10 chickens and 1-5 geese. Majority of the respondents have
been raising swine for 16 or more number of years, 6 years or more for chicken, 1-5 years only
for ducks, geese, cattle and carabaos.
There are two main reasons why the respondents are raising these animals. First, is for
family use i.e. to serve as source of food most especially if the raisers are to host special
occasions like weddings, baptisms, houseblessing, birthdays, celebration of anniversaries and
other forms of thanksgiving and to have available animals to slaughter when they perform rituals
as part of their culture. The other reason is as source of additional income to the family. In
addition to the above mentioned reasons, cattle and carabaos are also raised to help the
respondents in their field works.
Based on the results of the study, the respondents, with the exception of swine where
majority are raising crossbreds, are all raising native animals. The initial stocks of the
respondents were either given to them by their relatives of they have bought them from other
raisers most especially those within the municipality.
To reproduce their animals, all the respondents are employing natural mating although
some, particularly in swine, are now employing artificial insemination [A.I.]. Despite of the
limitations of inbreeding, still many of the respondents are observing it. The other systems
observed by the respondents include purebreeding, upgrading and crossbreeding but particularly
in swine.
Majority of the respondents said that their sows are farrowing twice a year and are
usually giving birth to 6-10 piglets and usually wean 6-10 piglets also. Likewise, majority of the
respondents in poultry said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch and the number of
eggs hatched that they usually observed is 6-10 also.
All of the respondents are confining their swine in pigpens. No housing, on the other
hand, is provided to ruminants. Instead, these are either let-loosed in the mountains or public
lands or are tethered in open areas. In chicken, majority of them are confined, however, most of
them are confined at night time only. At day time, these are let-loosed. Geese are also subjected
to loose housing and majority of the ducks are subjected to semi-confinement.
In feeding, swine are being fed with either indigenous feedstuffs alone or given in
combination with conventional feeds. Very few are feeding their swine with pure conventional
feeds which refer to hog commercial feeds and “cono”. Cattle and carabaos are being fed with
all grass/roughage diet. Chicken are also being fed with rice [cooked or uncooked], palay and
corn and the ducks and geese are being with cooked rice or chopped vegetable rejects/grasses or
combination of both.
For the herd health management, majority of the swine respondents are bathing their pigs,
cleaning the pens of their pigs and are deworming and vaccinating their swine. However, in the
other farm animals raised, vaccination nor deworming is not observed by the respondents.
Deticking of the ruminant animals is practiced but this is done manually or by hand picking.
True to all the animal species, in cases where an animal is affected with a disease, the common
practice of the respondents is to butcher it most especially if it is already big enough to slaughter
and show very slim chance of recovering.
In terms of marketing, animals are marketed mostly on a per head [“bulto”] basis and are
sold directly to consumers. Although others are also selling their animals on a liveweight basis
and the “uraga” system particularly to cattle and carabaos wherein the animal carcass is divided
by a group of individuals.
All of the respondents said that they did not avail of any support services either from
government or non-government organizations. The common problems observed by the
respondents include high cost of feeds, lack of market outlets, prevalence of diseases and
parasites, lack of technical knowledge, lack of superior breeding stocks, lack of capital ,
transportation difficulties, lack of government assistance and problem on theft.
Based on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help improve
the animal industry in the locality. One, is that the local government or concerned government
units should create lending institutions with low interest rates to help solve the problem on
capital; strengthen their extension services by conducting seminars or trainings on animal
raising; have dispersal programs to introduce better breeding stock and help establish market
outlets for animal products. Another is for the local officials together with the security
department should work together and be more strict in implementing existing policies or even
come up with new ordinance to minimize the problem on theft. Moreover, the animal raisers
should grouped themselves and form an organization or cooperative to have a stronger
representation in availing for any support from the government or non-government
organizations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…..…………………………………………………………...
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………..
v
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………
4
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………
13
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………...
13
Species of Farm Animals Raised…………………………………….
15
Swine
Years in Raising Swine…………………………………………. 16
Number of Swine Raised………………………………………...
16
Source of Capital and Stock..……………….…………………...
16
Reasons of Raising Swine…………...…………………………..
17
Housing Management……………………………………………
18
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices……………………
21
Feeds and Feeding Management………………………………...
26
Herd Health Management Practices………………………….….
30
Marketing Management……………………………………….....
31
Problems/Constraint Encountered……..………………………...
32
Poultry
Years in Raising Poultry…………………………………………
33
Number of Poultry Raised……………………………………......
34
Source of Initial/Replacement Stock…………………………......
35
Purpose of Raising Poultry………………………………….........
36
Breeds and Breeding Management...……………………….…....
37
System of Rearing Birds…………………..……………….…….
42
Feeds and Feeding Management for Poultry………………..…...
46
Flock Health Management Practices………………………..……
47
Marketing Practices…………………………………………........
47
Problems/Constraint in Raising Poultry…………………….........
48
Ruminants
Years in Raising Ruminant…………………………………........
48
Number of Ruminant Raised…………………………….............
49
Purpose of Raising Ruminants………………………………........
50
Source of Replacement/Initial Stock for Ruminant........................
50
Source of Capital………………………………………………....
51
System of Rearing Ruminants…………………………………....
51
Feeds and Feeding Management for Ruminants………………....
54
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices……………….........
54
Health Management Practices for Ruminants…………………....
57
Marketing Practices……………………………………………..
57
Problem/Constraint Encountered in Ruminant Raising…………
57
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……….....
59
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………..
67
A. Letter to the Respondents……………………………………………….
68
B. Survey Questionnaire……………………………………………………
69
INTRODUCTION
Barlig is one of the municipalities of Mountain Province. It has a total land area of
36,023 hectares and there are 11 barangays comprising it. It has an estimated population
of 148, 66. Palay is the main crop in Barlig with an estimated production of 1,575 tons
per hectare. This is supplemented with root crops and vegetables. However, production
is still not enough even for household consumption.
To supplement their income from producing crops, the people are also engaged in
animal raising. Swine is the most common livestock raised in the municipality even if
swine raising seems not profitable due to the very cold climate which deters the growth
of the pigs. Cattle raising maybe a feasible livelihood activity because of the green
vegetation but the steep terrain is not suitable for pasture.
Animal raising in the municipality is not yet commercialized and this is probably
due to many hindrances such as the high cost of feeds, lack of capital and others. Some
changes or actions should be introduced then to help improve the existing management
practices and at the same time to maximize the potential of animal raising in the
municipality, hence, the need to evaluate and assess the animal industry status together
with the production management practices existing in the area
This study focused on the documentation of the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain. Province
It sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the species of farm animals commonly raised in the municipality of
Barlig, Mountain Province?
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2. How many animals per species are being raised per household?
3. What are the reasons of the respondents in raising animals?
4. Where did the respondent obtain their animal stock and who provided their
capital?
5. What are the production management practices observed by the respondents in
terms of breeds and breeding, housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management,
marketing and others?
6. What are the support services extended to the animal raisers, either from the
government
or non-government units in relation to livestock and poultry production?
7. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in relation to animal
production?
Generally, this study was conducted to evaluate the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain Province
Specifically it aimed to;
1. Determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents.
2. Determine the species of farm animals commonly raised in the municipality of
Barlig, Mountain Province.
3. Determine how many animals per species are being raised per household.
4. To find out what are the reasons of the respondents in raising animals.
5. Determine where did the respondent obtain their animal stock and who provided
their capital.
6. Determine the production management practices observed by the respondents in
terms of breeds and breeding, housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management.
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7. Determine the support services extended to the animal raisers, either from the
government or non-government units in relation to livestock and poultry production in
Barlig, Mountain
Province.
8. Determine the problems encountered by the respondents in relation to animal
production.
9. To find out the economic profile of the respondent.
This study was conducted to highlight the management practices being employed
by animal raisers in the said locality. The result of the study will benefit not only the
researcher but also other people. It will provide information to other raisers to serve as
their basis in improving their existing management practices. The data gathered will also
serve as basis or guide to local officials or concerned agencies to come up with actions to
improve animal production in the municipality. Finally, this study will benefit the animal
raisers themselves as they will be the beneficiaries of whatever program that will be
implemented leading to the development of the animal industry in the locality.
This study was conducted at Barlig Mountain Province from November to April
2008. The respondents were the actual animal raisers from the eleven barangays of the
municipality namely; Chupac, Fiangtin, kaleo, Latang, Lias Kanluran, Lingoy, Lunas,
Macalana, Ogo-og, Gawana (poblacion), Lias Silangan.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Asian livestock (1999) cited that meat production absorbs over 600 million tons of
concentrate feeds, followed by milk and egg production, with 250 and 100 million tons,
respectively. In specialized meat, milk and egg production; feed generally accounts for
over half of total cost. Although grass and fodder with a low nutrient density still provide
the larger part of the global feed supplies, the world livestock economy has become
increasingly dependent on concentrate feeds especially grains. In recent years,
approximately 650 million tons of corn grains and wheat have been used in livestock
feeding, almost half of the world output of grains.
Farm to market road is one of the major problems of animal raisers in the highland
like Mt. Province and nearby provinces particularly Paracelis. Despite this many are still
raise animals as a source of additional income. Traditional way and practice of raising
animals should be totally discouraged because this result to slow production efficiency of
the animal being raised (Dumbab, 2008).
Livestock raising efficiently converts digestible, but in edible and non marketable
products in the farm into valuable animal products. Added benefit is in manure which can
be dried and used as fertilizers or component is the preparation of compost in the farm.
Further more, raising one or more animals can also serve as source of income
(Gillespie, 2002).
Baconawa (1998) mentioned that the continuing diminution of the pasture areas for
cattle ranching for some reasons like cancellation of pasture lease agreements to give way
to establishment of water sheds for multiple di-hydro-electric irrigation projects etc…will
continue to set limits to cattle production among hill beef producers. He also mentioned
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that many cattle ranchers are already raising goats and sheep as sideline. The rising cost of
imported feedstuff like soybean, fish meal, meat and bone meal, feed supplements, feed
grains and livestock product is encouraging farmers to raise goat and sheep.
Watson (1999) said that a purebred milking doe is capable of producing three to
four liters of milk a day, more than the average natural production of two liters per doe a
day. Goat farming requires only a small investment and entails minimal risk, making it
ideal for household and subsistence farmers.
Prasad and Bhattacharyya (2001) cited that domestication of goats proved to be one
of the most important events in early human civilization since it helped mankind to survive
from the ravages of hunger at the face of natural calamities including famines. Through the
history of mankind, goats became the ready source of meat, milk, skin and fibers to human
beings. To the poor farmers of the existing underdeveloped world, it is a commodity that
has constant market demand and potential to fetch cash returns at the hours of need. Goat
has the capability to survive on scavenge feeds and fallen leaves or browse and pasture on
the forages that other ruminants would not normally consume. In the process of such
survival and uncontrolled grazing or otherwise highly degraded lands, goats are often held
solely responsible for environmental degradation thereby the valuable contribution of goats
to soil fertility and ability to prevent and control of unwanted bushes in rangelands,
remains unnoticed.
Irwin and Moofu (1995) reported that many livestock farmers are turning to pig
production, although they still cohere or not moving away from the cattle sector. Pig
production, they said, is a logical alternative and it is also working well for farmers
because it could be on intensive basis. Transport cost is low compared to cattle.
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Pawid (2009), in his study on the status of livestock and poultry production in
Bontoc, Mt. Province, found that except for swine where there are few respondents raising
improved breeds, all of the respondents are raising native/ upgrade animals. Also , except
in swine where there are few respondents feeding their animals with pure commercial
feeds, all of the respondents are feeding their animals with indigenous feedstuffs or
combination of indigenous feedstuffs and commercial feeds, particularly swine
The swine industry is one of the most important among the local animal industries
in the country. It tops all other local livestock industries in terms of production and its
contribution to the national economy. It contributes about 98% of the country's total pork
supply. Pork represents more than 50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos.
Over the past few decades, the swine industry contributed more than 70% of the total
animal meat output of local animal industries. In addition, the local swine industries
provide income to entrepreneurs who are actively involved in large scale commercial
swine production and employment to farm laborers, traders and retailers of swine
production inputs and products. It also provides employment to workers in slaughter
houses and storage processing plants. Similarly, small farmers in rural, urban and semi-
urban areas benefit from swine raising through the additional income and financial security
it provides indirectly. It provides income to corn, rice, root crops, and coconut farmer, as it
is one of the major markets of their products (PCARRD, 2004).
The term poultry is used to designate a group of domestic birds that render an
economic service; these birds from choice remain continuously under human protection
and control. The species of birds included in poultry are geese, chickens, ducks, turkeys,
pheasant, guineas, ostriches and pigeons. Poultry raising is carried all over the Philippines
as a home industry. There are several agencies both in public and private that help promote
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the poultry industry such as: Department of Agriculture (DA), publications on poultry
raising, poultry clubs and poultry shows with display of improved stock, DILG etc.
(Dagoon, 1993)
Poultry is one of the world's major and fastest growing sources of meat. It
contributed about 38% of the country's total meat supply. The Philippine livestock and
poultry industries alone contributed about one third of the value added (GVA) in
agriculture (PCARRD, 2004).
Ducks have many economic uses. They are famous because of their meat, eggs and
feather particularly their down. They are also kept and breed by agriculturists and often
displayed in zoos. All domestic ducks descended from the wild mallard except the
muscovy duck (Wikipedia, 2007)
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Barlig is located at the southeastern part of Mountain Province. It is bounded on
the north by the province of kalinga, on the south by the province of Ifugao, on the west
by Bontoc and on the east by Natonin (Fig.1). It is composed of eleven (11) barangays.
However, only the top eight in terms of animal population (Table 1) were considered in
the study namely: Fiangtin, Kaleo, Lingoy, Lunas, Macalana, Ogo-og, Gawana (Pob)
and Latang. The study was conducted from February to April, 2009.
Table 1. Livestock and poultry population
BARANGAY CARABAO CATTLE GOAT CHICKEN DUCK SWINE TOTAL
Gawana (Pob) 5
1
-
715
11
38 767
Macalana
6
2
-
562
81
40 700
Latang
-
1
-
496
56
32 608
Ogo-og
15
1
-
381
60
10 457
Fiangtin
13
-
-
371
75
57 516
Kaleo
-
2
-
273
61
46 382
Lunas
8
-
-
286
65
25 387
Lingoy
-
3
-
324
19
13 367
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 72 10 2 4,005 565 466 5,120
*Source: Barlig Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) 2008
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Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
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Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are residents of the barangays covered in the study
who are actually raising animals. The total number of respondents was obtained by
getting 10% of the total number of households in each barangay considered. Table 2
shows the number of respondents in each barangays.
Data Collection
To gather the data an interview schedule prepared before hand and a camera for
documentation were used. Using the interview schedule as a guide, an actual informal
interview of each of the respondents was done. Also, pictures were taken to support some
of the data given by the respondents.
Table 2. Number of the respondents in each barangay
BARANGAY NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS* NO. OF RESPONDENTS_______
Gawana (Pob)
232
23
Macalana
214
21
Latang
121
12
Ogo-og
142
14
Fiangtin
103
10
Kaleo
110
11
Lunas
104
10
Lingoy
221
22
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1,247
123
*Source: Barlig Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) 2008
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Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
1. General information. This covered the respondent’s personal profile which
includes such age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and occupation.
2. Years in raising animal. This refers to the length of time the respondents have
been engaged in animal raising.
3. Purpose in raising animals. This refers to the reasons why the respondents are
raising animals.
4. Classification and number of animals being raised. This included species,
breed/strains, and number of animals per species raised by the respondent at the time of
the study.
5. Source of stock. This refers to the place or area where the respondents
obtained their animal stocks or from whom did they obtain their stock
6. Source of capital. This states who provided the capital of the respondents.
7. Kinds of housing or rearing. It is description of how the animals are confined
and the housing materials used, by the respondents.
8. Feeds and feeding management. This includes the types and sources of feeds,
frequency of feeding, identification and processing of indigenous or non-conventional
feeds, feed supplements or additives used and the systems of feeding the animals
observed by the respondents.
9. Breeding management. This includes the methods and systems of breeding,
breeding age, length of gestation and litter index.
10. Reproductive performance. This includes the litter size at birth and at weaning
and number of eggs/clutch and number of eggs hatched.
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11. Herd health management. This includes the different preventive and control
measures against diseases observed by the respondents and the diseases that had affected
their animals.
12.
Marketing management. This includes the methods and systems of
marketing employed and other marketing strategies done by the respondents.
13.
Support services. This refer to any technical or financial services
extended to the farmers from either government or non-government units
14.
Problems/Constraints. These include the common problems that the
respondents encountered in relation to animal raising.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were consolidated and tabulated. Statistical tools such as
percentage, frequency counts and ranking were used to analyze and interpret the data
gathered.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
The profile of the respondents which includes their; age, sex, civil status, occupa-
tion and educational attainment is presented in Table 3.
