BIBLIOGRAPHY SAINGAN, JENNY M. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAINGAN, JENNY M. APRIL 2010. Management of Clubroot Disease of Cabbage
(Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Alnus Compost. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the best amount of alnus compost as carrier of the
microorganisms that can suppress clubroot of cabbage and to identify the beneficial
microorganisms present in alnus compost.
It was determined that a larger amount of alnus compost can reduce clubroot disease in
cabbage and can enhance the plant with good growth.Plants applied with 1part infested soil plus
20 part alnus compost and healthy soil only had the highest rating in plant height, but had the
lowest rate in growth depression and clubroot severity in all the other treatments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Causal Agent …………………………………………………………… 3
Symptoms …………………………………………………………….... 4
Control …………………………………………………………………. 4
Alnus Compost…………………………………………………………. 5
Biological Control ……………………………………………………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Greenhouse Activity …………………………………………………… 8
Planting …………………………………………………………… 9
Production of Inocula ……………………………………………... 9
Laboratory Activity………………………………………………….... 10
Data Gathered………………………………………………………… 10
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Alnus Compost in Plant Height…………………………….. 11
Effect of Alnus Compost in Growth Depression……………………... 12
Effect of Alnus Compost in Clubroot ………..……………………..... 13
Identification of Biocontrol Agents………………………………....... 14
Cultural Characteristics……………………………………………….. 15
Microscopic Characteristics…………………………………………... 16
Plant Height…………………………………………………………... 17
Growth Depression…………………………………………………… 18
Clubroot Severity…………………………………………………….. 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………
23
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………..….... 25
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………... 27
INTRODUCTION
Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups as early and late. The
early varieties mature in about 45 days. These produce small heads which do not keep
well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 87
days and produces a larger head. Cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Like
all brassicaes, cabbage is cool season crops such as early and late plantings do better than
those maturing in the heat of the summer.
The most common problem being encountered by the farmers on the production
relates to the disease induced by several pathogenic microorganisms that cause damage to
the crop. Hence, effective disease control strategies are necessary for the successful
production of cabbage.
Compost is produced through the activity of aerobic (oxygen requiring)
microorganisms. These microbes require oxygen, moisture, and food in order to grow and
multiply. When these factors are maintained at optimal levels, the natural decomposition
process is greatly accelerated. The microbes generate heat, water vapor, and carbon
dioxide as these are transformed into a stable soil conditioner. Active composting is
typically characterized by a high temperature phase that sanitizes the production and
allows a high rate of decomposition, followed by a low temperature phase that allows the
product to stabilize while still decomposing at a lower rate. Compost can be produced
from many “feed stocks” (the raw organic material, such as leaves, manure or food
scraps). State and federal regulations exist to ensure that only safe and environmentally
beneficial compost are marketed.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Controlling the clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an
immense problem since the causal agent is soil borne. This condition had developed a
new importance in the growth of alternative control measures. Hence, biological control
is one of the best solutions. Studies determined that using compost supplies nutrients
needed by plants and make the macro nutrient readily available to plants over wider pH
range.
This study aimed to manage clubroot of cabbage using alnus compost.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. To identify the beneficial microorganisms in the alnus compost; and
2. To determine the best amount of alnus compost as carrier of the
microorganisms that can suppress clubroot of cabbage.
This study was conducted at the greenhouse of the Plant Pathology Department,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2009.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Causal Agent
Clubroot of head of cabbage is used by protozoa Plasmodiophora brassicae
(Alexopolus and Mims, 1978). The causal agent is under class Plasmodiophoromycetes
order Plasmodiophorales and family Plasmodiophoraceae (Sing, 1973). This fungus
commonly attacks crops belonging to crucifers causing abnormality to the root system.
The fungus produces resting spore inside the host cell and swims for short distance
through the soil and roots of the potential host (Dickinson and Lucas, 1977). The
pathogens spread from plant to plant by means of zoospores, by anything that moves soil
for water containing spores, by infected transplants and so on. Its body is also
plasmodium. The plasmodium gives rise to zoosporangia or to resting spores whic on
germination, produce zoospores. Hansen (2000) stated that wet cool and acidic soils are
favorable for the development of clubroot with optimum temperature for germination of
spores and for disease development as 18˚C- 25˚C. Infection can occur, however, when
temperature is as low as 12˚C or as high as 25˚C. Crucifer roots contain
indoleglucosinolates, which enhance level of infection of Plasmodiophora (Voorips,
1996). (Ferriera and Boley, 1993) resting spores of P. brassicae can be disseminated
through transport of infested soils by means of tools, equipments, animals and human.
Water from contaminated fields is a good source of progation and spread of this disease
since the pathogen can swim in wet soil.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Symptoms
The first symptoms on above ground parts vary with environmental condition and
with the host. Sometimes, temporary flagging of leaves in the middle of bright days is the
first sign. The symptoms occur because roots are unable to function normally. The
abnormal enlargement of tap roots event underground stem are the distinctive symptoms
of crucifers infested with clubroot (Sherf and Macnab, 1986). The most characteristic
symptoms of clubroot have earned the nickname “finger and toes” (Partridge, 1998). It
consists of swelling or abnormal enlargement of the roots. Bruel (1987) cited that almost
the same first symptoms of clubroot infested crucifer crops, wilting of tops on hot days
followed by partial recovery at night. Affected may be stunted.
Control
Beneficial rhizobacteria are termed by Kloepper and Schroth (1978) as “Plant
Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria” (PGPR). Some PGPR strains promote plant growth
directly by producing metabolites that stimulate plant growth independent of soil
microflora. One of the most economical and efficient method for the control of clubroot
is the development of resistant varieties. Cultural practices such as application of lime to
increase pH of the soil as boron may reduce disease infection but are not sufficient to
keep the plant healthy (Some et al., 1996). Rapidly growing bacteria such as Bacillus spp.
demonstrated great effectiveness in reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomato
caused by P. solanacearum and potato in experiment situation. These antagonists
colonized the long roots plants aggressively and prompt the entry of pathogen.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Alnus Compost
Alders establish symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria Frankiella alni.
These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into soil- soluble nitrates which can be
utilized by the alder, and favorably enhances the soil fertility generally. Alders benefit
other plants growing near them by taking nitrogen out of the air and depositing it in the
soil in usable form. Fallen alder leaves make very rich compost and improve the soil
structure, porosity, and density in effect these create a better plant root environment,
increase infiltration and permeability of heavy soil, thus reducing erosion and runoff.
Alder compost supplies a variety of macro and micronutrients and may control or
suppress certain soil- borne plant pathogens and supplies significant quantities of organic
matter. Composts improve cat ion exchange capacity (CEC) of soils and growing media,
thus improving their ability to hold nutrients for plat use. It supplies beneficial
microorganisms to soils and growing media. It improves and stabilizes soil pH and can
bind and degrade specific pollutants. Compost can greatly enhance the physical structure
of soil. In fine- textured clay, clay loam soils, the addition of compost will reduce bulk
density, improve friability and porosity, and increase its gas and water permeability, thus
reducing erosion. When use in sufficient quantities, the addition of compost has both an
immediate and long-term positive impact on soil structure. It resists compaction in fine-
textured soils and increases water holding capacity and improves soil aggregation in
coarse-textured sandy soils. The soil-binding properties of compost are due to its humus
content. Humus is a stable residue resulting from a high degree of matter decomposition.
In addition, Follet (1981) emphasized that organic residues on the surface of the soil
protect against raindrop, splash erosion, reduce the extreme of surface temperature when
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
organic residues are composted. They supply some essential nutrients needed by the
plants, and make the macro nutrient available to plants over wider pH range.
High compost rates increased the soil total microbial population and number of fungal
species. Microbial populations were larger in the organic conversion area than the
conventional area. Soil in the organic conversion area supported approximately twice the
number and a wider range of fungl species than cultivated area. Species abundance and
richness of zygomycetes fungi nd occurrence of fungi potentially antagonistic conversion
area (Sivapalan and Morgan, 1983).
Biological Control
Resident antagonists are natural inhabitants of soil that found on the rhizosphere.
Introduced are those cultured with special condition and applied to sites where needed
like the soil and seeds, they may also be sprayed on leaves or on any parts organ of the
plants. (Mukerji and Garg. 1988). Isolated antagonists from soil namely Bacillus spp.
shoed the antagonistic capacity on potato stem cuttings, whole piece and sliced tuber.
Bacillus sp. is said to be safety as agent in controlling disease of potato. (Na-oy, 1989).
Rapidly growing bacteria such as Bacillus sp. demonstrated great and efficient in
reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomato caused by P. solanacearum and potato
in experimental situation. These antagonists colonized the long roots of plants
aggressively and prompt the entry of pathogen. In separate laboratory and greenhouse
experiments, Molina (1985) stated that Penicillium sp, could inhibit the growth of the
number of soil fungal pathogens such as R. solani, R. rolfsii, F. oxyporum and
Pseudomonas. These cultural filtrates prove more effective against the pathogens.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A.Greenhouse Activity
Seeds of rareball (RB) variety of cabbage were sown and germinated for one
month. Plastic pots were filled with 1 kg of mountain soil then were mixed with infested
soil of clubroot. After five days alnus compost was mixed with appropriate label as
shown in the production of inucula.
1. Planting
One week after the application of compost, cabbage seedlings were transplanted.
Proper cultural practices were provided to ensure good growth.
2. Production of Inocula
The treatments were replicated four times per treatment using the complete
randomized design (CRD). The following are the different treatments:
T1= 1 infested soil + 1 part of alnus compost (1:1)
T2= 1 part of infested soil + 5 parts of alnus compost (1:5)
T3= 1 part of infested soil + 10 parts of alnus compost (1:10)
T4= 1 part of infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost (1:20)
T5= infested soil only
T6= infested soil + chicken dung
T7= fungicide
T8= healthy soil only
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
B. Laboratory Activity
To determine the microorganisms present in the alnus compost, leaves were
collected and pulverized into fine particles. About 10 grams were added to 100 ml of
sterilized distilled water and allowed to stand for 1 minute. Different dilutions were
prepared by withdrawing 1 ml of the suspension and added in the test tube containing 9
ml sterilized distilled water to come up with dilution of 1:10, 1 ml of each dilution was
dispensed in to the prepared media, nutrient agar (NA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA).
After 24 -48 hours, fungal growths that appeared on the media were re-isolated.
Identification of fungal microorganisms was identified through their natural
characteristics.
Data Gathered
1. Plant height. Plant height was measured at 30, 40, and 50 days after
transplanting (DAT).
2. Growth depression. All plants were evaluated on wilting and stunting expressed
as growth depression, and plant death. Rating use was based on Tad-awan (1986).
Scale Description
1 Normal aerial growth
2 Slight growth of depression
3 Moderate growth depression
4 Severe plant inhibition
5 Plant death
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
3. Clubroot Severity Index.
All plants were uprooted to evaluate the severity of clubbing symptoms using the
rating of Tad-awan (1986).
Rating Description
1 Normal root
2 Minor lateral clubbing
3 Major lateral clubbing
4 Moderate clubbing on taproot
5 Severe clubbing on taproot
6 Root decaying due to advance infestation
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Plant Height
Plant height is shown in Table 1 at 30 (days after transplanting) DAT all
treatments did not show any signs of stunting and wilting. All plants were normal as of
the height. Treatment 4 which 1 part infested soil plus 20 parts of alnus compost
together with treatment 8 (healthy soil only) showed good growth among all the
treatments. On the 40 DAT, Treatments showed gradual stunting and wilting. Treatment
5 (infested soil only) formed minor clubbing. At 50 DAT, Treatment 4 and 8 (healthy
soil only) showed minor stunting while Treatment 5 (infested soil only) had major lateral
clubbing.
Table 1. Height at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
HEIGHT (cm)_ _______
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 10.00a 11.00a 11.93a
T2 (1:5) 10.07a 10.65a 12.17a
T3 (1:10) 10.07a 11.03a 12.01a
T4 (1:20) 10.09a 11.09a 12.93a
T5 infested soil only 10.04a 10.85a 10.05a
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 10.06a 10.85a 11.43a
T7 fungicide 10.05a 11.02a 11.33b
T8 healthy soil only 11.05a 11.00a 12.00b
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Means with common notation (letter) are not significantly different at 1 % level of
significance (DMRT)
Statistical analysis shows that plant treated with 1 part soil and 20 part of alnus
compost obtain the lowest mean (1) and also the healthy soil only, treatment 8 (1). Plants
without treatment, Treatment 5 have the highest mean (3) over all treatments.
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Growth Depression
All treatments did not show any growth depression on the week of the rating, at
30 DAT as shown in Table 2. Plants on 40 DAT showed moderate growth depression.
Treatment 5 (infested soil only), Treatment 6 chicken dung and Treatment 7, fungicide,
first showed wilting and stunting. This observation was validated with the statement of
Brooks and Hallstead (1980) that plants become stunted particularly if the plants are
infected at the seedling stage, although other plants may show discolored. Other plant
treated with alnus compost shows only slight aerial growth and Treatment 4 and 8
incurred normal growth depression. Plants at 50 DAT mostly obtained moderate growth
depression. Plants with no treatment has the rate of severe inhibition that some lead to
death. Plants treated with1:20 together with Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had the least
growth depression.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Table 2. Growth Depression at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
GROWTH DEPRESSION________
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 1.00a 2.00a 3.00b
T2 (1:5) 1.00a 2.00a 3.00b
T3 (1:10) 1.00a 1.05a 2.33a
T4 (1:20) 1.00a 1.00a 1.33a
T5 infested soil only 2.00a 3.00a 4.00a
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 1.05a 2.05a 3.00a
T7 fungicide 2.00a 3.00a 3.00b
T8 healthy soil only 1.00a 1.00a 1.00
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Means with common (letter) are not significantly different at 1% level of
significance (DMRT)
Statistical analysis shows in Table 2 that the highest mean (3) is the infested soil
only, and followed by Treatment 6 and 7. Plants treated with high amount of alnus
compost together with healthy soil only Treatment 8 obtained the least mean.
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Clubroot
Plants treated with least alnus compost had effect in clubroot. Plants treated with
1 part infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost had an efficacy in clubroot also with
growth and the quality of the plant. Treatments treated with chicken dung and fungicide
is no effect in clubroot which shows that it is inefficient to suppress clubroot. Healthy soil
only was no indication of high infection of clubroot.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
In Table 3 it shows that during the 30 DAT, there were no signs of clubbing.
During the 50 DAT, it appeared that almost plant shows symptoms of clubbing.
Statistical analysis shows that in Table 3 shows that plants treated with high
amount of alnus compost has the lowest mean (1) also with plants treated healthy soil
only(1). Treatment 5 (infested soil only) has the highest mean (3.67), also with the
treatment 6 (3.33) followed by treatment7 (3.67).
Table 3. Clubroot Severity at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
CLUBROOT SEVERITY_______
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 1.05a 2.00a 2.67a
T2 (1:5) 1.05a 2.00a 2.33a
T3 (1:10) 1.00a 2.00a 2.33a
T4 (1:20) 1.00a 1.05a 1.33a
T5 infested soil only 3.00a 3.05a 3.67b
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 3.00a 2.05a 3.33a
T7 fungicide 2.00a 3.00ab 3.67c
T8 healthy soil only 1.00a 1.00ab 1.33c
════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with common notation (letter) are not significantly different at 1 % level of
significance. (DMRT)
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Identification of Biocontrol Agents
Cultural Characteristics suspected BCA’s isolated in culture media includes.
Bacillus sp. is identified to have chromogenesis of milky or white in NA. It formed
almost circular. It has smooth surface and elevation (Fig 1). Using (PDA), Penicillium
sp. was isolated which appeared green and sometimes turning gray (Fig 2). Like some
organism Penicillium is bearing individually constricted conidiophores. The
conidiophores are the main route of dispersal. It is a fast growing organism when cultured
and appeared to be powdery and mostly it grows circular on the surface of the media.
Curvularia sp. appeared gray to black in color with fluffy growth on the colony surface
(Fig 3).
Table 4. Isolated organism from alnus leaves compost
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
ORGANISM CHARACTERISTICS ON CULTURE MEDIA
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Fungi
Penicillin sp green or gray
Curvularia spp. gray to black
Bacteria
Bacillus sp. milky to white
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 1. Bacillus sp. isolated in NA
Figure 2. Penicillum sp. isolated in PDA
Figure 3. Curvularia sp. isolated in PDA
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Microscopic Characteristics. Bacillus sp. appeared rod in shaped cells, straight
with rounded ends occurring in short or single chains. When stained, it appeared to be
Gram positive (Figure 4). Curvularia sp. is one of the most organisms that bear conidia.
Conidia of Curvularia sometimes differ in sizes and in shape (Figure 5). It easily
distinguish from other species since the conidia are non- distoseptate, meaning, (from the
edge to edge of the conidial wall). Penicillium sp. is bearing individually constricted
conidiophores. The condiophores are the main dispersal route of the fungi and it is often
green (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Conidia of Culvularia sp (400×)
Figure 6. Conidia of Penicillium sp. (400×)
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Plant Height
Figure 7 shows at 30 DAT, all plants were normal. The 40 DAT only Treatment 5
(infected soil only) showed wilting. Plants treated with alnus compost, chicken dung and
fungicide had good leaves and fast growth. At 50 DAT, it was observed that plants
infected soil only had the slowest growth among all plants. Plants treated with greater
amount of alnus compost had the faster growth together with plants treated with healthy
soil only.
Height
14
12
10
8
30 DAT
6
40 DAT
h
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
d
e
x
4
50 DAT
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatment
Figure 7. Variation of plant height in cm from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Growth Depression
Figure 8 shows that 30 DAT all plants had normal above ground growth. At 40
DAT, plants without treatment showed moderate growth depression. Plants treated with
1:20 treatments with healthy soil only showed normal above ground growth. Treatments
treated with the least amount of alnus compost, together with the treatments treated with
fungicide and chicken dung showed slight growth depression. At 50 DAT plants
increased in growth depression. Plants treated with high amount of alnus compost and
treatments with healthy soil only obtained the lowest growth depression and treatments
treated with infected soil only obtained the highest growth depression.
Growth Depression
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
30 DAT
1.5
t
h
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
40 DAT
1
50 DAT
g
r
o
w
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatment
Figure 8. Variation of growth depression from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Clubroot Severity
Treatment 5 had the highest case of clubroot severity followed by Treatment 7
(fungicide), followed by Treatment 6 (chicken dung). Treatments treated with the least
amount of alnus compost were somehow infected with major lateral clubroot. While
Treatment 4, with the greater amount of alnus compost was infected with minor lateral
clubbing together with Treatment 8, (healthy soil only) as shown in Figure 9.
Clubroot Severity
4
3.5
e
x
3
2.5
r
i
t
y
i
nd
2
30 DAT
1.5
40 DAT
r
o
o
t
S
e
ve
1
50 DAT
l
ub
C 0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatments
Figure 9. Variation of clubroot severity from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Plants were uprooted every ten days interval. Every plant was measured as for
height, evaluated as for growth depression and clubroot severity using the rating scale of
Tad-awan (1986). Figures 10 to 17 shows differences of the treatments after the 30 DAT
to 50 DAT wherein, during 30 DAT (left) there was no clubbing of roots, whereas 50
DAT ( right) showed minor and major clubbing as shown below.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 10. Treatment 1 (1:1) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 11. Treatment 2 (1:5) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 12. Treatment 3 (1:10) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 13. Treatment 4 (1:20) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 14. Treatment 5 (infested soil only) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50
DAT
Figure 15. Treatment 6 (chicken dung) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 16. Treatment 7 (fungicide) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 17. Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing
50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology Greenhouse,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2009 to
determine the efficacy of alnus compost against clubroot of cabbage variety (Rareball)
and to find out the best amount of alnus compost that can be applied and to identify the
microorganism that can be present in the said compost.
Study showed that Treatment 4 (1 part of infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost) and
Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had the highest rating among all treatments. Plants treated
with least alnus compost were infected with clubroot. In the final rating Treatment 5
having the infested soil obtained lowest rating among all treatments. Plants treated with
high amount of alnus compost have good growth. Microorganisms that were identified
were; Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Bacillus sp.
Conclusions
1. Alnus compost enhances and promotes good growth in cabbage;
2. Applying 1 part infested soil+ 20 parts of alnus compost in plants infected by
clubroot has minimal infection compared to less amount of alnus compost;
3. Bacillus sp. and Penicillium sp. are good antagonist that can suppress
Plasmodiophora brassicae. However Curvularia sp. is still not known for what it might
treat.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Recommendations
1. Alnus compost can be used to enhance the soil for good production of plants.
2. Alnus compost when treated with 1 part infested soil+ 20 parts can promote
good growth in cabbage.
3. To improve plant performance, it is good to apply alnus compost in fields or in
pots before planting or transplanting.
4. The result of this greenhouse experiment is recommended for further
identification in the field.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
LITERATURE CITED
ALEXOPOLUS, C. J and W. MIMS. 1978. Introductory Mycology. 2nd Ed. New York:
Press INC. Pp. 138-139.
BROOKS and HALLSTEAD. 1980. Garden Pest Diseases. The Royal Horticultural
Society’s Encyclopedia of Practical Gardening. New York: Mitchell Beazley. Pp.
45-47.
DICKINSON, C. H. and T. A. 1977. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Oxford: Black
well Scientific Publication. Oxford Pp. 41, 52-53.
FERRIERA, S. A. and R. BOLEY. 1993. Plasmodiophora Brassicae.Retrieved March
12, 2008 from http:// www. Extento. Hawaii. edu/ kbase. Crop/ Type/ p.
brass,html.
FOLLET, L. H. 1981. Feritilizer and Soil amendments. United States of America: Mc
Grawhill Publ. Inc. P.4.
HANSEN, M. 2000. Clubroot of Crucifers. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http:// www.
Plant phyero. Org./egi/ content. Html.
KLOEPPER, J. W. and M. N. SCHROTH. 1978. Plant growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
on Radixh. In. Proceedingas of the 10th International Conference on Plant
pathogenic Bacteria. Vol. 2. Station de Pathologie vegetable et Phytobacteriologie
INRA, Angers (Ed). Gilbert. Clarey Tours, France. Pp. 879-882.
NA-0Y, M. B. 1989. Isolation and Identification of Promising antagonists from the soil
cropped with vegetable. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. XI; 5-6.
PARTRIDGE, J. E. 1998. Clubroot of Crucifer, University of Nebraska Lincoln retrieved
January 30, 2008 from http:// www. Extento. Hawaii. edu/ kbase. Crop/ Type/ p.
brass,html.
SHERF, A. F. and A. A. MACNAB, 1986. Vegetable Disease and their Control 2nd Ed.
New York. John Wiles and Sons Publication. Pp. 256-259.
SING, R. S. 1973. Plant Disease. New Delhi. Oxford and IB. Publ. P. 49
SIVAPALAN, A. and W. C. MORGAN. 1993. Monitoring populations of soil
microorganisms during a conversion from a conventional to an organic system of
vegetable growing. Biological Agriculture and Holticulture. Institute of Plant
Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Seaford, Vic. 3198. Australia. 10: 19-27
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
SOME, A. M, J. MANZANARES, F. LAURENS, F. BARON, G. THOMAS and F.
ROUXEL. 1996. Variations for virulence on Brassica napus L. amongst
Plasmosdiophora brassicae collectives from France and derived single-spores
isolates. Plant Pathologies. Pp. 432-439.
TAD-AWAN B. S. 1986. Survey, pathogenicity and chemical control of clubroot
(Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekenensis)
BSThesis, Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10.
VOORIPS, R. E. 1996. Plasmodiophora brassicae aspects of Phatogenesis and resistance
in Brassica oleracea. Euphyta 83: Pp. 139-146.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Plant height (cm) at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
10.00 10.00 20.00 10.00
T2 10.06 10.08 21.04 10.07
T3 10.08 10.08 21.08 10.07
T4 11.03 11.00 22.08 10.09
T5 10.04 10.04 20.08 10.04
T6 10.03 10.08 21.01 10.06
T7 10.05 10.05 21.00 10.05
T8 11.03 11.00 21.00 11.05
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 171.3 21.4125
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC FO.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 0.1544 0.4506 8.2836 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.23 0
————————————————————————————————————
Total 15 0.8394 0.0288
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*not significant CV=1%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 2. Plant heights in (cm) at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION__
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 11.00 11.00 22.00 11.00
T2 10.03 11.00 21.03 10.65
T3 11.02 11.04 22.06 11.03
T4 12.00 11.08 23.08 11.09
T5 10.07 11.00 21.07 10.85
T6 10.07 11.00 21.07 10.85
T7 11.04 11.00 22.04 11.02
T8 11.08 12.00 23.08 11.09
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 179.3 11.20625
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 0.1544 0.4506 8.2836 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.475 0.0594
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 3.6294
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV=2.1749%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 3. Plant height (cm) at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION______
TREATMENTS I II
III TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 12.00 11.08 12.00 35.08 11.93
T2 12.00 12.00 12.05 36.05
12.17
T3 12.00 12.05 12.00 36.05
12.17
T4 13.00 13.05 12.03 38.08
12.93
T5 10.06 10.07 10.02 31.05
10.05
T6 11.02 11.05 11.06 34.03
11.43
T7 11.00 11.03 11.00 33.03 11.33
T8 12.00 12.05 11.05 36.00 12.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 282.4
11.77
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 12.1910 1.742 7.69 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.1813 0.2267
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 14.0133
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 4-05%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 4. Growth depression at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL
MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00
T2
1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00
T3 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00
T4 1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T5
2.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
T6 2.00
1.00
3.00 1.05
T7 2.00 2.00 4.00 2.00
T8 1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL
21 1.3
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 2.9375 0.4196 6.71** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.5 0.0625
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 3.4375
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
not significant CV= 19.05%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 5. Growth Depression at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 2.00 2.00 4.00
2.00
T2 2.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
T3
1.00 2.00
2.00
1.05
T4 1.00 1.00 2.00
1.00
T5 3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T6 3.00 2.00 5.00 2.05
T7 3.00 3.00 6.00 3.00
T8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 32 2
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 9 1.2858 10.2856 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1 0.125
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 10
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 17.68%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 6. Growth depression at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION____
TREATMENTS I II
III TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T2 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T3 2.00 2.00
3.00
7.00 2.33
T4 1.00 2.00
1.00 4.00 1.33
T5 4.00 4.00
4.00 12.00 4.00
T6 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T7 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T8 1.00 1.00
1.00
3.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 62 2.58
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 20.5 2.9286 17.5720** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.333 0.1667
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 2.8333
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 15.81%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 7. Clubroot severity at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
1.00
2.00 3.00 1.05
T2
2.00
1.00 3.00 1.05
T3
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T4
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T5
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T6
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T7
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T8
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 28 1.75
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 10 1.4286 11.4288** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1 0.125
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 11
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
not significant CV= 20.20%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 8. Clubroot severity at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T2
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T3
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T4
1.00
2.00 3.00 1.05
T5
4.00
3.00 7.00 3.05
T6
3.00
2.00 5.00 2.05
T7
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T8
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 35 2.19
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 8.9375 1.2768 6.8095** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.5 0.1875
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 10.4375
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*highly significant CV= 19.79%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 9. Clubroot severity at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II III TOTAL
MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
3.00 3.00
2.00
8.00
2.67
T2
2.00 2.00 3.00
7.00
2.33
T3
2.00 3.00 2.00
7.00
2.33
T4
1.00 2.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
T5
4.00 4.00 3.00
11.00
3.67
T6
4.00 3.00
3.00
10.00
3.33
T7
4.00 4.00
3.00
11.00
3.67
T8
1.00 1.00
2.00
4.00
1.33
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL
62
2.58
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 18.5 2.6429 3.9642* 6.18 3.50
Error 8 5.3334 0.6067
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 23.8333
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*highly significant CV= 31.61%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
SAINGAN, JENNY M. APRIL 2010. Management of Clubroot Disease of Cabbage
(Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Alnus Compost. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.
Adviser: Janet S. Luis, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the best amount of alnus compost as carrier of the
microorganisms that can suppress clubroot of cabbage and to identify the beneficial
microorganisms present in alnus compost.
It was determined that a larger amount of alnus compost can reduce clubroot disease in
cabbage and can enhance the plant with good growth.Plants applied with 1part infested soil plus
20 part alnus compost and healthy soil only had the highest rating in plant height, but had the
lowest rate in growth depression and clubroot severity in all the other treatments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..... i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Causal Agent …………………………………………………………… 3
Symptoms …………………………………………………………….... 4
Control …………………………………………………………………. 4
Alnus Compost…………………………………………………………. 5
Biological Control ……………………………………………………… 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Greenhouse Activity …………………………………………………… 8
Planting …………………………………………………………… 9
Production of Inocula ……………………………………………... 9
Laboratory Activity………………………………………………….... 10
Data Gathered………………………………………………………… 10
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Alnus Compost in Plant Height…………………………….. 11
Effect of Alnus Compost in Growth Depression……………………... 12
Effect of Alnus Compost in Clubroot ………..……………………..... 13
Identification of Biocontrol Agents………………………………....... 14
Cultural Characteristics……………………………………………….. 15
Microscopic Characteristics…………………………………………... 16
Plant Height…………………………………………………………... 17
Growth Depression…………………………………………………… 18
Clubroot Severity…………………………………………………….. 19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………
23
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………..….... 25
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………... 27
INTRODUCTION
Broadly speaking, cabbage varieties come in two groups as early and late. The
early varieties mature in about 45 days. These produce small heads which do not keep
well and are intended for consumption while fresh. The late cabbage matures in about 87
days and produces a larger head. Cabbage can be started indoors or sowed directly. Like
all brassicaes, cabbage is cool season crops such as early and late plantings do better than
those maturing in the heat of the summer.
The most common problem being encountered by the farmers on the production
relates to the disease induced by several pathogenic microorganisms that cause damage to
the crop. Hence, effective disease control strategies are necessary for the successful
production of cabbage.
Compost is produced through the activity of aerobic (oxygen requiring)
microorganisms. These microbes require oxygen, moisture, and food in order to grow and
multiply. When these factors are maintained at optimal levels, the natural decomposition
process is greatly accelerated. The microbes generate heat, water vapor, and carbon
dioxide as these are transformed into a stable soil conditioner. Active composting is
typically characterized by a high temperature phase that sanitizes the production and
allows a high rate of decomposition, followed by a low temperature phase that allows the
product to stabilize while still decomposing at a lower rate. Compost can be produced
from many “feed stocks” (the raw organic material, such as leaves, manure or food
scraps). State and federal regulations exist to ensure that only safe and environmentally
beneficial compost are marketed.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Controlling the clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an
immense problem since the causal agent is soil borne. This condition had developed a
new importance in the growth of alternative control measures. Hence, biological control
is one of the best solutions. Studies determined that using compost supplies nutrients
needed by plants and make the macro nutrient readily available to plants over wider pH
range.
This study aimed to manage clubroot of cabbage using alnus compost.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. To identify the beneficial microorganisms in the alnus compost; and
2. To determine the best amount of alnus compost as carrier of the
microorganisms that can suppress clubroot of cabbage.
This study was conducted at the greenhouse of the Plant Pathology Department,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2009.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Causal Agent
Clubroot of head of cabbage is used by protozoa Plasmodiophora brassicae
(Alexopolus and Mims, 1978). The causal agent is under class Plasmodiophoromycetes
order Plasmodiophorales and family Plasmodiophoraceae (Sing, 1973). This fungus
commonly attacks crops belonging to crucifers causing abnormality to the root system.
The fungus produces resting spore inside the host cell and swims for short distance
through the soil and roots of the potential host (Dickinson and Lucas, 1977). The
pathogens spread from plant to plant by means of zoospores, by anything that moves soil
for water containing spores, by infected transplants and so on. Its body is also
plasmodium. The plasmodium gives rise to zoosporangia or to resting spores whic on
germination, produce zoospores. Hansen (2000) stated that wet cool and acidic soils are
favorable for the development of clubroot with optimum temperature for germination of
spores and for disease development as 18˚C- 25˚C. Infection can occur, however, when
temperature is as low as 12˚C or as high as 25˚C. Crucifer roots contain
indoleglucosinolates, which enhance level of infection of Plasmodiophora (Voorips,
1996). (Ferriera and Boley, 1993) resting spores of P. brassicae can be disseminated
through transport of infested soils by means of tools, equipments, animals and human.
Water from contaminated fields is a good source of progation and spread of this disease
since the pathogen can swim in wet soil.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Symptoms
The first symptoms on above ground parts vary with environmental condition and
with the host. Sometimes, temporary flagging of leaves in the middle of bright days is the
first sign. The symptoms occur because roots are unable to function normally. The
abnormal enlargement of tap roots event underground stem are the distinctive symptoms
of crucifers infested with clubroot (Sherf and Macnab, 1986). The most characteristic
symptoms of clubroot have earned the nickname “finger and toes” (Partridge, 1998). It
consists of swelling or abnormal enlargement of the roots. Bruel (1987) cited that almost
the same first symptoms of clubroot infested crucifer crops, wilting of tops on hot days
followed by partial recovery at night. Affected may be stunted.
Control
Beneficial rhizobacteria are termed by Kloepper and Schroth (1978) as “Plant
Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria” (PGPR). Some PGPR strains promote plant growth
directly by producing metabolites that stimulate plant growth independent of soil
microflora. One of the most economical and efficient method for the control of clubroot
is the development of resistant varieties. Cultural practices such as application of lime to
increase pH of the soil as boron may reduce disease infection but are not sufficient to
keep the plant healthy (Some et al., 1996). Rapidly growing bacteria such as Bacillus spp.
demonstrated great effectiveness in reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomato
caused by P. solanacearum and potato in experiment situation. These antagonists
colonized the long roots plants aggressively and prompt the entry of pathogen.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Alnus Compost
Alders establish symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria Frankiella alni.
These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into soil- soluble nitrates which can be
utilized by the alder, and favorably enhances the soil fertility generally. Alders benefit
other plants growing near them by taking nitrogen out of the air and depositing it in the
soil in usable form. Fallen alder leaves make very rich compost and improve the soil
structure, porosity, and density in effect these create a better plant root environment,
increase infiltration and permeability of heavy soil, thus reducing erosion and runoff.
Alder compost supplies a variety of macro and micronutrients and may control or
suppress certain soil- borne plant pathogens and supplies significant quantities of organic
matter. Composts improve cat ion exchange capacity (CEC) of soils and growing media,
thus improving their ability to hold nutrients for plat use. It supplies beneficial
microorganisms to soils and growing media. It improves and stabilizes soil pH and can
bind and degrade specific pollutants. Compost can greatly enhance the physical structure
of soil. In fine- textured clay, clay loam soils, the addition of compost will reduce bulk
density, improve friability and porosity, and increase its gas and water permeability, thus
reducing erosion. When use in sufficient quantities, the addition of compost has both an
immediate and long-term positive impact on soil structure. It resists compaction in fine-
textured soils and increases water holding capacity and improves soil aggregation in
coarse-textured sandy soils. The soil-binding properties of compost are due to its humus
content. Humus is a stable residue resulting from a high degree of matter decomposition.
In addition, Follet (1981) emphasized that organic residues on the surface of the soil
protect against raindrop, splash erosion, reduce the extreme of surface temperature when
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
organic residues are composted. They supply some essential nutrients needed by the
plants, and make the macro nutrient available to plants over wider pH range.
High compost rates increased the soil total microbial population and number of fungal
species. Microbial populations were larger in the organic conversion area than the
conventional area. Soil in the organic conversion area supported approximately twice the
number and a wider range of fungl species than cultivated area. Species abundance and
richness of zygomycetes fungi nd occurrence of fungi potentially antagonistic conversion
area (Sivapalan and Morgan, 1983).
Biological Control
Resident antagonists are natural inhabitants of soil that found on the rhizosphere.
Introduced are those cultured with special condition and applied to sites where needed
like the soil and seeds, they may also be sprayed on leaves or on any parts organ of the
plants. (Mukerji and Garg. 1988). Isolated antagonists from soil namely Bacillus spp.
shoed the antagonistic capacity on potato stem cuttings, whole piece and sliced tuber.
Bacillus sp. is said to be safety as agent in controlling disease of potato. (Na-oy, 1989).
Rapidly growing bacteria such as Bacillus sp. demonstrated great and efficient in
reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomato caused by P. solanacearum and potato
in experimental situation. These antagonists colonized the long roots of plants
aggressively and prompt the entry of pathogen. In separate laboratory and greenhouse
experiments, Molina (1985) stated that Penicillium sp, could inhibit the growth of the
number of soil fungal pathogens such as R. solani, R. rolfsii, F. oxyporum and
Pseudomonas. These cultural filtrates prove more effective against the pathogens.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A.Greenhouse Activity
Seeds of rareball (RB) variety of cabbage were sown and germinated for one
month. Plastic pots were filled with 1 kg of mountain soil then were mixed with infested
soil of clubroot. After five days alnus compost was mixed with appropriate label as
shown in the production of inucula.
1. Planting
One week after the application of compost, cabbage seedlings were transplanted.
Proper cultural practices were provided to ensure good growth.
2. Production of Inocula
The treatments were replicated four times per treatment using the complete
randomized design (CRD). The following are the different treatments:
T1= 1 infested soil + 1 part of alnus compost (1:1)
T2= 1 part of infested soil + 5 parts of alnus compost (1:5)
T3= 1 part of infested soil + 10 parts of alnus compost (1:10)
T4= 1 part of infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost (1:20)
T5= infested soil only
T6= infested soil + chicken dung
T7= fungicide
T8= healthy soil only
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
B. Laboratory Activity
To determine the microorganisms present in the alnus compost, leaves were
collected and pulverized into fine particles. About 10 grams were added to 100 ml of
sterilized distilled water and allowed to stand for 1 minute. Different dilutions were
prepared by withdrawing 1 ml of the suspension and added in the test tube containing 9
ml sterilized distilled water to come up with dilution of 1:10, 1 ml of each dilution was
dispensed in to the prepared media, nutrient agar (NA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA).
After 24 -48 hours, fungal growths that appeared on the media were re-isolated.
Identification of fungal microorganisms was identified through their natural
characteristics.
Data Gathered
1. Plant height. Plant height was measured at 30, 40, and 50 days after
transplanting (DAT).
2. Growth depression. All plants were evaluated on wilting and stunting expressed
as growth depression, and plant death. Rating use was based on Tad-awan (1986).
Scale Description
1 Normal aerial growth
2 Slight growth of depression
3 Moderate growth depression
4 Severe plant inhibition
5 Plant death
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
3. Clubroot Severity Index.
All plants were uprooted to evaluate the severity of clubbing symptoms using the
rating of Tad-awan (1986).
Rating Description
1 Normal root
2 Minor lateral clubbing
3 Major lateral clubbing
4 Moderate clubbing on taproot
5 Severe clubbing on taproot
6 Root decaying due to advance infestation
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Plant Height
Plant height is shown in Table 1 at 30 (days after transplanting) DAT all
treatments did not show any signs of stunting and wilting. All plants were normal as of
the height. Treatment 4 which 1 part infested soil plus 20 parts of alnus compost
together with treatment 8 (healthy soil only) showed good growth among all the
treatments. On the 40 DAT, Treatments showed gradual stunting and wilting. Treatment
5 (infested soil only) formed minor clubbing. At 50 DAT, Treatment 4 and 8 (healthy
soil only) showed minor stunting while Treatment 5 (infested soil only) had major lateral
clubbing.
Table 1. Height at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
HEIGHT (cm)_ _______
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 10.00a 11.00a 11.93a
T2 (1:5) 10.07a 10.65a 12.17a
T3 (1:10) 10.07a 11.03a 12.01a
T4 (1:20) 10.09a 11.09a 12.93a
T5 infested soil only 10.04a 10.85a 10.05a
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 10.06a 10.85a 11.43a
T7 fungicide 10.05a 11.02a 11.33b
T8 healthy soil only 11.05a 11.00a 12.00b
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Means with common notation (letter) are not significantly different at 1 % level of
significance (DMRT)
Statistical analysis shows that plant treated with 1 part soil and 20 part of alnus
compost obtain the lowest mean (1) and also the healthy soil only, treatment 8 (1). Plants
without treatment, Treatment 5 have the highest mean (3) over all treatments.
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Growth Depression
All treatments did not show any growth depression on the week of the rating, at
30 DAT as shown in Table 2. Plants on 40 DAT showed moderate growth depression.
Treatment 5 (infested soil only), Treatment 6 chicken dung and Treatment 7, fungicide,
first showed wilting and stunting. This observation was validated with the statement of
Brooks and Hallstead (1980) that plants become stunted particularly if the plants are
infected at the seedling stage, although other plants may show discolored. Other plant
treated with alnus compost shows only slight aerial growth and Treatment 4 and 8
incurred normal growth depression. Plants at 50 DAT mostly obtained moderate growth
depression. Plants with no treatment has the rate of severe inhibition that some lead to
death. Plants treated with1:20 together with Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had the least
growth depression.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Table 2. Growth Depression at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
GROWTH DEPRESSION________
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 1.00a 2.00a 3.00b
T2 (1:5) 1.00a 2.00a 3.00b
T3 (1:10) 1.00a 1.05a 2.33a
T4 (1:20) 1.00a 1.00a 1.33a
T5 infested soil only 2.00a 3.00a 4.00a
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 1.05a 2.05a 3.00a
T7 fungicide 2.00a 3.00a 3.00b
T8 healthy soil only 1.00a 1.00a 1.00
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Means with common (letter) are not significantly different at 1% level of
significance (DMRT)
Statistical analysis shows in Table 2 that the highest mean (3) is the infested soil
only, and followed by Treatment 6 and 7. Plants treated with high amount of alnus
compost together with healthy soil only Treatment 8 obtained the least mean.
Effect of Alnus Compost
in Clubroot
Plants treated with least alnus compost had effect in clubroot. Plants treated with
1 part infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost had an efficacy in clubroot also with
growth and the quality of the plant. Treatments treated with chicken dung and fungicide
is no effect in clubroot which shows that it is inefficient to suppress clubroot. Healthy soil
only was no indication of high infection of clubroot.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
In Table 3 it shows that during the 30 DAT, there were no signs of clubbing.
During the 50 DAT, it appeared that almost plant shows symptoms of clubbing.
Statistical analysis shows that in Table 3 shows that plants treated with high
amount of alnus compost has the lowest mean (1) also with plants treated healthy soil
only(1). Treatment 5 (infested soil only) has the highest mean (3.67), also with the
treatment 6 (3.33) followed by treatment7 (3.67).
Table 3. Clubroot Severity at 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
CLUBROOT SEVERITY_______
TREATMENTS 30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
T1 (1:1) 1.05a 2.00a 2.67a
T2 (1:5) 1.05a 2.00a 2.33a
T3 (1:10) 1.00a 2.00a 2.33a
T4 (1:20) 1.00a 1.05a 1.33a
T5 infested soil only 3.00a 3.05a 3.67b
T6 infested soil + chicken dung 3.00a 2.05a 3.33a
T7 fungicide 2.00a 3.00ab 3.67c
T8 healthy soil only 1.00a 1.00ab 1.33c
════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Means with common notation (letter) are not significantly different at 1 % level of
significance. (DMRT)
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Identification of Biocontrol Agents
Cultural Characteristics suspected BCA’s isolated in culture media includes.
Bacillus sp. is identified to have chromogenesis of milky or white in NA. It formed
almost circular. It has smooth surface and elevation (Fig 1). Using (PDA), Penicillium
sp. was isolated which appeared green and sometimes turning gray (Fig 2). Like some
organism Penicillium is bearing individually constricted conidiophores. The
conidiophores are the main route of dispersal. It is a fast growing organism when cultured
and appeared to be powdery and mostly it grows circular on the surface of the media.
Curvularia sp. appeared gray to black in color with fluffy growth on the colony surface
(Fig 3).
Table 4. Isolated organism from alnus leaves compost
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
ORGANISM CHARACTERISTICS ON CULTURE MEDIA
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Fungi
Penicillin sp green or gray
Curvularia spp. gray to black
Bacteria
Bacillus sp. milky to white
‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗‗
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 1. Bacillus sp. isolated in NA
Figure 2. Penicillum sp. isolated in PDA
Figure 3. Curvularia sp. isolated in PDA
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Microscopic Characteristics. Bacillus sp. appeared rod in shaped cells, straight
with rounded ends occurring in short or single chains. When stained, it appeared to be
Gram positive (Figure 4). Curvularia sp. is one of the most organisms that bear conidia.
Conidia of Curvularia sometimes differ in sizes and in shape (Figure 5). It easily
distinguish from other species since the conidia are non- distoseptate, meaning, (from the
edge to edge of the conidial wall). Penicillium sp. is bearing individually constricted
conidiophores. The condiophores are the main dispersal route of the fungi and it is often
green (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Conidia of Culvularia sp (400×)
Figure 6. Conidia of Penicillium sp. (400×)
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Plant Height
Figure 7 shows at 30 DAT, all plants were normal. The 40 DAT only Treatment 5
(infected soil only) showed wilting. Plants treated with alnus compost, chicken dung and
fungicide had good leaves and fast growth. At 50 DAT, it was observed that plants
infected soil only had the slowest growth among all plants. Plants treated with greater
amount of alnus compost had the faster growth together with plants treated with healthy
soil only.
Height
14
12
10
8
30 DAT
6
40 DAT
h
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
d
e
x
4
50 DAT
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatment
Figure 7. Variation of plant height in cm from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Growth Depression
Figure 8 shows that 30 DAT all plants had normal above ground growth. At 40
DAT, plants without treatment showed moderate growth depression. Plants treated with
1:20 treatments with healthy soil only showed normal above ground growth. Treatments
treated with the least amount of alnus compost, together with the treatments treated with
fungicide and chicken dung showed slight growth depression. At 50 DAT plants
increased in growth depression. Plants treated with high amount of alnus compost and
treatments with healthy soil only obtained the lowest growth depression and treatments
treated with infected soil only obtained the highest growth depression.
Growth Depression
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
30 DAT
1.5
t
h
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
40 DAT
1
50 DAT
g
r
o
w
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatment
Figure 8. Variation of growth depression from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Clubroot Severity
Treatment 5 had the highest case of clubroot severity followed by Treatment 7
(fungicide), followed by Treatment 6 (chicken dung). Treatments treated with the least
amount of alnus compost were somehow infected with major lateral clubroot. While
Treatment 4, with the greater amount of alnus compost was infected with minor lateral
clubbing together with Treatment 8, (healthy soil only) as shown in Figure 9.
Clubroot Severity
4
3.5
e
x
3
2.5
r
i
t
y
i
nd
2
30 DAT
1.5
40 DAT
r
o
o
t
S
e
ve
1
50 DAT
l
ub
C 0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Treatments
Figure 9. Variation of clubroot severity from 30 DAT, 40 DAT and 50 DAT
Plants were uprooted every ten days interval. Every plant was measured as for
height, evaluated as for growth depression and clubroot severity using the rating scale of
Tad-awan (1986). Figures 10 to 17 shows differences of the treatments after the 30 DAT
to 50 DAT wherein, during 30 DAT (left) there was no clubbing of roots, whereas 50
DAT ( right) showed minor and major clubbing as shown below.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 10. Treatment 1 (1:1) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 11. Treatment 2 (1:5) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 12. Treatment 3 (1:10) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 13. Treatment 4 (1:20) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 14. Treatment 5 (infested soil only) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50
DAT
Figure 15. Treatment 6 (chicken dung) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Figure 16. Treatment 7 (fungicide) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing 50 DAT
Figure 17. Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had normal roots 30 DAT to clubbing
50 DAT
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology Greenhouse,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet from July to September 2009 to
determine the efficacy of alnus compost against clubroot of cabbage variety (Rareball)
and to find out the best amount of alnus compost that can be applied and to identify the
microorganism that can be present in the said compost.
Study showed that Treatment 4 (1 part of infested soil + 20 parts of alnus compost) and
Treatment 8 (healthy soil only) had the highest rating among all treatments. Plants treated
with least alnus compost were infected with clubroot. In the final rating Treatment 5
having the infested soil obtained lowest rating among all treatments. Plants treated with
high amount of alnus compost have good growth. Microorganisms that were identified
were; Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp. and Bacillus sp.
Conclusions
1. Alnus compost enhances and promotes good growth in cabbage;
2. Applying 1 part infested soil+ 20 parts of alnus compost in plants infected by
clubroot has minimal infection compared to less amount of alnus compost;
3. Bacillus sp. and Penicillium sp. are good antagonist that can suppress
Plasmodiophora brassicae. However Curvularia sp. is still not known for what it might
treat.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Recommendations
1. Alnus compost can be used to enhance the soil for good production of plants.
2. Alnus compost when treated with 1 part infested soil+ 20 parts can promote
good growth in cabbage.
3. To improve plant performance, it is good to apply alnus compost in fields or in
pots before planting or transplanting.
4. The result of this greenhouse experiment is recommended for further
identification in the field.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
LITERATURE CITED
ALEXOPOLUS, C. J and W. MIMS. 1978. Introductory Mycology. 2nd Ed. New York:
Press INC. Pp. 138-139.
BROOKS and HALLSTEAD. 1980. Garden Pest Diseases. The Royal Horticultural
Society’s Encyclopedia of Practical Gardening. New York: Mitchell Beazley. Pp.
45-47.
DICKINSON, C. H. and T. A. 1977. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Oxford: Black
well Scientific Publication. Oxford Pp. 41, 52-53.
FERRIERA, S. A. and R. BOLEY. 1993. Plasmodiophora Brassicae.Retrieved March
12, 2008 from http:// www. Extento. Hawaii. edu/ kbase. Crop/ Type/ p.
brass,html.
FOLLET, L. H. 1981. Feritilizer and Soil amendments. United States of America: Mc
Grawhill Publ. Inc. P.4.
HANSEN, M. 2000. Clubroot of Crucifers. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http:// www.
Plant phyero. Org./egi/ content. Html.
KLOEPPER, J. W. and M. N. SCHROTH. 1978. Plant growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
on Radixh. In. Proceedingas of the 10th International Conference on Plant
pathogenic Bacteria. Vol. 2. Station de Pathologie vegetable et Phytobacteriologie
INRA, Angers (Ed). Gilbert. Clarey Tours, France. Pp. 879-882.
NA-0Y, M. B. 1989. Isolation and Identification of Promising antagonists from the soil
cropped with vegetable. Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. XI; 5-6.
PARTRIDGE, J. E. 1998. Clubroot of Crucifer, University of Nebraska Lincoln retrieved
January 30, 2008 from http:// www. Extento. Hawaii. edu/ kbase. Crop/ Type/ p.
brass,html.
SHERF, A. F. and A. A. MACNAB, 1986. Vegetable Disease and their Control 2nd Ed.
New York. John Wiles and Sons Publication. Pp. 256-259.
SING, R. S. 1973. Plant Disease. New Delhi. Oxford and IB. Publ. P. 49
SIVAPALAN, A. and W. C. MORGAN. 1993. Monitoring populations of soil
microorganisms during a conversion from a conventional to an organic system of
vegetable growing. Biological Agriculture and Holticulture. Institute of Plant
Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Seaford, Vic. 3198. Australia. 10: 19-27
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
SOME, A. M, J. MANZANARES, F. LAURENS, F. BARON, G. THOMAS and F.
ROUXEL. 1996. Variations for virulence on Brassica napus L. amongst
Plasmosdiophora brassicae collectives from France and derived single-spores
isolates. Plant Pathologies. Pp. 432-439.
TAD-AWAN B. S. 1986. Survey, pathogenicity and chemical control of clubroot
(Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekenensis)
BSThesis, Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 10.
VOORIPS, R. E. 1996. Plasmodiophora brassicae aspects of Phatogenesis and resistance
in Brassica oleracea. Euphyta 83: Pp. 139-146.
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Plant height (cm) at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
10.00 10.00 20.00 10.00
T2 10.06 10.08 21.04 10.07
T3 10.08 10.08 21.08 10.07
T4 11.03 11.00 22.08 10.09
T5 10.04 10.04 20.08 10.04
T6 10.03 10.08 21.01 10.06
T7 10.05 10.05 21.00 10.05
T8 11.03 11.00 21.00 11.05
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 171.3 21.4125
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC FO.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 0.1544 0.4506 8.2836 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.23 0
————————————————————————————————————
Total 15 0.8394 0.0288
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*not significant CV=1%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 2. Plant heights in (cm) at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION__
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 11.00 11.00 22.00 11.00
T2 10.03 11.00 21.03 10.65
T3 11.02 11.04 22.06 11.03
T4 12.00 11.08 23.08 11.09
T5 10.07 11.00 21.07 10.85
T6 10.07 11.00 21.07 10.85
T7 11.04 11.00 22.04 11.02
T8 11.08 12.00 23.08 11.09
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 179.3 11.20625
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 0.1544 0.4506 8.2836 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.475 0.0594
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 3.6294
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV=2.1749%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 3. Plant height (cm) at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION______
TREATMENTS I II
III TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 12.00 11.08 12.00 35.08 11.93
T2 12.00 12.00 12.05 36.05
12.17
T3 12.00 12.05 12.00 36.05
12.17
T4 13.00 13.05 12.03 38.08
12.93
T5 10.06 10.07 10.02 31.05
10.05
T6 11.02 11.05 11.06 34.03
11.43
T7 11.00 11.03 11.00 33.03 11.33
T8 12.00 12.05 11.05 36.00 12.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 282.4
11.77
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 12.1910 1.742 7.69 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.1813 0.2267
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 14.0133
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 4-05%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 4. Growth depression at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL
MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00
T2
1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00
T3 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00
T4 1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T5
2.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
T6 2.00
1.00
3.00 1.05
T7 2.00 2.00 4.00 2.00
T8 1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL
21 1.3
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 2.9375 0.4196 6.71** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 0.5 0.0625
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 3.4375
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
not significant CV= 19.05%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 5. Growth Depression at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 2.00 2.00 4.00
2.00
T2 2.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
T3
1.00 2.00
2.00
1.05
T4 1.00 1.00 2.00
1.00
T5 3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T6 3.00 2.00 5.00 2.05
T7 3.00 3.00 6.00 3.00
T8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 32 2
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatment 7 9 1.2858 10.2856 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1 0.125
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 10
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 17.68%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 6. Growth depression at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION____
TREATMENTS I II
III TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T2 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T3 2.00 2.00
3.00
7.00 2.33
T4 1.00 2.00
1.00 4.00 1.33
T5 4.00 4.00
4.00 12.00 4.00
T6 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T7 3.00 3.00
3.00 9.00 3.00
T8 1.00 1.00
1.00
3.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 62 2.58
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 20.5 2.9286 17.5720** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.333 0.1667
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 2.8333
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
**highly significant CV= 15.81%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 7. Clubroot severity at 30 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
1.00
2.00 3.00 1.05
T2
2.00
1.00 3.00 1.05
T3
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T4
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
T5
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T6
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T7
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T8
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 28 1.75
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 10 1.4286 11.4288** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1 0.125
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 11
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
not significant CV= 20.20%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 8. Clubroot severity at 40 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II TOTAL MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T2
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T3
2.00
2.00 4.00 2.00
T4
1.00
2.00 3.00 1.05
T5
4.00
3.00 7.00 3.05
T6
3.00
2.00 5.00 2.05
T7
3.00
3.00 6.00 3.00
T8
1.00
1.00 2.00 1.00
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 35 2.19
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 8.9375 1.2768 6.8095** 6.18 3.50
Error 8 1.5 0.1875
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 10.4375
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*highly significant CV= 19.79%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Appendix Table 9. Clubroot severity at 50 DAT
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I II III TOTAL
MEAN
————————————————————————————————————
T1
3.00 3.00
2.00
8.00
2.67
T2
2.00 2.00 3.00
7.00
2.33
T3
2.00 3.00 2.00
7.00
2.33
T4
1.00 2.00
1.00
4.00
1.33
T5
4.00 4.00 3.00
11.00
3.67
T6
4.00 3.00
3.00
10.00
3.33
T7
4.00 4.00
3.00
11.00
3.67
T8
1.00 1.00
2.00
4.00
1.33
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL
62
2.58
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
SV DF SS MS FC F0.01 F0.05
————————————————————————————————————
Treatments 7 18.5 2.6429 3.9642* 6.18 3.50
Error 8 5.3334 0.6067
————————————————————————————————————
TOTAL 15 23.8333
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════
*highly significant CV= 31.61%
Incidence and Severity of Squash Leaf Curl Virus Infection on Chayote in La Trinidad,
Tublay and Atok, Benguet . PATRICIO, JOEYLITO G. APRIL 2011
Document Outline
- Management of Clubroot Disease of Cabbage(Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Alnus Compost
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES