Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PASTOR, JOVANE D. APRIL 2010. Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist
Destination Area in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andrew K. Del-ong, BSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the basic attractions of the Longog cave,
support services in the area that would enhance/attract tourists and the possible benefits
as well as problems a tourist destination would provide to the community.
The study was conducted in Balakbak, Beling-belis, Kapangan, Benguet from
January to February 2010.
There are 40 respondents from the area and most of them want that the cave will
be showcased. Majority of the respondents mentioned that the problem encountered in
going to the cave is the bridge that swept by typhoon, dusty and rocky road. Some also
suggested that to attract tourists cleanliness should be maintained in the area.
Improvement on the roads and cooperation of the locality is needed. The tour
guides should be knowledgeable and skilled. Natural attraction should be preserved by
the locality. More information materials should be provided to attract more tourists.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Place of Origin of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Demographic Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Reason or Purpose of Visiting the Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ratings of Facilities and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Acceptability of the Respondents Wether They
Enjoy Their Journey to the Cave or Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Suggestions of Respondents to Improve
Tourism in Kapangan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . .
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Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Conclusions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Longog cave is one of the ecotourism found in Balakbak, Kapangan. It is 60 kms
away from Baguio City and takes less than 4 hours travelling. Going down to Kapangan
is bounded by several trees and high mountains, passing Tublay to Lomon. Lomon is
where accommodations are arranged at the Municipal Tourism Office headed by Hadsan.
The municipal hall of Kapangan serves as landmarks for other directions of barangays.
To the west of Lomon are the villages of Gadang, Gaswiling and Sagubo where a lot of
tiger grass are grown for brooms and art figurines. Going up to Longboy is where you
can see the silk processing building. In here you can see how they process the silk and
become clothings. Reaching Longboy is where Burcio’s anthurium is planted where
tourist wanted to have their picture taking because they are attracted by the different
colors of anthuriums. After you have visited all the place you wanted to go, Longog cave
completes your journey in Kapangan.
Longog cave could be reached northward via the Kapangan-Kibungan road.
Along the way to Taba-ao, you will passed by the existing tourists spots in the
municipality like the Amburayan river, the water is clear and gurgling that is why it is
exciting to swim. If this is what you want to enjoy as of the moment you can turn east,
and you can see the road that serviced the defunct western minolco mines at Boneng,
Atok, a tributary of the Amburayan flowing from the north, the Sacbury river, soon
materializes. Finally, the roads straighten you to Balakbak, looking up to Dakiwagan
mountain is where you can see a natural formation of human face, a beard covered with
grasses and a perfect touch of hair. People living here called “Santa Claus” making it
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unique and mystical as viewed from Balakbak. Balakbak is where Longog cave is seen,
Longog cave is a thrilling experience, passing a foot bridge leading to its entrance.
Longog cave was accidentally discovered because of the water that oozes from the rocks
attached to the mountain. Accordingly, the discoverer who is a farmer from the place
curiously look for a way to find out whose the water is coming out then eventually used
the water for his farm and then used as a community source of portable water serving
Balakbak and Beling-belis (Arandia, 2009).
Ecotourism is an ecologically sound vacation that strives to minimize ecological
and or other damage to places visited for their natural or cultural interest. Ecotourism
focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering personal growth and
learning new ways to live with our vulnerable planet. It is typically a travel to
destinations where the flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attraction.
Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of
traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local
people. Therefore in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives
by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water re-use, and the
creation of economic opportunities for local communities.
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable
development etc. are some of the fields closely related to Ecotourism. Many professionals
have been involved in formulating and developing system, wildlife management, wildlife
photography, marine biology and oceanography, national and state park management,
ecotourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry according to
the World Tour Organization, with annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing
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6% of the world gross domestic product; 11.4% of all consumers spending and not a
market to be taken lightly (Kamauro, 1996).
Tourism is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry with annual
worldwide revenue of 3.4 trillion. It can bring substantial economic benefits, a very much
service-oriented industry. It is proven to be an income generator and dollar earner even in
times of economic crisis; still it works to provide income from both domestic and foreign
tourists.
The global travel and tourism industry now accounts for over 25% of the world’s
trade, and nearly 10% of global employment. According to the world travel and tourism
council (WTTC) as cited by Salamanca (2006) travel and tourism supports more than 200
million jobs worldwide. Tourism represents around 35% of the world’s exports of
services and over 70% in Least Developed Country (LCDs).
In the Philippines tourism industry is a vital economic generator and employer. In
fact, it is currently one of the major forces driving our nations progress (Libosada, 2003).
Employment in the tourism-related sectors is growing faster than any other sector in the
province. Foreign visitors traveling and vacating in the country generate 92% or US $
2,700.57 million (Salamanca, 2006).
Philippines have adopted tourism as a worldwide source of projects creating
influx of both local and foreign tourists. Originally white sand beaches was the most
highlights of the Philippine tour until it expanded to adventure tourism.
Northern Luzon spotlighted was Banaue Rice Terraces that opens the door for
Cordillera Regional Tourism. Baguio as the summer capital of the Philippines and it was
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the gateway to northern Luzon’s’ hidden beauty through Baguio’s product that comes
from Benguet Provinces.
Kapangan is one of the thirteen municipalities of Benguet that caters some of
Baguios product. The quiet and observant municipality had finally opened its door to
Tourism Industry, gradually increasing community awareness and participation.
Kapangan municipality noted that caves lures interest both local and foreign tourist.
Kapangan ecotourism can be reached 60 km away from Baguio, traversing the
semi-paved Acop-Kapangan Kibungan road. Accommodations can be arranged through
the Municipal Tourism Office at Lomon, Paykek. Municipal hall is the heart of
Kapangan, serving as landmarks for directions to other barangays. From the municipal
hall, Longog cave could be reached northward via the Kapangan-Kibungan road, along
the way to taba-ao you will passed by the existing tourists spots in the municipality like
the Amburayan river and the amkiyet orchid mountain of Cuba. Restaurants are also
abundant along the road going to Balakbak. Mt. dakiwagan cradles as the main attraction
of “Chrismas ed Kapangan”. Dakiwagan Mountain also features animal and human face
making it mystical and unique as viewed from a higher ground. At this mountain,
Entering Longog cave is a trilling experience, passing by a foot bridge leading to its
entrance. Longog cave was accidentally discovered because of the water that oozes from
the rocks attached to the mountain. Accordingly, the discoverer who is a farmer from the
place curiously look for a way to find out where the water is coming out then eventually
used the water for his farm and then as a community source of portable water for
Balakbak and Beling-belis (Arandia, 2009).
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Limitations of the Cave
1. Tourist must not bring cameras, cellphones and videos inside the cave, unless
waterproof because it will get wet since tourists are expected to be wet the whole body
when they enter the cave.
2. Tour guides should guide 2 tourists only.
3. Tourists must not vandalized the cave.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine whether Longog cave has the potential to become a
tourist destination, specifically:
1. What are the basic attractions of the cave?
2. What are the facilities and/or support services in the locality that would
enhance/attract tourists?
3. What are the possible benefits as well as problems a tourist destination would
provide to the community?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1. Determine the basic attractions of the Longog cave.
2. Determine the basic facilities and/or support services in the area that would
enhance/attract tourists.
3. Determine the possible benefits as well as problems a tourist destination would
provide to the community.
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Importance of the Study
The study will be a valuable guide for the stakeholders in the community. It aims
to furnish information for potential tourists attractions in Kapangan, Benguet and will
guide us to the needed facilities and services to work and give importance on and will
guide the tourists as to what to expect and be aware of. Lastly, it will help also the
community to build business in the area for economic purposes.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study was conducted in Kapangan, Benguet from January to February, 2010.
Respondents were limited to the residents of barangays Balakbak and Beling-belis
including those who are currently serving as tourist guides to people frequenting the cave.
Local officials were also interviewed. Tourists sighted during the time of study were also
interviewed. The researcher would have like to conduct this study for a longer period
especially to survey more tourists, however time and financial constraints prevent it so.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tourism Defined
For over four decades now, tourism has been considered as an economic remedy
for developing countries. Often dubbed as the white industry, it is thought to be a vital
developing agent and an ideal economic alternative to various traditional primary and
secondary sectors. International tourism, particularly in developing countries performs a
vital role in generating the needed capital into the economy (Salamanca, 2006).
The Department of Tourism defines a tour guide as a person, trained and licensed
to conduct a tour for a fee. But this is not the only criteria used in defining a tour guide in
the real sense of the word. These are other requirements that complete the
professionalism of a tour guide. Being accredited by the DOT is one important for the
qualification of a tour guide. Although with the present set up, it is not mandatory to be
accredited unlike being licensed, (which is a must), these professional requirement s are
necessary to be able to be endorsed by the department to all the accredited travel and tour
agencies in case they see the directory of accredited tourism personnel and establishments
from the Department Of Tourism (DOT) (Salamanca, 2006).
Skills that tour guides should possess a) Leadership, leadership is an important
component in the existence, survival and function of tuor conducting. It is an accepted
fact among tour guides that the success of the tour is gently dependent upon the quality
and effectiveness of this dimension. b) Communication skills, the skill of communication
is hard work. It requires concentration. It is a skill that can be developed and an
investment in you when practiced. Effective communication takes place if
communication starts with an idea in the senders mind, the sender translates the idea into
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words and this becomes the message and if the receiver translate the message back into
an idea. c) Listening skills, listening are also important aspect of communication maintain
eye contact and avoid visual distraction. Beware of what your body language is
communicating about how interested and willing you are to listen. Listen with more than
your ears.
Ecotourism Defined
The concept of ecotourism established tourism industry. It may start from the
traveler to the resort operator and ends to the lodge keeper. Impacts of ecotourism to the
environment must also be heavily weighed and considered ecotourism development
amenity should be fulfilled and modified. It works the premise that base of tourism
development lies in the preservation of the natural resources. Ecotourism society also
adds the concept of social responsibility in its definition which is stated as “purposely to
travel to natural areas in order to understand the culture and history of the environment,
taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economic
opportunities that makes the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people”.
Thus, ecotourism is a form of tourism activity that does not disturb natural beauty of
things. Instead it is an activity in which people admire and learn more about nature and
their habitat (Libosada Jr., 1998).
Ecotourism Activities
Ecotourism is usually centered on activities related to nature. Some ecotourism
activities have been identified as possible for the Philippines and are currently
undergoing development. These are mountaineering/trekking, bird watching, photo safari,
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scuba diving, spelunking and whale and dolphin watching. Among all the ecotourism
activities mountaineering/trekking is perhaps the famous since 1996 (Libosada Jr., 1998).
Benefits of Ecotourism
Contribution of ecotourism include rising local awareness about the value of
biological resources, increasing local participation in the benefits of biodiversity
conservation through new sources of jobs and incomes and generating revenues toward
conservation of biologically rich areas. Wildlife and its habitats in developing countries
are becoming increasingly popular attractions for international tourists. Growing numbers
of ecoutourists are flocking to the mountains of Nepal and Madagascar, the tropical
forests of Costa Rica and the beaches of Belize and Sri Langka. Nature tourists bring
money that creates job and income for households and communities in and around
national parks and other protected areas.
Ecotourism enterprises tour agencies and guide services, lodges private reserves
as well as such satellite acts, craft industries and transportation and food service also
generate revenues for foreign exchange. Government can use this income in operating
and protecting natural habitats. By recognizing the importance of protecting biological
diversity, ecotourism is raising appreciation for biological resources and leading to better
conservation practices by developing country populations. It must of course be properly
regulated and managed to protect adverse environmental and cultural effects that can
come with over building of tourist’s facilities and influx of population around fragile
ecosystems (Merg, 2007).
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Example of Ecotourism
A good site of ecotourism is cave, where people are enjoying traveling. Caves are
natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to
permit the entry of a man. Occurring in a wide variety of rocks type and cause by widely
differing geoclinal process, caves range in size from single small rooms to inter
connecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is call speology, from
the Greek word which means “spa lion” for the cave and logos for study. It is a composite
science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special
interests for earth scientists (Anonymous, 2009).
Types of Caves
Solution caves are formed in carbonate and sulfate rocks as limestone, dolomite,
marbles, and gypsum by the action of slowly moving ground water that dissolves the rock
to form tunnels, irregular passages, and even large caverns along joint and bedding
planes. Most of the caves in the world as well as the largest are of this type.
Lava caves are tunnels or tubes in lava found when the outer surface of lava cools
and hardens while the molten lava within continues to flow and eventually drains out
through the newly formed tube. Sea caves are formed by the constant action of waves
which attacks the weaker portion of the rocks lining the shores of oceans and large lakes.
Such cases testify to enormous pressures exerted by waves and to the corrosive power of
the wave carried sand and gravel.
Glacier caves are formed by melt water which excavates drainage tunnels through
the ice, of entirely different origin and not to be included in the category of glacier caves,
are also called “ice caves” which usually are either solution caves or lava caves which ice
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forms and persist through all or most of the year. In dessert areas, some shallow caves
maybe formed by the sandblasting effect of silt or fine sand being blown against a rock
face. These Aeolian caves, some of which spectacular in size, are surpassed in number by
caves of either origins in most desserts. More common even the driest desserts are
sandstone caves eroded in part by water, particularly if the sandstone is limy. Caves
commonly known as “wind caves”, such as the one in wind cave national park in Dakota,
are named not for the mode of origin of the cave but for the strong air currents that
alternately blow in or of the cave as the atmospheric pressure changes.
Possible Dangers Generally Posed/Encored in Caves
Exploring newly discovered or unattended caves can be extremely dangerous.
Through experience, a set of safety rules has involved that if observed may prevent
accidents. If you plan to go to a cave explosion, always tell someone where you are going
and when you can be expected to return, obtain permission from the owner of the cave or
tourist guide. Never enter the cave alone. Always carry several sources of lights; do not
depend solely on flashlights. Make sure you have proper equipment in good working
condition. Never go beyond your physical and technical capabilities. For the sake of
conservation, keep visits to a minimum. Better yet, meet with knowledgeable and
experienced cavers. Association with a group of experience spelunkers is the best safety
insurance, protection and guide, so that they can not vandalized by careless visitors.
Minerals Found in the Cave
Many interesting minerals are found in caves in addition to the calcite which
forms the major features. Aragonite, a calcium carbonate mineral similar to calcite but
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not as common, often occurs in intricate needles known as anthodites. Gypsum (calcium
sulfate) and related calcium sulfate minerals are next to calcite in abundance. Some
caves, although they are developed in limestone, have extensive passages lined with fine,
curling growths of gypsum flowers. In other caves, selenite ( a less common variety of
gypsum) forms long transparent rods or nests of fibrous crystals. Sulfates of sodium and
magnesium are also found in caves, although they are less conspicuous than gypsum.
Iron minerals in the form of oxides (limonite) and hydroxide (goethite) occur in caves
and in some places form stalactites.
Manganese minerals in caves are commonly present as thin, sooty coatings on
walls and ceilings and in earth fills. Nitrocalcite (calcium nitrate) is abundant in earth
fills in many caves, but individual fragments are generally microscopic. Barite (barium
sulfate) and celestite (strontium sulfate) also occur in earth fills. In some solution caves,
clay minerals exist in relatively pure forms; these include the less common varieties
attapulgite and endellite.
In deep caves encountered during mining operations, a number of ore minerals
have been found in the decorative wall draperies. Most common are azurite and
malachite (forms of copper carbonate). About 50 other minerals also have been reported
in cave deposits.
Uses of Caves
Studies are underway in Europe to extend the use of caves for domestic cold
storage, air conditioning and water supply purposes. A large cave in southwestern
Virginia is used as a natural tunnel by the southern railway.
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From the early 19th century through the civil war, caves in Kentucky, Tenessee,
Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas and Missouri were important
sources of nitrates, an essential ingredient of gun powder. Surface or near-surface
accumulations of nitrate salts form coatings on rock walls, fill cracks and crevices, and
mingle with cave earth. The origin of the nitrate salts is not clearly understood, but the
salts are believed to result from the action of nitrifying bacteria on organic matter or
humus. Although no accurate records of production were kept, it has been estimated that
over 15,000 tons of niter earth (producing 200 tons of potassium nitrate) were removed
from Mammoth Cave in Kentucky between 1811 and 1814.
Caves have also been source of bat guano, a material mined as a phosphate
fertilizer in the southern United States and Mexico. In general, the largest deposits have
occurred in limestone caves within the flight range of the Mexican free-tailed bat.
Longog cave is wonder of Kapangan. It was only now that this cave was allowed
to be showcase in the public. It may not be as grand cavernous as big as Sagada cave but
it does have its own wonders, exploring to the chambers of the cave, tourist must swim
and even crawl because you will pass by small openings of rocks connecting to other
rooms. Inside the cave are the unique water falls, limestone walls, mineral deposits.
In terms of accommodation there are different ways in which tourist could stay
with in the locality some of this are with the use of school rooms, personal tourist guides
reception (house), river camping and for those who have vehicles they can park at the
school zone of Balakbak. To those who are interested or planning to visit the area
courtesy call should be done at the provincial tourism office and some guidelines could
be available at the municipal tourism office to obtain appropriate security. The dusty and
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rugged road could be travelled with use of personal cars, or public utility vehicles.
Renting of local passenger jeepney from the municipality could also be done for a large
number of tourists. Most of the time helicopters are being utilize to reach the
municipality for official business and or during calamities, when the national road is not
accessible.
The LGU is willing to give support through launching a pre-summer home grown
tourist event known as “Summer ed Kapangan” which is institutionalize yearly. The
committee on environment of Kapangan has conducted an environmental protection
campaign for the reservation and protection of natural resources this include the Longog
cave. The community is willing to give all out support by joining all the activity possible
to make the cave beautiful and successful. Kapangan mayor Roberto Canuto said
“summer ed Kapangan” is geared towards the full development of the municipality.
Some benefits includes local employment from the locality, promote municipal tourism,
generate income from the tourists, problems to be encountered are the proper disposal of
the garbage, careless visitors will vandalized the cave (writing on the wall).
The Department of Tourism as cited by White (2009) that the programs they
implement were tour guides should have a fee, preservation of spots and networking with
others.
Definition of Terms
Ecotourism. Focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering
personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet.
-defined as travel to destination where flora, fauna and cultures heritage are the primary
attractions
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Flora. Plants that are seen inside the cave or anywhere.
Fauna. Animals found inside the cave or anywhere.
Swallow. A small graceful songbird with long pointed wings, a notched or forked
tail and rapid flight that is found inside the cave.
Caves. Natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and
large enough to permit the entry of a man occurring in the wide variety of rocks.
Speology. It is the study of the caves from the Greek work spa lion for the cave
logos for the study.
Solution caves. These are formed in carbonate and sulfate rocks as limestone,
dolomite, marble, and gypsum by the action of slowly moving ground water that
dissolves the rocks to form tunnels.
Lava caves. These are tunnels or tubes in lava found when outer surface of lava
flows cools and hardens while the molten lava with in continues to flow and eventually
drains out through the newly formed caves.
Glacier caves. These are formed by melt water which excavates drainage tunnels
through the ice of entirely different origin and not to be included in the category of the
caves, also called ice caves.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
METHODOLOGY
Description of the Cave
Longog cave is a tunnel cave, where tourist must swim and even crawl. Inside the
cave are unique waterfalls, corals and mineral deposits. This cave is not very large but
very watery. You will find its many labyrinth bobbing with water. Considerable skill at
hanging onto rocks is needed. There is a passage that leads to another opening at the top
of the hill from where you can view your entrance, the hanging foot bridge and the small
valley below dotted with patchwork terraces. White cited that during her first time to
enter the cave, she was afraid because it is very dark. But for the second time she visited
the cave, it was fun because she is lead by Kapangan tour guides and some Sagada
tourguides. Sagada cave is a big cave compared to Longog that is small but unique cave
because of the formation of different rocks and corals.
Locale and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Kapangan, Benguet particularly in barangay
Balakbak and Beling-belis. It is 60 kilometers away from Baguio. It is bounded by
several mountains and trees. There are two pronounced seasons in the municipality, wet
and dry season. This study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents were purposively all people who availed at the said cave,
respectively from barangay Balakbak and Beling-belis. It also includes those who are
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Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
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Figure 2. Dakiwagan mountain where Longog cave is
located
Figure 3. Pathway going to the cave
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Figure 3. Entrance going to the cave
Figure 4. Inside the cave
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serving as tourist guides, concerned local officials were also interviewed. At least 20
households served as respondents.
Arandia (2009), one of the tour guides cited the services in the locality to attract
tourists as follows:
a. Accommodation - park/ground of the school
- Lodging at the school rooms
- Tourists guides reception house (personal)
- River camping
b. Communication - Provincial tourism office
- Municipal Tourism Office
c. Transportation - Tourist personal car
- Local passenger jeep from the municipality for a large
number of tourists
d. Access road
- Concrete road
- Dusty road
- Rocky road
e. Medical services - Kapangan Medicate Hospital
- Lomon RHU Clinic
- First Aid
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
21
f. Possible benefits - Local employment of the community
- Promote municipal tourism
- Generate income from the tourists
- Educational aspects
g. Problems
- Proper waste management
- Vandalism
Data Gathered
The data gathered were profile of the respondents and their reactions to improve
more the cave, the support programs of the organization or institutions and facilities
needed in the cave
Data Analysis
The data were consolidated, categorized and tabulated using frequency counts.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Different reactions arose from the respondents when we talked about the cave.
Mayor Roberto Canuto said that the cave is not as big as Sagada but it has own wonders.
The mayor cited that it is mysterious inside the cave because it is cold and wet. Guzman
(2009) said that Longog cave is a thrilling experience because she passed by small
openings of rocks which made her nervous to pass but when she saw the waterfalls it
made her decide not to get nervous. Inside the cave are the unique waterfalls, limestone
walls and mineral deposits. Facilities needed in the cave include miners flashlights,
shorts or as long as light clothing, sandals are needed if tourists are not used to walk on
rocks.
All of the respondents mentioned that the main problem is the reconstruction of
the bridge, the rocky and dusty road should be cemented, 30% of the respondents
requested a public toilet should be available outside the cave.
Place of Origin of the Respondents
Among the 20 households interviewed there are 40 respondents,28 (70%) were
from barangay balakbak and 12 (30%) from barangay beling-belis.all the respondents
from the two barangays are in favor that the cave will showcase to the public.
Table 1. Place of origin of the respondents
PROFILE
FREQUE NCY
PERCENTAGE
(F)
(%)
Balakbak
28
70
Beling-belis
30
12
TOTAL
40
100
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
23
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Age range. The oldest among the 28 respondent is 50 years old and the youngest
is 18 years old. 5 (17.85%) are aged 10-20,8 (28.57%) are aged 21-30, 13 (46.43%) are
aged 31-40, and 2 (7.14%) are aged 41-50,the mean age was 29 years old. On the other
hand 4 (33.33%) are aged 21-30, 3 (25%) are aged 31-40, and 5 (41.67%) are aged 41-50
years old, the mean age was 36 years old, the youngest from Beling-belis was 21 years
old and the oldest was 49 years old.
Sex. Among the 28 respondents from balakbak 15 (54%) are femals, while 13
(46%) are males. Among the 12 respondents from beling-belis7 (58%) are females and 5
(42%) are males.
Civil status. Out of 28 respondents from balakbak 22 (79%) were married and 6
(21%) were singles. On the other hand 11 (92%) were married, and 1(8%) was single.
Highest educational attainment. From the 28respondents from Balakbak 3
(10.71%) were college graduate, 5 (17.86%) were college undergraduate, 8 (28.57%)
were high school graduates, 6 (21.43%)were high school undergraduates, 6
(21.43%)were elementary graduate. Among the 12 respondents from beling-belis 4
(33.33%) were college graduate, 2 (16.67%) were college under graduate,4 (33.33%)
were high school graduate and 2 (16.67%) were high school undergraduate.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
24
Table 2. Demographic profile of the respondents
BALAKBAK
BELING-BELIS
TOTAL
PROFILE
F
%
F
%
F
%
Age Range
10- 20
5
17.86
0
0
5
12.50
21-30
18
28.57
4
33.33
12
30.00
31-40
13
46.43
3
25.00
16
40.00
41-50
2
7.14
5
41.67
7
17.50
TOTAL
28 100.00 12 100.00 40 100.00
MEAN 29 36 30
Sex
Female
15
54.00
7
58.00
22
55.00
Male
13
46.00
5
42.00
18
45.00
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
Civil Status
Single
22
79.00
1
8.00
23
57.50
Married
6
21.00
11
92.00
17
42.50
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
25
Table 2. Continued . . .
BALAKBAK
BELING-BELIS
TOTAL
PROFILE
F
%
F
%
F
%
Highest Educational Attainment
College 3
10.71
4
33.33
7
17.50
graduate
College under
5
15.86
2
16.67
7
17.50
graduate
High school
graduate
8
28.57
4
33.33
12
30.00
High school
under graduate
6
21.43
2
16.67
8
20.00
Elementary
graduate
6
21.43
0
0
6
15.00
TOTAL
28 100.00 12 100.00 40 100.00
Occupation
Government
6
21.43
3
25.00
9
22.50
employee
Non-
government
11
39.29
2
16.67
13
32.50
employee
21.43
3
25.00
9
22.50
Self-
employed
6
17.85
4
33.33
9
22.50
Student
5
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
26
Occupation. Among the 28 respondents from Balakbak 6 (21.43%) were
government employee, 11 (39.29%) were non-government employee, 6 (21.43%) were
self-employed and 5 (17.86%) were students. From Beling-belis 3 (25%) were
government employee, 2 (16.67%) were non government employee, 3 (25%) were self-
employed, and 4 (33.33%) were students.
Reason or Purpose of Visiting the Cave
Table 3 shows the reasons or purpose of the respondent to visit the cave.
Social motivators. 21% from barangay Balakbak reason out that friends affair is
their main purpose in visiting the cave, 11% break from routine work and meet other
people, 7% from family affair. On the other hand, majority of respondents from Beling-
belis is also for friends’ affair.
Table 3. Reason or purpose of visiting the cave
BELING-
REASON/PURPOSE
BALAKBAK
BELIS
TOTAL
F
%
F
%
F
%
Social Motivators
Friends affair
6
21
3
25
9
23
Family affair
2
7
0
0
2
5
Break from routinary work
3
11
0
0
3
8
Meet other people
3
11
0
0
3
8
Physical Motivators
Health
1
4
1
8
2
5
Sports
0
0
0
0
0
0
Relaxation
13
46
8
67
21
53
TOTAL
28
100
12
100
40
100
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
27
Physical motivators. Respondents from the two barangays reason out that
relaxation is their purpose in entering the cave. 43% from barangay Balakbak reason is
for relaxation and 67% from Beling-belis while 4% health from Balakbak and 8% from
Beling-belis.
Ratings of Facilities and Services
Table 4 shows the ratings of facilities and services availed by the respondents.
Respondents rank the facilities and services using ranking as follows: 1-unsatisfied; 2-
undecided; 3-satisfied; 4-satisfied; and 5-very well satisfied.
The five facilities and services available in Kapangan were arranged from highest
to lowest. Road access is rated as unsatisfied while communication facilities are rated as
satisfied.
Table 4. Ratings of facilities and services
BELING-
FACILITIES AND SERVICES
BALAKBAK
BELIS
TOTAL
F
%
F
%
F
%
Accommodation
3
11
0
0
3
7.50
Road accessibility
20
71
8
67
28
70.00
Communications
2
7
2
17
4
10.00
Medical service
3
12
2
17
5
12.50
Transportation
TOTAL
28
100
12
100
40
100.00
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
28
Acceptability of the Respondents Wether they Enjoy
their Journey to the Cave or Not
Majority of the respondents said that they enjoy their journey to the cave.
Suggestions of Respondents to Improve Tourism in Kapangan
Among the 40 respondents from the two barangays, suggested that the rocky and
dusty road is the main problem, the road is need to be cemented to attract customers.
Some mentioned that officials and community should coordinate in the maintenance of
cleanliness along the road. Other suggested that tour guides should have skills in
performing first aid for emergency incase accident happen and they should bring extra
lights. Some mentioned that the fastest way to showcase the cave is to have printed
information from the municipality.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in Balakbak, Beling-belis, Kapangan to know whether
Longog cave has the potential to become a tourist attraction.
This study was conducted to know the basic attraction of the cave, the support
services and facilities that would enhance or attract tourist the opinions of stakeholders
particularly residents and local officials and the possible benefits and problems a tourist
destination would provide to the community.
There were 40 respondents from the area and most of them want that the cave will
be showcased to the public. An interview schedule was prepared in gathering data.
Majority of the respondents mentioned that the problem encountered in going to the cave
is the bridge that swept by typhoon pepeng that need to be reconstructed to attract tourist
and the rocky and rugged road needs to be cemented.
Longog cave is a tunnel cave, where tourist must swim and even crawl. Inside the
cave are unique waterfalls, corals and mineral deposit. This cave is not very large but
very watery. You will find its many labyrinth bobbing with water. Considerable skill at
hanging onto rocks is needed. There is a passage that leads to another opening at the top
of the hill from where you can view your entrance, the hanging foot bridge and the small
valley below dotted with patchwork terraces.
Accommodation is done at the school rooms, parking at the school zone, tour
guides reception house (personal) and river camping. Communication is available at the
Provincial Tourism Council and Kapangan Municipal Tourism Office. In terms of
transportation this could be availed by tourist personal car, local passenger jeep from the
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
30
municipality for a large number of tourists. Access road were concrete, dusty and rocky
roads. The medical services in Kapangan are the Lomon RHU Clinic, Kapangan
Medicare Hospital and the skills of tourguides in first aid. The possible benefits include
local employment, promote municipal tourism, income from the tourists, educational
aspects from the students.
As to the disadvantage, waste management is the main problem because some
visitors are undisciplined.
Facilities needed inside the cave include miners flashlights, shorts or as long as
light clothing, sandals or sleepers are needed if tourist are not used to walk on rocks. The
LGU of Kapangan is willing to give support to the full development of Longog cave.
Their programs include salary of tourist, preservation of natural resources and
networking with others.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Tourists must swim and even crawl to the cave.
2. Tour guides should be skilled and well-trained especially in first aid.
3. People in the locality should maintain cleanliness.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were drawn.
1. Improvement on the roads and cooperation of the locality to attract tourists.
2. Natural attraction of the cave should be preserved and not to vandalized.
3. Maintain cleanliness to the area.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
31
4. Tour guides should be well trained.
5. More information materials should be provided to attract tourist.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2009. Eco Tourism International. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
http://www.gdrc/uem/eco-tour/etoour-define.html.
ARANDIA, R. 2009. History of Longog cave. Personal Interview. KEGA President.
September 29, 2009.
CANUTO, R. M. 2009. Caves. Personal Interview. Mayor, Lomon, Kapangan,
Benguet.
FOLSON, F. 1962. Caves. Retrieved September 1, 2009 from www. desrtusa. com/
geofacts/ caves. html.
KAMAURO, O. 1996. Ecotourism. United Nations News Service. Retrieved December
8, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org./wikiecotourism//.
LIBOSADA JR. C. M. 1998. Ecotourism in the Philippines. Bookmark Inc. 254-A Pablo
Ocampo Sr. Avenue Makati City. Pp.116-117.
MERG, M. 2007. Ecotourism Benefits. Retrieved September 1, 2009 from
www.untamedpath.com./ecotourism/benefits.
SALAMANCA, M. D. N. 2006. Tour Guiding as a profession. Mindshapers Cor., Inc.
Makati City, Philippines. Pp. 1-7.
WHITE, R. F. 2009. Programs of Department Tourism. Personal Interview. Kapangan,
Benguet.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
PASTOR, JOVANE D. APRIL 2010. Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist
Destination Area in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Andrew K. Del-ong, BSc.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the basic attractions of the Longog cave,
support services in the area that would enhance/attract tourists and the possible benefits
as well as problems a tourist destination would provide to the community.
The study was conducted in Balakbak, Beling-belis, Kapangan, Benguet from
January to February 2010.
There are 40 respondents from the area and most of them want that the cave will
be showcased. Majority of the respondents mentioned that the problem encountered in
going to the cave is the bridge that swept by typhoon, dusty and rocky road. Some also
suggested that to attract tourists cleanliness should be maintained in the area.
Improvement on the roads and cooperation of the locality is needed. The tour
guides should be knowledgeable and skilled. Natural attraction should be preserved by
the locality. More information materials should be provided to attract more tourists.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Place of Origin of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Demographic Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Reason or Purpose of Visiting the Cave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Ratings of Facilities and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Acceptability of the Respondents Wether They
Enjoy Their Journey to the Cave or Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Suggestions of Respondents to Improve
Tourism in Kapangan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . .
29
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Conclusions . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
ii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Longog cave is one of the ecotourism found in Balakbak, Kapangan. It is 60 kms
away from Baguio City and takes less than 4 hours travelling. Going down to Kapangan
is bounded by several trees and high mountains, passing Tublay to Lomon. Lomon is
where accommodations are arranged at the Municipal Tourism Office headed by Hadsan.
The municipal hall of Kapangan serves as landmarks for other directions of barangays.
To the west of Lomon are the villages of Gadang, Gaswiling and Sagubo where a lot of
tiger grass are grown for brooms and art figurines. Going up to Longboy is where you
can see the silk processing building. In here you can see how they process the silk and
become clothings. Reaching Longboy is where Burcio’s anthurium is planted where
tourist wanted to have their picture taking because they are attracted by the different
colors of anthuriums. After you have visited all the place you wanted to go, Longog cave
completes your journey in Kapangan.
Longog cave could be reached northward via the Kapangan-Kibungan road.
Along the way to Taba-ao, you will passed by the existing tourists spots in the
municipality like the Amburayan river, the water is clear and gurgling that is why it is
exciting to swim. If this is what you want to enjoy as of the moment you can turn east,
and you can see the road that serviced the defunct western minolco mines at Boneng,
Atok, a tributary of the Amburayan flowing from the north, the Sacbury river, soon
materializes. Finally, the roads straighten you to Balakbak, looking up to Dakiwagan
mountain is where you can see a natural formation of human face, a beard covered with
grasses and a perfect touch of hair. People living here called “Santa Claus” making it
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
2
unique and mystical as viewed from Balakbak. Balakbak is where Longog cave is seen,
Longog cave is a thrilling experience, passing a foot bridge leading to its entrance.
Longog cave was accidentally discovered because of the water that oozes from the rocks
attached to the mountain. Accordingly, the discoverer who is a farmer from the place
curiously look for a way to find out whose the water is coming out then eventually used
the water for his farm and then used as a community source of portable water serving
Balakbak and Beling-belis (Arandia, 2009).
Ecotourism is an ecologically sound vacation that strives to minimize ecological
and or other damage to places visited for their natural or cultural interest. Ecotourism
focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering personal growth and
learning new ways to live with our vulnerable planet. It is typically a travel to
destinations where the flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attraction.
Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of
traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local
people. Therefore in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives
by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water re-use, and the
creation of economic opportunities for local communities.
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable
development etc. are some of the fields closely related to Ecotourism. Many professionals
have been involved in formulating and developing system, wildlife management, wildlife
photography, marine biology and oceanography, national and state park management,
ecotourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry according to
the World Tour Organization, with annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
3
6% of the world gross domestic product; 11.4% of all consumers spending and not a
market to be taken lightly (Kamauro, 1996).
Tourism is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry with annual
worldwide revenue of 3.4 trillion. It can bring substantial economic benefits, a very much
service-oriented industry. It is proven to be an income generator and dollar earner even in
times of economic crisis; still it works to provide income from both domestic and foreign
tourists.
The global travel and tourism industry now accounts for over 25% of the world’s
trade, and nearly 10% of global employment. According to the world travel and tourism
council (WTTC) as cited by Salamanca (2006) travel and tourism supports more than 200
million jobs worldwide. Tourism represents around 35% of the world’s exports of
services and over 70% in Least Developed Country (LCDs).
In the Philippines tourism industry is a vital economic generator and employer. In
fact, it is currently one of the major forces driving our nations progress (Libosada, 2003).
Employment in the tourism-related sectors is growing faster than any other sector in the
province. Foreign visitors traveling and vacating in the country generate 92% or US $
2,700.57 million (Salamanca, 2006).
Philippines have adopted tourism as a worldwide source of projects creating
influx of both local and foreign tourists. Originally white sand beaches was the most
highlights of the Philippine tour until it expanded to adventure tourism.
Northern Luzon spotlighted was Banaue Rice Terraces that opens the door for
Cordillera Regional Tourism. Baguio as the summer capital of the Philippines and it was
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
4
the gateway to northern Luzon’s’ hidden beauty through Baguio’s product that comes
from Benguet Provinces.
Kapangan is one of the thirteen municipalities of Benguet that caters some of
Baguios product. The quiet and observant municipality had finally opened its door to
Tourism Industry, gradually increasing community awareness and participation.
Kapangan municipality noted that caves lures interest both local and foreign tourist.
Kapangan ecotourism can be reached 60 km away from Baguio, traversing the
semi-paved Acop-Kapangan Kibungan road. Accommodations can be arranged through
the Municipal Tourism Office at Lomon, Paykek. Municipal hall is the heart of
Kapangan, serving as landmarks for directions to other barangays. From the municipal
hall, Longog cave could be reached northward via the Kapangan-Kibungan road, along
the way to taba-ao you will passed by the existing tourists spots in the municipality like
the Amburayan river and the amkiyet orchid mountain of Cuba. Restaurants are also
abundant along the road going to Balakbak. Mt. dakiwagan cradles as the main attraction
of “Chrismas ed Kapangan”. Dakiwagan Mountain also features animal and human face
making it mystical and unique as viewed from a higher ground. At this mountain,
Entering Longog cave is a trilling experience, passing by a foot bridge leading to its
entrance. Longog cave was accidentally discovered because of the water that oozes from
the rocks attached to the mountain. Accordingly, the discoverer who is a farmer from the
place curiously look for a way to find out where the water is coming out then eventually
used the water for his farm and then as a community source of portable water for
Balakbak and Beling-belis (Arandia, 2009).
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
5
Limitations of the Cave
1. Tourist must not bring cameras, cellphones and videos inside the cave, unless
waterproof because it will get wet since tourists are expected to be wet the whole body
when they enter the cave.
2. Tour guides should guide 2 tourists only.
3. Tourists must not vandalized the cave.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine whether Longog cave has the potential to become a
tourist destination, specifically:
1. What are the basic attractions of the cave?
2. What are the facilities and/or support services in the locality that would
enhance/attract tourists?
3. What are the possible benefits as well as problems a tourist destination would
provide to the community?
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to:
1. Determine the basic attractions of the Longog cave.
2. Determine the basic facilities and/or support services in the area that would
enhance/attract tourists.
3. Determine the possible benefits as well as problems a tourist destination would
provide to the community.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
6
Importance of the Study
The study will be a valuable guide for the stakeholders in the community. It aims
to furnish information for potential tourists attractions in Kapangan, Benguet and will
guide us to the needed facilities and services to work and give importance on and will
guide the tourists as to what to expect and be aware of. Lastly, it will help also the
community to build business in the area for economic purposes.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study was conducted in Kapangan, Benguet from January to February, 2010.
Respondents were limited to the residents of barangays Balakbak and Beling-belis
including those who are currently serving as tourist guides to people frequenting the cave.
Local officials were also interviewed. Tourists sighted during the time of study were also
interviewed. The researcher would have like to conduct this study for a longer period
especially to survey more tourists, however time and financial constraints prevent it so.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tourism Defined
For over four decades now, tourism has been considered as an economic remedy
for developing countries. Often dubbed as the white industry, it is thought to be a vital
developing agent and an ideal economic alternative to various traditional primary and
secondary sectors. International tourism, particularly in developing countries performs a
vital role in generating the needed capital into the economy (Salamanca, 2006).
The Department of Tourism defines a tour guide as a person, trained and licensed
to conduct a tour for a fee. But this is not the only criteria used in defining a tour guide in
the real sense of the word. These are other requirements that complete the
professionalism of a tour guide. Being accredited by the DOT is one important for the
qualification of a tour guide. Although with the present set up, it is not mandatory to be
accredited unlike being licensed, (which is a must), these professional requirement s are
necessary to be able to be endorsed by the department to all the accredited travel and tour
agencies in case they see the directory of accredited tourism personnel and establishments
from the Department Of Tourism (DOT) (Salamanca, 2006).
Skills that tour guides should possess a) Leadership, leadership is an important
component in the existence, survival and function of tuor conducting. It is an accepted
fact among tour guides that the success of the tour is gently dependent upon the quality
and effectiveness of this dimension. b) Communication skills, the skill of communication
is hard work. It requires concentration. It is a skill that can be developed and an
investment in you when practiced. Effective communication takes place if
communication starts with an idea in the senders mind, the sender translates the idea into
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words and this becomes the message and if the receiver translate the message back into
an idea. c) Listening skills, listening are also important aspect of communication maintain
eye contact and avoid visual distraction. Beware of what your body language is
communicating about how interested and willing you are to listen. Listen with more than
your ears.
Ecotourism Defined
The concept of ecotourism established tourism industry. It may start from the
traveler to the resort operator and ends to the lodge keeper. Impacts of ecotourism to the
environment must also be heavily weighed and considered ecotourism development
amenity should be fulfilled and modified. It works the premise that base of tourism
development lies in the preservation of the natural resources. Ecotourism society also
adds the concept of social responsibility in its definition which is stated as “purposely to
travel to natural areas in order to understand the culture and history of the environment,
taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economic
opportunities that makes the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people”.
Thus, ecotourism is a form of tourism activity that does not disturb natural beauty of
things. Instead it is an activity in which people admire and learn more about nature and
their habitat (Libosada Jr., 1998).
Ecotourism Activities
Ecotourism is usually centered on activities related to nature. Some ecotourism
activities have been identified as possible for the Philippines and are currently
undergoing development. These are mountaineering/trekking, bird watching, photo safari,
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scuba diving, spelunking and whale and dolphin watching. Among all the ecotourism
activities mountaineering/trekking is perhaps the famous since 1996 (Libosada Jr., 1998).
Benefits of Ecotourism
Contribution of ecotourism include rising local awareness about the value of
biological resources, increasing local participation in the benefits of biodiversity
conservation through new sources of jobs and incomes and generating revenues toward
conservation of biologically rich areas. Wildlife and its habitats in developing countries
are becoming increasingly popular attractions for international tourists. Growing numbers
of ecoutourists are flocking to the mountains of Nepal and Madagascar, the tropical
forests of Costa Rica and the beaches of Belize and Sri Langka. Nature tourists bring
money that creates job and income for households and communities in and around
national parks and other protected areas.
Ecotourism enterprises tour agencies and guide services, lodges private reserves
as well as such satellite acts, craft industries and transportation and food service also
generate revenues for foreign exchange. Government can use this income in operating
and protecting natural habitats. By recognizing the importance of protecting biological
diversity, ecotourism is raising appreciation for biological resources and leading to better
conservation practices by developing country populations. It must of course be properly
regulated and managed to protect adverse environmental and cultural effects that can
come with over building of tourist’s facilities and influx of population around fragile
ecosystems (Merg, 2007).
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Example of Ecotourism
A good site of ecotourism is cave, where people are enjoying traveling. Caves are
natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to
permit the entry of a man. Occurring in a wide variety of rocks type and cause by widely
differing geoclinal process, caves range in size from single small rooms to inter
connecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is call speology, from
the Greek word which means “spa lion” for the cave and logos for study. It is a composite
science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special
interests for earth scientists (Anonymous, 2009).
Types of Caves
Solution caves are formed in carbonate and sulfate rocks as limestone, dolomite,
marbles, and gypsum by the action of slowly moving ground water that dissolves the rock
to form tunnels, irregular passages, and even large caverns along joint and bedding
planes. Most of the caves in the world as well as the largest are of this type.
Lava caves are tunnels or tubes in lava found when the outer surface of lava cools
and hardens while the molten lava within continues to flow and eventually drains out
through the newly formed tube. Sea caves are formed by the constant action of waves
which attacks the weaker portion of the rocks lining the shores of oceans and large lakes.
Such cases testify to enormous pressures exerted by waves and to the corrosive power of
the wave carried sand and gravel.
Glacier caves are formed by melt water which excavates drainage tunnels through
the ice, of entirely different origin and not to be included in the category of glacier caves,
are also called “ice caves” which usually are either solution caves or lava caves which ice
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forms and persist through all or most of the year. In dessert areas, some shallow caves
maybe formed by the sandblasting effect of silt or fine sand being blown against a rock
face. These Aeolian caves, some of which spectacular in size, are surpassed in number by
caves of either origins in most desserts. More common even the driest desserts are
sandstone caves eroded in part by water, particularly if the sandstone is limy. Caves
commonly known as “wind caves”, such as the one in wind cave national park in Dakota,
are named not for the mode of origin of the cave but for the strong air currents that
alternately blow in or of the cave as the atmospheric pressure changes.
Possible Dangers Generally Posed/Encored in Caves
Exploring newly discovered or unattended caves can be extremely dangerous.
Through experience, a set of safety rules has involved that if observed may prevent
accidents. If you plan to go to a cave explosion, always tell someone where you are going
and when you can be expected to return, obtain permission from the owner of the cave or
tourist guide. Never enter the cave alone. Always carry several sources of lights; do not
depend solely on flashlights. Make sure you have proper equipment in good working
condition. Never go beyond your physical and technical capabilities. For the sake of
conservation, keep visits to a minimum. Better yet, meet with knowledgeable and
experienced cavers. Association with a group of experience spelunkers is the best safety
insurance, protection and guide, so that they can not vandalized by careless visitors.
Minerals Found in the Cave
Many interesting minerals are found in caves in addition to the calcite which
forms the major features. Aragonite, a calcium carbonate mineral similar to calcite but
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not as common, often occurs in intricate needles known as anthodites. Gypsum (calcium
sulfate) and related calcium sulfate minerals are next to calcite in abundance. Some
caves, although they are developed in limestone, have extensive passages lined with fine,
curling growths of gypsum flowers. In other caves, selenite ( a less common variety of
gypsum) forms long transparent rods or nests of fibrous crystals. Sulfates of sodium and
magnesium are also found in caves, although they are less conspicuous than gypsum.
Iron minerals in the form of oxides (limonite) and hydroxide (goethite) occur in caves
and in some places form stalactites.
Manganese minerals in caves are commonly present as thin, sooty coatings on
walls and ceilings and in earth fills. Nitrocalcite (calcium nitrate) is abundant in earth
fills in many caves, but individual fragments are generally microscopic. Barite (barium
sulfate) and celestite (strontium sulfate) also occur in earth fills. In some solution caves,
clay minerals exist in relatively pure forms; these include the less common varieties
attapulgite and endellite.
In deep caves encountered during mining operations, a number of ore minerals
have been found in the decorative wall draperies. Most common are azurite and
malachite (forms of copper carbonate). About 50 other minerals also have been reported
in cave deposits.
Uses of Caves
Studies are underway in Europe to extend the use of caves for domestic cold
storage, air conditioning and water supply purposes. A large cave in southwestern
Virginia is used as a natural tunnel by the southern railway.
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From the early 19th century through the civil war, caves in Kentucky, Tenessee,
Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas and Missouri were important
sources of nitrates, an essential ingredient of gun powder. Surface or near-surface
accumulations of nitrate salts form coatings on rock walls, fill cracks and crevices, and
mingle with cave earth. The origin of the nitrate salts is not clearly understood, but the
salts are believed to result from the action of nitrifying bacteria on organic matter or
humus. Although no accurate records of production were kept, it has been estimated that
over 15,000 tons of niter earth (producing 200 tons of potassium nitrate) were removed
from Mammoth Cave in Kentucky between 1811 and 1814.
Caves have also been source of bat guano, a material mined as a phosphate
fertilizer in the southern United States and Mexico. In general, the largest deposits have
occurred in limestone caves within the flight range of the Mexican free-tailed bat.
Longog cave is wonder of Kapangan. It was only now that this cave was allowed
to be showcase in the public. It may not be as grand cavernous as big as Sagada cave but
it does have its own wonders, exploring to the chambers of the cave, tourist must swim
and even crawl because you will pass by small openings of rocks connecting to other
rooms. Inside the cave are the unique water falls, limestone walls, mineral deposits.
In terms of accommodation there are different ways in which tourist could stay
with in the locality some of this are with the use of school rooms, personal tourist guides
reception (house), river camping and for those who have vehicles they can park at the
school zone of Balakbak. To those who are interested or planning to visit the area
courtesy call should be done at the provincial tourism office and some guidelines could
be available at the municipal tourism office to obtain appropriate security. The dusty and
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rugged road could be travelled with use of personal cars, or public utility vehicles.
Renting of local passenger jeepney from the municipality could also be done for a large
number of tourists. Most of the time helicopters are being utilize to reach the
municipality for official business and or during calamities, when the national road is not
accessible.
The LGU is willing to give support through launching a pre-summer home grown
tourist event known as “Summer ed Kapangan” which is institutionalize yearly. The
committee on environment of Kapangan has conducted an environmental protection
campaign for the reservation and protection of natural resources this include the Longog
cave. The community is willing to give all out support by joining all the activity possible
to make the cave beautiful and successful. Kapangan mayor Roberto Canuto said
“summer ed Kapangan” is geared towards the full development of the municipality.
Some benefits includes local employment from the locality, promote municipal tourism,
generate income from the tourists, problems to be encountered are the proper disposal of
the garbage, careless visitors will vandalized the cave (writing on the wall).
The Department of Tourism as cited by White (2009) that the programs they
implement were tour guides should have a fee, preservation of spots and networking with
others.
Definition of Terms
Ecotourism. Focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering
personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet.
-defined as travel to destination where flora, fauna and cultures heritage are the primary
attractions
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Flora. Plants that are seen inside the cave or anywhere.
Fauna. Animals found inside the cave or anywhere.
Swallow. A small graceful songbird with long pointed wings, a notched or forked
tail and rapid flight that is found inside the cave.
Caves. Natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and
large enough to permit the entry of a man occurring in the wide variety of rocks.
Speology. It is the study of the caves from the Greek work spa lion for the cave
logos for the study.
Solution caves. These are formed in carbonate and sulfate rocks as limestone,
dolomite, marble, and gypsum by the action of slowly moving ground water that
dissolves the rocks to form tunnels.
Lava caves. These are tunnels or tubes in lava found when outer surface of lava
flows cools and hardens while the molten lava with in continues to flow and eventually
drains out through the newly formed caves.
Glacier caves. These are formed by melt water which excavates drainage tunnels
through the ice of entirely different origin and not to be included in the category of the
caves, also called ice caves.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
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METHODOLOGY
Description of the Cave
Longog cave is a tunnel cave, where tourist must swim and even crawl. Inside the
cave are unique waterfalls, corals and mineral deposits. This cave is not very large but
very watery. You will find its many labyrinth bobbing with water. Considerable skill at
hanging onto rocks is needed. There is a passage that leads to another opening at the top
of the hill from where you can view your entrance, the hanging foot bridge and the small
valley below dotted with patchwork terraces. White cited that during her first time to
enter the cave, she was afraid because it is very dark. But for the second time she visited
the cave, it was fun because she is lead by Kapangan tour guides and some Sagada
tourguides. Sagada cave is a big cave compared to Longog that is small but unique cave
because of the formation of different rocks and corals.
Locale and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Kapangan, Benguet particularly in barangay
Balakbak and Beling-belis. It is 60 kilometers away from Baguio. It is bounded by
several mountains and trees. There are two pronounced seasons in the municipality, wet
and dry season. This study was conducted from December 2009 to January 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents were purposively all people who availed at the said cave,
respectively from barangay Balakbak and Beling-belis. It also includes those who are
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Figure 1. Map showing the locale of the study
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Figure 2. Dakiwagan mountain where Longog cave is
located
Figure 3. Pathway going to the cave
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Figure 3. Entrance going to the cave
Figure 4. Inside the cave
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serving as tourist guides, concerned local officials were also interviewed. At least 20
households served as respondents.
Arandia (2009), one of the tour guides cited the services in the locality to attract
tourists as follows:
a. Accommodation - park/ground of the school
- Lodging at the school rooms
- Tourists guides reception house (personal)
- River camping
b. Communication - Provincial tourism office
- Municipal Tourism Office
c. Transportation - Tourist personal car
- Local passenger jeep from the municipality for a large
number of tourists
d. Access road
- Concrete road
- Dusty road
- Rocky road
e. Medical services - Kapangan Medicate Hospital
- Lomon RHU Clinic
- First Aid
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f. Possible benefits - Local employment of the community
- Promote municipal tourism
- Generate income from the tourists
- Educational aspects
g. Problems
- Proper waste management
- Vandalism
Data Gathered
The data gathered were profile of the respondents and their reactions to improve
more the cave, the support programs of the organization or institutions and facilities
needed in the cave
Data Analysis
The data were consolidated, categorized and tabulated using frequency counts.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Different reactions arose from the respondents when we talked about the cave.
Mayor Roberto Canuto said that the cave is not as big as Sagada but it has own wonders.
The mayor cited that it is mysterious inside the cave because it is cold and wet. Guzman
(2009) said that Longog cave is a thrilling experience because she passed by small
openings of rocks which made her nervous to pass but when she saw the waterfalls it
made her decide not to get nervous. Inside the cave are the unique waterfalls, limestone
walls and mineral deposits. Facilities needed in the cave include miners flashlights,
shorts or as long as light clothing, sandals are needed if tourists are not used to walk on
rocks.
All of the respondents mentioned that the main problem is the reconstruction of
the bridge, the rocky and dusty road should be cemented, 30% of the respondents
requested a public toilet should be available outside the cave.
Place of Origin of the Respondents
Among the 20 households interviewed there are 40 respondents,28 (70%) were
from barangay balakbak and 12 (30%) from barangay beling-belis.all the respondents
from the two barangays are in favor that the cave will showcase to the public.
Table 1. Place of origin of the respondents
PROFILE
FREQUE NCY
PERCENTAGE
(F)
(%)
Balakbak
28
70
Beling-belis
30
12
TOTAL
40
100
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Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Age range. The oldest among the 28 respondent is 50 years old and the youngest
is 18 years old. 5 (17.85%) are aged 10-20,8 (28.57%) are aged 21-30, 13 (46.43%) are
aged 31-40, and 2 (7.14%) are aged 41-50,the mean age was 29 years old. On the other
hand 4 (33.33%) are aged 21-30, 3 (25%) are aged 31-40, and 5 (41.67%) are aged 41-50
years old, the mean age was 36 years old, the youngest from Beling-belis was 21 years
old and the oldest was 49 years old.
Sex. Among the 28 respondents from balakbak 15 (54%) are femals, while 13
(46%) are males. Among the 12 respondents from beling-belis7 (58%) are females and 5
(42%) are males.
Civil status. Out of 28 respondents from balakbak 22 (79%) were married and 6
(21%) were singles. On the other hand 11 (92%) were married, and 1(8%) was single.
Highest educational attainment. From the 28respondents from Balakbak 3
(10.71%) were college graduate, 5 (17.86%) were college undergraduate, 8 (28.57%)
were high school graduates, 6 (21.43%)were high school undergraduates, 6
(21.43%)were elementary graduate. Among the 12 respondents from beling-belis 4
(33.33%) were college graduate, 2 (16.67%) were college under graduate,4 (33.33%)
were high school graduate and 2 (16.67%) were high school undergraduate.
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Table 2. Demographic profile of the respondents
BALAKBAK
BELING-BELIS
TOTAL
PROFILE
F
%
F
%
F
%
Age Range
10- 20
5
17.86
0
0
5
12.50
21-30
18
28.57
4
33.33
12
30.00
31-40
13
46.43
3
25.00
16
40.00
41-50
2
7.14
5
41.67
7
17.50
TOTAL
28 100.00 12 100.00 40 100.00
MEAN 29 36 30
Sex
Female
15
54.00
7
58.00
22
55.00
Male
13
46.00
5
42.00
18
45.00
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
Civil Status
Single
22
79.00
1
8.00
23
57.50
Married
6
21.00
11
92.00
17
42.50
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
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Table 2. Continued . . .
BALAKBAK
BELING-BELIS
TOTAL
PROFILE
F
%
F
%
F
%
Highest Educational Attainment
College 3
10.71
4
33.33
7
17.50
graduate
College under
5
15.86
2
16.67
7
17.50
graduate
High school
graduate
8
28.57
4
33.33
12
30.00
High school
under graduate
6
21.43
2
16.67
8
20.00
Elementary
graduate
6
21.43
0
0
6
15.00
TOTAL
28 100.00 12 100.00 40 100.00
Occupation
Government
6
21.43
3
25.00
9
22.50
employee
Non-
government
11
39.29
2
16.67
13
32.50
employee
21.43
3
25.00
9
22.50
Self-
employed
6
17.85
4
33.33
9
22.50
Student
5
TOTAL
28
100.00
12
100.00
40
100.00
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Occupation. Among the 28 respondents from Balakbak 6 (21.43%) were
government employee, 11 (39.29%) were non-government employee, 6 (21.43%) were
self-employed and 5 (17.86%) were students. From Beling-belis 3 (25%) were
government employee, 2 (16.67%) were non government employee, 3 (25%) were self-
employed, and 4 (33.33%) were students.
Reason or Purpose of Visiting the Cave
Table 3 shows the reasons or purpose of the respondent to visit the cave.
Social motivators. 21% from barangay Balakbak reason out that friends affair is
their main purpose in visiting the cave, 11% break from routine work and meet other
people, 7% from family affair. On the other hand, majority of respondents from Beling-
belis is also for friends’ affair.
Table 3. Reason or purpose of visiting the cave
BELING-
REASON/PURPOSE
BALAKBAK
BELIS
TOTAL
F
%
F
%
F
%
Social Motivators
Friends affair
6
21
3
25
9
23
Family affair
2
7
0
0
2
5
Break from routinary work
3
11
0
0
3
8
Meet other people
3
11
0
0
3
8
Physical Motivators
Health
1
4
1
8
2
5
Sports
0
0
0
0
0
0
Relaxation
13
46
8
67
21
53
TOTAL
28
100
12
100
40
100
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Physical motivators. Respondents from the two barangays reason out that
relaxation is their purpose in entering the cave. 43% from barangay Balakbak reason is
for relaxation and 67% from Beling-belis while 4% health from Balakbak and 8% from
Beling-belis.
Ratings of Facilities and Services
Table 4 shows the ratings of facilities and services availed by the respondents.
Respondents rank the facilities and services using ranking as follows: 1-unsatisfied; 2-
undecided; 3-satisfied; 4-satisfied; and 5-very well satisfied.
The five facilities and services available in Kapangan were arranged from highest
to lowest. Road access is rated as unsatisfied while communication facilities are rated as
satisfied.
Table 4. Ratings of facilities and services
BELING-
FACILITIES AND SERVICES
BALAKBAK
BELIS
TOTAL
F
%
F
%
F
%
Accommodation
3
11
0
0
3
7.50
Road accessibility
20
71
8
67
28
70.00
Communications
2
7
2
17
4
10.00
Medical service
3
12
2
17
5
12.50
Transportation
TOTAL
28
100
12
100
40
100.00
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Acceptability of the Respondents Wether they Enjoy
their Journey to the Cave or Not
Majority of the respondents said that they enjoy their journey to the cave.
Suggestions of Respondents to Improve Tourism in Kapangan
Among the 40 respondents from the two barangays, suggested that the rocky and
dusty road is the main problem, the road is need to be cemented to attract customers.
Some mentioned that officials and community should coordinate in the maintenance of
cleanliness along the road. Other suggested that tour guides should have skills in
performing first aid for emergency incase accident happen and they should bring extra
lights. Some mentioned that the fastest way to showcase the cave is to have printed
information from the municipality.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted in Balakbak, Beling-belis, Kapangan to know whether
Longog cave has the potential to become a tourist attraction.
This study was conducted to know the basic attraction of the cave, the support
services and facilities that would enhance or attract tourist the opinions of stakeholders
particularly residents and local officials and the possible benefits and problems a tourist
destination would provide to the community.
There were 40 respondents from the area and most of them want that the cave will
be showcased to the public. An interview schedule was prepared in gathering data.
Majority of the respondents mentioned that the problem encountered in going to the cave
is the bridge that swept by typhoon pepeng that need to be reconstructed to attract tourist
and the rocky and rugged road needs to be cemented.
Longog cave is a tunnel cave, where tourist must swim and even crawl. Inside the
cave are unique waterfalls, corals and mineral deposit. This cave is not very large but
very watery. You will find its many labyrinth bobbing with water. Considerable skill at
hanging onto rocks is needed. There is a passage that leads to another opening at the top
of the hill from where you can view your entrance, the hanging foot bridge and the small
valley below dotted with patchwork terraces.
Accommodation is done at the school rooms, parking at the school zone, tour
guides reception house (personal) and river camping. Communication is available at the
Provincial Tourism Council and Kapangan Municipal Tourism Office. In terms of
transportation this could be availed by tourist personal car, local passenger jeep from the
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
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municipality for a large number of tourists. Access road were concrete, dusty and rocky
roads. The medical services in Kapangan are the Lomon RHU Clinic, Kapangan
Medicare Hospital and the skills of tourguides in first aid. The possible benefits include
local employment, promote municipal tourism, income from the tourists, educational
aspects from the students.
As to the disadvantage, waste management is the main problem because some
visitors are undisciplined.
Facilities needed inside the cave include miners flashlights, shorts or as long as
light clothing, sandals or sleepers are needed if tourist are not used to walk on rocks. The
LGU of Kapangan is willing to give support to the full development of Longog cave.
Their programs include salary of tourist, preservation of natural resources and
networking with others.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Tourists must swim and even crawl to the cave.
2. Tour guides should be skilled and well-trained especially in first aid.
3. People in the locality should maintain cleanliness.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were drawn.
1. Improvement on the roads and cooperation of the locality to attract tourists.
2. Natural attraction of the cave should be preserved and not to vandalized.
3. Maintain cleanliness to the area.
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4. Tour guides should be well trained.
5. More information materials should be provided to attract tourist.
Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2009. Eco Tourism International. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
http://www.gdrc/uem/eco-tour/etoour-define.html.
ARANDIA, R. 2009. History of Longog cave. Personal Interview. KEGA President.
September 29, 2009.
CANUTO, R. M. 2009. Caves. Personal Interview. Mayor, Lomon, Kapangan,
Benguet.
FOLSON, F. 1962. Caves. Retrieved September 1, 2009 from www. desrtusa. com/
geofacts/ caves. html.
KAMAURO, O. 1996. Ecotourism. United Nations News Service. Retrieved December
8, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org./wikiecotourism//.
LIBOSADA JR. C. M. 1998. Ecotourism in the Philippines. Bookmark Inc. 254-A Pablo
Ocampo Sr. Avenue Makati City. Pp.116-117.
MERG, M. 2007. Ecotourism Benefits. Retrieved September 1, 2009 from
www.untamedpath.com./ecotourism/benefits.
SALAMANCA, M. D. N. 2006. Tour Guiding as a profession. Mindshapers Cor., Inc.
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Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area
in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet / Jovane D. Pastor. 2010
Document Outline
- Potential of Longog Cave as a Tourist Destination Area in Balakbak, Kapangan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Limitations of the Cave
- Statement of the Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Importance of the Study
- Scope and Limitation of the Study
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Tourism Defined
- Ecotourism Defined
- Ecotourism Activities
- Benefits of Ecotourism
- Example of Ecotourism
- Types of Caves
- Possible Dangers Generally Posed/Encored in Caves
- Minerals Found in the Cave
- Uses of Caves
- Definition of Terms
- METHODOLOGY
- Description of the Cave
- Locale and Time of the Study
- Respondents of the Study
- Data Gathered
- Data Analysis
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Place of Origin of the Respondents
- Demographic Profile of the Respondents
- Reason or Purpose of Visiting the Cave
- Ratings of Facilities and Services
- Acceptability of the Respondents Wether they Enjoytheir Journey to the Cave or Not
- Suggestions of Respondents to Improve Tourism in Kapangan
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- LITERATURE CITED