Age. Out of the 123 respondents, majority (54.47%) or 67 of the 123 respondents
are with ages ranging from 30-45 years old, 36 or (29.97%) are with ages ranging from
46-60 years old and 20 (16.26%) are with ages ranging from 61-75 years old. The result
of the study shows that majority of the respondent belong to the middle age group.
Sex. In the study the males comprise a larger number which is 74 or 60.16%
compared to the females. Generally, the males are responsible in raising ruminant
animals such as the cattle, goats and carabaos and the females are responsible in the
house management which includes the care of the children and raising of backyard
animals like the chickens and geese.
Civil status. Majority (89 or 69.11%) of the respondent are married followed by
the singles with a percentage of 17.07% or 21 out of 123 respondents and only 17 or
13.82% are widowed.
Occupation. Majority (77.24%) or 95 of the respondents of this study are farmers,
mainly engaged in crop production and only 28 (22.76%) are government employees but
are also engaged in animal raising to supplement their family needs.
Educational attainment. Majority (73 or 59.35%) of the respondent have only
reached secondary level. Twenty eight (22.76%) have reached or finished college degree
or vocational course and only 22 (17.89%) of them have reached or finished elementary
level.
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Table 3. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Age
30 to 45 67 54.47
46 to 60 36
29.27
61 to 75 20
16.26
TOTAL 123 100.00
Sex
Male 74
60.16
Female 49
39.84
TOTAL 123 100.00
Civil status
Single
21
17.07
Married 85
69.11
Widowed 17 13.82
TOTAL 123 100.00
Occupation
Farmer 95
77.24
Government employee 28 22.76
TOTAL 123 100.00
Educational attainment
Elementary level
22
17.89
Secondary level 73
59.35
College level/ Vocational 28 22.76
TOTAL 123 100.00
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Species of Farm Animals Raised
Figure 2 presents the different species of animals commonly raised by the
respondents. It is presented in the table that the top most species raised by the
respondents is swine with 96 respondents out of 123. This is followed by chicken with 84
respondents, ducks, with 26 respondents and then cattle, carabao, geese, and goats with
respective number of respondents of 22, 17, 11, and 2.
96
100
90
84
80
70
60
50
40
o
.
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
N 30
25
22
17
20
11
10
2
0
Swine
Chicken
Duck
Geese
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Animals raised by the respondents
Figure 2. Species of farm animals raised and number of animals per species
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Swine
Years in Raising Swine
Table 4 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising swine. It
is presented that most (47.92%) or 46 of the 96 respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 16-30 years and 19 even said that they have been raising swine for 31 or
more number of years. Only 31 (32.29%) of the respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 15 years and below.
Number of Swine Raised.
The number of swine raised per house hold is presented in Table 5. It is shown in
the Table that 55.21% or 53 of the respondent are raising 6 to 10 heads of swine, 37
(38.54%) are raising 1 to 5 heads of swine and only 6 or 6.25% are raising 11 or more
heads of swine. The result reveals that swine raising in the locality is under the control of
backyard raisers.
Source of Stock and Capital
Most (45.83%) or 44 of the respondents said that they have inherited their initial
stocks from their parents (Table 6) and normally these were given to them when they got
married. Forty one or 42.71% of the respondents said that they bought their stocks from
raisers outside the municipality and this is because of their desire to raise other breeds or
pigs belonging to improved breeds rather than raising native or upgraded pigs or pigs
belonging to improved breeds. To buy the said stocks, all the respondents who brought
their stocks said that they made use of their personal money.
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Table 4. Number of years in raising swine
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
15 and below 31 32.29
16 to 30 46
47.92
31 and above 19
19.79
TOTAL 96 100.00
Table 5. Number of swine raised per household
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 to 5 37
38.54
6 to 10 53
55.21
11 and above 6
6.25
TOTAL 96 100.00
Table 6. Source of stock
SOURCE OF STOCK NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Inherited 44 `
45.83
Raisers within the locality 41
42.71
External sources 11
11.46
TOTAL 96 100.00
Reasons of Raising Swine
All of the respondents said that they are raising swine for family use i.e. to have
available swine to butcher when they celebrate occasions like weddings, house blessings,
anniversaries, baptisms, graduations, and others or when they perform their rituals as part
of their cultures considering that swine is usually the animal required aside from chicken.
However, they also said that in cases where there are no occasions to be celebrated that
acquire the butchering of pigs, they sell their pigs as additional source of income.
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Housing Management Practices
Types of housing materials. Table 7 presents that majority (65 out of the 96)
respondents have swine houses with stone walls and floors, however, 44 of them made
use of G.I. sheets as roofing (Fig. 3) and 21 made used of concrete material (Fig.4).
Sixteen (16) of the respondents have swine houses with G.I. sheets as roofing, steel or
wood wall and concrete floor (Fig. 5 and 6) and 15 have swine houses with G.I. sheets as
roofs and concrete floor also but with bamboo walls
The above results reveal that even up to now, majority of the swine raisers in
Barlig are still employing the so called traditional swine house i.e. a swine house with
stone wall and floor. In fact, these were even built following no specific measurement but
depending on the resources available. The most common advancement or improvement
made in terms of housing is the use of concrete in constructing swine houses.
Table 7. Types of housing materials used
TYPES OF MATERIALS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
G.I. sheet roof, stone wall
and floor 44 45.83
Conrete roof, stone
wall and floor 21 21.88
G.I. sheet roof, steel/wood
wall and concrete floor 16 16.67
G.I. sheet roof, wood/bamboo
wall and concrete floor 15 15.63
TOTAL 96 100.00
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 3. A swine house with stone walls and galvanized roof owned by one of the
respondents in barangay Gawana (pob)
Figure 4. A pigpen owned by one of the respondents in barangay Kaleo
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 5. A pigpen having a G.I. sheet roof and wood walls owned by one of the
respondent in barangay Macalana
Figure 6. A swine house at the backyard of one of the respondents in barangay Lunas
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 8 shows the different breeds of swine raised by the respondents at
the time of the study. It is shown in the Table that majority (61.46% or 59) of the
respondents were raising crossbred swine (Fig.7 and 8), mostly crossbreds of large
white. Thirty six (36) of the respondents were raising upgrades (Fig. 9 and 10) and only
22 were raising native pigs the more number of respondents raising crossbred swine
indicates that the swine raisers in he locality have come to realize the advantage of
raising these improved breeds i.e. they have faster growth rate compared to native pig.
Systems of breeding. Crossbreeding, inbreeding, upgrading and pure breeding are
the systems of breeding that the respondents employed in raising their swine, however
majority (56.25%) or 54 of the respondents said that they have practiced crossbreeding,
43 or 44.79% practiced upgrading, 41 or 42.71% practiced purebreeding especially for
the native pigs and only 26 or 27.08% of the respondents said that they have been
practicing inbreeding.
Methods of breeding. Majority (71.875% or 69) of the respondents said that they
have been employing natural breeding. Only 27 of the respondents said that they have
been employing artificial insemination (A.I) through the help of the technician from the
municipal agriculture office. According to them, they prefer to use A.I than the natural
method because it is less laborious and much cheaper than maintaining a boar.
Breeding age. Majority (52 or 54.17%) of the respondents said that they are
breeding their gilts at 8-9 months old which is the recommended breeding age, 31 or
32.29% said that they are breeding their gilts at 6-7 months which is considered early
breeding and while there are 13 or 13.54% who said that they are breeding their gilts at
10 months and above especially from those raising the native pigs.
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Table 8. Breeds and breeding management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Breed
Native 22 22.92
Upgrades 36 37.5
Crossbreds 59 61.46
*Multiple response
n = 96
Breeding system
Crossbreeding 54 56.25
Upgrading 43 44.79
Purebreeding 41 42.71
Inbreeding 26 27.08
*Multiple response
n = 96
Method of mating
Natural method 69 71.875
Artificial insemination 27 28.125
TOTAL 96 100.00
Breeding age
6 to 7 mos. 31 32.29
8 to 9 mos. 52 54.17
10mos. and above 13 13.54
TOTAL 96 100.00
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Figure 7. A crossbred sow nursing its piglets owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Lingoy
Figure 8. A crossbreed gilt raised by one of the respondents in barangay Ogo-og
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Figure 9. An upgrade sow raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
Figure 10. An upgrade boar raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
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Reproductive data. Table.9 shows the reproductive data which includes the
number of farrowings per year, litter size at birth and at weaning. It is presented in the
Table that 83 or 86.46% of the respondents said that their sows give birth or farrow twice
(2) a year. However, 52 or 54.17% of them also said that sometimes their sows
give birth only once a year.
Litter size at birth and weaning. It is also presented in the Table 9 that majority
(76.04% or 73) of the respondents said that their sows usually give birth to 6-10 piglets.
However, there were 36 of the respondents who said that their sows gave birth to 11 or
more number of piglets and on the other hand, there were 27 of the respondents who also
said that there were times when their sows gave birth to 5 or less number of piglets.
Similarly, for the weaning size, majority (85.42% or 82) of the respondents also
said that their sows usually wean 6-10 piglets. However, there were 31 of the respondents
who also said that there were times when their sows wean 11-15 piglets and still there
were 25 of the respondents who said that there were times when their sows weaned 5 or
less number of piglets. The pre-weaning mortality is usually due to poor mothering
ability and illnesses like scouring.
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Table 9. Reproductive performance data
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Farrowing per year
Once 52 54.17
Twice 83 86.46
Litter size at birth
1 to 5 27 28.13
6 to 10 73 76.04
11 to 15 36 37.50
Litter size at weaning
1 to 5 25 26.04
6 to 10 82 85.42
11 to 15 31 32.29
*Multiple responses
n = 96
Feeds and Feeding Management
The different feedstuffs given to the pigs by the respondents are grouped into
conventional, indigenous feeds and combination of both and are shown in Table 10. It is
stated in the Table that majority or 46 out of the 96 respondents said that they are feeding
their pigs with combination of 2 or more indigenous feedstuffs (Figure 11 and 12). The
common indigenous feedstuffs that they are giving are sweet potato leaves, vines and
roots, chayote leaves and fruits, banana trunk and kitchen refuses. These are usually
chopped and are given to the pigs either raw or cooked (Figure 13) particularly gabi and
kitchen refuses. However 38 or 39.58% of the respondents said that they are feeding their
pigs with combination of indigenous feedstuffs and conventional feeds and only 12 of the
respondents said that they are feeding their pigs with conventional feeds alone. Examples
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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of the conventional feeds include the commercially prepared hog feeds and Cono.
Shown in the Table 10 are also the systems and frequency of feeding. Out of 96
respondents, majority (76 or 79.17%) of them said that they are feeding their pigs twice a
day, and only 20 are feeding their pigs thrice a day especially the younger ones.
In terms of the systems of feeding, all of the respondents said that they are practicing
individual feeding (Fig. 14) and this is because most of their pigs are confined
individually. However, there were 27 of the respondents who also said that they are also
practicing group feeding and this is true most especially to piglets. Generally, piglets in a
litter are usually confined as a whole; hence, they are fed as a group also.
Table 10. Feeds and feeding management practice
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Types of feeds
Conventional 12 12.5
Combination of indigenous
Feedstuffs 46 47.92
Combination of the above 38 39.58
TOTAL 96 100.00
Frequency of feeding
Twice 76 79.17
Thrice 20 20.83
TOTAL 96 100.00
Systems of feeding*
Group feeding 27 21.95
Individual feeding 96 78.05
*Multiple responses
n = 96
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 11. A garden field (“UMA”) planted with sweet potato, gabi and banana that are
used as swine feeds
Figure 12. A chayote farm in barangay Latang as a source of feedstuff (leaves) for swine
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Figure 13. A cooking vat used in cooking feeds for swine
Figure 14. A hog feed individually by one of the respondents in barangay Ogo-og
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Herd Health Management Practices.
The herd health management practices observed by the respondent are presented
in Table 11. It is shown in the Table that out of the 96 respondents, 75 of them said that
they are cleaning their pigpens while 21 or 21.875% said that they are not cleaning their
pens. Seventy one or 73.96% of the respondents said that they are bathing their pigs most
especially if they are affected with external parasites like mange. However, 25 or 26.04%
of the respondents said that they are not bathing their pigs. Anyway their pigs are trained
and that they are defecating in one side or corner of their pens only away from their
sleeping area of course.
It is shown in the table that majority of the respondents (81.21% or 78 and
88.54% or 85) are deworming and vaccinating their swine, respectively most especially
the piglets. Deworming is usually done at 35 days old and the common dewormer used is
latigo 50. Vaccination against hog cholera on the other hand, is done at 40 days old using
pestife or MVP, with MVP being more preferred because it is cheaper. Only 18 of the
respondents said that they are not deworming their swine and 11 are not practicing
vaccination.
The common diaseases encountered by the respondents are diarrhea and fever.
Most often these diaeases are treated using haerbal medicines like ash. Tobacco and
“makabuhay”
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Table 11.Herd health management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cleaning of pens
Yes 75 78.13
No 21 21.88
TOTAL 96 100.00
Bathing of hogs
Yes 71 73.96
No 25 26.04
TOTAL 96 100.00
Deworming
Yes 78 81.25
No 18 18.75
TOTAL 96 100.00
Vaccination
Yes 85 88.54
No 11 11.46
TOTAL 96 100.00
Marketing Management
The methods of marketing as practiced by the respondents are shown
in Table 12. It is shown in the table that majority (86.46% or 83) of the respondents are
selling their swine on a per head (“bulto”) basis most especially to culled sows and boars.
According to the respondents this method is better because it is less laborious. Threes no
need to have a weighing scale and to restrain the animal. The market price is normally
dictated by the raisers based on the size or body condition of the animal. Sixty four (64)
of the respondents also said that they have marketed their swine on a liveweight basis
most especially the growing finishing pigs and still 34 of the respondents said that they
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also experienced selling their swine on a dressed weight basis. Most often, the
respondents are selling their pigs directly to the consumer and the consumers are usually
their neighbors, relatives or friends.
Problems/Constraints Encountered
The most common problems encountered by the respondents are high cost of
feeds, transportation difficulties, inadequate market outlets, source of breeding stocks,
disease and parasites, lack of government support, lack of capital and lack of technical
knowledge. These problems are presented in Table 13.
Table 12. Methods of marketing
METHOD NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Per head (“bulto”) basis 83 86.46
Live weight basis 64 66.67
Dressed weight basis 34 27.64
*Multiple response
n = 96
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Table 13. Problems and constraints
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
High cost of feeds 89 92.71
Transportation facilities 75 78.13
Market outlets 72 75
Disease and Parasites 54 56.25
Lack of government support 61
63.54
Source of breeding stocks 30 31.25
Lack of technical knowledge 44 45.83
Lack of capital 55 57.29
*Multiple response
n = 96
Poultry
Years in Raising Poultry
Table 14 shows the number of years the respondents have been raising chicken,
ducks and geese. With regards to chicken, most or 36 of the respondents said that they
have been raising chicken for 6-10 years. Twenty four (24) of the respondents said that
they have been raising chicken for 11 and above number of years and another 24 of the
respondents said that they have been raising chicken for 5 years or less.
In duck raising, 12 or 48% said that they have been raising ducks from 1 to 5
years and there were 8 of the respondents who responded that they have been raising
ducks for 6 to10 years. Only 5 of the 25 respondents said that they have been
raising ducks for 11 years and above. For geese, 7 of the 11 respondent said that they
have been raising geese for 1 to 5 years.
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Number of Poultry Raised
The number of birds being raised by the respondents at the time of the study is
presented in Table 15. It is shown in the Table that majority (46 or 54.76%) of the
chicken raisers were raising 6 to 10 heads. Twenty nine (29) were raising 1-5 chicken and
only 9 of the respondents were raising 11 and more number of years. Out of the 25
respondents who were raising ducks, 19 were raising 1-5 ducks and only 6 were raising 6
or more number of ducks. For the geese, out of the 11 respondents, 8 were raising 1-5
birds and only 3 were raising 6 or more number of birds. The above results reveal that
poultry raising in the locality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Table 14. Number of years in raising poultry
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Chicken
1- 5 24 28.57
6-10 36 42.86
11 and above 24 28.5
TOTAL 84 100.00
Duck
1-5 12
48
6-10
8 32
11 and above
5
20
TOTAL 25 100.00
Geese
1-5 7 63.64
6 and above 4 36.36
TOTAL 11 100.00
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Source of Initial Stock and Capital
Table 16 shows the source of stocks of the respondents. It is shown in the Table
that in chicken that majority (86.90%) of the 84 respondents said that they have bought
their stocks from other raisers within the locality. However, 45 of the 84 respondents also
said that they have bought additional stocks from places outside the locality. To buy these
stocks, all of the respondents who bought stocks said that they made use of their personal
money to buy such stock. Still there were 56 of the respondents who further said that they
have inherited some of their stocks, particularly their initial stocks from their ancestors or
these were given to them by their relatives.
Table 15. Number of poultry raised
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Chicken
1 to 5 29 34.52
6 to 10 46 54.76
11 and above 9 10.71
TOTAL 84 100.00
Duck
1 to 5 19 76
6 and above 6 24
TOTAL 25 100.00
Geese
1 to 5 8 72.73
6 and above 3 27.27
TOTAL 11 100.00
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As for the ducks and geese majority (28 or 77.78%) of the respondent shave said
that their stocks were given by their relatives. However, there are 13 or 36.11% of the
respondents said that they get or bought their stock from outside the locality (Table 17).
Purpose of Raising Poultry
Table 18 shows that majority (82.5%) or 99 of the respondents said that they are
raising poultry for family consumption i.e. as a viand for the family and to have
available animal to butcher during special occasions like graduations, wedding and also
during birthday celebrations. Only 21 or 17.5% of the respondents said that they are
raising poultry as a supplementary source of income.
Table 16. Source of stock of chicken
SOURCE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
From raisers within the locality 73 86.90
Given by relatives 56 66.67
From raisers outside the locality 45 53.57
*Multiple response
n = 84
Table 17. Source of stock for duck and geese
SOURCE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Given by relatives 28 77.78
From raisers outside the locality 13 36.11
*Multiple response
n=36
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Table 18. Purpose of raising poultry
PURPOSE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
For family consumption
99
82.5
As a supplementary source of income 21 17.5
TOTAL 120 100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practice
Breeds. Table 19. Shows the breeds of chicken the respondent are raising. It is
shown in the Table that native chicken (Figure 15) are raised by majority (78 or 92.86%)
of the respondents. However, there were 63 or 75% of the respondents who said that they
are raising upgraded chicken (Figure 16).
For the ducks and geese, all the raisers said that they raised the native breeds of
ducks (Fig.17) and geese.
Methods and systems of breeding. True to chicken, ducks and geese, all of the
respondents said that they are employing natural breeding to reproduce their birds. For
the systems of breeding, all of the respondents said that they have employed inbreeding,
purebreeding and upgrading. This is because generally their chickens most specially the
natives are let-loosed and with this practiced, the birds mate among themselves or are
free to select their own mates. It is then very much possible for a rooster to be paired with
Table 19. Breeds of chicken
BREED NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Native 78 92.86
Upgrade 63 75
*Multiple response
n = 84
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Figure 15. Native chickens raised by one of the respondents in barangay Latang
his own pullet offspring, or the hen to be mated by her own male offspring or a pullet to
be mated by her own male brother, hence, the practice of inbreeding. Also native hens
could have been mated by roosters which are natives also but not related to them, hence
the practice of purebreding. Furthermore, native hens could have been be mated by
roosters of improved breeds hence the practice of upgrading.
For the ducks and geese, all of the respondents said that they are employing
inbreeding and this is because this birds are completely confined and so the mating
between them two related animals is very much possible.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Figure 16. Upgraded chicken raised by one of the respondents in barangay Fiangtin
Figure 17. A duck hen raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
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Reproductive data for chicken. Table 20 shows the reproductive performance of
the birds raised by the respondents. As to the number of eggs laid per clutch, majority
(79.76% or 67) of the respondents in chicken said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs
per clutch. However, 52 of the respondents also said that sometimes 10 or more
eggs per clutch are laid by their hens and on the other hand, there are 43 of the
respondents also said that sometimes 5 or lesser number of eggs per clutch are laid by
their hens.
All of the respondents are practicing natural incubation and with it, all of them
agree to the observation of some of them that there is a higher hatchability percentage or
all of the eggs are hatched when only few eggs are being incubated at a time.
However, when there are several eggs incubated at a time, like for example 10 or more,
1-3 eggs are usually left unhatched. It is a common practice of the respondents to remove
1 or more eggs per clutch from the eggs laid by their hens to serve as their viand. Because
of this practice, the number of eggs left to be incubated is reduced to a few and usually
these are all hatched after the incubation period according to the respondents.
Reproductive data for ducks and geese. Table 21 and 22 presents the reproductive
performance of duck and geese, respectively, as observed by the respondents. It is
revealed in both Tables that majority of the respondents (21 out of 25 for ducks and 8 out
of 11 for geese) said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch. Although some of
the respondents said that sometimes their hens lay 11 or more number of eggs and
sometimes 5 or less number of eggs.
For the hatchability, the same trend as above is observed for both ducks and geese
wherein majority of the respondents also said that 6-10 eggs are usually hatched per
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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clutch. Although there are times 11 or more number of eggs are hatched and there are
even times that 5 or lesser number of eggs are hatched per clutch.
Table 20. Reproductive performance of chicken
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 43 51.19
6 to 10 67 79.76
11 and above 52 61.90
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 40 47.62
6 to 10 66 78.57
11 and above 49 58.33
*Multiple response
n=84
Table 21. Reproductive performance of duck
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 10 40
6 to 10 21 84
11 and above 9 36
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 12 48
6 to 10 23 92
11 and above 6 24
*Multiple response
n=25
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Housing of Birds.
Table 23 shows the types of housing chickens as practiced by the respondents. It
is shown in the table that all of the respondents said that they are employing semi-
confinement type of housing. In this type, the chickens are let-loosed and are free to roam
around the backyard of the raisers or respondent and even the backyard of the
respondent’s neighbor or idle lands.
However, 53 of the respondents said that they are also employing complete
confinement most especially to their layers and to hens with their own brood during the
first few days of brooding. Sample of housing for chicken are shown in Fig. 18-20. Still
76 of the respondents said that they are employing loose housing and this is true most
especially to adult birds like pullets, hens and roosters (Fig. 21). In this case, the birds are
free to roam around the backyard and also at day time and perch on the branches of trees
growing in the backyard or stay in any place where they feel secured.
For the ducks, 22 of the respondents said that they are practicing semi-
confinement type and 13 of the respondents are practicing loose-housing type of housing
where the birds are let-loosed day and night. In the semi-confinement type, the ducks are
confined in an enclosed area but every morning these are brought to the rice paddies,
particularly after harvest and before the planting season to search for food and to take a
bath and are brought back to the enclosed area in the afternoon.
Finally, for the geese, all of the respondents said that they are subjecting their
geese to loose housing
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Table 22. Reproductive performance of geese
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 3 27.27
6 to 10 8 81.82
11 and above 7 63.64
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 4 36.36
6 to 10 9 54.55
11 and above 5 45.45
*Multiple response
n=11
Table 23. Types of housing chickens
TYPE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Loose housing 76 90.48
Semi confinement 84 100.00
Complete confinement 53 63.95
*Multiple response
n = 84
Table 24. Types of housing ducks
TYPE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Free range 13 52
Semi confinement 22 88
*Multiple response
n = 25
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Figure 18. Poultry cage made of stick owned by one of the respondents in barangay
Gawana
Figure 19. Poultry cages made of wood owned by one the respondents in barangay Ogo-
og . Usually cages use for chicks
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Figure 20. A housing for pullets owned by one of the respondent in barangay kaleo
Figure 21. A group of chicken that are let-loosed in the backyard of the raisers
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Feeds and Feeding Management for Poultry
Table 25 presents the feeds and feeding management practices observed by the
respondents. It is presented in the Table that all of the respondents are feeding their birds
with indigenous feeds like rice (cooked and uncooked), palay, corn and chopped
vegetable rejects or grasses particularly to ducks and geese. However, 31 of the
respondents also said that they are feeding their birds with commercial feeds most
especially to layers.
For the systems of feeding, majority (80%) of the respondents are broadcasting
the feeds to their birds when they feed them most especially the chicken. On the other
hand, 52 of the respondents, particularly those raising ducks and geese are employing
trough feeding and this is because the feeds are given in wet form.
Similar to the systems of feeding, majority (101 or 84.17%) of the respondents
said that they are feeding their birds twice a day. Usually, feeding is done in the morning
before the birds are let-loosed and in the afternoon before the birds are confined.
However, 89 (74.17%) of the respondents also said that that sometimes they are feeding
their birds only once a day particularly to the birds that are let-loosed. Anyway, the birds
are going t search for food when they are let loosed.
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Table 25. Feeds and feeding management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Types of feeds
Indigenous feeds 120 100.00
Commercial feeds 31 25
System of feeding
Trough feeding 52 43
Broadcasting 96 80
Frequency of feeding
Once a day 89 74.17
Twice a day 101 84.17
Multiple response
n = 120
Flock Health Management Practices
All the respondents in poultry said that they are not deworming nor vaccinating
their birds. They even said that when this show symptoms of illness, they just isolate
them from the others or butchered them as source of foods. The most common disease
they encounter is the so called “Peste”.
Marketing Practices
Marketing of birds is not commonly practiced in the locality because almost every
household has its own birds most especially chicken. The respondents will only come to
sell their birds if they have birds ready for sale and if there are customers. Birds are sold
on a per head basis the price depends on the body size and age.
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Problems /Constraints in Raising Poultry
The problems or constraints in raising poultry are presented in Table 26. It is
shown in the Table that majority of the respondents (79 or 94.05%) said that market
outlet is still their number one concerned. This is followed by diseases and parasites with
68 respondents, high cost of feeds with 44 respondents and then the problem on theft with
16 respondents.
Table 26. Problems/constraints in poultry
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Market outlets 79 94.05
Disease and parasites 68 80.95
High cost of feeds 44 52.38
Theft 16 19.05
*Multiple response
n = 84
Ruminants
Years in Raising Ruminants
For cattle, it is shown in Table 27 that majority (54.55%) or 12 of the 22
respondents said that they have been raising cattle for 1-5 years. This means that they
have just started to raise cattle. Eight (8) of the respondents said that they have been
raising cattle for 6-10 years and only 2 said that they have been raising cattle for 11 or
more number of years.
For the carabaos, Table 23 also shows that 9 of the 17 respondents said that they
have been raising carabaos for 1-5 years. Six (6) of the respondents said that they have
been raising carabaos for 6-10 years and only 2 said 11 or more number of years.
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For the goats, the 2 respondents said that they have just started raising this animal
species for 8 months only and according to them they might not continue to raised those
animals because they observed that even food is adequate their animal still have very
slow growth and this maybe due to the weather condition in the area.
Number of Ruminants Raised
The number of ruminants raised per household is presented in Table 28. It is
presented that true to both cattle and carabao, majority of the respondents are raising 1-3
heads only with percentages of 59.09% and 58.82%, respectively. This is because their
main purpose of raising such animals is to help them in their field works most especially
in plowing their fields. Nine out of 22 respondents in cattle and 7 out of the 17
respondents for carabaos are raising 4 or more number of animals. The above results
reveal that like swine and poultry, ruminant raising in the locality is on a backyard scale.
Table 27. Number of years in raising ruminants
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
1 to 5 12 54.55
6 to 10 8 36.36
11 and above 2 9.09
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
1 to 5 9 52.94
6 to 10 6 35.29
11 and above 2 11.76
TOTAL 17 100.00
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Table 28. Number of ruminants raised per household
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
1 to 3 13 59.09
4 and above 9 40.90
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
1 to 3 10 58.82
4 and above 7 41.18
TOTAL 17 100.00
Purpose of Raising Ruminants
There are three main reasons why the respondents are raising ruminant animals,
one of which is to help them in their field works particularly for cattle and carabaos.
Another reason is to have available animals to butcher most especially if they are to host
weddings, “canyaos” and other big celebrations. The third reason is to help them in their
financial need most especially during emergency cases like for example, if they need
money for the tuition fees of their children when they send them to school, to pay for
hospital bills, and others. In situations like this, they usually sell their animals to produce
the money.
Source of Replacement/Initial Stock for Ruminants
The most common (29 or 70.73%) source of stock of the respondent is from their
parents through inheritance or they were given to them as gift by their relatives. There
were also18 or 43.90% of respondents who said that their stocks were bought within the
locality and 11 or 26.83% of the respondents said that the source of their stock was from
other external sources.
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Table 29. Source of replacement/initial stocks
SOURCE OF STOCKS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Inherited 29 70.73
Bought within the municipality 18 43.90
External sources 11 26.83
*Multiple response
n=41
Source of Capital
Table 30 presents the source of capital of the respondent. Majority (31 or 75.61%)
of the respondents said that they used their own money as their capital while 25 out of 41
respondents said that they borrowed their capital from their neighbors or relatives.
However, barter change is still practice in this area where they exchange some of their
personal belongings just to have an animal to raised.
Systems of Rearing Animal
For cattle, majority (68.18% or 15) of the 22 respondents said that their cattle are
on free range i.e. they are let-loosed in pasture areas normally in the mountains, public or
private owned only 7 of the respondents are tethering their cattle (Figure 23) and usually
these cattle are used as draft animals.
Table 30. Source of capital
SOURCE OF CAPITAL NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Personal money 31 75.61
Loan form private individuals 25 60.98
Barter 12 29.27
*Multiple response
n = 41
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However, in carabaos, majority (64.71% or 11) of the respondents said that they
are practicing both tethering and free range. Only 6 of the respondents said that they are
practicing tethering alone. Generally, carabaos on free range in the mountains are brought
down to the community or areas near the community and are tethered to be used as draft
animals (Fig. 23) by the respondents most especially during the plowing season. For
goats, the two respondents said that they are tethering their goats.
Generally, the ruminants are being tethered by the respondents for security
reasons i.e. to protect them from theft and for better supervision. Ruminants on range or
those that are let-loosed in the mountains are visited by the respondents or raisers once in
a while to check on them.
Table 31. Systems of rearing of ruminants
SYSTEM NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
Free range 15 68.18
Tethering 7 31.82
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
Tethering and free range 11 64.71
Tethering 6 35.29
TOTAL 17 100.00
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Figure 22. Native cattle being tethered owned by one of the respondents in barangay
Lingoy
Figure 23. A carabao being tethered used as a draft animal owned by one of the
respondent in barangay Latang
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Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
All the respondents in ruminant said that they are giving indigenous feedstuffs
only to their ruminant animals because they said that commercial feeds is still not
available in the locality and it’s been their practice since they started raising these
animals.
The common indigenous feed stuffs given by the raisers to their animals are stick
leaves and some forages and grasses, fresh or dried rice straw and sweat potato leaves
and vines
For the systems of feeding majority of the respondents especially those who are
raising cattle and goats said that most of their animals are on free range type of rearing
and so the 100% grazing of feeding is practiced, the animals are let- loosed in a pasture
areas were food is adequate and are allowed to graze. However, for those that are tethered
especially the draft animals, these are tethered in areas were grasses are abundant, if not,
so the so called “cut and carry” systems or zero grazing is applied by the raisers where in
the raisers cut grasses and feed to their animals.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 32 presents the breeds of cattle raised by the respondents. It is
presented that all the respondents are raising native cattle. However, 6 of them are raising
upgraded cattle (Fig. 24 & 25) and the remaining 16 respondents are the ones raising pure
native cattle (Fig. 26).
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in breeding their cows/carabao. For the systems of breeding, it
is also presented in Table 32 that majority (28 out of 41) of the respondents said that they
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have employed inbreeding. This is because most of their carabaos and cattle in that
barangay are related to each other. Twenty one (21) of the respondents, on toe other hand,
they said that they have employed outbreeding particularly purebreeding and upgrading.
Figure 24. An upgrade cattle feed with dried rice straw owned by one of the respondent
in barangay fiangtin.
Table 32. Breeds and breeding management for ruminants
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Breeds of cattle
Native 16 72.73
Upgrade 6 27.27
TOTAL 22 100.00
Breeding system
In breeding 28 68.29
Out breeding 21 51.22
*Multiple response
n =41
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Figure 25. A tethered upgrade cattle own by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
Figure 26. A native cattle owned by one of the respondent in barangay Lunas
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Herd Health Management Practices for Ruminants
All the respondents said that they are not deworming nor vaccination to their
ruminant animals. If ever their cattles or carabaos suffer illnesses the respondents prefer
to butcher their animals rather than subjecting them to medication most especially if their
animals are big enough for slaughter. Deticking is practiced by the respondents although
this is done manually or by had picking.
Marketing Practices
There are 2 methods of marketing cattle and carabaos in the locality namely
“uraga” or “munparti” and the per head “bulto” basis. Twenty seven (27) of the
respondents said that they have practiced the “uraga” method and the other 22 said that
they have employed the per head or “bulto” method.
Problems/Constraint Encountered in Ruminant Raising
Table 34 presents the different problems encountered by the respondents in
raising ruminants. It is shown in the table that the number one constraints in ruminant
raising in the locality are the lack of capital with 39 respondents. This is followed by lack
of knowledge with 27 respondents, thieves with 24 respondents, diseases and parasites
with 29 respondents and lack of government assistance with 18 respondents.
Table 33.Methods of marketing carabao and cattle
METHODS NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
“Uraga or munparti” 27 69.23
“Bulto” 22 56.41
*Multiple response
n = 39
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Support Services Availed by the Respondents
All the respondents in all the animal species included in the study said that they
did not avail of any support or assistance from any government unit or non-government
organization
Table 34. Problems/Constraint encountered
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Lack of capital
33
80.49
Lack of knowledge
27
65.85
Thieves
24
58.54
Diseases and Parasite
20
48.78
Lack of government assistance 18 43.90
*Multiple response
n =41
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate and document the status of livestock and
poultry production in Barlig, Mt. Province Specifically , it aimed to determine the
socioeconomic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals species commonly
raised in the municipality; the number of animals per species raised per household, the
reasons of the respondents in raising animals; the sources of stocks and capital of the
respondents in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, herd health
management and marketing; the support services availed by the respondents and the
problems they encountered in relation to animal raising.
Barlig is composed of 11 barangays but only the top 8 in terms of animal
population were included in the study namely Gawana, Macalana, Latang, Ogo-og,
Fiangtin, Kaleo, Lunas and lingoy. A total of 123 actual animal raisers from the above
barangays were choosen to serve as respondents of the study. This total was determined
by getting 10% of the total number of household per barangay. To gather data an actual
interview of each of the respondents was conducted and some pictures were also taken to
support some of the data gathered.
Out of the 123 respondents, majority of them are males, married with ages
belonging to the age bracket of 30-45 years old. Majority of the respondents had finished
secondary level with farming as their main source of living.
The farm animals mostly raised by the respondents are swine followed closely by
chicken and then ducks, cattle, carabao and geese.
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Swine
Ninety six [96] of the 123 respondents are raising swine . Out of the 96
respondents, majority of them said to have been engaged in swine raising for 16 and
above number of years and are raising 10 and below number of swine. For the source of
stock, 44 of the respondents said that they have inherited their initial stock, 41 bought
from other raisers within the municipality and 11 bought from places outside the
municipality. All those who bought their stock said that they made use of their own
money to buy such stock. Swine according to the respondents are raised for two main
reasons, one of which, is for family use i.e. to have available animals to butcher when
they celebrate occasions like weddings, house blessings, celebration of anniversaries and
others or when they perform their rituals as part of the culture. The other reason is to
serve as source of additional income for the family.
All of the respondents are confining their swine in pigpens. Pigpens were built
following no specific measurement but depending on the resources they have. Even until
now, the traditional swine houses still exist i.e. swine houses with stone walls and floors
although the roofing is now made of G.I. sheets and not cogon.
In terms of breeds and breeding, majority of the respondents are raising
crossbreds mostly crossbreds of Largewhite, Landrace and Duroc. However, still many
of the respondents are also raising native/upgraded pigs. Also, majority of the
respondents are breeding their gilts at the age of 8-9 months.
To reproduce their swine, majority of the respondents are employing natural
mating but several of them also are now employing A.I. Eighty three [83] of the
respondents said that their sows are usually giving birth to 6-10 piglets and wean 6-10
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piglets also. However, some of the respondents also said that there are times when their
sows are giving birth to 11 or more piglets or even 5 or less number of piglets. The
different systems they employed in breeding their swine include crossbreeding,
upgtrading, purebreeding but still some are even employing inbreeding despite of its
limitations.
Majority [76 out of 96] of the respondents are feeding their swine twice a day and
some are feeding thrice a day. Most of the respondents are feeding their swine with
indigenous feedstuffs or both indigenous feedstuffs and conventional feeds combined
together. Only few [12 out of 96] of the respondents are feeding their swine with
conventional feeds because of its high cost. The common indigenous feedstuffs include
sweet potato leaves, vines and roots; chayote leaves and fruits, banana trunk and kitchen
refuses and these are given to swine cooked or uncooked. The conventional feeds, on the
other hand, usually refer to the commercial hog feeds and “cono” or ricebran. All of the
respondents are also practicing group feeding and this is usually true to young pigs
because they are usually confined in groups also.
To help minimize or prevent their swine from being affected with a disease,
majority of the respondents are cleaning their pigpens, bathing their pigs and are
observing deworming and vaccination particularly against hog cholera. Often times, the
respondents are treating their animals if they get sick using herbal medicines like ash,
tobacco, and “makabuhay”
To market their swine, majority of the respondents are selling their swine on a
per head [“bulto”] basis or liveweight basis. Although some are selling their pigs on a
dressed weight basis also.
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The common problems/constraints encountered by the respondents include high
cost of feeds, transportation difficulties, lack of market outlets, prevalence of diseases
and parasites, lack of government support, lack of technical knowledge of the raisers,
capital and good breeding stocks.
Poultry
The poultry species commonly raised by the respondents include chicken, ducks
and geese. Majority of the respondents said that they have been raising chickens for 6
and above number of years and 1-5 years only for ducks and geese. These poultry
species are raised mainly for family consumption and as additional source of income for
the family. The number of birds raised per household is 6-10 heads for chicken and 1-5
heads for both ducks and geese.
All of the respondents are raising native ducks and geese. For chicken, almost all
[78 out of 84] are raising native ones also but 63 of the respondents are also raising
upgraded chickens. Majority of the respondents bought their stocks from other raisers
within the municipality or these were given to them by their relatives although some
bought their stocks from other raisers outside the municipality.
To reproduce their chickens, all of the respondents said that they are employing
natural mating and are also employing purebreeding, upgrading and inbreeding. True to
chickens, ducks and geese, hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch 6-10 eggs per clutch are
usually hatched also according to the respondents.
In housing, all of the respondents in chicken said that they are observing semi-
confinement wherein their chickens are let-loosed at day time and are free to roam around
their backyard or its nearby places but at night time, these are confined. However, 53 of
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the respondents also said that they are also employing complete confinement most
especially to hens in lay or the hens with their brood during the first few days of
brooding. Still 76 of the respondents said that they are also employing loose housing
where the birds are let-loosed day and night most especially to adult birds. For the geese,
all of the respondents said that they are practicing loose housing. However, for the
ducks, majority [22] of the respondents are observing semi-confinement and 13 are
observing loose housing also.
In feeding the birds, all of the respondents are feeding their birds with indigenous
feeds like rice [cooked or uncooked], palay and corn for chickens and cooked rice or
chopped vegetable rejects/ grasses or both feeds, combined together, to ducks and geese.
However, 31 of the respondents are sometimes giving their chickens with commercial
feeds particularly layers. Feeds are usually broadcasted on the backyard when feeding
chickens. Trough feeding is usually observed in feeding ducks and geese because the
feeds are usually given in wet form. Feeding of birds is usually done twice a day but
many are feeding their birds once a day also and this is most especially true to those that
are let-loosed.
For the flock health management, all of the respondents said that they are not
deworming nor vaacinating their birds. Also, they said that if their birds get sick, these
are rather butchered as source of food particularly if the bird is big enough for butchering.
Marketing of birds is not a common practice in the locality because almost in
every household has its own birds, most especially chicken. When there are available
customers, birds are usually sold on a per head basis [“bulto”] and the price depends on
the body size and age of the bird.
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The common problems of the respondents in raising poultry are lack of market
outlets, diseases and parasites, high cost of feeds and problem on theft.
Ruminants
The ruminant species commonly raised by the respondents are cattle and carabao.
Majority of the respondents said that they have been raising cattle or carabao for 1-5
years only meaning they have just started raising the animal and are raising 1-3 heads.
According to them, cattle and carabaos are raised purposely to help them in their field
works and also to have available animal to slaughter most especially if they are to host
weddings and other grand celebrations and to help them in their financial needs most
especially in emergency cases or when cash is badly needed.
All of the respondents are raising native animals, however, 6 of the 22
respondents in cattle are raising upgraded ones. Most of the respondents obtained their
initial stock from their ancestors through inheritance. Others bought their stock from
other raisers within and outside the municipality. To buy their stock, majority made use
of their own money, others loaned from private persons and some employed the barter
system.
To reproduce their animals, all of the respondents are employing natural mating.
Despite of the limitations of inbreeding, it is still employed by majority of the
respondents. Others are employing outbreeding, particularly purebreeding and
upgrading.
For the systems of rearing, 15 of the 22 respondents in cattle are observing free
range i.e. the cattle are let-loosed in the mountains or public lands and the remaining 7
are tethering their cattle. For the carabaos, 6 out of the 17 respondents are tethering their
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animals and 11 said that they are practicing both tethering and free range. Normally,
carabaos on free range are brought down to the community and are being tethered to be
used as draft animals.
In feeding, both cattle and carabaos are fed with all-grass/roughage diets and no
one among the respondents is giving concentrates to his animals. The 100% grazing is
usually applied to animals on free range and zero grazing of the “cut and carry” system is
usually applied to those that are tethered most especially those that are used as draft
animals.
For the herd health management, all of the respondents said that they are not
deworming nor vaccinating their cattle and carabaos. Deticking is practiced but this is
done manually i.e. by hand picking. Usually, animals that get sick are rather slaughtered
most especially if they are already big enough and showing no signs of recovery.
In marketing, 27 of the respondents said that they have employed the “uraga” or
“munparti” method. The remaining 22 of the respondents said that they have applied the
per head [“bulto”] basis wherein the market price is dictated by the raiser based on body
size and age of the animal.
Finally, the problems encountered by the respondents while raising cattle and
carabaos include lack of capital and knowledge of the raisers, theft/stealing, diseases and
parasites and lack of government assistance.
Support Services
All of the respondents said that they did not avail of any support services neither
from the government nor non-government organizations in relation to livestock and
poultry raising.
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Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that livestock and
poultry production in the municipality of Barlig is under the control of backyard raisers
or small scale operators. With the exception of swine, where majority of the respondents
are raising crossbreds, all of the respondents are raising native animals. The respondents
are still not observing most of the recommended practices in managing or raising
animals. Support from the government or non-government organizations is lacking.
Recommendations
Based on the above results of the study, the following are then recommended to
help improve the animal industry in the locality. One, is the local government or
concerned government units should create lending institutions with low interest rates to
help solve the problem on capital; strengthen their extension services by conducting
seminars or trainings on animal raising; have dispersal programs to introduce better
breeding stock and help establish market outlets for animal products. Another is for the
local officials together with the defense department should work together and be more
strict in implementing existing policies or even come up with new ordinance to minimize
the problem on theft. Moreover, the animal raisers should grouped themselves and form
an organization or cooperative to have a stronger representation in availing for any
support from the government or non-government organizations.
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LITERATURE CITED
ASIAN LIVESTOCK. 1999. Food Outlook (FAO), Vol.XV No.3. P. 32.
BACONAWA, E. T. 1998. Asian Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Quezon,
City Philippines
DAGOON, J.D. 1993. Poultry, Swine, and Goat Production.Florentino St.Quezon City.
Rex Printing Company. Inc. Pp. 123. 93.101
DUMBAB, D. 2008. B.S Thesis. BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Status of Livestock and
Poultry Production in Paracelis, Mt. Province.
GILLESPIE, J. R. 2002. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Delman, 6th edition.
P.2
IRWIN and MOOFU. Et.al. 1995. Pig and Cattle Production System [Electronic
Version]. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers. Pp. 2-3
PAWID, C. 2009. BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad Benguet. Status of Livestock and Poultry
Production of the Selected Barangay in Bontoc, Mt. Province
PCARRD, 2004. The Philippines Recommend for Broiler Production. Rev,
Tech.Series.27:30
PRASAD, V. S and N. K. BHATTACHARYYA. 2001. Central Institute for Research on
Goats (CIRG). P. 23
WATSON, H. R (1999). Agribusiness Monitor. Vol IX No. 4. P. 3
WIKIPEDIA. 2007. Duck. The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December, 2007 from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/duck
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APPENDIX A
Letter to Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents,
I am a student of Benguet State University; I am conducting a study entitled
“STATUS OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION IN BARLIG,
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE”, in partial fulfillment of the degree Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture major in Animal Science.
In this connection, I ask your support by accomplishing the attached survey
questionnaire completely and honestly. Rest assured that all information will be kept in
strict confidentially and shall be solely for research purpose.
Thank you very much. Your contribution shall go along the way in the completion
and realization of this study.
Sincerely yours,
JUNJUN C. BENITO
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APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: ________________________ Gender: ______________
Address: ______________________ Age: _________________
Civil Status: ___________________ Occupation: __________
Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________
Years in Raising Animals:
Farm
Animals/species/breed/ Native
hybrid
upgrade Number of
strain
years
Swine
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Poultry
Native Chicken
Broiler
Sasso
Layer
Goat
Sheep
Carabao
Classification and Number of Animals Being Raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breed/Strain Purpose Number
of
Animals
Swine
Sucking
Weaning
Grower
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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Source of Stock
Animal
Source of Replacement Stock
Swine
Weaning
Gilt
Boars
Carabao
Cattle
Native Chicken
Duck
Other specie (specify)
Source of Capital
How is the project financed?
__________own money __________contract grower
__________loan from cooperative __________other sources of capital
__________loan from private individuals
II. HOUSING
A. Kind of Housing or Rearing
Poultry
______Free range ______other type of rearing(specify)
______Complete confinement
______Semi-confinement
Livestock
______Tethering _______range _______others
______Confinement _______feedlot
B. Type of Housing Material Used
Described in detail the type of housing Materials Used
_____nipa / cogon + bamboo walls
_____nipa/ cogon + walls made of stick
_____galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
_____other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof Structure
_____ Gable type _____Semi-monitor type
_____A type _____Broken type
_____Monitor type
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Number of Animals per House/Pen
Animal
Number of Area of one Number of Height
of Door size
Pens/corral
Pen/corral
Animals Per Pen/corral
in one house
Pen/corral
partition
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native
chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Facilities
Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being
used in the farm.
*Support all observations with pictures
III. FEEDING
Type and Source of feeds and Frequency of Feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weig Type of Source of Type
of Combinati
ht
Conventio Conventio Non-
on of Feeds
nal Feeds nal Feed
convention Stuff
al Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
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Native
Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hens
Drake
Other Species
Identification and Processing of Indigenous / Non-conventional Feeds
Non-conventional
Feed, Source/ Place of Season
of Source
of
Specie, Scientific name, Greater abundance
Abundance
Information on
local name
the Use of Non-
conventional
Feeds
Preparation of Non-Conventional Feeds
Type
of
Non- Method
of Amount of Ration Frequency
of
Conventional Feed
Preparation/Processing
Feeding
System of Feeding
(1) Wet group feeding (4) Dry individual Feeding
(2) Wet individual Feeding (5) free range/ choice Feeding
(3) Dry group feeding (6) others (specify)
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Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding Frequency
of
Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
IV.BREEDING
Breeding Systems
a. Out breeding b. Inbreeding c. Upgrading/grading up
Pure breeding close breeding
Out breeding line breeding
Cross breeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breeding
Mating
System Age
of
System
A.I
natural
Animals
at
First Breeding
or birth
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbred
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Other
specie
(specify)
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Source of Male Breeding Animal
(1) Owned (3) Hired
(2) Borrowed (4) Other terms (specify)
Animal
Source of Breeding animal Terms of payment for
Breeding Service
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native chicken
Duck
Other species (specify)
Terms of Payment for Breeding Service
(1) Cash (how much) (3) In terms of calves
(2) In terms of Piglets (4) Other terms (specify)
Birth Rate, Length of Lactation, Frequency of Breeding to conception, Length of
Gestation and length of Dry Period
Animal
Farrowing rate Length
of Interval of Breeding Length
lactation(nursing period) to conception
of dry
or Age at Weaning
period
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Other Reproductive Data
Animal
Litter
Litter
Number Number of Number of Number of
size at size
at of Eggs eggs
eggs
unhatched
Birth
Weaning per
Incubated
Hatched
eggs
Clutch
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
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BENITO, JUNJUN C. OCTOBER, 2009. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Barlig,
Mountain Province. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B. Walsiyen MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate and document the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain Province. Specifically, it aimed to determine the socio-economic
profile of the respondents; the different farm animal species commonly raised in the
municipality; the number of animals per species raised per household; the reasons of the
respondents in raising animals; the sources of stocks and capital of the respondents; the
production management practices employed by the respondents in terms of breeds and breeding,
housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management, and marketing; the support services availed
by the respondents and the problems they encountered in relation to animal raising.
Barlig is composed of 11 barangays but only the top 8 in terms of animal population were
covered in the study. From these barangays, a total of 123 actual animal raisers were chosen to
serve as respondents in the study. To gather the data, actual informal interviews of the
respondents were conducted and some pictures were taken to support some of the information
gathered.
Out of the 123 respondents, majority are males, married and with ages ranging from 30-
45 years old. Majority of them also had finished high school education and have farming as their
main source of living.
The farm animals commonly raised in the locality include swine, chicken, ducks, cattle,
carabaos, and geese. Livestock and poultry production in the locality is under the control of
backyard raisers or small hold operators. Each household is raising 10 and below number of
swine, 1-3 carabaos and catle , 6-10 chickens and 1-5 geese. Majority of the respondents have
been raising swine for 16 or more number of years, 6 years or more for chicken, 1-5 years only
for ducks, geese, cattle and carabaos.
There are two main reasons why the respondents are raising these animals. First, is for
family use i.e. to serve as source of food most especially if the raisers are to host special
occasions like weddings, baptisms, houseblessing, birthdays, celebration of anniversaries and
other forms of thanksgiving and to have available animals to slaughter when they perform rituals
as part of their culture. The other reason is as source of additional income to the family. In
addition to the above mentioned reasons, cattle and carabaos are also raised to help the
respondents in their field works.
Based on the results of the study, the respondents, with the exception of swine where
majority are raising crossbreds, are all raising native animals. The initial stocks of the
respondents were either given to them by their relatives of they have bought them from other
raisers most especially those within the municipality.
To reproduce their animals, all the respondents are employing natural mating although
some, particularly in swine, are now employing artificial insemination [A.I.]. Despite of the
limitations of inbreeding, still many of the respondents are observing it. The other systems
observed by the respondents include purebreeding, upgrading and crossbreeding but particularly
in swine.
Majority of the respondents said that their sows are farrowing twice a year and are
usually giving birth to 6-10 piglets and usually wean 6-10 piglets also. Likewise, majority of the
respondents in poultry said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch and the number of
eggs hatched that they usually observed is 6-10 also.
All of the respondents are confining their swine in pigpens. No housing, on the other
hand, is provided to ruminants. Instead, these are either let-loosed in the mountains or public
lands or are tethered in open areas. In chicken, majority of them are confined, however, most of
them are confined at night time only. At day time, these are let-loosed. Geese are also subjected
to loose housing and majority of the ducks are subjected to semi-confinement.
In feeding, swine are being fed with either indigenous feedstuffs alone or given in
combination with conventional feeds. Very few are feeding their swine with pure conventional
feeds which refer to hog commercial feeds and “cono”. Cattle and carabaos are being fed with
all grass/roughage diet. Chicken are also being fed with rice [cooked or uncooked], palay and
corn and the ducks and geese are being with cooked rice or chopped vegetable rejects/grasses or
combination of both.
For the herd health management, majority of the swine respondents are bathing their pigs,
cleaning the pens of their pigs and are deworming and vaccinating their swine. However, in the
other farm animals raised, vaccination nor deworming is not observed by the respondents.
Deticking of the ruminant animals is practiced but this is done manually or by hand picking.
True to all the animal species, in cases where an animal is affected with a disease, the common
practice of the respondents is to butcher it most especially if it is already big enough to slaughter
and show very slim chance of recovering.
In terms of marketing, animals are marketed mostly on a per head [“bulto”] basis and are
sold directly to consumers. Although others are also selling their animals on a liveweight basis
and the “uraga” system particularly to cattle and carabaos wherein the animal carcass is divided
by a group of individuals.
All of the respondents said that they did not avail of any support services either from
government or non-government organizations. The common problems observed by the
respondents include high cost of feeds, lack of market outlets, prevalence of diseases and
parasites, lack of technical knowledge, lack of superior breeding stocks, lack of capital ,
transportation difficulties, lack of government assistance and problem on theft.
Based on the results of the study, the following are then recommended to help improve
the animal industry in the locality. One, is that the local government or concerned government
units should create lending institutions with low interest rates to help solve the problem on
capital; strengthen their extension services by conducting seminars or trainings on animal
raising; have dispersal programs to introduce better breeding stock and help establish market
outlets for animal products. Another is for the local officials together with the security
department should work together and be more strict in implementing existing policies or even
come up with new ordinance to minimize the problem on theft. Moreover, the animal raisers
should grouped themselves and form an organization or cooperative to have a stronger
representation in availing for any support from the government or non-government
organizations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…..…………………………………………………………...
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………..
v
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………
4
METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………
13
Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………...
13
Species of Farm Animals Raised…………………………………….
15
Swine
Years in Raising Swine…………………………………………. 16
Number of Swine Raised………………………………………...
16
Source of Capital and Stock..……………….…………………...
16
Reasons of Raising Swine…………...…………………………..
17
Housing Management……………………………………………
18
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices……………………
21
Feeds and Feeding Management………………………………...
26
Herd Health Management Practices………………………….….
30
Marketing Management……………………………………….....
31
Problems/Constraint Encountered……..………………………...
32
Poultry
Years in Raising Poultry…………………………………………
33
Number of Poultry Raised……………………………………......
34
Source of Initial/Replacement Stock…………………………......
35
Purpose of Raising Poultry………………………………….........
36
Breeds and Breeding Management...……………………….…....
37
System of Rearing Birds…………………..……………….…….
42
Feeds and Feeding Management for Poultry………………..…...
46
Flock Health Management Practices………………………..……
47
Marketing Practices…………………………………………........
47
Problems/Constraint in Raising Poultry…………………….........
48
Ruminants
Years in Raising Ruminant…………………………………........
48
Number of Ruminant Raised…………………………….............
49
Purpose of Raising Ruminants………………………………........
50
Source of Replacement/Initial Stock for Ruminant........................
50
Source of Capital………………………………………………....
51
System of Rearing Ruminants…………………………………....
51
Feeds and Feeding Management for Ruminants………………....
54
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices……………….........
54
Health Management Practices for Ruminants…………………....
57
Marketing Practices……………………………………………..
57
Problem/Constraint Encountered in Ruminant Raising…………
57
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……….....
59
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………..
67
A. Letter to the Respondents……………………………………………….
68
B. Survey Questionnaire……………………………………………………
69
INTRODUCTION
Barlig is one of the municipalities of Mountain Province. It has a total land area of
36,023 hectares and there are 11 barangays comprising it. It has an estimated population
of 148, 66. Palay is the main crop in Barlig with an estimated production of 1,575 tons
per hectare. This is supplemented with root crops and vegetables. However, production
is still not enough even for household consumption.
To supplement their income from producing crops, the people are also engaged in
animal raising. Swine is the most common livestock raised in the municipality even if
swine raising seems not profitable due to the very cold climate which deters the growth
of the pigs. Cattle raising maybe a feasible livelihood activity because of the green
vegetation but the steep terrain is not suitable for pasture.
Animal raising in the municipality is not yet commercialized and this is probably
due to many hindrances such as the high cost of feeds, lack of capital and others. Some
changes or actions should be introduced then to help improve the existing management
practices and at the same time to maximize the potential of animal raising in the
municipality, hence, the need to evaluate and assess the animal industry status together
with the production management practices existing in the area
This study focused on the documentation of the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain. Province
It sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the species of farm animals commonly raised in the municipality of
Barlig, Mountain Province?
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2. How many animals per species are being raised per household?
3. What are the reasons of the respondents in raising animals?
4. Where did the respondent obtain their animal stock and who provided their
capital?
5. What are the production management practices observed by the respondents in
terms of breeds and breeding, housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management,
marketing and others?
6. What are the support services extended to the animal raisers, either from the
government
or non-government units in relation to livestock and poultry production?
7. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in relation to animal
production?
Generally, this study was conducted to evaluate the status of livestock and poultry
production in Barlig, Mountain Province
Specifically it aimed to;
1. Determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents.
2. Determine the species of farm animals commonly raised in the municipality of
Barlig, Mountain Province.
3. Determine how many animals per species are being raised per household.
4. To find out what are the reasons of the respondents in raising animals.
5. Determine where did the respondent obtain their animal stock and who provided
their capital.
6. Determine the production management practices observed by the respondents in
terms of breeds and breeding, housing, feeds and feeding, herd health management.
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7. Determine the support services extended to the animal raisers, either from the
government or non-government units in relation to livestock and poultry production in
Barlig, Mountain
Province.
8. Determine the problems encountered by the respondents in relation to animal
production.
9. To find out the economic profile of the respondent.
This study was conducted to highlight the management practices being employed
by animal raisers in the said locality. The result of the study will benefit not only the
researcher but also other people. It will provide information to other raisers to serve as
their basis in improving their existing management practices. The data gathered will also
serve as basis or guide to local officials or concerned agencies to come up with actions to
improve animal production in the municipality. Finally, this study will benefit the animal
raisers themselves as they will be the beneficiaries of whatever program that will be
implemented leading to the development of the animal industry in the locality.
This study was conducted at Barlig Mountain Province from November to April
2008. The respondents were the actual animal raisers from the eleven barangays of the
municipality namely; Chupac, Fiangtin, kaleo, Latang, Lias Kanluran, Lingoy, Lunas,
Macalana, Ogo-og, Gawana (poblacion), Lias Silangan.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Asian livestock (1999) cited that meat production absorbs over 600 million tons of
concentrate feeds, followed by milk and egg production, with 250 and 100 million tons,
respectively. In specialized meat, milk and egg production; feed generally accounts for
over half of total cost. Although grass and fodder with a low nutrient density still provide
the larger part of the global feed supplies, the world livestock economy has become
increasingly dependent on concentrate feeds especially grains. In recent years,
approximately 650 million tons of corn grains and wheat have been used in livestock
feeding, almost half of the world output of grains.
Farm to market road is one of the major problems of animal raisers in the highland
like Mt. Province and nearby provinces particularly Paracelis. Despite this many are still
raise animals as a source of additional income. Traditional way and practice of raising
animals should be totally discouraged because this result to slow production efficiency of
the animal being raised (Dumbab, 2008).
Livestock raising efficiently converts digestible, but in edible and non marketable
products in the farm into valuable animal products. Added benefit is in manure which can
be dried and used as fertilizers or component is the preparation of compost in the farm.
Further more, raising one or more animals can also serve as source of income
(Gillespie, 2002).
Baconawa (1998) mentioned that the continuing diminution of the pasture areas for
cattle ranching for some reasons like cancellation of pasture lease agreements to give way
to establishment of water sheds for multiple di-hydro-electric irrigation projects etc…will
continue to set limits to cattle production among hill beef producers. He also mentioned
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that many cattle ranchers are already raising goats and sheep as sideline. The rising cost of
imported feedstuff like soybean, fish meal, meat and bone meal, feed supplements, feed
grains and livestock product is encouraging farmers to raise goat and sheep.
Watson (1999) said that a purebred milking doe is capable of producing three to
four liters of milk a day, more than the average natural production of two liters per doe a
day. Goat farming requires only a small investment and entails minimal risk, making it
ideal for household and subsistence farmers.
Prasad and Bhattacharyya (2001) cited that domestication of goats proved to be one
of the most important events in early human civilization since it helped mankind to survive
from the ravages of hunger at the face of natural calamities including famines. Through the
history of mankind, goats became the ready source of meat, milk, skin and fibers to human
beings. To the poor farmers of the existing underdeveloped world, it is a commodity that
has constant market demand and potential to fetch cash returns at the hours of need. Goat
has the capability to survive on scavenge feeds and fallen leaves or browse and pasture on
the forages that other ruminants would not normally consume. In the process of such
survival and uncontrolled grazing or otherwise highly degraded lands, goats are often held
solely responsible for environmental degradation thereby the valuable contribution of goats
to soil fertility and ability to prevent and control of unwanted bushes in rangelands,
remains unnoticed.
Irwin and Moofu (1995) reported that many livestock farmers are turning to pig
production, although they still cohere or not moving away from the cattle sector. Pig
production, they said, is a logical alternative and it is also working well for farmers
because it could be on intensive basis. Transport cost is low compared to cattle.
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Pawid (2009), in his study on the status of livestock and poultry production in
Bontoc, Mt. Province, found that except for swine where there are few respondents raising
improved breeds, all of the respondents are raising native/ upgrade animals. Also , except
in swine where there are few respondents feeding their animals with pure commercial
feeds, all of the respondents are feeding their animals with indigenous feedstuffs or
combination of indigenous feedstuffs and commercial feeds, particularly swine
The swine industry is one of the most important among the local animal industries
in the country. It tops all other local livestock industries in terms of production and its
contribution to the national economy. It contributes about 98% of the country's total pork
supply. Pork represents more than 50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos.
Over the past few decades, the swine industry contributed more than 70% of the total
animal meat output of local animal industries. In addition, the local swine industries
provide income to entrepreneurs who are actively involved in large scale commercial
swine production and employment to farm laborers, traders and retailers of swine
production inputs and products. It also provides employment to workers in slaughter
houses and storage processing plants. Similarly, small farmers in rural, urban and semi-
urban areas benefit from swine raising through the additional income and financial security
it provides indirectly. It provides income to corn, rice, root crops, and coconut farmer, as it
is one of the major markets of their products (PCARRD, 2004).
The term poultry is used to designate a group of domestic birds that render an
economic service; these birds from choice remain continuously under human protection
and control. The species of birds included in poultry are geese, chickens, ducks, turkeys,
pheasant, guineas, ostriches and pigeons. Poultry raising is carried all over the Philippines
as a home industry. There are several agencies both in public and private that help promote
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7
the poultry industry such as: Department of Agriculture (DA), publications on poultry
raising, poultry clubs and poultry shows with display of improved stock, DILG etc.
(Dagoon, 1993)
Poultry is one of the world's major and fastest growing sources of meat. It
contributed about 38% of the country's total meat supply. The Philippine livestock and
poultry industries alone contributed about one third of the value added (GVA) in
agriculture (PCARRD, 2004).
Ducks have many economic uses. They are famous because of their meat, eggs and
feather particularly their down. They are also kept and breed by agriculturists and often
displayed in zoos. All domestic ducks descended from the wild mallard except the
muscovy duck (Wikipedia, 2007)
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METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
Barlig is located at the southeastern part of Mountain Province. It is bounded on
the north by the province of kalinga, on the south by the province of Ifugao, on the west
by Bontoc and on the east by Natonin (Fig.1). It is composed of eleven (11) barangays.
However, only the top eight in terms of animal population (Table 1) were considered in
the study namely: Fiangtin, Kaleo, Lingoy, Lunas, Macalana, Ogo-og, Gawana (Pob)
and Latang. The study was conducted from February to April, 2009.
Table 1. Livestock and poultry population
BARANGAY CARABAO CATTLE GOAT CHICKEN DUCK SWINE TOTAL
Gawana (Pob) 5
1
-
715
11
38 767
Macalana
6
2
-
562
81
40 700
Latang
-
1
-
496
56
32 608
Ogo-og
15
1
-
381
60
10 457
Fiangtin
13
-
-
371
75
57 516
Kaleo
-
2
-
273
61
46 382
Lunas
8
-
-
286
65
25 387
Lingoy
-
3
-
324
19
13 367
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 72 10 2 4,005 565 466 5,120
*Source: Barlig Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) 2008
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Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
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Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are residents of the barangays covered in the study
who are actually raising animals. The total number of respondents was obtained by
getting 10% of the total number of households in each barangay considered. Table 2
shows the number of respondents in each barangays.
Data Collection
To gather the data an interview schedule prepared before hand and a camera for
documentation were used. Using the interview schedule as a guide, an actual informal
interview of each of the respondents was done. Also, pictures were taken to support some
of the data given by the respondents.
Table 2. Number of the respondents in each barangay
BARANGAY NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS* NO. OF RESPONDENTS_______
Gawana (Pob)
232
23
Macalana
214
21
Latang
121
12
Ogo-og
142
14
Fiangtin
103
10
Kaleo
110
11
Lunas
104
10
Lingoy
221
22
_______________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1,247
123
*Source: Barlig Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) 2008
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Data Gathered
The data gathered were as follows:
1. General information. This covered the respondent’s personal profile which
includes such age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and occupation.
2. Years in raising animal. This refers to the length of time the respondents have
been engaged in animal raising.
3. Purpose in raising animals. This refers to the reasons why the respondents are
raising animals.
4. Classification and number of animals being raised. This included species,
breed/strains, and number of animals per species raised by the respondent at the time of
the study.
5. Source of stock. This refers to the place or area where the respondents
obtained their animal stocks or from whom did they obtain their stock
6. Source of capital. This states who provided the capital of the respondents.
7. Kinds of housing or rearing. It is description of how the animals are confined
and the housing materials used, by the respondents.
8. Feeds and feeding management. This includes the types and sources of feeds,
frequency of feeding, identification and processing of indigenous or non-conventional
feeds, feed supplements or additives used and the systems of feeding the animals
observed by the respondents.
9. Breeding management. This includes the methods and systems of breeding,
breeding age, length of gestation and litter index.
10. Reproductive performance. This includes the litter size at birth and at weaning
and number of eggs/clutch and number of eggs hatched.
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11. Herd health management. This includes the different preventive and control
measures against diseases observed by the respondents and the diseases that had affected
their animals.
12.
Marketing management. This includes the methods and systems of
marketing employed and other marketing strategies done by the respondents.
13.
Support services. This refer to any technical or financial services
extended to the farmers from either government or non-government units
14.
Problems/Constraints. These include the common problems that the
respondents encountered in relation to animal raising.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were consolidated and tabulated. Statistical tools such as
percentage, frequency counts and ranking were used to analyze and interpret the data
gathered.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
The profile of the respondents which includes their; age, sex, civil status, occupa-
tion and educational attainment is presented in Table 3.
Age. Out of the 123 respondents, majority (54.47%) or 67 of the 123 respondents
are with ages ranging from 30-45 years old, 36 or (29.97%) are with ages ranging from
46-60 years old and 20 (16.26%) are with ages ranging from 61-75 years old. The result
of the study shows that majority of the respondent belong to the middle age group.
Sex. In the study the males comprise a larger number which is 74 or 60.16%
compared to the females. Generally, the males are responsible in raising ruminant
animals such as the cattle, goats and carabaos and the females are responsible in the
house management which includes the care of the children and raising of backyard
animals like the chickens and geese.
Civil status. Majority (89 or 69.11%) of the respondent are married followed by
the singles with a percentage of 17.07% or 21 out of 123 respondents and only 17 or
13.82% are widowed.
Occupation. Majority (77.24%) or 95 of the respondents of this study are farmers,
mainly engaged in crop production and only 28 (22.76%) are government employees but
are also engaged in animal raising to supplement their family needs.
Educational attainment. Majority (73 or 59.35%) of the respondent have only
reached secondary level. Twenty eight (22.76%) have reached or finished college degree
or vocational course and only 22 (17.89%) of them have reached or finished elementary
level.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Table 3. Profile of the respondents
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Age
30 to 45 67 54.47
46 to 60 36
29.27
61 to 75 20
16.26
TOTAL 123 100.00
Sex
Male 74
60.16
Female 49
39.84
TOTAL 123 100.00
Civil status
Single
21
17.07
Married 85
69.11
Widowed 17 13.82
TOTAL 123 100.00
Occupation
Farmer 95
77.24
Government employee 28 22.76
TOTAL 123 100.00
Educational attainment
Elementary level
22
17.89
Secondary level 73
59.35
College level/ Vocational 28 22.76
TOTAL 123 100.00
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Species of Farm Animals Raised
Figure 2 presents the different species of animals commonly raised by the
respondents. It is presented in the table that the top most species raised by the
respondents is swine with 96 respondents out of 123. This is followed by chicken with 84
respondents, ducks, with 26 respondents and then cattle, carabao, geese, and goats with
respective number of respondents of 22, 17, 11, and 2.
96
100
90
84
80
70
60
50
40
o
.
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
N 30
25
22
17
20
11
10
2
0
Swine
Chicken
Duck
Geese
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Animals raised by the respondents
Figure 2. Species of farm animals raised and number of animals per species
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Swine
Years in Raising Swine
Table 4 presents the number of years the respondents have been raising swine. It
is presented that most (47.92%) or 46 of the 96 respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 16-30 years and 19 even said that they have been raising swine for 31 or
more number of years. Only 31 (32.29%) of the respondents said that they have been
raising swine for 15 years and below.
Number of Swine Raised.
The number of swine raised per house hold is presented in Table 5. It is shown in
the Table that 55.21% or 53 of the respondent are raising 6 to 10 heads of swine, 37
(38.54%) are raising 1 to 5 heads of swine and only 6 or 6.25% are raising 11 or more
heads of swine. The result reveals that swine raising in the locality is under the control of
backyard raisers.
Source of Stock and Capital
Most (45.83%) or 44 of the respondents said that they have inherited their initial
stocks from their parents (Table 6) and normally these were given to them when they got
married. Forty one or 42.71% of the respondents said that they bought their stocks from
raisers outside the municipality and this is because of their desire to raise other breeds or
pigs belonging to improved breeds rather than raising native or upgraded pigs or pigs
belonging to improved breeds. To buy the said stocks, all the respondents who brought
their stocks said that they made use of their personal money.
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Table 4. Number of years in raising swine
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
15 and below 31 32.29
16 to 30 46
47.92
31 and above 19
19.79
TOTAL 96 100.00
Table 5. Number of swine raised per household
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 to 5 37
38.54
6 to 10 53
55.21
11 and above 6
6.25
TOTAL 96 100.00
Table 6. Source of stock
SOURCE OF STOCK NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Inherited 44 `
45.83
Raisers within the locality 41
42.71
External sources 11
11.46
TOTAL 96 100.00
Reasons of Raising Swine
All of the respondents said that they are raising swine for family use i.e. to have
available swine to butcher when they celebrate occasions like weddings, house blessings,
anniversaries, baptisms, graduations, and others or when they perform their rituals as part
of their cultures considering that swine is usually the animal required aside from chicken.
However, they also said that in cases where there are no occasions to be celebrated that
acquire the butchering of pigs, they sell their pigs as additional source of income.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Housing Management Practices
Types of housing materials. Table 7 presents that majority (65 out of the 96)
respondents have swine houses with stone walls and floors, however, 44 of them made
use of G.I. sheets as roofing (Fig. 3) and 21 made used of concrete material (Fig.4).
Sixteen (16) of the respondents have swine houses with G.I. sheets as roofing, steel or
wood wall and concrete floor (Fig. 5 and 6) and 15 have swine houses with G.I. sheets as
roofs and concrete floor also but with bamboo walls
The above results reveal that even up to now, majority of the swine raisers in
Barlig are still employing the so called traditional swine house i.e. a swine house with
stone wall and floor. In fact, these were even built following no specific measurement but
depending on the resources available. The most common advancement or improvement
made in terms of housing is the use of concrete in constructing swine houses.
Table 7. Types of housing materials used
TYPES OF MATERIALS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
G.I. sheet roof, stone wall
and floor 44 45.83
Conrete roof, stone
wall and floor 21 21.88
G.I. sheet roof, steel/wood
wall and concrete floor 16 16.67
G.I. sheet roof, wood/bamboo
wall and concrete floor 15 15.63
TOTAL 96 100.00
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Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 3. A swine house with stone walls and galvanized roof owned by one of the
respondents in barangay Gawana (pob)
Figure 4. A pigpen owned by one of the respondents in barangay Kaleo
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Figure 5. A pigpen having a G.I. sheet roof and wood walls owned by one of the
respondent in barangay Macalana
Figure 6. A swine house at the backyard of one of the respondents in barangay Lunas
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Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 8 shows the different breeds of swine raised by the respondents at
the time of the study. It is shown in the Table that majority (61.46% or 59) of the
respondents were raising crossbred swine (Fig.7 and 8), mostly crossbreds of large
white. Thirty six (36) of the respondents were raising upgrades (Fig. 9 and 10) and only
22 were raising native pigs the more number of respondents raising crossbred swine
indicates that the swine raisers in he locality have come to realize the advantage of
raising these improved breeds i.e. they have faster growth rate compared to native pig.
Systems of breeding. Crossbreeding, inbreeding, upgrading and pure breeding are
the systems of breeding that the respondents employed in raising their swine, however
majority (56.25%) or 54 of the respondents said that they have practiced crossbreeding,
43 or 44.79% practiced upgrading, 41 or 42.71% practiced purebreeding especially for
the native pigs and only 26 or 27.08% of the respondents said that they have been
practicing inbreeding.
Methods of breeding. Majority (71.875% or 69) of the respondents said that they
have been employing natural breeding. Only 27 of the respondents said that they have
been employing artificial insemination (A.I) through the help of the technician from the
municipal agriculture office. According to them, they prefer to use A.I than the natural
method because it is less laborious and much cheaper than maintaining a boar.
Breeding age. Majority (52 or 54.17%) of the respondents said that they are
breeding their gilts at 8-9 months old which is the recommended breeding age, 31 or
32.29% said that they are breeding their gilts at 6-7 months which is considered early
breeding and while there are 13 or 13.54% who said that they are breeding their gilts at
10 months and above especially from those raising the native pigs.
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Table 8. Breeds and breeding management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Breed
Native 22 22.92
Upgrades 36 37.5
Crossbreds 59 61.46
*Multiple response
n = 96
Breeding system
Crossbreeding 54 56.25
Upgrading 43 44.79
Purebreeding 41 42.71
Inbreeding 26 27.08
*Multiple response
n = 96
Method of mating
Natural method 69 71.875
Artificial insemination 27 28.125
TOTAL 96 100.00
Breeding age
6 to 7 mos. 31 32.29
8 to 9 mos. 52 54.17
10mos. and above 13 13.54
TOTAL 96 100.00
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Figure 7. A crossbred sow nursing its piglets owned by one of the respondents in
barangay Lingoy
Figure 8. A crossbreed gilt raised by one of the respondents in barangay Ogo-og
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Figure 9. An upgrade sow raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
Figure 10. An upgrade boar raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
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Reproductive data. Table.9 shows the reproductive data which includes the
number of farrowings per year, litter size at birth and at weaning. It is presented in the
Table that 83 or 86.46% of the respondents said that their sows give birth or farrow twice
(2) a year. However, 52 or 54.17% of them also said that sometimes their sows
give birth only once a year.
Litter size at birth and weaning. It is also presented in the Table 9 that majority
(76.04% or 73) of the respondents said that their sows usually give birth to 6-10 piglets.
However, there were 36 of the respondents who said that their sows gave birth to 11 or
more number of piglets and on the other hand, there were 27 of the respondents who also
said that there were times when their sows gave birth to 5 or less number of piglets.
Similarly, for the weaning size, majority (85.42% or 82) of the respondents also
said that their sows usually wean 6-10 piglets. However, there were 31 of the respondents
who also said that there were times when their sows wean 11-15 piglets and still there
were 25 of the respondents who said that there were times when their sows weaned 5 or
less number of piglets. The pre-weaning mortality is usually due to poor mothering
ability and illnesses like scouring.
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Table 9. Reproductive performance data
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Farrowing per year
Once 52 54.17
Twice 83 86.46
Litter size at birth
1 to 5 27 28.13
6 to 10 73 76.04
11 to 15 36 37.50
Litter size at weaning
1 to 5 25 26.04
6 to 10 82 85.42
11 to 15 31 32.29
*Multiple responses
n = 96
Feeds and Feeding Management
The different feedstuffs given to the pigs by the respondents are grouped into
conventional, indigenous feeds and combination of both and are shown in Table 10. It is
stated in the Table that majority or 46 out of the 96 respondents said that they are feeding
their pigs with combination of 2 or more indigenous feedstuffs (Figure 11 and 12). The
common indigenous feedstuffs that they are giving are sweet potato leaves, vines and
roots, chayote leaves and fruits, banana trunk and kitchen refuses. These are usually
chopped and are given to the pigs either raw or cooked (Figure 13) particularly gabi and
kitchen refuses. However 38 or 39.58% of the respondents said that they are feeding their
pigs with combination of indigenous feedstuffs and conventional feeds and only 12 of the
respondents said that they are feeding their pigs with conventional feeds alone. Examples
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of the conventional feeds include the commercially prepared hog feeds and Cono.
Shown in the Table 10 are also the systems and frequency of feeding. Out of 96
respondents, majority (76 or 79.17%) of them said that they are feeding their pigs twice a
day, and only 20 are feeding their pigs thrice a day especially the younger ones.
In terms of the systems of feeding, all of the respondents said that they are practicing
individual feeding (Fig. 14) and this is because most of their pigs are confined
individually. However, there were 27 of the respondents who also said that they are also
practicing group feeding and this is true most especially to piglets. Generally, piglets in a
litter are usually confined as a whole; hence, they are fed as a group also.
Table 10. Feeds and feeding management practice
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Types of feeds
Conventional 12 12.5
Combination of indigenous
Feedstuffs 46 47.92
Combination of the above 38 39.58
TOTAL 96 100.00
Frequency of feeding
Twice 76 79.17
Thrice 20 20.83
TOTAL 96 100.00
Systems of feeding*
Group feeding 27 21.95
Individual feeding 96 78.05
*Multiple responses
n = 96
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 11. A garden field (“UMA”) planted with sweet potato, gabi and banana that are
used as swine feeds
Figure 12. A chayote farm in barangay Latang as a source of feedstuff (leaves) for swine
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
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Figure 13. A cooking vat used in cooking feeds for swine
Figure 14. A hog feed individually by one of the respondents in barangay Ogo-og
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Herd Health Management Practices.
The herd health management practices observed by the respondent are presented
in Table 11. It is shown in the Table that out of the 96 respondents, 75 of them said that
they are cleaning their pigpens while 21 or 21.875% said that they are not cleaning their
pens. Seventy one or 73.96% of the respondents said that they are bathing their pigs most
especially if they are affected with external parasites like mange. However, 25 or 26.04%
of the respondents said that they are not bathing their pigs. Anyway their pigs are trained
and that they are defecating in one side or corner of their pens only away from their
sleeping area of course.
It is shown in the table that majority of the respondents (81.21% or 78 and
88.54% or 85) are deworming and vaccinating their swine, respectively most especially
the piglets. Deworming is usually done at 35 days old and the common dewormer used is
latigo 50. Vaccination against hog cholera on the other hand, is done at 40 days old using
pestife or MVP, with MVP being more preferred because it is cheaper. Only 18 of the
respondents said that they are not deworming their swine and 11 are not practicing
vaccination.
The common diaseases encountered by the respondents are diarrhea and fever.
Most often these diaeases are treated using haerbal medicines like ash. Tobacco and
“makabuhay”
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Table 11.Herd health management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cleaning of pens
Yes 75 78.13
No 21 21.88
TOTAL 96 100.00
Bathing of hogs
Yes 71 73.96
No 25 26.04
TOTAL 96 100.00
Deworming
Yes 78 81.25
No 18 18.75
TOTAL 96 100.00
Vaccination
Yes 85 88.54
No 11 11.46
TOTAL 96 100.00
Marketing Management
The methods of marketing as practiced by the respondents are shown
in Table 12. It is shown in the table that majority (86.46% or 83) of the respondents are
selling their swine on a per head (“bulto”) basis most especially to culled sows and boars.
According to the respondents this method is better because it is less laborious. Threes no
need to have a weighing scale and to restrain the animal. The market price is normally
dictated by the raisers based on the size or body condition of the animal. Sixty four (64)
of the respondents also said that they have marketed their swine on a liveweight basis
most especially the growing finishing pigs and still 34 of the respondents said that they
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also experienced selling their swine on a dressed weight basis. Most often, the
respondents are selling their pigs directly to the consumer and the consumers are usually
their neighbors, relatives or friends.
Problems/Constraints Encountered
The most common problems encountered by the respondents are high cost of
feeds, transportation difficulties, inadequate market outlets, source of breeding stocks,
disease and parasites, lack of government support, lack of capital and lack of technical
knowledge. These problems are presented in Table 13.
Table 12. Methods of marketing
METHOD NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Per head (“bulto”) basis 83 86.46
Live weight basis 64 66.67
Dressed weight basis 34 27.64
*Multiple response
n = 96
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Table 13. Problems and constraints
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
High cost of feeds 89 92.71
Transportation facilities 75 78.13
Market outlets 72 75
Disease and Parasites 54 56.25
Lack of government support 61
63.54
Source of breeding stocks 30 31.25
Lack of technical knowledge 44 45.83
Lack of capital 55 57.29
*Multiple response
n = 96
Poultry
Years in Raising Poultry
Table 14 shows the number of years the respondents have been raising chicken,
ducks and geese. With regards to chicken, most or 36 of the respondents said that they
have been raising chicken for 6-10 years. Twenty four (24) of the respondents said that
they have been raising chicken for 11 and above number of years and another 24 of the
respondents said that they have been raising chicken for 5 years or less.
In duck raising, 12 or 48% said that they have been raising ducks from 1 to 5
years and there were 8 of the respondents who responded that they have been raising
ducks for 6 to10 years. Only 5 of the 25 respondents said that they have been
raising ducks for 11 years and above. For geese, 7 of the 11 respondent said that they
have been raising geese for 1 to 5 years.
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Number of Poultry Raised
The number of birds being raised by the respondents at the time of the study is
presented in Table 15. It is shown in the Table that majority (46 or 54.76%) of the
chicken raisers were raising 6 to 10 heads. Twenty nine (29) were raising 1-5 chicken and
only 9 of the respondents were raising 11 and more number of years. Out of the 25
respondents who were raising ducks, 19 were raising 1-5 ducks and only 6 were raising 6
or more number of ducks. For the geese, out of the 11 respondents, 8 were raising 1-5
birds and only 3 were raising 6 or more number of birds. The above results reveal that
poultry raising in the locality is in the hands of backyard raisers.
Table 14. Number of years in raising poultry
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Chicken
1- 5 24 28.57
6-10 36 42.86
11 and above 24 28.5
TOTAL 84 100.00
Duck
1-5 12
48
6-10
8 32
11 and above
5
20
TOTAL 25 100.00
Geese
1-5 7 63.64
6 and above 4 36.36
TOTAL 11 100.00
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Source of Initial Stock and Capital
Table 16 shows the source of stocks of the respondents. It is shown in the Table
that in chicken that majority (86.90%) of the 84 respondents said that they have bought
their stocks from other raisers within the locality. However, 45 of the 84 respondents also
said that they have bought additional stocks from places outside the locality. To buy these
stocks, all of the respondents who bought stocks said that they made use of their personal
money to buy such stock. Still there were 56 of the respondents who further said that they
have inherited some of their stocks, particularly their initial stocks from their ancestors or
these were given to them by their relatives.
Table 15. Number of poultry raised
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Chicken
1 to 5 29 34.52
6 to 10 46 54.76
11 and above 9 10.71
TOTAL 84 100.00
Duck
1 to 5 19 76
6 and above 6 24
TOTAL 25 100.00
Geese
1 to 5 8 72.73
6 and above 3 27.27
TOTAL 11 100.00
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As for the ducks and geese majority (28 or 77.78%) of the respondent shave said
that their stocks were given by their relatives. However, there are 13 or 36.11% of the
respondents said that they get or bought their stock from outside the locality (Table 17).
Purpose of Raising Poultry
Table 18 shows that majority (82.5%) or 99 of the respondents said that they are
raising poultry for family consumption i.e. as a viand for the family and to have
available animal to butcher during special occasions like graduations, wedding and also
during birthday celebrations. Only 21 or 17.5% of the respondents said that they are
raising poultry as a supplementary source of income.
Table 16. Source of stock of chicken
SOURCE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
From raisers within the locality 73 86.90
Given by relatives 56 66.67
From raisers outside the locality 45 53.57
*Multiple response
n = 84
Table 17. Source of stock for duck and geese
SOURCE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Given by relatives 28 77.78
From raisers outside the locality 13 36.11
*Multiple response
n=36
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Table 18. Purpose of raising poultry
PURPOSE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
For family consumption
99
82.5
As a supplementary source of income 21 17.5
TOTAL 120 100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practice
Breeds. Table 19. Shows the breeds of chicken the respondent are raising. It is
shown in the Table that native chicken (Figure 15) are raised by majority (78 or 92.86%)
of the respondents. However, there were 63 or 75% of the respondents who said that they
are raising upgraded chicken (Figure 16).
For the ducks and geese, all the raisers said that they raised the native breeds of
ducks (Fig.17) and geese.
Methods and systems of breeding. True to chicken, ducks and geese, all of the
respondents said that they are employing natural breeding to reproduce their birds. For
the systems of breeding, all of the respondents said that they have employed inbreeding,
purebreeding and upgrading. This is because generally their chickens most specially the
natives are let-loosed and with this practiced, the birds mate among themselves or are
free to select their own mates. It is then very much possible for a rooster to be paired with
Table 19. Breeds of chicken
BREED NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Native 78 92.86
Upgrade 63 75
*Multiple response
n = 84
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Figure 15. Native chickens raised by one of the respondents in barangay Latang
his own pullet offspring, or the hen to be mated by her own male offspring or a pullet to
be mated by her own male brother, hence, the practice of inbreeding. Also native hens
could have been mated by roosters which are natives also but not related to them, hence
the practice of purebreding. Furthermore, native hens could have been be mated by
roosters of improved breeds hence the practice of upgrading.
For the ducks and geese, all of the respondents said that they are employing
inbreeding and this is because this birds are completely confined and so the mating
between them two related animals is very much possible.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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Figure 16. Upgraded chicken raised by one of the respondents in barangay Fiangtin
Figure 17. A duck hen raised by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
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Reproductive data for chicken. Table 20 shows the reproductive performance of
the birds raised by the respondents. As to the number of eggs laid per clutch, majority
(79.76% or 67) of the respondents in chicken said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs
per clutch. However, 52 of the respondents also said that sometimes 10 or more
eggs per clutch are laid by their hens and on the other hand, there are 43 of the
respondents also said that sometimes 5 or lesser number of eggs per clutch are laid by
their hens.
All of the respondents are practicing natural incubation and with it, all of them
agree to the observation of some of them that there is a higher hatchability percentage or
all of the eggs are hatched when only few eggs are being incubated at a time.
However, when there are several eggs incubated at a time, like for example 10 or more,
1-3 eggs are usually left unhatched. It is a common practice of the respondents to remove
1 or more eggs per clutch from the eggs laid by their hens to serve as their viand. Because
of this practice, the number of eggs left to be incubated is reduced to a few and usually
these are all hatched after the incubation period according to the respondents.
Reproductive data for ducks and geese. Table 21 and 22 presents the reproductive
performance of duck and geese, respectively, as observed by the respondents. It is
revealed in both Tables that majority of the respondents (21 out of 25 for ducks and 8 out
of 11 for geese) said that their hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch. Although some of
the respondents said that sometimes their hens lay 11 or more number of eggs and
sometimes 5 or less number of eggs.
For the hatchability, the same trend as above is observed for both ducks and geese
wherein majority of the respondents also said that 6-10 eggs are usually hatched per
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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clutch. Although there are times 11 or more number of eggs are hatched and there are
even times that 5 or lesser number of eggs are hatched per clutch.
Table 20. Reproductive performance of chicken
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 43 51.19
6 to 10 67 79.76
11 and above 52 61.90
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 40 47.62
6 to 10 66 78.57
11 and above 49 58.33
*Multiple response
n=84
Table 21. Reproductive performance of duck
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 10 40
6 to 10 21 84
11 and above 9 36
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 12 48
6 to 10 23 92
11 and above 6 24
*Multiple response
n=25
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Housing of Birds.
Table 23 shows the types of housing chickens as practiced by the respondents. It
is shown in the table that all of the respondents said that they are employing semi-
confinement type of housing. In this type, the chickens are let-loosed and are free to roam
around the backyard of the raisers or respondent and even the backyard of the
respondent’s neighbor or idle lands.
However, 53 of the respondents said that they are also employing complete
confinement most especially to their layers and to hens with their own brood during the
first few days of brooding. Sample of housing for chicken are shown in Fig. 18-20. Still
76 of the respondents said that they are employing loose housing and this is true most
especially to adult birds like pullets, hens and roosters (Fig. 21). In this case, the birds are
free to roam around the backyard and also at day time and perch on the branches of trees
growing in the backyard or stay in any place where they feel secured.
For the ducks, 22 of the respondents said that they are practicing semi-
confinement type and 13 of the respondents are practicing loose-housing type of housing
where the birds are let-loosed day and night. In the semi-confinement type, the ducks are
confined in an enclosed area but every morning these are brought to the rice paddies,
particularly after harvest and before the planting season to search for food and to take a
bath and are brought back to the enclosed area in the afternoon.
Finally, for the geese, all of the respondents said that they are subjecting their
geese to loose housing
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Table 22. Reproductive performance of geese
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Number of eggs laid per clutch
1 to 5 3 27.27
6 to 10 8 81.82
11 and above 7 63.64
Number of eggs hatched/clutch
1 to 5 4 36.36
6 to 10 9 54.55
11 and above 5 45.45
*Multiple response
n=11
Table 23. Types of housing chickens
TYPE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Loose housing 76 90.48
Semi confinement 84 100.00
Complete confinement 53 63.95
*Multiple response
n = 84
Table 24. Types of housing ducks
TYPE NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Free range 13 52
Semi confinement 22 88
*Multiple response
n = 25
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Figure 18. Poultry cage made of stick owned by one of the respondents in barangay
Gawana
Figure 19. Poultry cages made of wood owned by one the respondents in barangay Ogo-
og . Usually cages use for chicks
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Figure 20. A housing for pullets owned by one of the respondent in barangay kaleo
Figure 21. A group of chicken that are let-loosed in the backyard of the raisers
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Feeds and Feeding Management for Poultry
Table 25 presents the feeds and feeding management practices observed by the
respondents. It is presented in the Table that all of the respondents are feeding their birds
with indigenous feeds like rice (cooked and uncooked), palay, corn and chopped
vegetable rejects or grasses particularly to ducks and geese. However, 31 of the
respondents also said that they are feeding their birds with commercial feeds most
especially to layers.
For the systems of feeding, majority (80%) of the respondents are broadcasting
the feeds to their birds when they feed them most especially the chicken. On the other
hand, 52 of the respondents, particularly those raising ducks and geese are employing
trough feeding and this is because the feeds are given in wet form.
Similar to the systems of feeding, majority (101 or 84.17%) of the respondents
said that they are feeding their birds twice a day. Usually, feeding is done in the morning
before the birds are let-loosed and in the afternoon before the birds are confined.
However, 89 (74.17%) of the respondents also said that that sometimes they are feeding
their birds only once a day particularly to the birds that are let-loosed. Anyway, the birds
are going t search for food when they are let loosed.
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Table 25. Feeds and feeding management practices
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Types of feeds
Indigenous feeds 120 100.00
Commercial feeds 31 25
System of feeding
Trough feeding 52 43
Broadcasting 96 80
Frequency of feeding
Once a day 89 74.17
Twice a day 101 84.17
Multiple response
n = 120
Flock Health Management Practices
All the respondents in poultry said that they are not deworming nor vaccinating
their birds. They even said that when this show symptoms of illness, they just isolate
them from the others or butchered them as source of foods. The most common disease
they encounter is the so called “Peste”.
Marketing Practices
Marketing of birds is not commonly practiced in the locality because almost every
household has its own birds most especially chicken. The respondents will only come to
sell their birds if they have birds ready for sale and if there are customers. Birds are sold
on a per head basis the price depends on the body size and age.
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Problems /Constraints in Raising Poultry
The problems or constraints in raising poultry are presented in Table 26. It is
shown in the Table that majority of the respondents (79 or 94.05%) said that market
outlet is still their number one concerned. This is followed by diseases and parasites with
68 respondents, high cost of feeds with 44 respondents and then the problem on theft with
16 respondents.
Table 26. Problems/constraints in poultry
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Market outlets 79 94.05
Disease and parasites 68 80.95
High cost of feeds 44 52.38
Theft 16 19.05
*Multiple response
n = 84
Ruminants
Years in Raising Ruminants
For cattle, it is shown in Table 27 that majority (54.55%) or 12 of the 22
respondents said that they have been raising cattle for 1-5 years. This means that they
have just started to raise cattle. Eight (8) of the respondents said that they have been
raising cattle for 6-10 years and only 2 said that they have been raising cattle for 11 or
more number of years.
For the carabaos, Table 23 also shows that 9 of the 17 respondents said that they
have been raising carabaos for 1-5 years. Six (6) of the respondents said that they have
been raising carabaos for 6-10 years and only 2 said 11 or more number of years.
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For the goats, the 2 respondents said that they have just started raising this animal
species for 8 months only and according to them they might not continue to raised those
animals because they observed that even food is adequate their animal still have very
slow growth and this maybe due to the weather condition in the area.
Number of Ruminants Raised
The number of ruminants raised per household is presented in Table 28. It is
presented that true to both cattle and carabao, majority of the respondents are raising 1-3
heads only with percentages of 59.09% and 58.82%, respectively. This is because their
main purpose of raising such animals is to help them in their field works most especially
in plowing their fields. Nine out of 22 respondents in cattle and 7 out of the 17
respondents for carabaos are raising 4 or more number of animals. The above results
reveal that like swine and poultry, ruminant raising in the locality is on a backyard scale.
Table 27. Number of years in raising ruminants
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
1 to 5 12 54.55
6 to 10 8 36.36
11 and above 2 9.09
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
1 to 5 9 52.94
6 to 10 6 35.29
11 and above 2 11.76
TOTAL 17 100.00
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Table 28. Number of ruminants raised per household
NUMBER NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
1 to 3 13 59.09
4 and above 9 40.90
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
1 to 3 10 58.82
4 and above 7 41.18
TOTAL 17 100.00
Purpose of Raising Ruminants
There are three main reasons why the respondents are raising ruminant animals,
one of which is to help them in their field works particularly for cattle and carabaos.
Another reason is to have available animals to butcher most especially if they are to host
weddings, “canyaos” and other big celebrations. The third reason is to help them in their
financial need most especially during emergency cases like for example, if they need
money for the tuition fees of their children when they send them to school, to pay for
hospital bills, and others. In situations like this, they usually sell their animals to produce
the money.
Source of Replacement/Initial Stock for Ruminants
The most common (29 or 70.73%) source of stock of the respondent is from their
parents through inheritance or they were given to them as gift by their relatives. There
were also18 or 43.90% of respondents who said that their stocks were bought within the
locality and 11 or 26.83% of the respondents said that the source of their stock was from
other external sources.
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Table 29. Source of replacement/initial stocks
SOURCE OF STOCKS NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Inherited 29 70.73
Bought within the municipality 18 43.90
External sources 11 26.83
*Multiple response
n=41
Source of Capital
Table 30 presents the source of capital of the respondent. Majority (31 or 75.61%)
of the respondents said that they used their own money as their capital while 25 out of 41
respondents said that they borrowed their capital from their neighbors or relatives.
However, barter change is still practice in this area where they exchange some of their
personal belongings just to have an animal to raised.
Systems of Rearing Animal
For cattle, majority (68.18% or 15) of the 22 respondents said that their cattle are
on free range i.e. they are let-loosed in pasture areas normally in the mountains, public or
private owned only 7 of the respondents are tethering their cattle (Figure 23) and usually
these cattle are used as draft animals.
Table 30. Source of capital
SOURCE OF CAPITAL NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Personal money 31 75.61
Loan form private individuals 25 60.98
Barter 12 29.27
*Multiple response
n = 41
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However, in carabaos, majority (64.71% or 11) of the respondents said that they
are practicing both tethering and free range. Only 6 of the respondents said that they are
practicing tethering alone. Generally, carabaos on free range in the mountains are brought
down to the community or areas near the community and are tethered to be used as draft
animals (Fig. 23) by the respondents most especially during the plowing season. For
goats, the two respondents said that they are tethering their goats.
Generally, the ruminants are being tethered by the respondents for security
reasons i.e. to protect them from theft and for better supervision. Ruminants on range or
those that are let-loosed in the mountains are visited by the respondents or raisers once in
a while to check on them.
Table 31. Systems of rearing of ruminants
SYSTEM NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Cattle
Free range 15 68.18
Tethering 7 31.82
TOTAL 22 100.00
Carabao
Tethering and free range 11 64.71
Tethering 6 35.29
TOTAL 17 100.00
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Figure 22. Native cattle being tethered owned by one of the respondents in barangay
Lingoy
Figure 23. A carabao being tethered used as a draft animal owned by one of the
respondent in barangay Latang
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Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
All the respondents in ruminant said that they are giving indigenous feedstuffs
only to their ruminant animals because they said that commercial feeds is still not
available in the locality and it’s been their practice since they started raising these
animals.
The common indigenous feed stuffs given by the raisers to their animals are stick
leaves and some forages and grasses, fresh or dried rice straw and sweat potato leaves
and vines
For the systems of feeding majority of the respondents especially those who are
raising cattle and goats said that most of their animals are on free range type of rearing
and so the 100% grazing of feeding is practiced, the animals are let- loosed in a pasture
areas were food is adequate and are allowed to graze. However, for those that are tethered
especially the draft animals, these are tethered in areas were grasses are abundant, if not,
so the so called “cut and carry” systems or zero grazing is applied by the raisers where in
the raisers cut grasses and feed to their animals.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds. Table 32 presents the breeds of cattle raised by the respondents. It is
presented that all the respondents are raising native cattle. However, 6 of them are raising
upgraded cattle (Fig. 24 & 25) and the remaining 16 respondents are the ones raising pure
native cattle (Fig. 26).
Methods and systems of breeding. All of the respondents said that they are
employing natural mating in breeding their cows/carabao. For the systems of breeding, it
is also presented in Table 32 that majority (28 out of 41) of the respondents said that they
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have employed inbreeding. This is because most of their carabaos and cattle in that
barangay are related to each other. Twenty one (21) of the respondents, on toe other hand,
they said that they have employed outbreeding particularly purebreeding and upgrading.
Figure 24. An upgrade cattle feed with dried rice straw owned by one of the respondent
in barangay fiangtin.
Table 32. Breeds and breeding management for ruminants
PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Breeds of cattle
Native 16 72.73
Upgrade 6 27.27
TOTAL 22 100.00
Breeding system
In breeding 28 68.29
Out breeding 21 51.22
*Multiple response
n =41
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Figure 25. A tethered upgrade cattle own by one of the respondents in barangay Lingoy
Figure 26. A native cattle owned by one of the respondent in barangay Lunas
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Herd Health Management Practices for Ruminants
All the respondents said that they are not deworming nor vaccination to their
ruminant animals. If ever their cattles or carabaos suffer illnesses the respondents prefer
to butcher their animals rather than subjecting them to medication most especially if their
animals are big enough for slaughter. Deticking is practiced by the respondents although
this is done manually or by had picking.
Marketing Practices
There are 2 methods of marketing cattle and carabaos in the locality namely
“uraga” or “munparti” and the per head “bulto” basis. Twenty seven (27) of the
respondents said that they have practiced the “uraga” method and the other 22 said that
they have employed the per head or “bulto” method.
Problems/Constraint Encountered in Ruminant Raising
Table 34 presents the different problems encountered by the respondents in
raising ruminants. It is shown in the table that the number one constraints in ruminant
raising in the locality are the lack of capital with 39 respondents. This is followed by lack
of knowledge with 27 respondents, thieves with 24 respondents, diseases and parasites
with 29 respondents and lack of government assistance with 18 respondents.
Table 33.Methods of marketing carabao and cattle
METHODS NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
“Uraga or munparti” 27 69.23
“Bulto” 22 56.41
*Multiple response
n = 39
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Support Services Availed by the Respondents
All the respondents in all the animal species included in the study said that they
did not avail of any support or assistance from any government unit or non-government
organization
Table 34. Problems/Constraint encountered
PROBLEMS NO. OF RESPONDENTS* PERCENTAGE
Lack of capital
33
80.49
Lack of knowledge
27
65.85
Thieves
24
58.54
Diseases and Parasite
20
48.78
Lack of government assistance 18 43.90
*Multiple response
n =41
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate and document the status of livestock and
poultry production in Barlig, Mt. Province Specifically , it aimed to determine the
socioeconomic profile of the respondents; the different farm animals species commonly
raised in the municipality; the number of animals per species raised per household, the
reasons of the respondents in raising animals; the sources of stocks and capital of the
respondents in terms of housing, breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, herd health
management and marketing; the support services availed by the respondents and the
problems they encountered in relation to animal raising.
Barlig is composed of 11 barangays but only the top 8 in terms of animal
population were included in the study namely Gawana, Macalana, Latang, Ogo-og,
Fiangtin, Kaleo, Lunas and lingoy. A total of 123 actual animal raisers from the above
barangays were choosen to serve as respondents of the study. This total was determined
by getting 10% of the total number of household per barangay. To gather data an actual
interview of each of the respondents was conducted and some pictures were also taken to
support some of the data gathered.
Out of the 123 respondents, majority of them are males, married with ages
belonging to the age bracket of 30-45 years old. Majority of the respondents had finished
secondary level with farming as their main source of living.
The farm animals mostly raised by the respondents are swine followed closely by
chicken and then ducks, cattle, carabao and geese.
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Swine
Ninety six [96] of the 123 respondents are raising swine . Out of the 96
respondents, majority of them said to have been engaged in swine raising for 16 and
above number of years and are raising 10 and below number of swine. For the source of
stock, 44 of the respondents said that they have inherited their initial stock, 41 bought
from other raisers within the municipality and 11 bought from places outside the
municipality. All those who bought their stock said that they made use of their own
money to buy such stock. Swine according to the respondents are raised for two main
reasons, one of which, is for family use i.e. to have available animals to butcher when
they celebrate occasions like weddings, house blessings, celebration of anniversaries and
others or when they perform their rituals as part of the culture. The other reason is to
serve as source of additional income for the family.
All of the respondents are confining their swine in pigpens. Pigpens were built
following no specific measurement but depending on the resources they have. Even until
now, the traditional swine houses still exist i.e. swine houses with stone walls and floors
although the roofing is now made of G.I. sheets and not cogon.
In terms of breeds and breeding, majority of the respondents are raising
crossbreds mostly crossbreds of Largewhite, Landrace and Duroc. However, still many
of the respondents are also raising native/upgraded pigs. Also, majority of the
respondents are breeding their gilts at the age of 8-9 months.
To reproduce their swine, majority of the respondents are employing natural
mating but several of them also are now employing A.I. Eighty three [83] of the
respondents said that their sows are usually giving birth to 6-10 piglets and wean 6-10
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piglets also. However, some of the respondents also said that there are times when their
sows are giving birth to 11 or more piglets or even 5 or less number of piglets. The
different systems they employed in breeding their swine include crossbreeding,
upgtrading, purebreeding but still some are even employing inbreeding despite of its
limitations.
Majority [76 out of 96] of the respondents are feeding their swine twice a day and
some are feeding thrice a day. Most of the respondents are feeding their swine with
indigenous feedstuffs or both indigenous feedstuffs and conventional feeds combined
together. Only few [12 out of 96] of the respondents are feeding their swine with
conventional feeds because of its high cost. The common indigenous feedstuffs include
sweet potato leaves, vines and roots; chayote leaves and fruits, banana trunk and kitchen
refuses and these are given to swine cooked or uncooked. The conventional feeds, on the
other hand, usually refer to the commercial hog feeds and “cono” or ricebran. All of the
respondents are also practicing group feeding and this is usually true to young pigs
because they are usually confined in groups also.
To help minimize or prevent their swine from being affected with a disease,
majority of the respondents are cleaning their pigpens, bathing their pigs and are
observing deworming and vaccination particularly against hog cholera. Often times, the
respondents are treating their animals if they get sick using herbal medicines like ash,
tobacco, and “makabuhay”
To market their swine, majority of the respondents are selling their swine on a
per head [“bulto”] basis or liveweight basis. Although some are selling their pigs on a
dressed weight basis also.
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The common problems/constraints encountered by the respondents include high
cost of feeds, transportation difficulties, lack of market outlets, prevalence of diseases
and parasites, lack of government support, lack of technical knowledge of the raisers,
capital and good breeding stocks.
Poultry
The poultry species commonly raised by the respondents include chicken, ducks
and geese. Majority of the respondents said that they have been raising chickens for 6
and above number of years and 1-5 years only for ducks and geese. These poultry
species are raised mainly for family consumption and as additional source of income for
the family. The number of birds raised per household is 6-10 heads for chicken and 1-5
heads for both ducks and geese.
All of the respondents are raising native ducks and geese. For chicken, almost all
[78 out of 84] are raising native ones also but 63 of the respondents are also raising
upgraded chickens. Majority of the respondents bought their stocks from other raisers
within the municipality or these were given to them by their relatives although some
bought their stocks from other raisers outside the municipality.
To reproduce their chickens, all of the respondents said that they are employing
natural mating and are also employing purebreeding, upgrading and inbreeding. True to
chickens, ducks and geese, hens usually lay 6-10 eggs per clutch 6-10 eggs per clutch are
usually hatched also according to the respondents.
In housing, all of the respondents in chicken said that they are observing semi-
confinement wherein their chickens are let-loosed at day time and are free to roam around
their backyard or its nearby places but at night time, these are confined. However, 53 of
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the respondents also said that they are also employing complete confinement most
especially to hens in lay or the hens with their brood during the first few days of
brooding. Still 76 of the respondents said that they are also employing loose housing
where the birds are let-loosed day and night most especially to adult birds. For the geese,
all of the respondents said that they are practicing loose housing. However, for the
ducks, majority [22] of the respondents are observing semi-confinement and 13 are
observing loose housing also.
In feeding the birds, all of the respondents are feeding their birds with indigenous
feeds like rice [cooked or uncooked], palay and corn for chickens and cooked rice or
chopped vegetable rejects/ grasses or both feeds, combined together, to ducks and geese.
However, 31 of the respondents are sometimes giving their chickens with commercial
feeds particularly layers. Feeds are usually broadcasted on the backyard when feeding
chickens. Trough feeding is usually observed in feeding ducks and geese because the
feeds are usually given in wet form. Feeding of birds is usually done twice a day but
many are feeding their birds once a day also and this is most especially true to those that
are let-loosed.
For the flock health management, all of the respondents said that they are not
deworming nor vaacinating their birds. Also, they said that if their birds get sick, these
are rather butchered as source of food particularly if the bird is big enough for butchering.
Marketing of birds is not a common practice in the locality because almost in
every household has its own birds, most especially chicken. When there are available
customers, birds are usually sold on a per head basis [“bulto”] and the price depends on
the body size and age of the bird.
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The common problems of the respondents in raising poultry are lack of market
outlets, diseases and parasites, high cost of feeds and problem on theft.
Ruminants
The ruminant species commonly raised by the respondents are cattle and carabao.
Majority of the respondents said that they have been raising cattle or carabao for 1-5
years only meaning they have just started raising the animal and are raising 1-3 heads.
According to them, cattle and carabaos are raised purposely to help them in their field
works and also to have available animal to slaughter most especially if they are to host
weddings and other grand celebrations and to help them in their financial needs most
especially in emergency cases or when cash is badly needed.
All of the respondents are raising native animals, however, 6 of the 22
respondents in cattle are raising upgraded ones. Most of the respondents obtained their
initial stock from their ancestors through inheritance. Others bought their stock from
other raisers within and outside the municipality. To buy their stock, majority made use
of their own money, others loaned from private persons and some employed the barter
system.
To reproduce their animals, all of the respondents are employing natural mating.
Despite of the limitations of inbreeding, it is still employed by majority of the
respondents. Others are employing outbreeding, particularly purebreeding and
upgrading.
For the systems of rearing, 15 of the 22 respondents in cattle are observing free
range i.e. the cattle are let-loosed in the mountains or public lands and the remaining 7
are tethering their cattle. For the carabaos, 6 out of the 17 respondents are tethering their
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animals and 11 said that they are practicing both tethering and free range. Normally,
carabaos on free range are brought down to the community and are being tethered to be
used as draft animals.
In feeding, both cattle and carabaos are fed with all-grass/roughage diets and no
one among the respondents is giving concentrates to his animals. The 100% grazing is
usually applied to animals on free range and zero grazing of the “cut and carry” system is
usually applied to those that are tethered most especially those that are used as draft
animals.
For the herd health management, all of the respondents said that they are not
deworming nor vaccinating their cattle and carabaos. Deticking is practiced but this is
done manually i.e. by hand picking. Usually, animals that get sick are rather slaughtered
most especially if they are already big enough and showing no signs of recovery.
In marketing, 27 of the respondents said that they have employed the “uraga” or
“munparti” method. The remaining 22 of the respondents said that they have applied the
per head [“bulto”] basis wherein the market price is dictated by the raiser based on body
size and age of the animal.
Finally, the problems encountered by the respondents while raising cattle and
carabaos include lack of capital and knowledge of the raisers, theft/stealing, diseases and
parasites and lack of government assistance.
Support Services
All of the respondents said that they did not avail of any support services neither
from the government nor non-government organizations in relation to livestock and
poultry raising.
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Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that livestock and
poultry production in the municipality of Barlig is under the control of backyard raisers
or small scale operators. With the exception of swine, where majority of the respondents
are raising crossbreds, all of the respondents are raising native animals. The respondents
are still not observing most of the recommended practices in managing or raising
animals. Support from the government or non-government organizations is lacking.
Recommendations
Based on the above results of the study, the following are then recommended to
help improve the animal industry in the locality. One, is the local government or
concerned government units should create lending institutions with low interest rates to
help solve the problem on capital; strengthen their extension services by conducting
seminars or trainings on animal raising; have dispersal programs to introduce better
breeding stock and help establish market outlets for animal products. Another is for the
local officials together with the defense department should work together and be more
strict in implementing existing policies or even come up with new ordinance to minimize
the problem on theft. Moreover, the animal raisers should grouped themselves and form
an organization or cooperative to have a stronger representation in availing for any
support from the government or non-government organizations.
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ASIAN LIVESTOCK. 1999. Food Outlook (FAO), Vol.XV No.3. P. 32.
BACONAWA, E. T. 1998. Asian Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Quezon,
City Philippines
DAGOON, J.D. 1993. Poultry, Swine, and Goat Production.Florentino St.Quezon City.
Rex Printing Company. Inc. Pp. 123. 93.101
DUMBAB, D. 2008. B.S Thesis. BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Status of Livestock and
Poultry Production in Paracelis, Mt. Province.
GILLESPIE, J. R. 2002. Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Delman, 6th edition.
P.2
IRWIN and MOOFU. Et.al. 1995. Pig and Cattle Production System [Electronic
Version]. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers. Pp. 2-3
PAWID, C. 2009. BS Thesis. BSU La Trinidad Benguet. Status of Livestock and Poultry
Production of the Selected Barangay in Bontoc, Mt. Province
PCARRD, 2004. The Philippines Recommend for Broiler Production. Rev,
Tech.Series.27:30
PRASAD, V. S and N. K. BHATTACHARYYA. 2001. Central Institute for Research on
Goats (CIRG). P. 23
WATSON, H. R (1999). Agribusiness Monitor. Vol IX No. 4. P. 3
WIKIPEDIA. 2007. Duck. The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December, 2007 from
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/duck
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
APPENDIX A
Letter to Respondents
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents,
I am a student of Benguet State University; I am conducting a study entitled
“STATUS OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION IN BARLIG,
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE”, in partial fulfillment of the degree Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture major in Animal Science.
In this connection, I ask your support by accomplishing the attached survey
questionnaire completely and honestly. Rest assured that all information will be kept in
strict confidentially and shall be solely for research purpose.
Thank you very much. Your contribution shall go along the way in the completion
and realization of this study.
Sincerely yours,
JUNJUN C. BENITO
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
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APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: ________________________ Gender: ______________
Address: ______________________ Age: _________________
Civil Status: ___________________ Occupation: __________
Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________
Years in Raising Animals:
Farm
Animals/species/breed/ Native
hybrid
upgrade Number of
strain
years
Swine
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Poultry
Native Chicken
Broiler
Sasso
Layer
Goat
Sheep
Carabao
Classification and Number of Animals Being Raised
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breed/Strain Purpose Number
of
Animals
Swine
Sucking
Weaning
Grower
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Native Chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hen
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
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Source of Stock
Animal
Source of Replacement Stock
Swine
Weaning
Gilt
Boars
Carabao
Cattle
Native Chicken
Duck
Other specie (specify)
Source of Capital
How is the project financed?
__________own money __________contract grower
__________loan from cooperative __________other sources of capital
__________loan from private individuals
II. HOUSING
A. Kind of Housing or Rearing
Poultry
______Free range ______other type of rearing(specify)
______Complete confinement
______Semi-confinement
Livestock
______Tethering _______range _______others
______Confinement _______feedlot
B. Type of Housing Material Used
Described in detail the type of housing Materials Used
_____nipa / cogon + bamboo walls
_____nipa/ cogon + walls made of stick
_____galvanized roof + cemented walls and floor
_____galvanized roofing + wood walls + cemented floor
_____other types of housing (describe completely)
Roof Structure
_____ Gable type _____Semi-monitor type
_____A type _____Broken type
_____Monitor type
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Number of Animals per House/Pen
Animal
Number of Area of one Number of Height
of Door size
Pens/corral
Pen/corral
Animals Per Pen/corral
in one house
Pen/corral
partition
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native
chicken
Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Facilities
Identify all fixtures and equipment (include improvised equipment) being
used in the farm.
*Support all observations with pictures
III. FEEDING
Type and Source of feeds and Frequency of Feeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weig Type of Source of Type
of Combinati
ht
Conventio Conventio Non-
on of Feeds
nal Feeds nal Feed
convention Stuff
al Feeds
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
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Native
Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hens
Drake
Other Species
Identification and Processing of Indigenous / Non-conventional Feeds
Non-conventional
Feed, Source/ Place of Season
of Source
of
Specie, Scientific name, Greater abundance
Abundance
Information on
local name
the Use of Non-
conventional
Feeds
Preparation of Non-Conventional Feeds
Type
of
Non- Method
of Amount of Ration Frequency
of
Conventional Feed
Preparation/Processing
Feeding
System of Feeding
(1) Wet group feeding (4) Dry individual Feeding
(2) Wet individual Feeding (5) free range/ choice Feeding
(3) Dry group feeding (6) others (specify)
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Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding Frequency
of
Feeding
Swine
Suckling
Weaning
Grower
Finisher
Sow
Boar
Cattle
Cow
Bull
Calf
Poultry
Native Chicken Chicks
Pullets
Hens
Rooster
Duck
Ducklings
Hen
Drake
IV.BREEDING
Breeding Systems
a. Out breeding b. Inbreeding c. Upgrading/grading up
Pure breeding close breeding
Out breeding line breeding
Cross breeding
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breeding
Mating
System Age
of
System
A.I
natural
Animals
at
First Breeding
or birth
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbred
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Other
specie
(specify)
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Source of Male Breeding Animal
(1) Owned (3) Hired
(2) Borrowed (4) Other terms (specify)
Animal
Source of Breeding animal Terms of payment for
Breeding Service
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native chicken
Duck
Other species (specify)
Terms of Payment for Breeding Service
(1) Cash (how much) (3) In terms of calves
(2) In terms of Piglets (4) Other terms (specify)
Birth Rate, Length of Lactation, Frequency of Breeding to conception, Length of
Gestation and length of Dry Period
Animal
Farrowing rate Length
of Interval of Breeding Length
lactation(nursing period) to conception
of dry
or Age at Weaning
period
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Other Reproductive Data
Animal
Litter
Litter
Number Number of Number of Number of
size at size
at of Eggs eggs
eggs
unhatched
Birth
Weaning per
Incubated
Hatched
eggs
Clutch
Swine
Native
Upgrade
Crossbreed
Cattle
Poultry
Native
chicken
Duck
Growth Performance of Broilers Fed with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifiius) Leaf Meal as Feed
Supplement. BASSIT, MARILOU B. OCTOBER 2009
Document Outline
- Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Barlig,Mountain Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED