BIBLIOGRAPHY

EMPISO, ASUNCION B. APRIL 2010. Perception of Farmers on Organic
Vegetable Production in Bakun, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Clifton D. Llanes, BSc.
ABSTRACT

Organic farming is gaining popularity due to its concern for health and
environment. Concern, hence, is on the support of farmer toward this system, among
others.

This study aimed to determine the perceptions and attitudes of farmers towards
organic farming and their willingness to go into this.
Fifty respondents were interviewed at Gambang Bakun, Benguet to determine
their perceptions, attitudes and willingness to shift organic farming.
The study revealed that farmers of Gambang Bakun are not well informed on
what organic farming is. Their technical knowledge is very limited only; however, they
have high awareness on the environment and health aspects of organic farming. Whereas,
and not on the other components of organic farming. Whereas, most of them are willing
to go organic, most especially the middle aged group, majority needs the support of the
government.

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It is thus recommended that, to encourage a shift into organic farming, concerned
institutions must provide information, education, and training to farmer in the area staring
with the middle-aged group. Input assistance is also recommended.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS



Page

Bibliography...……………………………………………………………………
i

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..
i

Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION


Rationale of the Study……………………………………………………...
1

Importance of the Study……………………………………………………
2

Statement of the Problem……………………………..................................
3

Objectives of the Study………………….....................................................
3

Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………….
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………
4
METHODOLOGY

Locale and Time of the Study………………………………………………
17

Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………..
17

Data Gathered Procedure…………………………………………………...
17
Data
Analysis………………………………………………………………. 17
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Demographic Profile………………………………………………………..
18



Household Size ……………………………………………………………..
19



Ethnicity ……………………………………………………………………
19



Educational Attainment …………………………………………………….
19



Membership to Local
iii 
 

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and Farmer Organizational …………………………………………………
19


Economic Profile…………………………………………………………...
21


Other Source of Income ……………………………………………………
21



Farm Demographic…………………………………………………………
22


Organic farming Support……………………………………………………
82



Organic farming technologies or

Component want to Practice………………………………………………..
84



Recommendations of respondents…………………………………………..
86


SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary…………………………………………………………………… 97
Conclusions………………………………………………………………… 98
Recommendations………………………………………………………….. 98
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………...
99
APPENDIX

A. Interview Schedule…………………………………………………..
100
 
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1
INTRODUCTION


Rationale

Every Filipino knows that vegetables are one of the most important products of
the Philippines. Its value could hardly be over-estimated because majority produce and
eat it, for they are informed that vegetables are rich in vitamins.

Organic farming is now widely recognized by the public and government as a
valid alternative to conventional agriculture. It is because medical research linked cancer
with the use of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers frequently applied by commercial
farms.
Applications of chemicals on farms like pesticides can affect the ecosystem.
Based on the new studies of US and Europe organic farming can help mitigate global
warming. In Gumba Nueva Ecija farmers believe that through organic production they
could contribute in the battle against global heating and climate change (Benaning, 2009).
Actually, pesticides are poisons. This was stressed by Dr.Lynn R.Panganiban of
the National Poison Control and Information Service. She gave the definition of
Pesticides as a chemical used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling or
mitigating troublesome and destructive animals, mostly insects. These substances are
inherently poisonous that can harm man and environment. Humans are affected when
they are exposed to the poison through oral and inhalation (Marquez, 2004).

Organic farming can contribute meaningful socio-economic and ecologically
sustainable development, especially in poor countries. And this could be achieved
through the application of organic principles, which means efficient management of local
resources like local seed varieties and manures. It is proven that most organic farms
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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2
provide a means of agricultural sustainability by reducing the amount of human input
such as pesticides and fertilizers. Farmers that produce vegetables through organic
method reduce risk of poor yields (Wikipedia, 2009).

It is a must that farmers should know that organic farming benefits them in many
ways. It does not pollute environment. That means it does not contribute or aggravate
illnesses or diseases related to environmental pollution. Moreover, it does not only
concern the health of human beings but also with animals. Soil is preserved and
prevented also from quality degradation. This means that succeeding crops after every
organic farming in a specific farm has the least chance against soil related problems like
soil acidity for example. Doing all the right procedures of organic farming in producing
edible organic vegetable is truly a time consuming, but, it is far cheaper in expenses
comparing it to conventional farming.

Importance of the Study

Organic farming is a highly ethical form of agricultural production, with clear
concerns for animals and human welfare such as ensuring that farmers get a fair return
for their work and are not exploited by consumers.

Shifting to organic farming in Bakun would be desirable for it could benefit
farmers in many ways. This would help them to preserve soil fertility in order to produce
healthy foods for consumptions as well as ensure sustained farming productivity.
Conducting this study will help the farmers of Bakun municipality to be familiarized with
organic farming. They will be able to appreciate the benefits they can achieve from it. It
will be easy for them to understand what organic farming is, what the necessary things

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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are or equipment to be used, how to do organic farming and what are the important things
to remember when implementing the said organic production.

Statements of the Problem

1. What are the perceptions and attitudes of farmers on organic farming?

2. Are the farmers of Bakun willing to go into organic farming?


Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the perceptions and attitudes of farmers on organic farming.
2. To determine what farmers are willing to go into organic farming.


Scope and Limitation of the Study

Organic farming sustains the health of soil, plant, animal and human.This study
deals on the perceptions and opinions of farmers on organic farming from the identified
barangays of Bakun.The study was conducted December 2009.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE  

As stated by Kristiansen, et al (2006), the term organic was first used in relation
to farming by Nourthbourne .The farm itself must have a biological completeness, and it
must be a unit which has within itself balance organic life.

Furthermore, they mentioned that the International Food Standards, Codex
Alimentarius, state that organic agriculture is a holistic management production system
which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem, health including biodiversity, biological
cycles and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in
preferences to the use of off-farm inputs.
Howard is widely considered to be the "Father of Organic Farming". He believes
that organic farming is beneficial; he believes that the health of soil, health of plants and
animals are fed by that soil.
International Federation of Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an international
organization for organic organizations have a draft revised principles of organic
agricultures, this are the Principles of Health, organic agriculture should sustain and
enhance the health of soil, plant, animal and human as one and indivisible. Ecological
Principle, organic agriculture should be based on and work with living ecological systems
and cycles, emulate them and help sustain them. Principles of fairness also state that it
should be built upon relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common
environment and life opportunities. Lastly, is the Principle of care it could be manage in a
precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well being of current and
future generations and the environment.
 
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manure,
compost, biological pest control and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity
and control pests, excluding or limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides,
plant growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Organic agriculture methods are
internationally regulated and legally enforced by many nations, based in a large part on
the standards set by the IFOAM, IFOAM defines the goal of organic farming as follows,
“Organic Agriculture combine tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared
environment and promote fair relationship and good quality of life for all involved.

Furthermore, pesticides damage human health with direct exposure and the
environment. Pesticides ran-off is one of the most significant effects of pesticides use
(Wikipedia, 2009).

Kitma (2009) says that in organic farming feed the soil and not the plant directly.
Plants are not designed to get their nutrients by being forced fed. Plants, in order to grow
healthy, need fertile soil. Soil fertility can be maintained by the application of quality
compost, proper application of animal and green manure, proper crop rotation as well as
cultivation process. He added also that there is no such thing as pest if we encourage a
well balanced micro-ecology, spraying pesticide to control plant pest does not solve the
problem of pest. For him, key to pest management is through building a well balanced
micro-ecology that include soil, plants, animals and micro-organisms, healthy soils grows
healthy plants and healthy plants do not get infested easily by pests and diseases.

Furthermore, plant strong local season crops. Avoid hybrid and other seeds that
have been grown with pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Generally weak in vigor, easily

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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attacked by pest and diseases. Kitma mentioned that in organic farming you need to grow
different plants together which means mono-culture or growing of one crop continuously
in a wide scale area is not good. It will deplete soils and make crops vulnerable to pest
and diseases.

New studies from US and Europe confirm that organic farming can help mitigate
global warming. Some major reasons on how organic agriculture can help battle change
are organic farming does not pollute air, water and land because it does not utilize
chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Its method uses manure and cover crops like legumes
to enrich the soil which helps sequester CO2 from atmosphere. It uses less energy also
than conventional farming.

Moreover, technology use in organic agriculture enhances soil fertility, in turn,
encourage crops to develop deeper roite which increases the amount of organic matter in
the soil, locking up carbon underground and keeping it out of the atmosphere. Organic
farming combats global warming by capturing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and
incorporating it into the soil (Clarapols, 2008).
Organic farming increases biodiversity at every level of the food chain, all the
way from lowly bacteria to mammals. Organic farming practices benefits the wild life
around the farm.
Furthermore, Clarapols stated that farmers who switch organic farming may have
been predisposed towards environment-friendly methods so biodiversity may have been
higher than the average before conversion (Clarapols, 2004).

According to Benaning (2009), in organic agriculture, the restricted use of
mineral fertilizers reduces the use of non-renewable energy from fossil fuels and cuts
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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emission of agricultural green houses like carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide and methane.
Soil enriched with fauna and flora not only increases nutrient cycling and agricultural
productivity but stabilizes soil against erosions and floods detoxify ecosystems and may
even help counter act climate change by restoring the soil capacity for carbon
sequestration.

Opina (2008) says that health experts promote the consumption of organic
vegetables for its high nutritional content and for having the ability to boost the immune
systems by fighting certain diseases.

Kristiansen,
et al, (2006) stated the importance of organic matter. Losses of
organic matter as a result of continuous growth of the same crops have a bad effect in the
tilth. Crop sequence under the dry land conditions because of the difference in residual
soil moisture left by different crops and the length of fallow period for moisture storage
between crops. Another thing is that crop rotation control diseases. Parasites live over in
the soil tend to accumulate when the same crops are grown. That is how important crop
rotation is.

Furthermore,
Kristiansen,
et al, (2006) stated that cover crops increase the field
of subsequent crops as well as to improve the friability of soil. Brought about by the
increase in the content of organic matter through cultivation, cover crops also prevent the
leaching of nutrients. The truth is that organic matter increases the water as well as
minerals holding capacity of sandy soils.

Improving crop rotation, using organic tillage, conserving crop residues, using
organic amendments such as animal manures and compost, practicing specific erosion
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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control measures are some of the position steps to better soil organic matter (Magdoff and
Weil, 2004).

Organic farming contributes benefits through economics, environment, health
and social. Farmer who grows organic benefits not only their families but also to its
community and consumers. Harmful farm chemicals no longer percolate into the water
supply where health problems in communities maybe avoided. Potential benefits of
organic foods for consumers are not just related to the absence of herbicides and
pesticides but rather organic products are higher vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants.
Economic benefits includes reduced used of pesticides and increasing biodiversity of
organic farms and restore habitats for beneficial animals, insect and plants. Organic
farming is often about building relationships and connections. A network develops and
flourishes (Wikipedia 2009).

Organic farming has an advantage as well as disadvantages. The most important
advantage of organic farming is that it maintains the life of the soil, not only for current
generation but also for future generations. Water pollution is reduced by organic farming.
A French study reveals that the nutritional quality and micro-nutrients are present in
higher quantities in organically produced crops. Micro-nutrients promote good health.
Organically grown foods taste better. The life also of organically grown crop is longer
than the plants cultivated by traditional methods. Organically grown plant is more
droughts tolerant. Low production is the first organic farming disadvantage. One more
thing is that organically produced are expensive which is not favorable to customers. The
cost is very often 50-100 percent more than the traditional one. Organically produced also
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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are not always available because organic farmers grow crops in accordance to the season
(Wikipedia, 2009).
The increase demand for organically grown food has reflected consumers’
concern with food safety, genetically modified foods, pesticides residues, and the
environmental impact of conventional agriculture.
Given the supply in demand for organic foods, it would be valuable to
communicators, educators and Extension professionals to understand non-organic
farmers' attitudes toward organic agriculture in their barriers to adoption. Previous studies
have revealed possible economic, health, and technical barriers that influence non-
organic farmers' attitudes about adopting organic farming practices .Such studies
explained why non-organic farmers did not consider organic production as economically
feasible. Austrian farmers, for example, did not adopt organic practices for the following
reasons: no compensation payments for organics and no willingness to forego net income
for benefits of environmentally friendly farming. The loss on return on organic products
would have affected British farmers' ability to pay their mortgage. Large scale, non-
organic farmers in South Africa considered fewer marketing opportunities, no premium
prices, and the lack of subsidies as economic factors keeping them from adopting organic
practices.
Research has shown that chemical use is a health related barrier toward adopting
organic farming. In New Zealand, 54 out of 62 farmers were not interested in organic
farming because they were not concerned with chemicals in for. Another health barrier
was that neither farmers nor their family members have personally experienced illness
from the use of such chemicals.
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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Research has shown that technical feasibility was another factor farmers consider
when forming their attitudes toward organic farming. According to, Austrian cash-crop
producers hesitated to adopt organic production due to problems with weeds, diseases
and insects, and additional labor requirements. In a study done in South Africa, large
scale non-organic farmers listed yield reductions, higher weed and pest infestations, and
more diseases damage on crops as problems associated with the conversion process.
Farmers express their anxiety about crop diseases when farming organically because they
considered the information about organic farming insufficient.
Studies have analyzed various demographic characteristics to determine how they
relate to attitudes toward organic farming methods. The most frequently studied
characteristics were years of farming experience, family farming tradition, age,
education level, and gender (Hall, 2009).
Bakun is the fourth municipality in the Province of Benguet, Philippines. About
the Bakun geography, it is bounded on the north by the municipality of Cervantes, Ilocos
Sur and municipalities of Buguias and Mankayan, and on the west by the municipalities
of Sugpon and Alilem of the Ilocos Sur province. Bakun is 336 kilometer away from
Manila and 86 kilometer away from Baguio.
During the Spanish period, Bakun was a rancheria (towns) of the Commandancia
Politico-Militar de Amburayan while Ampusongan (currently a barangay of Bakun) was
a rancheria of the Commandancia Politico-Militar de Tiagan, Distrito de Benguet. In
1900, when the United States took control of the Philippines, the American Congress in
acted Act Number 48, placing Bakun under the Province of Amburayan and
Ampusongan under the Benguet Province. On August 13, 1908, the municipal districts of
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Bakun and Ampusongan became part of Benguet.In the early part of 1937, Ampusongan
was merged with Bakun, the latter carrying the name of the township while the former
became a barangay. Bakun existed until the enactment of Republic Act Number 4695 in
1966 when it was included in the newly created province of Benguet. Bakun is politically
subdivided into seven barangay whish are the following; Ampusongan, Bagu, Dalipey,
Gambang, Kayapa, Poblacion (Central) and Sinacbat, each of this barangay consist of
different sitios (Wikipedia, 2009).
Cordillerano or Cordilleran is an unofficial and relatively recent term for the
people of the hill tribes of Luzon, Philippines who are residing in the Cordillera and
Caraballo mountains. This term is an attempt at political correctness, since a current term,
Igorot, has caused controversy due to its perceived negative stigma and by the ignorance
of individuals who did not really explore and study the area.
Based on the May 2000 census, Benguet has a total population of 330,129, which
makes it the most populous province in the region, where Bakun is under this
municipality.
Benguet is a homeland of several tribes, collectively referred as Igorot. Two of
them, the Ibaloi in the Southeast and the Kankana-ey in the Northwest are the dominant
tribes of Benguet.
Agriculture, mining, and tourism are the major industries of Benguet. Because of
its temperate climate and high altitude, Benguet is an ideal place for producing vegetables
like potatoes, Baguio beans, peas, strawberries, cabbage, lettuce, carrots and others
(Wikipedia, 2009).
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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Barangay Gambang as the main site of study has its origin. Hunters from" Awa"
Tinec, Ifugao who shifted to cultivation inhabited Barangay Gambang. These hunters
claimed that "KANAS" is their ancestor. Other pioneering clans of large descendants
were Budas or Tingbaoen. Kulalat and Pesawen who have spread in the Barangay.
According to respondents, the first settlement area was located in sitios of
Onasan and Pangawan. These areas have deposit of gold and copper minerals. The early
settlers fashioned out different kind of pots out of these minerals. One of such is the large
pan called SILYASI in local term. This utensil is usually used in big occasions like
canaos and other traditional rituals. They also barter trades in neighboring barangay.
Because of this, the GAMBANG or SILYASI as commonly named became known far
and wide until it was adopted as its official name.
Gambang is one of the seven barangay of the Municipality of Bakun. The
barangay has a total land area of 3,856.6169 hectares. Comprising of 36 sitios. Gambang
Proper is located in a rolling foothill with an elevation of 1400 masl. Mt. Usdong with an
with an elevation of 2618 masl is located on the Northern part of the barangay. This is
considered as the highest elevation in the barangay. Other portions of the community like
Sinipsip, Cagam-is, and Alibacong have 2000, 500 and 2200 meters above sea level,
respectively.
Gambang is bounded on the North by the Municipality of Mankayan. Barangay
Amgaleyguey and Lengaoan of Buguias on the Eastern part, on the South by Barangay
Ampusongan and Barangay Dalipey of Bakun on the Western portion.
The barangay is located along the Halsema Highway. Gambang Bakun is about
16 kilometers away from the municipal center (Ampusongan), 64 kilometer away from
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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the Provincial Capitol (La Trinidad) and approximately 70 kilometer away from Baguio
City.
Barangay Gambang has two seasons, the wet and the dry season. The dry season
is from the month of November to April while rainy season occurs during the remaining
months of the year. Extreme heat is experienced during summer particularly on the
months of March and April. This causes the reduction of water from the spring and other
sources of irrigation particularly in the elevated portion of the barangay. Typhoons and
monsoon rains likewise are pronounced during months of June to September, which
sometimes destroy rice fields and other related cash-crops.
Frosting is observed from December to February at Mt. Usdong and its
surrounding communities. The temperature ranges from 14-24 degrees centigrade, which
is classified as type 1. However, in the months of November to the second week of
February the temperature ranges from 12-21 degrees centigrade.
The soil type of the community is classified as clay, clay loam and sandy loam.
However, there are areas in the community where soil acidity is a problem. This observed
as the result of continuous cropping and extensive use of commercial fertilizers and other
chemical inputs. The soil in the barangay is very suitable to the production of highland
vegetables.
The creeks, rivers and springs serve as sources of irrigation and domestic water
supply of the whole community. Gambang River, the major river in the barangay comes
from the mainstream of Gakian, Sitios Sinipsip and Sookan then joins the Suyoc River
from Guinaoang, Mankayan and flows to Cervantes, Ilocos Sur and merge with the Abra
River.
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Barangay Gambang is composed of 672 households distributed in 36 sitios. Sitio
Mogao has the most number of households, with 74 because it is where the school and
other institutions are located, followed by sitios Bagtangan with 48, then Pilando with 45
and Alam-am with 41 households. Sitio Caaduan has the least number; with only one
household because it is located along the boundary of Bakun and Buguias, according to
the National Statistics Office (NSO) survey, all households in this sitios choose to be
included in Amgaleyguey, an adjacent barangay of the municipality of Buguias, Benguet.
Sitios Dalayap and Bolbolo are the second least populated with 4 households. This sitio is
where most vegetable farm is located.
The crop production of Barangay Gambang is predominantly an agricultural area
where vegetable farming is the primary source of income. Cash crops produce are
cabbage with a total yield of 7375 tons harvested in the 175 hectares, white potato with
7,250 tons in 170 hectares, carrots with 2000 tons in 60 hectares, and Chinese cabbage
with 1800 tons in 60 hectares. These commodities are the crops suitable in the area and
are the common crops with a high demand from the traders. Palay with a total production
of 25 tons from 5-hectare land is for home consumption. Likewise, crops like sweet
potato, banana and coffee are produced for home consumption.
Main crops like cabbage, white potato, carrots, Chinese cabbage and palay are
dependent on chemicals and pesticides and are organically applied with chicken manure,
triple 14, 0-0-60, and 16-20. The rate of application is once in every planting or cropping
season. Rate of pesticides and chemical application is minimal due to pressing issues of
soil fertility depletion. Besides, the farmers are still using the traditional farming system.
Lack of service deliveries from concerned government agencies on agriculture and agro
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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forestry contributes to traditional farming, inappropriate application of chemicals and
fertilizer, and limited knowledge on new technology for farmers.
The existing agricultural support services in the area are eight communal
irrigation systems (CIS) with a serviceable area of 106 hectares, with 128 households’
beneficiaries. However, this CIS cannot irrigate far-flung farms because of insufficient
water supply. There are also three (3) Potato Seed Storages, which can accommodate 5
tons of potato seed each. Two seed potato storage can accommodate 25 tons each. Lastly,
an open canal type of irrigation serving sitio Labilab with 30 households’ beneficiaries
and an area of 10 hectares.
Generally, the market outlet of commercial crops is at La Trinidad Vegetable
Trading Post (CHARMP 2002).

Definition of Terms

Attitude. Opinion to something

Agriculture. The process of foods and goods through farming.
Compost. A mixture of partly broken organic material usually made up of leaves.
Conventional farming. The way of raising plants with the accepted usage of
commercial pesticides and fertilizers.
Cover crops. Planting of crops that use to protect the soil and not allow weeds to
grow.
Crop rotation. Practice of growing a series of different crops in the same area.
Cultivation. Tilling the land to prepare for crops.
Green manure. Grown to be turned under for soil improvement while in succulent
condition.
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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Organic agriculture. System of production that sustains the health of the health of
environment.
Pesticide. Chemical use to kill pest that damaging crop.
Perception. View or understanding of an individual about something.
Synthetic fertilizers. Chemical component used for plants.


















Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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METHODOLOGY

Locale and Time of the Study

This study was conducted in Gambang, Bakun in order to determine the potential
of promoting organic production in the area.
This research was conducted in December 2009.


Respondents of the Study

There were 50 vegetable farmers as respondents. Selections of respondents were
through random sampling.

Data Gathering Procedure

Interview with farmers with the use of interview schedule was employed in
gathering data needed in the study.

Data Analysis
Data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using frequency counts and
appropriate other statistical tools. Correlation analysis was done between the farmer and
the farm profile and responses.






Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Demographic Profile

The demographic profile of the respondents is presented in Table1.Table2
presents the membership of respondents to local organization and Table 3 presents the
membership of respondents to farmers’ organization as matched against years of
membership.
Marital status. Majority of the respondents (76.0%) are married, of which 19 or
38.0% are female and 19 or 38.0% are male.

Table 1. Respondents’ demographic profile
PARTICULARS SEX
TOTAL

FEMALE
MALE
F
%


F
%
M
%


Marital
status


Single
3.0
6.0
5.0
10.0
8.0
16.0
Married
19.0
38.0
19.0
38.0
38.0
76.0
Separated
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
Widowed
2.0
4.0
.0
.0
2.0
4.0
TOTAL
25.0
50.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
Household size

<3
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
3-5
14.0
28.0
5.0
10.0
19.0
38.0
6-8
9.0
18.0
14.0
28.0
23.0
46.0
9-11
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
12+
.0
.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
TOTAL
25.0
50.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
Ethnicity

Kankana-ey
23.0
46.0
20.0
40.0
43.0
86.0
Ibaloi
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
5.0
10.0
Ilokano
.0
.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
TOTAL
25.0
50.0
25.0
50.0
50.0
100.0





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Table 1 continued…

Education
F
%
M
%




Elementary
9.0
18.0
12.0
42.0
21
42.0
Highshool
6.0
12.0
9.0
30.0
15
30.0
College
10.0
20.0
4.0
28.0
14
28.0
TOTAL
25.0
50.0
25.0
50.0
50
100.0


Household size. Most of the respondents belong to household size with 6-8
members.Nineteen (38.0%) have a household size of 3-5members.
Ethnicity. Most of the respondents (86.0 %) are kankana-ey, 23 (46.0%) are
female and 20 (40.0%) are males. As cited by (Wikipedia, 2009), ibaloi and kankana-ey
are the dominant tribes in Bakun Benguet.
Educational attainment. There were 21(42.0%) respondents who went to or finish
elementary level, 15 (30.0%) of respondents reached high school while 14 (28.0%)
finished college.
Membership to local and farmer organizational. Out of 50 respondents 12 (24.0%)
respondents are registered to the local organization, of which 8 are member and 4 are
officer only 3 have been member for more than 12 years while 9 (18.0%) have been
member for 10 years or less.












Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

20
Table 2. Membership to organization level and membership to organization type

PARTICULAR ORGANIZATION
TOTAL


LOCAL
F %


F
%


Membership




Officer 4.0
8.00
4.0 8.00
Member 8.0
16.0
8.0 16.0
TOTAL
12.0
24.0
12
24.0
Number of years as




member
3
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
5
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
8
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
10
6.0
12.0
6.0
12.0
12
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
15
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
19
1.0
2.00
1.0
2.0
TOTAL
12.0
24.00
12.0
24.0

Table 3. Membership to organizational type
PARTICULAR ORGANIZATION
TOTAL


FARMERS
F %


F
%


Membership




Officer
4.0
8.0
4.0
8.0
Member
8.0
16.0
8.0
16.0
TOTAL
12.0
24.0
12.0
24.0
Number of years as




member
3
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
5
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
8
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
10
6.0
12.0
6.0
12.0
12
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
15
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
19
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL
12.0
24.0
12.0
24.0



Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

21
Economic Profile

The economic profile of the respondents is presented in Table 4, which includes
information on their annual income from farming and the other sources of their income
aside from farming against to their household size.
Other source of income. There were 14 (28.0%) respondents have earned
additional income from other source of which 7 (14.0%) of them have household sizes of
6-8 members. There were 4 (8.0%) respondents who earned 25000-44999 pesos yearly.

Table 4. Other source of income

PARTICULAR HOUSEHOLD
SIZE
TOTAL

3-5
6-8
9-11
F
%


F
%
F
%
F
%


Other source








of income
Beautician
1
2.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
Driver
1
2.0
1
2.0
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
LGO officer
0
0.0
2
4.0
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
Pordia
1
2.0
2
4.0
0
0.0
3.0
6.0
Repair shop
1
2.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
Retailing
2
4.0
1
2.0
1
2.0
4.0
8.0
Security 0
0.0
1
2.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL
6
12.0
7
14.0
1
2.0
14.0
28.0
Income from

other source
<25000
1
2.0
1
2.0
1
2.0
3.0
6.0
25000-44999
1
2.0
3
6.0
0
0.0
4.0
8.0
85000+
0
0.0
1
2.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL
2
4.0
5
10.0
1
2.0
8.0
16.0





Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

22
Farm Demographic

The farm demographic profiles of respondents are matched to their economic
profile. Table 5 presents the tenure status and farm size of respondents against years in
farming. Table 6 presents the farm type and soil characteristics against each respondents
farm size. Table 7 shows the main crops of respondents against farm size of respondents.
Table 8 shows the volume and value of their crops.
Tenure status. Majority 24 (48.0%) of the respondents owned their farm
land.Forteen (28.0%) are share tenants and 10 (20.0%) claim ancestral domain.
Farm size. Most 32 (64.0%) of the respondents had a farm of 0.0-1ha.area.


Table 5. Tenure status and farm size

PARTICULAR FARMING YEARS
TOTAL

<5
5-17
18-30
31-43
44+
F
%

F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%
F
%

Tenure



Owner
0 0.0 11.0 22.0
9 18.0
3 6.0
1 2.0 24
48.000
Share
4 8.0 7.0 14.0
3
6.0
0
.0
0 .0 14 28.000
tenant
Leasehold 0
0.0 .0 00.0
1
2.0
0
.0
0 .0 1 2.000
Ancestral 0 0.0 6.0 12.0
4
8.0
0
.0
0 .0 10 20.000
domain
TOTAL 4
8.0
24.0 49.0
17 34.0
3 6.0
1
2.0
49
100.000
Farm Size





<1ha
0
0.0
9.0 18.0
6 12.0
0
.0
0 .0
15 30.000
0.5-1ha 4
8.0
16.0 32.0
10 20.0
1 2.0
1
2.0
32 64.000
>1ha
0
0.0
0.0
.0
1
2.0
2 4.0
0 .0 3 6.000
TOTAL 4
8.0
25.0 50.0
17 34.0
3 6.0
1
2.0
50
100.000
X²=.002



Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

23
Years of farming. Almost half has been farming for 5-17 years and 17 (34.0%)
has been farming for 18-30 years.Majority 32 (64.0%) have a farm area of 0.5-1ha area.

Farm type of respondents. Majority 36 (72.0%) of the respondents have type of
farm which is upland rainfed most of them source their irrigation from rain. Eighteen
(36.0%) of respondents have upland irrigation farm type of which 32 (64.0%) of
respondents had a land area of of 0.5-1ha. As cited by (CHARMP 2002), the creeks,
rivers and springs serve as sources of irrigation and domestic water supply of the whole
community.
Soil characteristics of respondents. Majority 35 (70.0%) of the respondents have
sandy type of soil in their farm, 28 (56.0%) have loamy soil and 8 (16.0%) have a clay
type of soil. Majority 32 (64.0%) had a land area of 0.5 to 1hectare.The (CHARMP
2002), stated that, the soil type of Gambang is classified as clay; clayloam and
sandyloam. However, there are areas in the community where soil acidity is the problem.
This observed as the result of continuous cropping and use of synthetic pesticides
and fertilizers.

Table 6. Farm demographic profile

PARTICULAR FARM
SIZE
TOTAL
<1ha
0.5-1ha
>1ha
F
%

F
%
F
%
F
%


Years of farming








<5
0
.0
4.0
8.0
0
0.0
4.0
8.0
5-17
9
18.0
16.0
32.0
0
0.0
25.0
50.0
18-30
6
12.0
10.0
20.0
1
2.0
17.0
34.0
31-43
0
00.0
1.0
2.0
2
4.0
3.0
6.0
44+
0
00.0
1.0
2.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL 15
30.0
32.0
64.0
3
6.0
50.0
100.0














Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

24
Table 6 continued…










Farm
type

Upland
irrigated
7
14.0
9.0
18.0
2
36.0
18.0
36.0
Upland
rainfed
7
14.0
26.0
52.0
3
6.0
36.0
72.0
Lowland
rainfed
1
2.0
1.0
2.0
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
TOTAL 15
30.0
32.0
64.0
3
6.0
50.0
100.0
Soil characteristics

Loamy
7
14.0
18.0
36.0
3
6.0
28.0
56.0
Clay
4
8.0
4.0
8.0
0
0.0
8.0
16.0
Sandy
9
18.0
24.0
48.0
2
4.0
35.0
70.0
TOTAL 15
30.0
32.0
64.0
3
6.0
50.0
100.0

Crops of respondents.Table 7 presents that most plants chinese cabbage and
carrots, majority 41 (82.0%) respondents plants potato.Twenty-seven (54.0%) who are
potato producers have farm area of 0.5-1ha,and 26 (52.0%) who are cabbage producers
also operates 0.5-1ha land area. Main crops of Gambang Bakun are cabbage, potatoe,
carrots and chinese cabbage as cited by the (CHARMP 2002).












Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

25
Table 7. Farm size to crops

PARTICULAR FARM
SIZE
TOTAL
<1ha
0.5-1ha
>1ha
F
%

F
%
F
%
F
%


Crops








Potato
12.0
24.0
27.0
54.0
2
4.0
41.0
82.0
Chinese
cabbage
5.0
10.0
9.0
18.0
1
2.0
15.0
30.0
Carrot
6.0
12.0
17.0
34.0
3
6.0
26.0
52.0
Gardenpea
3.0
6.0
4.0
8.0
1
2.0
7.0
14.0
Cabbage
5.0
10.0
26.0
52.0
2
4.0
32.0
64.0
Brocoli
2.0
4.0
5.0
10.0
1
2.0
9.0
18.0
Pepper
0.0
.0
1.0
2.0
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
Beans
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
0
0.0
5.0
10.0
Raddish
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
0
0.0
5.0
10.0
lettuce
0.0
.0
1.0
2.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
Green
onions
0.0
.0
1.0
2.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL 15.0
30.0
32.0
64.0
3
6.0
50.0
100.0

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

25
Crops volume and value. Majority 28 (56.0%) of respondents’are potato producers. There were 33 (66.0%) respondents
harvest 1000-3000 kilograms to the different crops produce and majority 43 (86.0%) sell their different crops for 15-30 pesos per
kilogram.

Table 8. Crops volume and value 



PARTICULAR
CROPS
TOTAL


POTATO
CHINESE
CARROT
GARDEN
CABBAGE BROCOLI
PEPPE
BEANS RADISH LETTUCE
GREEN
F %
CABBAGE
PEA
R
ONIONS

F %
F % F %
F
% F % F %
F
%
F % F % F % F %

Volume
























<1000
1.0 2.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 3
6.0 .0
0.0 0 .0 1 .2 1 .2 0 .0 1
.2 0 .0 7.0 14.0
1000-3000
14.0 28.0 1 2.0 6.0 12 3
6.0
3.0
6.0 1 .2 0 .0 3 .6 1 .2 0 .0 1
2 33.0 66.0
3001-5000
5.0 14.0 3 6.0 4.0 8.0 0
.0 8.0
16.0 1 .2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 21.0 42.0
5001-7000
2.0 8.0 3 6.0 1.0 2.0 0
.0 3.0
6.0 0 .0 0
.0 1
.2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
10.0 20.0
7001-9000
3.0 6.0 1 2.0 3.0 6.0 0
.0 5.0
10.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 12.0 24.0
9001-11000
3.0 6.0 0 .0 2.0 4.0 0
.0 4.0
8.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 9.0 18.0
>11000
.0 0.0 0 .0 1.0 2.0 0
.0 1.0
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2.0 4.0
TOTAL
28.0 64.0 8 16.0 17.0 34.0 6
12.0 24.0
48.0 2
.4 1 .2 5 10.0 1
.2 1
.2 1
2 94.0 172.0
Value
























<15
4.0 8.0 8 16.0 10 20 0
.0 14.0
28.0 1
.2 0 .0 1 .2 3
.6 1
.2 0 .0 42.0 84.0
15-30
22.0 44.0 1 2.0 6.0 12 2
4.0
6.0
12.0 1
.2 0 .0 3 .6 1
.2 0 .0 1
2 43.0 86.0

31-45
1.0 2.0
0 .0 .0 0.0 0
.0 0.0
0.0 0 .0 1 .2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2.0 4.0
46-60
1.0 2.0 0 0.0 .0 0.0 2
4.0
0.0
0.0 0 .0 0
.0 1
.2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4.0 8.0

>105
0.0 .0
0 0.0 .0 0.0 2
4.0
0.0
0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2.0 4.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 9 18 16.0 32 6
12.0 200.0 40.0 2
.4 1 .2 5 10.0 4
.8 1
.2 1
2 93.0 186.0
 
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

27
Awareness on Organic Farming

Table 9 shows the awareness of respondents on organic farming based to
their educational attainment, farmsize, age, householdsize, and number of years in
farming. Organic farming component, source of information for those who are aware of
organic farming and the factors affecting the respondents on the non-adoption of organic
farming.
With the chi-square coe-fficient of each table, it indicates that there is no
significant difference in replies of respondents between awareness on organic farming to
their demographic profile.Not all respondents replied on the awareness to organic
farming component it implies that they are not aware of it.
Education. More (42%) of the farmers who had at least reached or finished
elementary or highschool were not aware of organic farming as compared to those who
were aware (14%) on the other hand ,there were more (20%) farmers who reached
college level who were aware of organic farming then just a few who were not aware of
it.
Farm size. Majority thirty-two (64.0%) of the respondents had a land area of 0.5-
1ha, 16 (32.0%) respondents are aware of organic farming and 16 (32.0%) of the
respondents are not aware of it. Majority 26 (52.0%) respondents are not aware of
organic.
Age. There were 19 (38.0%) respondents are in age bracket of 25-37 years, 12
(24.0%) are aware of organic, seven (14.0%) are not aware. Twenty-six (52.0%)
respondents out of 50 are not aware of organic base on their age.

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

28
Household. Most (46.0%) of the respondents belong to household size 6-8
member.Eleven (22.0%) are aware of organic farming compared it to those who are not
aware of it which is (24.0%).Out of 50 respondents, (52.0%) of the t respondents are not
aware of organic farming based on the household size of respondents.
Number of Years in Garming. One half (50.0%) of the respondents were engaged
in farming within 5-17 years, 12 (24.0%) are aware of organic farming while 13 (26.0%)
of them are not aware of it.Twenty-six (56.0%) respondents who are not aware compared
it to those who are aware which is (48.0%) this is based on the number of years
respondents engaged in farming.
Awareness on the component of organic farming. As stated by (Wikipedia, 2009)
organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manuring,
compost, biological pest control, excluding or limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides.Nine (18.0%) respondents are aware of crop rotation. One (2.0%) is aware of
green manuring, four (8.0%) are aware of compost .One (2.0%) is aware of biological
pest control. Two (4.0%) aware of excluding or limiting the use of synthetic fertilizer and
pesticides, and two (4.0%) are aware of liquid bio-fertilizers.Most 15 (30.0%) of the
respondent are aware on organic farming.
Factors that is responsible for non-adoption of organic farming. There were 16
(32.0%) respondents had a reason of nobody is practicing organic farming in their
community that is why they could not be able to adopt organic farming.Twenty-three
(46%) respondents said that they are not aware of organic farming .
Organic material used. There were 12 (24.0%) respondents are practicing crop rotation, 9
(18.0%) are aware of organic farming and 3 (6.0%) are not aware.Total
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

29
average shows that there were 13 (26.0%) of the respondents are not aware of
organic farming.
Source of information about organic farming. There were 17 (34.0%) respondents
get information of organic farming through radio. Seven (14.0%) get information of
organic farming to Department of Agriculture Technicians. Seven (14.0%) respondents
get information to neighbors. Four (8.0%) respondents have knowledge on organic
farming through the help of pamphlets/brochures/posters of organic farming. Three
(6.0%) get information through the farmer’s cooperative or association. Two (4.0%)
respondents get information through newspaper and two (4.0%) is through their relatives.
Source of organic material used. There were six (12.0%) of the respondents are
using weeds as organic fertilizers. Eight (16.0%) of the respondents are aware of organic
and two (4.0%) are not aware of it.

Table 9. Awareness on organic farming




PARTICULAR

TOTAL
AWARE
ON
NOT AWARE ON
F %
ORGANIC FARMING ORGANIC FARMING

F
%
F
%


Education


Elementary
7
14.0
14
28.0
21
42.000
Highshool
7
14.0
8
16.0
15
30.000
College
10
20.0
4
8.0
14
28.000
TOTAL 24
48.0
26
52.0
50
100.000
X²=.086
Farm size


<1ha
7
14.0
8
30.0
15
30.000
0.5-1ha
16
32.0
16
64.0
32
64.000
>1ha
1
2.0
2
6.0 3 6.000
TOTAL 24
48.0
26
52.0
50
100.000
X²=.086

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

30
Table 9 continued…




PARTICULAR

TOTAL
AWARE
ON
ORGANIC
NOT AWARE ON
F %
FAMING
ORGANIC FARMING

F
%
F
%

Age


<25
2.0
04.0
4.0
8.0
6
12.000
25-37
12.0
24.0
7.0
14.0
19
38.000
38-50
5.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
15
30.000
52-64
5.0
10.0
4.0
8.0
9
18.000
65+
0.0
00.0
1.0
2.0
1 2.000
TOTAL 24.0
48.0
26.0
52.0
50
100.000
X²=.321
Household size





<3
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
3 6.000
3-5
9.0
18.0
10.0
20.0
19
38.000
6-8
11.0
22.0
12.0
24.0
23
46.000
9-11
2.0
4.0
0.0
.0
2 4.000
12+
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
3 6.000
TOTAL 24.0
48.0
26.0
52.0
50
100.000
X²=.611
Farming Years






<5
1.0
2.0
3.0
6.0
4 8.000
5-17
12.0
24.0
13.0
26.0
25
50.000
18-30
9.0
18.0
8.0
16.0
17
34.000
31-43
2.0
4.0
1.0
2.0
3 6.000
44+
0.0
00.0
1.0
2.0
1 2.000
TOTAL 24.0
48.0
26.0
52.0
50
100.000
X²=.671








Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

31
Table 9 continued…






PARTICULAR
TOTAL
AWARE
ON
NOT AWARE ON
F
%
ORGANIC
ORGANIC
FARMING
FARMING

F
%
F
%


Aware of O.F component






Crop
rotation
8.0
16.0
1.0
2.0 9.0
18.0
Green
manuring
1.0
2.0
.0
.0 1.0
2.0
Compost
3.0
6.0
1.0
2.0 4.0
8.0
Exclude/limit
use
1.0
2.0
.0
.0 1.0
2.0
Liquid
bio-fertilizers
2.0
4.0
.0
0.0 2.0
4.0
TOTAL 15.0
30.0
2.0
12.0
17.0
34.0
Source of Information about O.F






Department of Agriculture
7.0
14.0
00
.000
7.0
14.0
Television
3.0
6.0
00
.000 3.0
6.0

Newspaper
2.0
4.0
00
.000
2.0
4.0
Neighbors
7.0
14.0
00
.000 7.0
14.0

Pamphlets/brochure
4.0
8.0
00
.000
4.0
8.0
Radio
17.0
34.0
00
.000 17.0
34.0
Farmers
cooperative
3.0
6.0
00
.000 3.0
6.0
Relatives
2.0
4.0
00
.000 2.0
4.0
TOTAL 45.0
90.0
00
.000
45.0
90.0
Organic material used






Crop
Rotation
9.0
18.0
3.0
6.0 12.0
24.0
Green
manuring
1.0
2.0
0.0
.0 1.0
2.0
Compost
4.0
8.0
1.0
2.0 5.0
10.0
Exclude/limit
use
2.0
4.0
0.0
.0 2.0
4.0
Liquid
bio-fertilizer
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0 4.0
8.0
TOTAL 18.0
36.0
6.0
12.0
24.0
48.0
Organic material source






Weeds
5.0
10.0
1.0
2.0 6.0
12.0
Any
vegetable
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0 1.0
2.0
Radio
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0 3.0
6.0
Farm
supply
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0 1.0
2.0
TOTAL 9.0
18.0
6.0
12.0
11.0
22.0
Factor for non-adoption






Nobody inform me about O.F
00
0.00
8.0
16.0
8.0
16.0
There is no available
00
0.00
16.0
32.0 16.0
32.0
information in the locality
Nobody is practicing O.F
00
0.00
16.0
32.0 16.0
32.0
in our locality
TOTAL
00
0.00
23.0
46.0 23.0
46.0

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

32
Awareness on Government Support

Table 10 shows the government support the respondents are aware of this includes
the information on the technical support, materials support and the financial support.Only
few respondents replied this implies that majority are not aware to government supports.
Financial support and source of financial support. There were ten (20.0%) of the
respondents are aware of the financial support in terms of credits or loans. Seven (14.0%)
of the respondents source their financial support to private persons or companies, 1
(2.0%) is from vegetable retailers, 2 (4.0%) is from businessperson’s, total of seven
(14.0%) respondents are aware of financial support but not from the government.
Material support and source of material support. Seven (14.0%) respondents are
aware of seeds support. Seven (14.0%) get material support from private persons or
companies and not from the government. Seven (14.0%) respondents aware of fertilizers
support from private person. Three (6.0%) are aware of the equipment support but from
private persons not from the government.
Technical support and source of technical support. Seven (14.0%) respondents
who are aware to the participation to seminars or trainings, seven (14.0%) respondents
attend seminars or trainings from private companies. Seven (14.0%) respondents are
aware on the visitation of agriculturist or technicians and two (4.0%) respondents have
ideas on the provision of IEC materials. Most of this supports comes from private person
or companies and not from government.



Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

33
Table 10a. Financial support


SOURCE OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT
TOTAL
FINANCIAL
COM-
%
VEGE-
%
BUSI-
% F
%
SUPPORT
PANIES
TABLE
NESSM

RETAILER
AN


F
%
F
%
F %
Credit/loan
7
14.0
1
2.0
2
4.0
10
20.0
Market
2
4.0
0
.0
0 .0
2
4.0
TOTAL 7
14.0
1
2.0
2
4.0
10
20.0

Table 10b. Material support



SOURCE OF MATERIAL SUPPORT
MATERIAL SUPPORT

PRIVATE PERSON OR COMPANIES


F

%
Material Support

Seeds
7
14.0
Fertilizers
7
14.0
Equipment
3
6.0
TOTAL 10
20.0






Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

34
Table 10c. Technical support

SOURCE OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT
TOTAL
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
AGRICULTURIST
COMPANIES
F
%

F
%
F
%
Participation
to




seminars
0
.0
7.0
14.0
7.0
14.0

Provision of IEC




materials
1
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0

Visitations of




technicians
3
6.0
4.0
8.0
7.0
14.0

TOTAL





3
6.0
12.0
24.0
15.0 30.0

Environmental Factors of Non-adoption of Organic Farming
Internal factors. Table11 shows the internal factors respondents see on preventing
them from adapting organic farming against respondent’s demographic profile.
Age. Majority 38 (76.0%) respondents had an inadequate knowledge to organic
farming that affect them not to adapt organic farming. Seventeen (34.0%) of the
respondents who had an inadequate knowledge to organic farming is in age bracket of 25-
37 years. It indicates that most of the respondents who had an inadequate knowledge to
organic farming are those who had 25-37 years.
Household size. Majority 38 (76.0%) respondents had an inadequate knowledge
to organic farming that affect them not to adapt organic farming. Seventeen (34.0%) of
the respondents who had an inadequate knowledge to organic farming is in the household
size bracket of 3-5 members. Sixteen (32.0%) is in the household size bracket of 6-8

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

35
members. It indicates that most of the respondents who had an inadequate
knowledge to organic farming are those who belong to 3-5 and 6-8 members.
External factors
External factors affect respondents on the non-adaption of organic farming
presented in table 12.
Age. Majority 31 (62.0%) of the respondents agree that there is no safety net
instituted by the government in case their farm failed that affect them not to adapt
organic. Fifteen (30.0%) respondents are in age bracket of 25-37 years.
Household size. There were 31 (62.0%) respondents agree that there is no safety
net instituted by government in case their farm failed which affect them not to adapt
O.F.Seventeen (34.0%) is in household size bracket of 6-8 members.




 
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

36
Table 11. Internal factors that affect non-adoption

PARTICULAR INTERNAL
FACTORS TOTAL


INFERIOR
SLOW
INADEQUATE
NOT
UNSANITARY LOW
NO
LABOROUS
LOW
F %
QUALITY
EFFECT
KNOWLEDGE
CONVENIENT
YIELD
STABLE
INCOME
OF CROPS
TO APPLY
MARKET


F % F % F % F % F
% F % F % F %
F %

Age




















<25
1 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 3.0 6.0 1 2.0 3.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 2 4.0 0 .0 3.0 6.0
25-37
2 4.0 5.0 10.0 17.0 34.0 9.0 18.0
1
2.0 4.0 8.0 5.0 10.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 19.0 38.0
38-50
1 2.0 4.0 8.0 11.0 22.0 7.0 14.0
1
2.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 22.0 44.0
52-64
0 0.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 12.0 2.0 4.0
1
2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 2.0 4.0
65+
0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 00.0 0.0 .0
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 .0 .0 0 0.0 0 .0 3.0 6.0
TOTAL
4 8.0 13.0 26.0 38.0 76.0 21.0 42.0
4
8.0 12.0 24.0 13.0 26.0 7 14.0 5 10.0 49.0 98.0
Household size




















<3
0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0 0.0 1.0 2.0 .0 .0 0 0.0 1 2.0 3.0 6.0
3-5
1 2.0 3.0 6.0 17.0 34.0 8.0 16.0
1
2.0 2.0 4.0 7.0 14.0 2 4.0 0 .0 19.0 38.0
6-8
2 4.0 7.0 14.0 16.0 32.0 11.0 22.0
3
6.0 8.0 16.0 5.0 10.0 5 10.0 3 6.0 22.0 44.0
9-11
0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 .0 .0 0 0.0 0.0 00.0 1.0 2.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 2.0 4.0
12+
1 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0 .0 3.0 6.0
TOTAL
4 8.0 13.0 26.0 38.0 76.0 21.0 42.0
4
8.0 12.0 24.0 13.0 26.0 7 14.0 5 10.0 49.0 98.0








Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

37
Table 12. External affect non-adoption

PARTICULAR
EXTERNAL FACTORS
TOTAL



NO
NO LIMITED
NO
NO STRONG
NO SUSTAINED
NO
F %
SAFETY NET
RESEARCH
ESTABLISHED
GOVERNMENT
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
ACCREDITING
INTITUTED BY
TO HELP
MARKET FOR
SUPPORT ON O.F
OF CONCERNED
GROUP IN THE
GOVERNMENT
MAKE O.F
ORGANIC
AGENCIES
LOCALITY
IN CASE FARM
SUCCESSFU
PRODUCTS
FAILED
LL

F
%
F
%
F
%
F
% F
%
F
%


Age




<25 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 3.0
6.0
2.0
4.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
12.0
25-37
15.0
30.0
8.0
16.0
8.0
16.0
10.0
20.0
8.0
16.0
8.0
16.0
19.0
38.0
38-50
6.0
12.0
6.0
12.0
5.0
10.0
8.0
16.0
4.0
8.0
5.0
10.0
14.0
28.0

52-64 6.0 12.0 3.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 16.0
5.0 10.0 2.0 4.0 9.0
18.0
65+
1.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0 .0 .0 .0
.0
.0
1.0
2.0
TOTAL

31 62.0 20.0 40.0 19 38.0 25.0
50.0
19.0
38.0 17.0 34.0 49.0 98.0
Household
size






<3 1.0 2.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.0
4.0
00
.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0
3-5
11.0
22.0
9.0
18.0
7.0
14.0
6.0
12.0
6.0
12.0
6.0
12.0
19.0
38.0

6-8 17.0 34.0 10.0 20.0 8.0 16.0 14.0
28.0
12
24.0 11.0 22.0 22.0 44.0
9-11
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
0.0
.0
1.0
2.0
.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
12+
1.0
2.0
0.0
.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
6.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.0
6.0
TOTAL
31.0 60.0 20.0 40.0 19.0 38.0 25.0
50.0
19.0
38.0 17.0 34.0 49.0 98.0

Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

38
Attitudes on Organic Farming

As cited by (Hall, 2009) studies have analyzed various demographic
characteristics to determine how they relate to attitudes toward organic farming methods.
The most frequently studied characteristics were years of farming, family farming
tradition, educational level, gender and age.
Slow effect of organic farming. Table 13 presents the respondents opinion on
whether organic farming has a slow effect. At an average the respondents are uncertain as
to the time effect of organic farming. The chi-square coefficients indicate that there are
no significant difference in opinion across demographic profile.

Table 13. Attitudes of respondents that organic farming has slow effect

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
3.09
Uncertain
High
school
3.40
Uncertain
College
3.57
Uncertain
TOTAL 3.53

Uncertain

X²=.690
Farm size



<1ha
3.27
Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.41
Uncertain
>1ha
2.70
Disagree
TOTAL 3.13

Uncertain

X²=.012
Age



<25
3.16
Uncertain
25-37
3.47
Uncertain
38-50
3.27
Uncertain
52-64
3.10
Uncertain
65+
1.00
Strongly
Disagree
TOTAL 2.80

Disagree

X²= .797


Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

39
Table13.continued…

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Age


<25
3.16

Uncertain
25-37
3.47

Uncertain
38-50
3.27

Uncertain
52-64
3.10

Uncertain
65+
1.00

Strongly
Disagree
TOTAL 2.80

Disagree
X²= .797
Household size


<3
3.67

Uncertain
3-5
3.11

Uncertain
6-8
3.35

Uncertain
9-11
4.00

Agree
12+

3.67

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.56

Uncertain
X²=.899
Years in farming


<5
4.50

Agree
5-17
3.72

Uncertain
18-30
3.82

Uncertain
31-43
4.33

Agree
44+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 3.45

Uncertain
X²=.119

Lower yield is obtained in organic farming. Table 14 presents the opinion of
respondents if lower yield is obtained in organic farming. At an average the respondents
are uncertain as to lower yields are obtained in organic farming. The chi-square
coefficients of each table indicates that there are no significant difference in opinion
across demographic profile of respondents.
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

40
Table 14. Attitudes of respondents that lower yield are obtained in organic farming
PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
3.52

Uncertain
High
school
3.27

Uncertain
College
3.57

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.45

Uncertain

X²=.808
Farm size



<1ha
3.53

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.43

Uncertain
>1ha
3.3

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.42

Uncertain

X²=.612
Age


<25
3.33

Uncertain
25-37
3.73

Uncertain
38-50
3.47

Uncertain
52-64
2.89

Disagree
65+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.48

Uncertain

X²=.810
Household size



<3
3.00

Uncertain
3-5
3.26

Uncertain
6-8
3.78

Uncertain
9-11
2.50

Disagree
12+

3.33

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.17

Uncertain

X²=.042
Years in farming



<5
3.75

Uncertain
5-17
3.44

Uncertain
18-30
3.47

Uncertain
31-43
3.00

Uncertain
44+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.40

Uncertain

X²= .217


Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

41
Organic products are inferior in quality. Table 15 presents the respondents
opinion if organic products are inferior in quality.At an average most of the respondents
are uncertain if quality of organic products are inferior in quality.The chi-square
coefficients of each table indicates that there are no significant difference in opinion
across demographic profiles of respondents.

Table 15. Attitudes of respondents in organic products is inferior in quality
 
PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
3.71

Uncertain
High
school
3.73

Uncertain
College
3.07

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.50

Uncertain

X²=.333
Farm size



<1ha
3.20

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
2.84

Disagree
>1ha
3.30

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.11

Uncertain

X²=.575
Age


<25
3.17

Uncertain
25-37
3.79

Uncertain
38-50
3.40

Uncertain
52-64
3.67

Uncertain
65+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.61

Uncertain

X²=.781
Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

 
 
 
42 
 
Table 15 continued…
PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Household size


<3
3.67

Uncertain
3-5
3.32

Uncertain
6-8
3.83

Uncertain
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

2.33

Disagree
TOTAL 3.63

Uncertain

X²=.150
Years in farming



<5
2.75

Disagree
5-17
3.56

Uncertain
18-30
3.71

Uncertain
31-43
4.00

Agree
44+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.60

Uncertain

X²=.929

It is difficult to comply certification standards. Table 16 presents the opinion of
respondents wether it is difficult to comply with certification standards of organic
farming.At an average respondents are uncertain as to it is difficult to comply with
certification standards of organic farming.The chi-square coefficient indicates that there
are no significant difference in opinion across demographic profiles of respondents.







Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production
in Bakun, Benguet / Aasuncion B. Empiso. 2010

---

43 
 
Table 16. Attitudes of respondents to it is difficult to comply with certification standard

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
3.67

Uncertain
Highshool
3.67

Uncertain
College
3.86

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.43

Uncertain

X²=.404
Age


<25
3.83

Uncertain
25-37
3.68

Uncertain
38-50
3.67

Uncertain
52-64
3.78

Uncertain
65+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.61

Uncertain

X²=.823
Household size



<3
3.33

Uncertain
3-5
3.63

Uncertain
6-8
3.83

Uncertain
9-11
4.5

Agree
12+

3.33

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.72

Uncertain

X²=.658
Years


<5
3.75

Uncertain
5-17
3.64

Uncertain
18-30
3.82

Uncertain
31-43
3.67

Uncertain
44+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.78

Uncertain

X²=.955


Conversion to organic farming does not give economic reward. Table 17 presents
the respondents opinion if conversion to organic farming does not give economic reward.
At an average it shows that most of the respondents disagreed. Chi-square coefficient of
each table present that there are no significant differences in opinion across demographic
profile of respondents.

---

44 
 
Table 17. An attitude of respondents in conversion to organic farming does not give

economic rewards

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
2.14
Disagree
Highshool
2.73
Disagree
College
2.28
Disagree
TOTAL 2.38
Disagree
X²=.526
Farm size


<1ha
2.60
Disagree
0.5-1ha
2.25
Disagree
>1ha
2.30
Disagree
TOTAL 2.38
Disagree
X²= .613
Age

<25
2.17
Disagree
25-37
2.21
Disagree
38-50
2.40
Disagree
52-64
2.22
Disagree
65+
2.00
Disagree
TOTAL
2.20
Disagree

X²=.917
Years in farming


<5
2.25
Disagree
5-17
2.16
Disagree
18-30
2.59
Disagree
31-43
3.00

Uncertain
44+
2.00
Disagree
TOTAL
2.40
Disagree
X²=.594

Organic farming provides great opportunity for farmers to produce diversified
products. Table 18 presents the opinion of respondents weather organic farming provide
great opportunity for farmers to produce diversified products. At an average most of the
respondents are uncertain. A chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant
differences in opinion across demographic profiles of respondents.

---

45 
 
Table 18. Attitude of respondents to organic farming provides great opportunity for

farmers to produce diversified products

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
2.76

Disagree
Highshool
3.13

Uncertain
College
3.00

Uncertain
TOTAL 2.96

Disagree

X²=.448
Farm size



<1ha
3.20

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
2.81

Disagree
>1ha
3.00

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.00

Uncertain

X²=.825
Age


<25
2.67

Disagree
25-37
3.10

Uncertain
38-50
2.73

Disagree
52-64
3.22

Uncertain
65+
2.00

Disagree
TOTAL 2.74

Disagree

X²=.359
Household size



<3
3.33

Uncertain
3-5
3.11

Uncertain
6-8
2.65

Disagree
9-11
4.00

Agree
12+

3.00

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.22

Uncertain

X²=.026
Years in farming



<5
3.00

Uncertain
5-17
2.88

Disagree
18-30
3.00

Uncertain
31-43
3.33

Uncertain
44+
2.00

Disagree
TOTAL 2.84

Disagree

X²=.502

---

46 
 
There will be less risk of pollution in organic farming. Table 19 presents the
opinion of respondents if there will be less risk of pollution in organic farming. At an
average majority of the respondents agreed that there is less risk of pollution in organic
farming. A chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant differences in
opinion across demographic profile of respondents.

Table 19. Attitude of respondents to there will be less risk of pollution in organic farming

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
4.52

Agree
Highshool
4.47

Agree
College
4.57

Agree
TOTAL 4.52

Agree

X²=.724
Farm size



<1ha
4.30

Agree
0.5-1ha
4.62

Agree
>1ha
4.30

Agree
TOTAL 4.41

Agree

X²=.343
Age


<25
4.17

Agree
25-37
4.63

Agree
38-50
4.53

Agree
52-64
4.44

Agree
65+
5.00

Strongly
agree
TOTAL 4.55

Agree

X²=.278
Household size



<3
4.33

Agree
3-5
4.58

Agree
6-8
4.48

Agree
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

4.33

Agree
TOTAL 4.54

Agree

X²=.848
Years in farming



<5
4.00

Agree
5-17
4.48

Agree
18-30
4.65

Agree
31-43
4.67

Agree
44+
5.00

Strongly
Agree

---

47 
 
It is very difficult to meet all inputs required on farm itself. Table 20 presents the
opinion of respondents’ whether it is difficult to meet all inputs required on farm itself.
At an average majority of the respondents agreed that it is difficult to meet input
requirements of farm itself, a chi-square it presents that there are no significant difference
in opinions between demographic profiles of respondents.

Table 20. Attitude of respondents’ to it is very difficult to meet all inputs required on

farm itself

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
4.14

Agree
Highshool
4.07

Agree
College
4.43

Agree
TOTAL 4.21

Agree

X²=.361
Farm size



<1ha
3.93

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
4.34

Agree
>1ha
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 4.09

Agree

X²=.122
Age


<25
3.83

Uncertain
25-37
4.31

Agree
38-50
4.27

Agree
52-64
4.00

Agree
65+
5.00

Strongly
agree
TOTAL 4.28

Agree

X²=.233
Household size



<3
4.67

Agree
3-5
4.05

Agree
6-8
4.26

Agree
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

3.67

Uncertain
TOTAL 4.33

Agree

X²=.191
Years in farming



<5
3.75

Uncertain
5-17
4.24

Agree
18-30
4.12

Agree
31-43
4.64

Agree
44+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.36

Agree

X²=.547

---

48 
 
Organic farming is a method of balancing nutrients in farm ecosystem for a long
run. Table21 presents that most of the respondents are uncertain if organic farming
balance nutrients in farm ecosystem for a long run, chi-square of its table presents that
there are no significant difference in opinion across demographic profiles of respondents.

Table 21. Attitude of respondents to organic farming is a method of balancing of

nutrients in farm ecosystem for a long run

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
3.71

Uncertain
Highshool
3.80

Uncertain
College
3.71

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.74

Uncertain

X²=.448
Farm size



<1ha
3.60

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.81

Uncertain
>1ha
3.67

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.69

Uncertain

X²=.593
Age


<25
3.50

Uncertain
25-37
3.95

Uncertain
38-50
3.47

Uncertain
52-64
3.89

Uncertain
65+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.76

Uncertain

X²=.664
Household size



<3
3.67

Uncertain
3-5
3.68

Uncertain
6-8
3.70

Uncertain
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

3.67

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.94

Uncertain

X²=.256
Years in farming



<5
3.50

Uncertain
5-17
3.72

Uncertain
18-30
3.70

Uncertain
31-43
4.33

Agree
44+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.85

Uncertain

X²=.386

---

49 
 
Organic farming improves plant and animal as well as public health. Table 22
presents the opinion of respondents to organic farming improves plant and animal health
as well as public health, majority of the respondents’ agreed. The chi-square coefficient
indicates that there are no significant difference in opinion across demographic profile of
respondents.

Table 22. Attitudes of respondents to organic farming improves plant and animal as well

as public health

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
4.57

Agree
High
school
4.53

Agree
College
4.86

Agree
TOTAL 4.65

Agree

X²=.916
Farm size



<1ha
4.47

Agree
0.5-1ha
4.60

Agree
>1ha
4.33

Agree
TOTAL 4.77

Agree

X²=.545
Age


<25
4.00

Agree
25-37
4.68

Agree
38-50
4.53

Agree
52-64
4.55

Agree
65+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.55

Agree

X²=.050
Household size



<3
4.33

Agree
3-5
4.53

Agree
6-8
4.52

Agree
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

4.33

Agree
TOTAL 4.55

Agree

X²=.578
Years in farming



<5
4.00

Agree
5-17
4.56

Agree
18-30
4.59

Agree
31-43
4.67

Agree

44+
5.00

Strongly Agree
TOTAL 4.56

Agree

X²=.204

---

50 
 
Organic products are healthier because of presence of natural nutrients. Table 23
presents the opinion of respondents whether organic products are healthier because of the
presence of natural nutrients. At an average all respondents agreed that organic products
are healthier due to the presence of natural nutrients. The chi-square coefficient indicates
that there are no significant difference in opinion across demographic profile.

Table 23. Attitude of respondents to organic products are healthier because of presence of
natural nutrients
PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
4.52

Agree
High
school
4.40

Agree
College
4.64

Agree
TOTAL 4.52

Agree

X²=.824
Farm size



<1ha
4.47

Agree
0.5-1ha
4.59

Agree
>1ha
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 4.35

Agree

X²=.066
Age


<25
4.33

Agree
25-37
4.58

Agree
38-50
4.47

Agree
52-64
4.56

Agree
65+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.59

Agree

X²=.864
Household size



<3
4.33

Agree
3-5
4.47

Agree
6-8
4.57

Agree
9-11
5.00

Strongly
Agree
12+

4.33

Agree
TOTAL 4.54

Agree

X²=.559
Years in farming



<5
4.25

Agree
5-17
4.52

Agree
18-30
4.53

Agree
31-43
4.67

Agree

44+
5.00

Strongly Agree
TOTAL 4.59

Agree

X²=.911

---

51 
 
Organic farming requires lower capital input. Table 24 presents the opinion of
respondents if organic farming require lower capital input. At an average respondents are
uncertain as to organic farming require lower capital input, chi-square coefficient
indicates that there are no significant difference in opinion across demographic profile.

Table 24. Attitude of respondents to organic farming requires lower capital input

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education


Elementary
3.24

Uncertain
Highschool
3.13

Uncertain
College
3.43

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.27

Uncertain

X²=.865
Farm size



<1ha
3.33

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.28

Uncertain
>1ha
2.67

Disagree
TOTAL 3.09

Uncertain

X²=.180
Age


<25
2.67

Uncertain
25-37
3.47

Uncertain
38-50
3.13

Uncertain
52-64
3.22

Uncertain
65+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 3.50

Uncertain

X²=.617
Household size



<3
3.67

Uncertain
3-5
3.37

Uncertain
6-8
3.00

Uncertain
9-11
4.50

Agree
12+

3.33

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.57

Uncertain

X²=.347
Years in farming



<5
3.00

Uncertain
5-17
3.28

Uncertain
18-30
3.24

Uncertain
31-43
3.00

Uncertain

44+
5.00

Strongly Agree
TOTAL 3.50

Uncertain

X²=.504

---

52 
 
There is no identified market for organic products in the locality. Table 25
presents the opinion of respondents to no identified market for organic products in the
locality. At an average most of the respondents are agree that there is no market for
organic products in the locality. However a chi-square of .002 for the age indicates a
significant difference in opinion. Whereas those with age 25-37 years are uncertain, those
with more than 65 years disagreed.

Table 25. Attitude of respondents to there is no identified market for organic products

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
3.86

Uncertain
Highshool
4.13

Agree
College
3.86

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.95

Uncertain

X²=.859
Farm size



<1ha
3.37

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.93

Uncertain
>1ha
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.22

Agree

X²=.120
Age


<25
4.67

Agree
25-37
3.58

Uncertain
38-50
4.07

Agree
52-64
4.22

Agree
65+
2.00

Disagree
TOTAL 3.71

Uncertain

X²=.002
Household size



<3
4.33

Agree
3-5
3.95

Uncertain
6-8
3.74

Uncertain
9-11
4.50

Agree
12+

4.67

Agree
TOTAL 4.24

Agree

X²=.968
Years in farming



<5
4.00

Agree
5-17
3.88

Uncertain
18-30
4.02

Agree
31-43
3.00

Uncertain
44+ 2.00

Disagree
TOTAL 3.28

Uncertain

X²=.008

---

53 
 
Farming will not be successful without the use of synthetic fertilizer, pesticides.
Table 26 presents the opinion of respondents’ whether farming will not be successful
without the use synthetic fertilizer and pesticides. At an average respondents are
uncertain as to farming will not be successful without the use synthetic fertilizer and
pesticides. Chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant difference in
opinion across demographic profile.

Table 26. Attitude of respondents to farming will not be successful without the use of

synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
4.09

Agree
High
school
3.87

Uncertain
College
3.57

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.84

Uncertain

X²=.279
Farm size



<1ha
3.87

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
3.87

Uncertain
>1ha
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.91

Uncertain

X²=.885
Age


<25
4.33

Agree
25-37
3.74

Uncertain
38-50
3.87

Uncertain
52-64
3.78

Uncertain
65+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.14

Agree

X²=.211
Household size



<3
4.33

Agree
3-5
3.74

Uncertain
6-8
4.00

Agree
9-11
3.00

Uncertain
12+

4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.81

Uncertain

X²=.479
Years in farming



<5
4.50

Agree
5-17
3.72

Uncertain
18-30
3.82

Uncertain
31-43
4.33

Agree
44+
5.00

Strongly
Agree
TOTAL 4.27

Agree

X²=.519

---

54 
 
There is a high demand of organic products in the market. Table 27 presents the
opinion of respondents whether there is a high demand of organic products in the market
At an average most of the respondents are uncertain. Chi-square coefficient indicates that
there are no significant differences in opinion across demographic profile.

Table 27. Attitude of respondents to there is a high demand of organic products in the
markets

PARTICULAR ATTITUDE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
3.05

Uncertain
High
school
2.93

Disagree
College
3.21

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.06

Uncertain

X²=.748
Farm size



<1ha
3.46

Uncertain
0.5-1ha
2.84

Disagree
>1ha
3.33

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.21

Uncertain

X²=.477
Age


<25
2.83

Disagree
25-37
3.00

Uncertain
38-50
3.00

Uncertain
52-64
3.33

Uncertain
65+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.23

Uncertain

X²=.848
Household size



<3
3.33

Uncertain
3-5
3.05

Uncertain
6-8
2.78

Disagree
9-11
4.50

Agree
12+

3.33

Uncertain
TOTAL 3.42

Uncertain

X²=.444
Years in farming



<5
2.75

Disagree
5-17
2.88

Disagree
18-30
3.29

Uncertain
31-43
3.33

Uncertain
44+
4.00

Agree
TOTAL 3.25

Uncertain

X²=.774

---

55 
 
Extent of Knowledge on Organic Farming

These are statements on how respondents view organic farming .Technical
aspects, socio-economic aspect, environment or health aspect and
accreditation/certification/support aspect in relation to their demographic and farm
profile. A technical aspect includes information about compost or organic fertilizers,
green manuring, crop rotation, bio-pest control, indigenous knowledge, and use of
traditional varieties. Kitma (2009) says that in organic farming feed the soil and not the
plant directly. Plants are not designed to get their nutrients by not being forced fed.
Plants, in order to grow healthy, need fertile soil. Soil fertility can be maintained by the
application of quality compost, proper application of animal and green manure, proper
crop rotation as well as cultivation process. He added also that there is no such thing as
pest if we encourage a well-balanced micro-ecology, spraying pesticide to control plant
pest does not solve the problem of pest. For him, key to pest management is through
building a well balanced micro-ecology that include soil, plants, animals and micro-
organisms, healthy soils grows healthy plants and healthy plants do not get infested easily
by pests and diseases.
Use of Traditional Varieties
Traditional varieties are drought tolerant. Table 28 presents the respondents
knowledge if traditional varieties are drought tolerant. Almost all of the respondents have
no knowledge if traditional varieties are drought tolerant. Chi-square coefficient indicates
that there are no significant differences in replies of respondents across demographic
profile.

---

56 
 
Table 28. Knowledge of respondents to traditional varieties are drought tolerant
PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.62

No
knowledge

High school
1.60

No knowledge
College
1.64

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.62

No knowledge

X²=.709
Age


<25
1.33

No
knowledge
25-37
1.63

No
knowledge
38-50
1.67

No
knowledge
52-64
1.78

No
knowledge
65+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.48

No knowledge

X²=.990
Household size



<3
1.33

No
knowledge
3-5
1.58

No
knowledge
6-8
1.52

No
knowledge
9-11
4.50

Knowledgeable
12+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.99

No knowledge

X²=.005
Years in farming



<5
1.50

No
knowledge
5-17
1.40

No
knowledge
18-30
2.06

Low
knowledge
31-43
1.33

No
knowledge
44+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.46

No knowledge

X²=.886


Traditional varieties are more resistant to the attack of pest and diseases. Table 29
presents the knowledge of respondents whether traditional varieties are more resistant to
the attack of pest and diseases .At an average most of the respondents have no knowledge
as to traditional varieties are more resistant to the attack of pest and diseases. The chi-

---

57 
 
square coefficient indicates that there are no significant difference in replies across
demographic profile.

Table 29. Knowledge of respondents to traditional varieties are more resistant to the
attack of pest and diseases

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.81

No
knowledge
Highshool
1.53

No
knowledge
College
1.71

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.68

No knowledge

X²=.347
Age



<25
1.17

No
knowledge
25-37
1.63

No
knowledge
38-50
1.80

No
knowledge
52-64
2.11

Low
knowledge
65+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.54

No knowledge

X²=.992
Household size



<3
1.33

No
knowledge
3-5
1.47

No
knowledge
6-8
1.78

No
knowledge
9-11
4.50

Knowledgeable
12+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.02

Low knowledge

X²=.007
Years in farming



<5
1.25

No
knowledge
5-17
1.48

No
knowledge
18-30
2.24

Low
knowledge
31-43
1.33

No
knowledge
44+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.46

No knowledge

X²=.863

---

58 
 
Lower yield is obtained when using traditional varieties or land races. Table 30
presents the knowledge of respondents if lower yield is obtained when using traditional
varieties or land races. Most of the respondents has a low knowledge if lower yield is
obtained when using traditional varieties or land races. Chi-square coefficient indicates
that there are no significant differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 30. Knowledge of respondents to lower yield is obtained when using traditional

varieties or land races

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
2.67
Low
knowledge
High
school
3.27
Moderately
knowledgeable
College
2.64
Low
knowledge
TOTAL 2.86
Low
knowledge
X²=.725
Age


<25
2.83
Low
knowledge
25-37
2.89
Low
knowledge
38-50
2.87
Low
knowledge
52-64
2.89
Low
knowledge
65+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.50
Low
knowledge
X²=.948
Household size


<3
2.67
Low
knowledge
3-5
2.78
Low
knowledge
6-8
2.74
Low
knowledge
9-11
4.50
Knowledgeable
12+
3.00
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.14
Moderately
knowledgeable

X²=.631
Years in farming


<5
2.00
Low
knowledge
5-17
2.72
Low
knowledge
18-30
3.18
Moderately
knowledgeable
31-43
3.67
Moderately
knowledgeable
44+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.51
Low
knowledge
X²=.348

---

59 
 
Traditional varieties require lower input. Table 31 presents the knowledge of
respondents if traditional varieties require lower input. Almost all of the respondents have
no knowledge as to lower yield is obtained in organic farming. A chi-square coefficient
indicates that there are no significant differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 31. Knowledge of respondents to traditional varieties require lower input

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.62

No
knowledge

High school
1.47

No knowledge
College
1.71

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.50

No knowledge

X²=.844
Age


<25
1.50

No
knowledge
25-37
1.63

No
knowledge
38-50
1.53

No
knowledge
52-64
1.78

No
knowledge
65+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.49

No knowledge

X²=.705
Household size



<3
1.33

No
knowledge
3-5
1.68

No
knowledge
6-8
1.39

No
knowledge
9-11
4.50

Knowledgeable
12+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.98

No knowledge

X²=.001
Years in farming



<3
1.50

No
knowledge
3-5
1.40

No
knowledge
6-8
2.00

Low
knowledge
9-11
1.33

No
knowledge
12+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.45

No knowledge

X²=.608

---

60 
 
Knowledge of respondents in traditional varieties is more nutritious. Table 32
presents the knowledge of respondents in traditional varieties are more nutritious.
Majority of the respondents have no knowledge whether traditional varieties are more
nutritious. Chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant differences in
replies across demographic profile.

Table 32. Knowledge of respondents to traditional varieties is more nutritious

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.48
No
knowledge

High school
1.80
No knowledgeable
College
1.79
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.69
No
knowledge
X²=.648
Age

<25
1.50
No
knowledge
25-37
1.79
No
knowledge
38-50
1.24
No
knowledge
52-64
2.22
Low
knowledge
65+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.56
No
knowledge
X²=.148
Household size


<3
2.67
Low
knowledge
3-5
1.63
No
knowledge
6-8
1.39
No
knowledge
9-11
4.50
Knowledgeable
12+
3.00
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.64
Low
knowledge
X²=.017
Years in farming


<5
1.75
No
knowledge
5-17
1.44
No
knowledge
18-30
1.82
No
knowledge
31-43
2.67
Low
knowledge
44+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.74
No
knowledge
X²=.554

---

61 
 
Socio-economic Aspect


Organic farming is expensive especially during conversion period. Table 33
presents the knowledge of respondents whether organic farming is expensive especially
during conversion period. At an average most of the respondents has a low knowledge as
to conversion to organic farming is expensive. The chi-square coefficient indicates that
there are no significant differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 33. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming is expensive especially during

conversion period

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.86

No
knowledge

High school
2.00

Low knowledge
College
2.50

Low
knowledge
TOTAL 2.12

Low knowledge

X²=.867
Age


<25
2.50

Low
knowledge
25-37
2.53

Low
knowledge
38-50
1.47

No
knowledge
32-64
1.67

No
knowledge
65+
4.00

Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.43

Low knowledge


Household size



<3
2.33

Low
knowledge
3-5
2.00

Low
knowledge
6-8
2.04

Low
knowledge
9-11
4.00

Knowledgeable
12+
1.33

No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.34

Low knowledge

X²=.372

---

62 
 
Table 33 continued…

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Years in farming


<5
1.75

No
knowledge
5-17
2.28

Low
knowledge
18-30
1.88

No
knowledge
31-43
1.33

No
knowledge
44+
4.00

Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.25

Low knowledge

X²=.763
Farm size



<1ha
2.00

Low
knowledge
0.5
2.19

Low
knowledge
>1ha
1.33

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.84

No knowledge

X²=.766


Preparation of organic input is laborious and time consuming. Table 34 presents
the knowledge of respondents if preparation of organic input is laborious and time
consuming .Most of the respondents are low knowledgeable as to preparation of organic
input is laborious and time consuming. Chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no
significant differences in replies across demographic profile.

---

63 
 
Table 34. Knowledge of respondents to preparation of organic input is laborious and time

consuming

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
2.43
Low
knowledge

High school
2.47
Low knowledge
College
3.14
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.68
Low
knowledge
X²= .454
Age

<25
2.83
Low
knowledge
25-37
3.00
Moderately
knowledgeable
38-50
2.13
Low
knowledge
32-64
2.44
Low
knowledge
65+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.88
Low
knowledge
X²= .192
Household size


<3
3.67
Moderately
knowledgeable
3-5
2.47
Low
knowledge
6-8
2.70
Low
knowledge
9-11
4.00
Knowledgeable
12+
1.33
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.83
Low
knowledge
X²=.380
Years in farming


<5
2.25
Low
knowledge
5-17
2.80
Low
knowledge
18-30
2.29
Low
knowledge
31-43
3.33
Moderately
knowledgeable
44+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.93
Low
knowledge
X²= .292
Farm size


<1ha
2.00
Low
knowledge
0.5
3.00
Moderately
knowledgeable

>1ha
2.00
Low knowledge
TOTAL 2.33
Low
knowledge
X²= .341

---

64 
 
Lower yield are obtained with organic farming during conversion period. Table
35 presents the knowledge of respondents whether lower yield is obtained with organic
farming during conversion period. Most of the respondents have no knowledge as to
lower yield are obtained with organic farming during conversion period. Chi-square
coefficient indicates that there are no significant differences in replies across
demographic profile.

Table 35. Knowledge of respondents to lower yield is obtained with organic farming

during conversion period

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
2.19
Low
knowledge

High school
2.20

Low knowledge
College
2.86
Low
knowledge
TOTAL 2.42

Low knowledge

X²=.726
Age



<25
2.83
Low
knowledge
25-37
2.84
Low
knowledge
38-50
1.73
No
knowledge
32-64
2.00
Low
knowledge
65+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.68

Low knowledge

X²= .192
Household size



<3
2.00
Low
knowledge
3-5
2.47
Low
knowledge
6-8
2.30
Low
knowledge
9-11
4.50
Knowledgeable
12+
1.33
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.52

Low knowledge

X²= .165
Years in farming



<5
2.25
Low
knowledge
5-17
2.68
Low
knowledge
18-30
2.00
Low
knowledge
31-43
1.67
No
knowledge
44+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.52

Low knowledge

X²= .231
Farm size



<1ha
2.00
Low
knowledge
0.5
2.63
Low
knowledge
>1ha
1.67
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.10


Low knowledge

X²=.530

---

65 
 

Land use or farm resources are maximized with organic farming. Table 36
presents the knowledge of respondents if land use or farm resource is maximized with
organic farming .At an average most of the respondents have no knowledge as to land use
or farm resource are maximized with organic farming. However chi-square coefficient of
.000 household sizes indicates a significant difference in replies. Whereas those with less
than 3 members are low knowledgeable on the land use or farm resource is maximized
with organic farming, those with 9-11 member are knowledgeable of it.

Table 36. Knowledge of respondents to land use or farm resources is maximized with

organic farming

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.488

No
knowledge

High school
1.80
No knowledge
College
1.50

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.59

No knowledge
X²=.344
Household size


<3
2.30

Low
knowledge
3-5
1.53

No
knowledge
6-8
1.35

No
knowledge
9-11
4.50

Knowledgeable
12+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.14

Low knowledge
X²=.000
Years in farming


<5
1.50

No
knowledge
5-17
1.48

No
knowledge

18-30
1.65
No knowledge
31-43
2.33

Low
knowledge
44+
1.00

No
Knowledge
TOTAL 1.59

No knowledge
X²=.836
Farm size


<1ha
1.53

No
knowledge
0.5
1.66

No
knowledge
>1ha
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.40

No knowledge
X²= .530

---

66 
 
Optimum production level is obtained with organic farming. Table 37 presents the
knowledge of respondents on whether optimum production level is obtained with organic
farming. All the respondents have no knowledge as to optimum production level is
obtained with organic farming .Except for household size, chi-square coefficients are
greater than 0.05 indicating that there are no significant difference in replies across
demographic profile.

Table 37. Knowledge of respondents to optimum production level is obtained with
organic farming

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
1.43
No
knowledge

High school
1.33

No knowledge
College
1.79
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.42

No knowledge

X²=.344
Age



<25
1.33
No
knowledge
25-37
1.84
No
knowledge
38-50
1.07
No
knowledge
32-64
1.67
No
knowledge
65+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.38

No Knowledge

X²=.138
Household size



<3
1.00
No
knowledge
3-5
1.68
No
knowledge
6-8
1.22
No
knowledge
9-11
4.50
Knowledgeable
12+
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.88

No knowledge

X²=.002
Years in farming



<5
1.50
No
knowledge
5-17
1.48
No
knowledge

18-30
1.65

No knowledge
31-43
1.00
No
knowledge
44+
1.00
No
Knowledge
TOTAL 1.27
No
knowledge

X²=.944
Farm size



<1ha
1.47
No
knowledge
0.5
1.56
No
knowledge
>1ha
1.00
No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.34

No knowledge

X²=.739

---

67 
 
Knowledge in organically produced product is hard to sell. Table 38 presents the
knowledge of respondents whether organically produced product is hard to sell. At an
average most of the respondents have low knowledge as to organic products are hard to
sell. A chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant differences in replies
across demographic profile.

Table 38. Knowledge of respondents to organically produced product is hard to sell
PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
2.38
Low
knowledge

High school
1.60

No knowledge
College
2.57
Low
knowledge
TOTAL 2.18

Low knowledge

X²=.179
Age


<25
2.00
Low
knowledge
25-37
2.42
Low
knowledge
38-50
1.8
No
knowledge
32-64
2.33
Low
knowledge
65+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.51

Low knowledge

X²=.597
Household size



<3
2.00
Low
knowledge
3-5
2.42
Low
knowledge
6-8
1.96
No
knowledge
9-11
4.00
Knowledgeable
12+
1.67
No
knowledge
TOTAL 2.41

Low knowledge

X²=.752

---

68 
 
Organically produced products demands higher price. Table 39 presents the
knowledge of respondents on whether organically produced products demands higher
price. Most of the respondents are moderately knowledgeable as to organic products
demands higher price. A chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant
differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 39. Knowledge of respondents to organically produced products demands higher

price

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Age

<25
3.33
Moderately
knowledgeable
25-37
4.26
Knowledgeable
38-50
3.20
Moderately
knowledgeable
32-64
3.22
Moderately
knowledgeable
65+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL
3.60
Moderately knowledgeable
X²=.314
Household size


<3
2.00
Low
knowledge
3-5
3.89
Moderately
knowledgeable
6-8
3.57
Moderately
knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
Knowledgeable
12+
3.33
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.56
Moderately
knowledgeable
X²=.009
Years in farming


<5
3.25
Moderately knowledgeable
5-17
3.84
Moderately knowledgeable
18-30
3.53
Moderately knowledgeable
31-43
3.00
Moderately knowledgeable
44+
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.52
Moderately
knowledgeable
X²=.330
Farm size


<1ha
3.40
Moderately knowledgeable
0.5
3.78
Moderately knowledgeable
>1ha
3.33
Moderately knowledgeable
TOTAL
3.50
Moderately knowledgeable
X²=.562

---

69 
 
Environment or Health Aspect

As stated by (Clarapols, 2008) organic can help mitigate global warming .Some
reasons on how organic agriculture can help battle change are organic farming does not
pollute air, water and land because it does not utilize chemical fertilizer and pesticides.

Opina (2008) stated also that health experts promote the consumption of organic
vegetables for its high nutritional content and for having the ability to boost the immune
system by fighting certain diseases.

Organic farming promotes cleaner or safer environment by maximizing air, soil,
water pollution. Table 40 presents the knowledge of farmers if organic farming promotes
cleaner or safer environment by maximizing air, soil, and water pollution. Almost all
respondents are knowledgeable as to organic farming promotes clean and safe
environment. Chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant difference in
replies across demographic profile.

---

70 
 
Table 40. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming promotes cleaner or safer

environment by maximizing land, air, and water pollution

PARTICULAR KNOWLEDGE
RATING DESCRIPTION
(AVERAGE)
Education

Elementary
4.76
Knowledgeable
High
school
4.80
Knowledgeable
College
4.57
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.71
Knowledgeable
X²=.630
Age


<25
4.33
Knowledgeable
25-37
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
38-50
4.60
Knowledgeable
52-64
4.56
Knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.70
Knowledgeable
X²=.044
Household size


<3
4.67
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.74
Knowledgeable
6-8
4.74
Knowledgeable
9-11
4.56
Knowledgeable
12+
4.33
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.70
Knowledgeable
X²=.691
Years in farming


<5
4.25
Knowledgeable
5-17
4.88
Knowledgeable
18-30
4.59
Knowledgeable
31-43
4.67
Knowledgeable

44+
5.00
Very Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.68
Knowledgeable
X²=.189
Farm size


<1ha
4.53
Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.84
Knowledgeable
>1ha
4.33
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.57
Knowledgeable
X²=.130

---

71 
 
Organic farming produces safer food products. Table 41 presents that all
respondents are knowledgeable as to organic farming produces, safer food products. Chi-
square coefficients indicates that there are no significant differences in replies across
demographic profile.

Table 41. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming produces safer food products
PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
4.71
Knowledgeable
High
school
4.80
Knowledgeable
College
4.86
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.79

Knowledgeable

X²=.803
Age


<25
4.50
Knowledgeable
25-37
4.95
Knowledgeable
38-50
4.80
Knowledgeable
52-64
4.56
Knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.76

Knowledgeable

X²=.179
Household size



<3
4.67
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.84
Knowledgeable
6-8
4.78
Knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
12+
4.33
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.72

Knowledgeable

X²=.506
Years in farming



<5
4.50
Knowledgeable
5-17
4.84
Knowledgeable
18-30
4.76
Knowledgeable
31-43
4.67
Knowledgeable
44+
5.00
Very
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.75

Knowledgeable

X²=.612
Farm size



<1ha
4.73
Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.84
Knowledgeable
>1ha
4.33
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.63

Knowledgeable

X²=.114

---

72 
 
Soil fertility is enhanced. Table 42 presents the knowledge of farmers on whether
soil fertility is enhanced in organic farming. Majority of the respondents are
knowledgeable as to organic farming enhanced soil fertility. A chi-square coefficient of
.004 for the household size indicates a significant difference in replies. Whereas those
with more than 12 members are moderately knowledgeable on the soil fertility is
enhanced in organic farming, those with 9-11 member are very knowledgeable.

Table 42. Knowledge of respondents to soil fertility is enhanced in organic farming

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Age
<25
4.00
Knowledgeable
25-37
4.95
Knowledgeable
38-50
4.80
Knowledgeable
52-64
4.56
Knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.66
Knowledgeable
X²=.051
Household size


<3
4.67
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.84
Knowledgeable
6-8
4.74
Knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
12+
3.67
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.58
Moderately
knowledgeable
X²=.004
Years in farming


<5
3.75
Moderately
Knowledgeable
5-17
4.84
Knowledgeable
18-30
4.76
Knowledgeable
31-43
4.67
Knowledgeable
44+
5.00
Very
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.54
Knowledgeable
X²=.016
Farm size


<1ha
4.73
Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.75
Knowledgeable
>1ha
4.33
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.60
Knowledgeable
X²=.189

---

73 
 
Organic farming helps balance the ecosystem. Table 43 presents the knowledge
of farmers on whether organic farming helps balance the ecosystem. At an average most
of the respondents are knowledgeable as to organic farming helps balance ecosystem. A
chi-square coefficient of .001 for the farm size indicates a significant difference in
replies. Whereas those with farm size with more than 1ha.are moderately knowledgeable.

Table 43. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming helps balance the ecosystem

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
4.05
Knowledgeable
High
school
4.13
Knowledgeable
College
4.50
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.23
Knowledgeable
X²= .065
Age

<25
3.67
Moderately
knowledgeable
25-37
4.58
Knowledgeable
38-50
4.33
Knowledgeable
52-64
3.44
Moderately
knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.20
Knowledgeable
X²=.054
Household size


<3
3.67
Moderately
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.11
Knowledgeable
6-8
4.35
Knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
12+
3.67
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.16
Knowledgeable
X²=.158
Years in farming


<5
3.50
Moderately
Knowledgeable
5-17
4.36
Knowledgeable
18-30
4.12
Knowledgeable
31-43
4.00
Knowledgeable
44+
5.00
Very
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.20
Knowledgeable
X²=.163
Farm size


<1ha
4.07
Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.38
Knowledgeable
>1ha
3.00
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL
3.82
Moderately Knowledgeable
X²=.001

---

74 
 
Organic farming promotes sustainable agriculture. Table 44 presents the
knowledge of farmers if organic farming promotes sustainable agriculture. Majority of
the respondents are moderately knowledgeable as to organic farming promotes
sustainable agriculture. The chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant
differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 44. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming promotes sustainable Agriculture

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
3.81
Moderately
Knowledgeable
High
school
3.60
Moderately
Knowledgeable
College
4.00
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.80
Moderately
Knowledgeable
X²=.845
Household size


<3
3.33
Moderately
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.11
Knowledgeable
6-8
3.57
Moderately
Knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
12+
3.33
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.87
Moderately
Knowledgeable
X²=.306
Years in farming


<5
3.25
Moderately
Knowledgeable
5-17
3.84
Moderately
Knowledgeable
18-30
3.82
Moderately
Knowledgeable
31-43
3.67
Moderately
Knowledgeable
44+
5.00
Very
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.92
Moderately
Knowledgeable
X²=.537
Farm size


<1ha
4.20
Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
3.63
Moderately
Knowledgeable
>1ha
3.67
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.83
Moderately
Knowledgeable

X²=.504

---

75 
 
Organic farming promotes good human and animal health. Table 45 presents the
knowledge of farmers if organic farming promotes good human and animal health.
Majority of the respondents are knowledgeable. A chi-square coefficient indicates that
there are no significant difference in replies across demographic profile.

Table 45. Knowledge of respondents to organic farming promotes good human and

as well as animal health

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Age

<25
4.33

Knowledgeable
25-37
4.95

Knowledgeable
38-50
4.80

Knowledgeable
52-64
4.56

Knowledgeable
65+
5.00

Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.73

Knowledgeable
X²=.054
Years in farming


<5
4.25

Knowledgeable
5-17
4.84

Knowledgeable
18-30
4.76

Knowledgeable
31-43
4.69

Knowledgeable
44+
5.00

Very
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.71

Knowledgeable
X²=.185
Farm size


<1ha
4.73

Knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.81

Knowledgeable
>1ha
4.33

Knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.62

Knowledgeable
X²=.148

---

76 
 
Accreditation Certification/Support Aspect
Acquiring certification for organic products requires compliance to specific
guidelines set certifying body. Table 46 presents that respondents are moderately
knowledgeable as to acquiring certification for organic products require compliance to
specific guidelines set certifying body. However, a chi-square coefficient of .003 for the
farm size indicates a significant difference in replies. Where those with less than a
hectare are low knowledgeable of it.

Table 46. Knowledge of respondents to acquiring certification for organic products

requires compliance to specific guidelines set certifying body

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
3.14

Moderately
Knowledgeable

High school
3.27

Moderately Knowledgeable
College
3.25

Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.22

Moderately Knowledgeable

X²=.897
Age


<25
3.33

Moderately
knowledgeable
25-37
3.42

Moderately
knowledgeable
38-50
2.67

Low
knowledge
52-64
3.44

Moderately
knowledgeable
65+
5.00

Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.57

Moderately knowledgeable

X²=.282
Household size



<3
2.67

Low
knowledge
3-5
3.21

Moderately
Knowledgeable
6-8
3.30

Moderately
knowledgeable
9-11
3.00

Moderately
knowledgeable
12+
3.33

Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.10

Moderately knowledgeable

X²=.353
Years in farming



<5
2.50

Low
knowledge
15-17
3.36

Moderately
knowledgeable

18-30
2.94

Low knowledge
31-43
4.00

Knowledgeable
44+
5.00

Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 2.97

Low knowledge

X²=.149
Farm size



<1ha
2.93

Low
knowledge
0.5-1ha
3.38

Moderately
knowledgeable
>1ha
3.00

Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.10

Moderately knowledgeable

X²=.003

---

77 
 
Certification is important to promote organic to assure the consumers on the
quality production and processing. Table 47 shows that most of the respondents are
moderately knowledgeable as to certification are important to promote organic to assure
the consumers quality production and processing. Chi-square coefficient indicates that
there are no significant differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 47. Knowledge of respondents to certification is important to promote organic to

assures the consumers quality production and processing

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
4.05
Knowledgeable

High school
3.60
Moderately Knowledgeable
College
3.79
Moderately
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.81
Moderately
Knowledgeable

X²=.411
Age

<25
3.67
Moderately
knowledgeable
25-37
4.05
Knowledgeable
38-50
3.47
Moderately
knowledgeable
52-64
4.00
Knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.04
Knowledgeable
X²=.475
Household size


<3
3.00
Moderately
Knowledgeable
3-5
4.05
Knowledgeable
6-8
3.74
Moderately
knowledgeable
9-11
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
12+
3.33
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.10
Moderately
knowledgeable

X²=.171
Years in farming


<5
3.25
Moderately
knowledgeable
15-17
3.68
Moderately
knowledgeable
18-30
4.06
Knowledgeable
31-43
4.33
Knowledgeable
44+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 4.70
Knowledgeable
X²=.426
Farm size


<1ha
3.47
Moderately
knowledgeable
0.5-1ha
4.00
Knowledgeable
>1ha
4.00
Knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.82
Moderately
knowledgeable

X²=.961

---

78 
 
Accrediting group for organic products is accessible in my place. Table 48
presents that a respondent has no knowledge as to accrediting group for organic product
is accessible in the locality. A chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant
differences in replies across demographic profile.

Table 48. Knowledge of respondents to an accrediting group for organic products is
accessible in my place
PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
1.10

No
knowledge

High school
1.73

No knowledge
College
1.29

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.37

No knowledge

X²=.075
Age


<25
2.17

Low
knowledge
25-37
1.32

No
knowledge
38-50
1.00

No
knowledge
52-64
1.44

No
knowledge
65+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.39

No knowledge

X²=.069
Household size



<3
1.00

No
knowledge
3-5
1.32

No
knowledge
6-8
1.17

No
knowledge
9-11
2.00

Low
knowledge
12+
2.67

Low
knowledge
TOTAL 1.63

No knowledge

X²=.239
Years in farming



<5
2.75

Low
knowledge
15-17
1.2

No
knowledge
18-30
1.29

No
knowledge
31-43
1.00

No
knowledge
44+
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.45

No
knowledge
Farm size



<1ha
1.33

No
knowledge
0.5-1ha
1.38

No
knowledge
>1ha
1.00

No
knowledge
TOTAL 1.24

No knowledge

X²=.069

---

79 
 
Certified organic products can command higher price. Table 49 presents those
respondents are moderately knowledgeable as to certified organic products command
higher price. The chi-square coefficient indicates that there are no significant differences
in replies across demographic profile.

Table 49. Knowledge of respondents to certified organic products can command higher

price

PARTICULAR
KNOWLEDGE RATING
DESCRIPTION

(AVERAGE)

Education

Elementary
3.71
Moderately
knowledgeable
High
school
3.60
Moderately
knowledgeable
College
3.86
Moderately
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.72
Moderately
Knowledgeable
X²=.747
Age

<25
3.50
Moderately
knowledgeable
25-37
4.11
Knowledgeable
38-50
3.27
Moderately
knowledgeable
52-64
3.67
Moderately
knowledgeable
65+
5.00
Very
knowledgeable
TOTAL 3.91
Moderately
knowledgeable
X²=.259

---

80 
 
Willingness to Shift to Organic Farming


The willingness of Bakun farmers to shift organic farming is presented in table
50 this includes their educational attainment, farm size, age, household size and number
of years in farming.
Educational attainment of respondents. Most 20 (40.0%) respondents are
elementary. Sixteen (34.0%) of the respondents are willing to go organic farming, four
(8.5%) respondents, not willing to shift. Fifteen (30.0%) respondent are high school.
Twelve (12.0%) of the respondents are college graduate. With a chi-square coefficient of
.650 indicates that there are no significant difference in replies between educational
attainment across willingness to shift organic farming. Implies that respondents from
elementary level are more interested to shift organic farming.
Farm size of respondents. Majority 30 (60.0%) respondents has a farm size of 0.5-
1ha.Twenty-five(50.0%) respondents are willing to go organic farming ,five(10.0%) not
willing. A chi-square coefficient of .776 indicates that there are no significant difference
in replies between farm sizes across willingness to shift organic farming
Age of respondents. Most 18 (36.0%) respondents is in age bracket of 25-
37.Fithteen (30.0 %) of the respondents are willing to shift organic farming, three (6.0%)
not willing. A chi-square coefficient of .267 indicates that there are no significant
difference in replies between age across willingness to shift organic farming.
Household size of respondents. Most 22 (44.0%) respondents is within 6-8
member. Eighteen ( 36.0%)of the respondents wants to shift organic farming ,4 (8.0%)
respondents not willing. There were only 2 (4.0%) respondent that is within 9-11
household size, willing to shift organic farming. A chi-square coefficient of .755

---

81 
 
indicates that there are no significant differences in replies between household sizes of
respondents across willingness to shift organic farming.
Years in farming of respondents. Most 24 (48.0%) respondents have been farming
for 5-17 years. Twenty (40.0%) of the respondents want to shift organic farming .Four
(8.0%) of the respondent are not willing. Respondent that have been farming more 44
years are not willing to shift organic farming. A chi-square coefficient of .179 indicates
that there are no significant difference in replies between number of years in farming
across willingness to shift organic farming.

Table 50.Willingness to shift organic farming

PARTICULAR
TOTAL



WILLING TO SHIFT
NOT WILLING TO SHIFT
F
%


F
%
F
%


Education




Elementary
16
32.0
4
8.0 20
40.0
High
school
12
24.0
3
6.0 15
30.0
College
11
22.0
1
2.0 12
24.0
TOTAL
39
78.0
8
17.0
47
94.0
X²=.650
Farm size






<1ha
12
24.0
3
6.00 15
30.0
0.5-1ha
25
50.0
5
10.0 30
60.0
>1ha
2
4.0
0
0.00 2
4.0
TOTAL
39
78.0
8
16.0
47
94.0
X²=.776
Age





<25
4
8.0
1
2.0 5 10.000
25-37
15
30.0
3
6.0 18 36.000
38-50
12
24.0
2
4.0 14 28.000
52-64
8
16.0
1
2.0 9 18.000
65+
0
00.0
1
2.0 1
2.000
TOTAL
39
78.0
8
16.0
47
94.0 0
X²=.267
Household size






<3
2
4.00
1
2.0 3
6.000
3-5
15
30.0
2
4.0 17 34.000
6-8
18
36.0
4
8.0 22 44.000
9-11
2
4.00
0
0.0 2
4.000
12+
2
4.00
1
2.0 3
6.000
TOTAL 39
78.0
8
16.0
47
94.000
X²=.755
Years in Farming






<5
2
4.0
1
2.0 3
6.000
5-17
20
40.0
4
8.0 24 48.000
18-30
14
28.0
2
4.0 16 32.000
31-43
3
6.0
0
0.0 3
6.000
44+
0
.0
1
2.0 1
2.000
TOTAL 39
78.0
8
16.0
47
94.000

X²=.179

---

82 
 
Organic Farming Support


Table 51 presents the organic farming support the vegetable farmers of Bakun
prefer or need in order to adapt organic farming includes information on their age,
household size, number of years in farming, educational attainment and farm sizes.

Age of respondents. Majority 28 (56.0%) respondents prefer or need the support
of the government. Ten (20.0%) of the respondents is in age bracket of 25-37.Eleven
(2.0%) of the respondents needs financial capital.
Household size of respondents. Majority 28 (56.0%) respondents needs
government support. Twelve (24.0%) is within 6-8 household size, eight (16.0%) from
household size of 3-5.Eleven (22.0%) of the respondents needs financial support.
Number of years in farming. Majority 28 (56.0%) respondents’ needs government
support. Eleven (22.0%) of the respondents have been farming for 5-17 years .Ten
(20.0%) respondents engaged in farming for 18-30 years. Four (8.0%) of respondents has
less than 5 years in farming and there were 3 (6.0%) have been farming for 31-43 years.
Educational attainment. Majority 28 (56.0%) respondents need the government
support. Eleven (22.0%) of the respondents are in elementary level. Nine (18.0%) from
high school and 8 (16.0%) of the respondents are college graduate. There were 11
(22.0%) respondents needs financial support.
Farm size of respondents. It presents that 28 (56.0%) of respondents needs
government support .Fifth teen (30.0%) of the respondents has a farm size of 0.5-1ha,
eleven (22.0%) of the respondents has a land area of lesser than 1ha, there were only two
or 4.0% respondents owns more than 1ha land area.
 

---

83 
 
Table 51. Support needed to adapt organic farming
PARTICULAR
KINDS OF SUPPORT
TOTAL


GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL Stable
CO-
AGRICULTURIST
LOCAL
LEADERS
FARM
MONITORING
BUYERS FREE F %
market
FARMER
OFFICIAL
OF O.F
SUPPLIES
TEAM
INPUTS

F % F % F % F % F
% F % F % F % F % F
% F %

Age

























<25
3.0 6.0 2.0 4 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5.0 10.0
25-37
10.0 20.0 4.0 8 0 0 3 6.0
0
.0
1 2.0 2 4.0 0 .0
2 4.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 16.0 32.0
38-50
8.0 16.0 3.0 6 2 4 1 .20 1
2.0
3 6.0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 14.0 28.0

52-64
7.0 14.0 1.0 2 2 4 2 4.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 9.0 18.0

65+
.0 .0 1.0 2 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1.0 2.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 11.0 22 4 6 12.0
1
2.0
4 8.0 2 4.0 2 4.0
2 4.0 1 2.0 2 4.0 45.0 90.0
House-hold size

<3
3.0 6.0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3.0 6.0
3-5
7.0 14.0 2.0 4 1 2 1 2.0 0
.0
1 2.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0 17.0 34.0
6-8
12.0 24.0 2.0 4 2 4 1 2.0 1
2.0
1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 20.0 40.0

9-11
2.0 4.0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2.0 4.0

12+
3.0 6.0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3.0 6.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 11.0 22 4 8 6 12.0
1
2.0
4 8.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
2 4.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 45.0 90.0
No. of years in farming























<5
4.0 8.0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4.0 8.0
5-17
11.0 22.0 7.0 14 2 4 2 4.0
0
.0
2 4.0 1 2.0 1 2.0
1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 21.0 42.0
18-30
10.0 20.0 3.0 6 2 4 2 4.0 1
2.0
2 4.0 0 .0 1 2.0
1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 16.0 32.0

31-43
3.0 6.0 .0 0 0 0 2 4.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3.0 6.0

44+
.0 .0 1.0 2 0 0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1.0 2.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 11.0 22 4 8 6 12.0
1
2.0
4 8.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
2 4.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 45.0 90.0
Education
























Elementary
11.0 22.0 4.0 8 2 4 3 6.0 1
2.0
1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0
2 4.0 0 .0 1 2.0 19.0 38.0
Highshool
9.0 18.0 3.0 6 0 0 2 4.0 0
.0
1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0 2 4.0 0 .0 13.0 26.0
College
8.0 16.0 4.0 8 2 4 1 2.0 0
.0
2 4.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 13.0 26.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 11.0 22 4 8 6 12.0
1
2.0
4 8.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
2 4.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 45.0 90.0
Farm size
























<1ha
11.0 22.0 2.0 4 2 4 0 .0 0
.0
2 4.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0 15.0 30.0
0.5-1ha
15.0 30.0 9.0 18 2 4 5 10.0
1
2.0
2 4.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
1 2.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 28.0 56.0

>1ha
2.0 4.0 0.0 0 0 0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2.0 4.0
TOTAL
28.0 56.0 11.0 22 4 8 6 12.0
1
2.0
4 8.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
2 4.0 2 4.0 2 4.0 45.0 90.0

---

84 
 
Organic Farming technologies or Component Wants to Practice

Based on the age,household size, number of years farming,education and farm
size of respondents,table 52 presents what component of organic farming (crop
rotation,compost,greenmanuring,liquid fertilizers,biological pest control,use of
indigenous knowledge and the use of traditional varieties) the vegetable farmers of Bakun
want to practice .
Age of respondents. It shows that most 19 (38.0%) respondents want to practice
all the organic farming components. Sixteen (32.0%) want to practice crop rotation,most
of them are in age bracket of 25-37 and 38-50.There is only 1(2.0%) respondent want to
use indigenous knowledge.
Household size. Most of the respondents 19 (38.0%) wants to practice all the
component of organic farming.Ten (20.0%) of the respondents is within 6-8 household
size.There were 16 (32.0%) respondents wants to practice crop rotation, seven (14.0%) of
the respondents is within 6-8 household size.
Number of years in farming. Most of the respondents’ wants to practice crop
rotation, 16 (32.0%) and 19 (38.0%) respondents’ want to practice all the organic farming
component.Most of the respondents has been farming for 5-17 years.
Educational attainment. There were 19 (38.0%) respondents wants to practice all
the component of organic, ten (20.0%) of the respondents are elementary level, 5 (10.0%)
are highschool and four (8.0%) of the respondents are college graduate.
Farm size. It presents that there were 11(22.0%) respondents who have a land area of 0.5-
1ha wants to practice all component of organic farming. Most (38.0%) of the respondents
wants to practice the different component of organic farming.

---

85
   
 
Table 52.Organic farming component

PARTICULAR
COMPONENT OR TECHNOLOGY OF ORGANIC FARMING
TOTAL
CROP
GREEN
LIQUID
COMPOST BIOLOGIST

USE OF
TRADITIONA
ALL OF
F %
ROTATION
MANURING
FERTILIZER
PEST
INDIGENOUS
L
THE
CONTROL
KNOWLEDGE
VARIETIES
ABOVE


F %
F %
F
%
F
% F % F %
F %
F
%
Age



















<25
3 6
1 2.0 2
4.0
1
2.0 2 4.0 0 .0
0 .0
2
4.0
5.0
10.0

25-37
6 12.0
3 6.0 4
8.0
2
4.0 3 6.0 0 .0
1 2.0
6
12.0
14.0
28.0

38-50
6 12.0
0 .0 7
14.0
2
4.0 3 6.0 0 .0
0 .0
4
8.0
12.0
24.0

52-64
1 2.0
2 4.0 1
2.0
1
2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0
1 2.0
7
14.0
8.0
16.0

65+
0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
.0
.0
TOTAL
16 32.0
6
12.0
14
28.0
6
12.0 9 18.0 1 2.0
2 4.0
19
38.0
39.0
78.0
Household
size






<3
0 .0
1
2.0
0
.0
0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
2.0
4.0

3-5
6 12.0
0 .0 2
4.0
2
4.0 2 4.0 0 .0
0 .0
5
10.0
17.0
34.0

6-8
4 8.0
2 4.0 5
10.0
1
2.0 2 4.0 1 2.0
1 2.0
6
12.0
19.0
38.0

9-11
1 2.0
1 2.0 0 .0
1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0
1
2.0
5.0
10.0

12+
2 4.0
0 .0 1
2.0
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
4.0
8.0
TOTAL
13 26.0
4 8.0 8
16.0
4
8.0 4 8.0 1 2.0
2 4.0
14
28.0
50.0
100.0
Years
in
farming






<5
2 4.0
1 2.0 1
2.0
1
2.0 1 2.0 0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
3.0
6.0

5-17
8 16.0
3 6.0 8
16.0
3
6.0 5 10.0 1 2.0
1 2.0
10
20.0
20.0
40.0

18-30
6 12.0
1 2.0 5
10.0
2
4.0 3 6.0 0 .0
1 2.0
6
12.0
13.0
26.0

31-43
0 .0
1
2.0
0
.0
0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
2
4.0
3.0
6.0

44+
0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
39.0
78.0
TOTAL
16 32.0 6 12.0 14
28.0 6 12 9 18.0 1 2.0 2 4.0
19
38.0
39.0
78.0
Education






Elementary
5 10.0
2 4.0 5
10.0
4
8.0 2 4.0 1 2.0
2 4.0
10
20.0
16.0
32.0

Highshool
5 10.0
2 4.0 4
8.0
1
2.0 3 6.0 0 .0
0 .0
5
10.0
13.0
26.0

College
6 12.0
2 4.0 5
10.0
1
2.0 4 8.0 0 .0
0 .0
4
8.0
10.0
20.0
TOTAL






<1ha
5 10.0
1 2.0 4
8.0
3
6.0 4 8.0 1 2.0
1 2.0
6
12.0
12.0
24.0

0.5-1ha
11 22.0 5 10.0 10 20.0 3 6.0 5 10.0 0
.0 1 2.0
11
22.0
35.0 70.0

>1ha
0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
2
4.0
2.0
4.0
TOTAL
16 32.0
6
12.0
14
28.0
6
12.0 9 18.0 1 2.0
2 4.0
19
38.0
39.0
78.0

---

86 
 
Recommendations of the Respondent

This are statements of reasons or recommendations, of the Bakun farmers related
to the support they need in order to adopt organic farming that is based to their
demographic, economic and farm profile.

Recommendations to age of respondents. There were 7 (14.0%) respondents
recommend that inputs to be used in adapting organic farming shall be provided. Four
(8.0%) of the respondents is in age bracket 25-37, two (4.0%) from 38-50 and 1
respondent is within the age of 52-64 years. Another 7 (14.0%) respondents recommend
that encouragement or moral support from the government is important. Most of the
respondents who has many recommendations is in age bracket of 25-37 years. This are all
presented in Table 53.

---

87 
 
Table 53. Recommendation to age of respondents

RECOMMENDATIONS
AGE TOTAL


<25 25-37 38-50 52-64 65+ F
%

F % F % F % F % F %

Stable market for organic












vegetables because market of












organic products are limited
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Stable market to be sure that organic












vegetable will be sold out or












accepted in the market
0
.0
1
2
2
4.0
0
.0
0
.0
3
6.0

Co-farmers because it is useless if












the farm near to you is not organic
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
1
2.0
0
.0
2
4.0

Needs the support of co farmers in












order that organic farming will be












successful
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

We need the support of other












farmers in promoting organic
0
.0
1
2
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Support of co-farmers in order to












encourage each in everyone
0
.0
1
2
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
2
4.0

Agriculturist to explain further what












really an organic farming is
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Local farmers to help farmers go












organic
0
.0
1
2
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

local officials to give assurance as












well
0
.0
1
2
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Leaders of organic farming to serve












as our guider basis for us to adopt












organic farming
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Farm supply for organic inputs to












make organic farming successful
0
.0
1
2
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Needs the help of monitoring teams












of organic farming to encourage












farmers
0
.0
2
4
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
1
2.0

Buyers/consumers to be sure that












they will buy organic vegetable in












volumes
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
2
4.0

Free inputs for organic inputs to












avoid losses
0
.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
1
2.0

TOTAL
14 17 34 11 22 8 19 1 2 4.0 42 84.0

---

88 
 
Table 53 continued…
RECOMMENDATIONS
AGE TOTAL


<25 25-37 38-50 52-64 65+ F
%

F % F % F % F % F %

Stable market for organic vegetables
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
because market of organic products
are limited

Stable market to be sure that organic
0 .0 1
2.0 2
4.0 0 .0 0 .0 3 6.0
vegetable will be sold out or
accepted in the market

Co-farmers because it is useless if
0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 1
2.0 0 .0 2 4.0
the farm near to you is not organic

Needs the support of co farmers in
0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
order that organic farming will be
successful

We need the support of other
0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
farmers in promoting organic

Support of co-farmers in order to
0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 2 4.0
encourage each in everyone

Agriculturist to explain further what
0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
really an organic farming is

Local farmers to help farmers go
0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic

local officials to give assurance as
0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
well

Leaders of organic farming to serve
0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
as our guider basis for us to adopt
organic farming

Farm supply for organic inputs to
0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
make organic farming successful

Needs the help of monitoring teams
0 .0 2
4.0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
of organic farming to encourage
farmers

Buyers/consumers to be sure that
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 4.0
they will buy organic vegetable in
volumes

Free inputs for organic inputs to
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
avoid losses

TOTAL
14 17 34 11 22 8 19 1 2 4.0 42 84.0

---

89 
 
Recommendations to the household size. Table 54 presents that there were
7(14.0%) respondents recommend that inputs to be use in adapting organic farming shall
be provided. Seven (14.0%) said that encouragement and moral support must be there.
Six (12.0%) of the respondents said that they need more funds and benefits to support
organic farming .Most of the respondents 18 (36.0%) within household size of 6-8 has the
greater recommendations.

Table 54. Recommendations to the household size
RECOMMENDATIONS HOUSEHOLD
SIZE
TOTAL
<3
3-5
6-8
9-11
12+
F
%

F %
F % F %
F %
F %



Provide inputs to be used in adapting
1
2.0 2 4.0 3 6.0
1
2.0
0 .0 7 14.0
organic farming

Provide
more
0 .0 2 4.0 1 2.0
0 .0
1
2.0 4 8.0
seminars/trainings/information related
to organic farming


Encourage/moral support to farmers to
1
2.0 3 6.0 3 6.0
0 .0
0 .0 7 14.0
go organic farming


More funds/benefits to support
0 .0 1 2.0 5 10.0
0 .0
0 .0 6 12.0
organic farming


Government should give assurance
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
that they will support organic farmers


Provide loans/capitals to farmers
0 .0 3 6.0 2 4.0
0 .0
0 .0 5 10.0


Government should established
0 .0 1 2.0 2 4.0
0 .0
1
2.0 4 8.0
markets for organic vegetables


Government should established stable
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 2 4.0
high prices of organic vegetables


Provide assistance to farmers during
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
conversion period


Find ways on how to apply organic in
0
.0 0 .0
0 .0
0
.0
1
2.0 1 2.0
an easy way


Give assurances to our membership
0 .0 1 2.0 2 4.0
0 .0
1
2.0 4 8.0


Financial support since were not sure
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
if organic farming is successful


We need more capital since
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
conversion to organic farming is
expensive


Needs more capital since we need to
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
sacrifice the volume of our production


Financial to be use in starting organic
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0
0 .0 2 4.0
farming


Pay our expenses in farming in case
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming fails

---

90 
 
Table 54 continued…

RECOMMENDATIONS
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
TOTAL



<3 3-5 6-8 9-11
12+ F
%


F
% F % F % F % F %



Assure that when we go organic our
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
capital returns


If I go organic support me financially
0 .0 1
2.0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
since I don’t want to sacrifice my money


Stable market for organic vegetables
0 .0 0 .0 0
.0 1 2.0 0 .0
1 2.0
because market of organic products are
limited


Stable market to be sure that organic
0 .0 1
2.0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 3 6.0
vegetable will be sold out or accepted in
the market


Co-farmers because it is useless if the
0 .0 2
4.0 2 4.0
0 .0
0 .0 2 4.0
farm near to you is not organic


Needs the support of co farmers in order
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
that organic farming will be successful


We need the support of other farmers in
0 .0 0 .0 0
.0 1 2.0 0 .0
1 2.0
promoting organic


Support of co-farmers in order to
1
2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 2 4.0
encourage each in everyone


Agriculturist to explain further what
0 0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
really an organic farming


Local farmers to help farmers go organic
0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0


Local officials to give assurance as well
0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0


Leaders of organic farming to serve as
0 0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0
our guide or basis for us to adopt organic
farming


Farm supply for organic inputs to make
0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0
organic farming successful


Needs the help of monitoring teams of
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming to encourage farmers


Buyers/consumers to be sure that they
0 .0 2 4.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
2 4.0
will buy organic vegetable in volumes


Free inputs for organic inputs to avoid
0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 0 .0
1 2.0
losses

TOTAL
3 6 17 34 18 36 2 4 3 6 42 84.0

---

91 
 
Recommendations to educational attainment. It is presented in Table 55 that there
were seven (14.0%) respondents recommends that inputs to be use in adapting organic
farming shall be provided and more funds or benefits to support them organic farming.
There were 17 (34.0%) respondents are in elementary education, 13 (26.0%) finished
Highshool and 12 (24.0%) respondents graduated college.
Table 55. Recommendations to educational attainment
RECOMMENDATIONS
EDUCATION TOTAL


ELEMENTARY HIGH-SCHOOL COL-LEGE
F
%

F % F %
F %

Provide inputs to be used in adapting organic farming
5 10.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 7
14.0


Provide more seminars/trainings/information related to organic farming
2 4.0 1 2.0
1 2.0
4
8.0


Encourage/moral support to farmers to go organic farming
3 6.0 2 4.0
2 4.0
7
14.0


More funds/benefits to support organic farming
3 6.0 2 4.0
1 2.0
6
12.0


Government should give assurance that they will support organic
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0
farmers


Provide loans/capitals to farmers
1 2.0 1 2.0
3 6.1
5
10.0


Government should established markets for organic vegetables
0 .0
2 4.0
2
4.0
4
8.0


Government should established stable high prices of organic vegetables
0 .0
1 2.0
1
2.0
2
4.0


Provide assistance to farmers during conversion period
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0


Find ways on how to apply organic in an easy way
0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
1
2.0


Give assurances to our membership
1 2.0 2 4.0
1 2.0
4
8.0


Financial support since were not sure if organic farming is successful
0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
1
2.0


We need more capital since conversion to organic farming is expensive
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0


Needs more capital since we need to sacrifice the volume of our
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0
production


Financial to be use in starting organic farming
0 .0
1 2.0
1
2.0
2
4.0


Pay our expenses in farming in case organic farming fails
0 .0 1 2.0
0 .0
1
2.0


Financial assure that when we go organic our capital returns
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0


If I go organic support me financially since I don’t want to sacrifice my
1 2.0 0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
money


Stable market for organic vegetables because market of organic
0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
1
2.0
products are limited


Stable market to be sure that organic vegetable will be sold out or
1 2.0 0 .0
2 4.0
3
6.0
accepted in the market


Co-farmers because it is useless if the farm near to you is not organic
2 4.0 0 .0
0 .0
2
4.0


Needs the support of co farmers in order that organic farming
1 2.0 0 .0
0 .0
1
2.0
will be successful

---

92 
 
Table 55 continued…
RECOMMENDATIONS
EDUCATION TOTAL


ELEMENTARY
HIGHSCHOOL
COLLEGE
F
%

F
%
F
%
F
%



We need the support of other farmers in
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
promoting organic


Support of co-farmers in order to
0 .0
2
.0
0
.0
2
4.0
encourage each in everyone


Agriculturist to explain further what
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
really an organic farming is


Local farmers to help farmers go
0 .0
0
.0
1
2.0
1
2.0
organic


Local officials to give assurance as well
0 .0
0
.0
1
2.0
1
2.0


Leaders of organic farming to serve as
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
our guide or basis for us to adopt organic
farming


Farm supply for organic inputs to make
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
organic farming successful


Needs the help of monitoring teams of
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
organic farming to encourage farmers


Buyers/consumers to be sure that they
0 .0
2
.4.0
0
.0
2
4.0
will buy organic vegetable in volumes


Free inputs for organic inputs to avoid
1 2.0
0
.0
0
.0
1
2.0
losses

TOTAL
17 34.0
13
26.0
12
24
42
84.0



Recommendations to number of years in farming. Table 56 presents that there
were 7 (14.0%) respondents recommends that inputs shall be provided,7 (14.0%) said
also that they need more funds and benefits to support them go organic farming. Most 21
(42.0%) respondents have been farming within 5-17 years and they have the greater
recommendations.

---

93 
 
Table 56.Recommendations to number of years in farming
RECOMMENDATIONS
NUMBERS OF YEARS IN FARMING
TOTAL

<5
5-17
18-30
31-43
44+
F
%

F % F % F % F % F %


Provide inputs to be used in adapting
0 .0 2 4.0 4 8.0 1 2.0 0 .0 7 14.0
organic farming

Provide
more
2 4.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 4 8.0
seminars/trainings/information related to
organic farming


Encourage/moral support to farmers to go
1 2.0 3 6.0 2 4.0 0
.0 0 .0 6 12.0
organic farming


More funds/benefits to support organic
1 2.0 4 8.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 6 12.0
farming


Government should give assurance that
1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
they will support organic farmers


Provide loans/capitals to farmers
2 4.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 5 10.0


Government should established markets
1 2.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 4 8.0
for organic vegetables


Government should established stable high
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 2 4.0
prices of organic vegetables


Provide assistance to farmers during
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
conversion period


Find ways on how to apply organic in an
1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
easy way


Give assurances to our membership
0 .0 3 6.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 4 8.0


Financial support since were not sure if
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming is successful


We need more capital since conversion to
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming is expensive


Needs more capital since we need to
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
sacrifice the volume of our production


Financial to be use in starting organic
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0 0
.0 0 .0 2 4.0
farming


Pay our expenses in farming in case
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming fails


Financial assure that when we go organic
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0
.0 0 .0 1 2.0
our capital returns


If I go organic support me financially since
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1
2.0 1 2.0
I don’t want to sacrifice my money

---

94 
 
Table 56 continued…
RECOMMENDATIONS
NUMBER OF YEARS IN FARMING
TOTAL


<5
5-17
18-30
31-43
44+
F
%


F % F % F % F %
F %


Stable market for organic vegetables
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
because market of organic products are
limited


Stable market to be sure that organic
0 .0 2 4.0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 3 6.0
vegetable will be sold out or accepted in
the market


Co-farmers because it is useless if the farm
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 2 4.0
near to you is not organic


Needs the support of co farmers in order
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
that organic farming will be successful


We need the support of other farmers in
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
promoting organic


Support of co-farmers in order to
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 2 4.0
encourage each in everyone


Agriculturist to explain further what really
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
an organic farming


Local farmers to help farmers go organic
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0


Local officials to give assurance as well
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0


Leaders of organic farming to serve as our
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
guide or basis for us to adopt organic
farming


Farm supply for organic inputs to make
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming successful


Needs the help of monitoring teams of
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
organic farming to encourage farmers

Buyers/consumers
to
be sure that they will
0 .0 1 2.0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 2 4.0
buy organic vegetable in volumes


Free inputs for organic inputs to avoid
0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 2.0
losses

TOTAL
4 8.0 21 42.0 14 28.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 42 84.0



Recommendations to farm size. Majority of the respondents 28 (56.0%) has a land
area of 0.5-1ha and have the greater recommendations. There were 7 (14.0%)
respondents recommends that inputs, more funds and benefits shall be extended to them
to help do organic farming. These are all presented in table 57.

---

95 
 
Table 57. Recommendations to farm size
RECOMMENDATIONS
FARM SIZE
TOTAL

<1ha
0.5-1ha
>1ha
F
%

F % F % F %


Provide inputs to be used in adapting organic farming
2 4.0 4 8.0 1 2.0 7 14.0


Provide more seminars/trainings/information related
2 4.0 2 4.0 0 .0 4 8.0
to organic farming


Encourage/moral support to farmers to go organic
3 6.0 4 8.0 0 .0 7 14.0
farming


More funds/benefits to support organic farming
2
4.0
4
8.0
0
.0
6
12.0

Government should give assurance that they will
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
support organic farmers


Provide loans/capitals to farmers
2 4.0 3 6.0 0 .0 5 10.0


Government should established markets for organic
2 4.0 2 4.0 0 .0 4 8.0
vegetables


Government should established stable high prices of
2 4.0 0 .0 0 .0 2 4.0
organic vegetables


Provide assistance to farmers during conversion
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
period


Find ways on how to apply organic in an easy way
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0


Give assurances to our membership
1 2.0 3 6.0 0 .0 4 8.0


Financial support since were not sure if organic
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
farming is successful


We need more capital since conversion to organic
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
farming is expensive


Needs more capital since we need to sacrifice the
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
volume of our production


Financial to be use in starting organic farming
0 .0 2 4.0 0 .0 2 4.0


Pay our expenses in farming in case organic farming
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
fails


Financial assure that when we go organic our capital
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
returns


If I go organic support me financially since I don’t
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
want to sacrifice my money


Stable market for organic vegetables because market
0 .0 1 2.0 0 .0 1 2.0
of organic products are limited


Stable market to be sure that organic vegetable will be
2 4.0 1 2.0 0 .0 3 6.0
sold out or accepted in the market


Co-farmers because it is useless if the farm near to








you is not organic
0
.0
2
4.0
0
.0
2
4.0


Needs the support of co farmers in order that organic








farming will be successful
0
.0
1
2.0
0
.0
1
2.0

---

96 
 
Table 57 continued…
RECOMMENDATIONS FARM
SIZE
TOTAL

<1ha
0.5-1ha
>1ha F %


F
%
F
%
F
%



Support of co-farmers in order to
0 .0 1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
encourage each in everyone


Support of co-farmers in order to
0
.0
2
4.0
0 .0 2
4.0
encourage each in everyone


Agriculturist to explain further what
0
.0
1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
really an organic farming is


Local farmers to help farmers go
0
.0
1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
organic


Local officials to give assurance as
0
.0
1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
well


Leaders of organic farming to serve as
0
.0
1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
our guide or basis for us to adopt
organic farming


Farm supply for organic inputs to
0
.0
1
2.0
0 .0 1
2.0
make organic farming successful


Needs the help of monitoring teams of
1
2.0
0
.0
0 .0 1
2.0
organic farming to encourage farmers


Buyers consumers to be sure that they
0
.0
2
4.0
0 .0 2
4.0
will buy organic vegetable in volumes


Free inputs for organic inputs to avoid
1
2.0
0
.0
0 .0 1
2.0
losses

TOTAL
13 26.0
28 56.0
1 2.0 42
84.0

---

97 
 
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


Summary


The study was conducted to determine the perception of farmers on the organic
vegetable production in Gambang Bakun, Benguet as well as to the willingness to go
organic.

Fifty farmers from the different sitios of Gambang serve as respondents. Data
gathered was done through personal interview guided by questionnaire.

All data gathered was evaluated across demographic profile, economic and farm
profiles of respondents. Respondents attitude on organic farming are uncertain and rather
enough knowledge on the environment or health aspect of organic farming. Respondents
claimed no knowledge on the technical aspect, low knowledge on the socio-economic
aspect, and moderate knowledge on the accreditation, certification and support aspect of
organic farming. There results implies that almost all of them have insufficient
knowledge on organic farming.

Farmers of Gambang Bakun are willing to shift to organic farming ,the study
reveal that respondents who are in elementary level, having a 0.5-1ha farm, age 25-
37,household size of 6-8 member and respondents who engaged in farming for 5-17 years
are very much willing to go into organic farming.

Farmers that are within the age 25-37, household size of 6-8 member, engaged in
farming for 5-30 years, that are within elementary level and have a farm size of 0.5-1ha
farm needs the support of the government and want to practice all the component of
organic farming which are the fallowing, crop rotation, green manuring, liquid fertilizers,
compost or vermicomposting, biological pest control, use of indigenous knowledge and

---

98 
 
use of traditional varieties. This indicates that respondents have been unknowingly
practicing principles of organic farming.


They suggest that for them to adapt organic farming, the government must
provide inputs and encourage them further to go into organic farming.

Conclusion


Among all the evaluated replies of respondents, almost half of them are aware of
organic farming but are of inadequate or insufficient technical knowledge on this though
most of them have adequate awareness on the environment and health aspects of organic
farming. Respondents in the middle age exhibit more interest in going to organic
agriculture than their younger or older peers. However, to go into organic farming, they
suggest that government provide support through input provision and more information,
training and education to Gambang farmers if organic farming is to be encouraged here.
It would be easier to start with convincing and supporting middle- aged farmers as they
have a more open attitude towards organic farming than their peer.

Recommendation


Since farmers of Gambang Bakun are interested to go organic farming, they must
be responsible enough to attend seminars and need some participation to trainings in
order for them to understand more what organic farming is.

---

99 
 
LITERATURE CITED


BENANING, M. N. 2009. Organic Farming Pushed. Manila Bulletin.Vol. 435 (10). Pp 2
CORDILLERA HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
PROJECT (CHARMP). 2002. Barangay Natural Resource Management Plan.
Pp46to49 and 59to 61

CLARAPOLS, A. M. 2008. Ecology Groups Says Organic Farming Ease Climate
Change. Manila Bulletin. Vol. 424. Pp10

CLARAPOLS, A. M. 2004. Organic Farming Promotes Biodiversity, studies shows.
Philippine Star 19 (116) P. B-6

HALL, K. 2009. Ohio Grain Farmers Attitudes toward Organic and Non Organic
Method. Retrieved on December 7, 2009 from
http://agnews.tamu.edu/saas/2009/hall.pdf

KITMA, G. 2009. Organic Farming Practitioner.Orgnic Farming Principles and Practices.
Brochure

KRISTIANSEN, P. , A. TAJI, and J. REGANOLD. 2006. Organic Agriculture Global
Perspective. CSIRO. Pp 3 to 4and 146 to148

MAGDOFF, F. and R. R. WEIL. 2004. Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture.
CRC PRESS LLC. Pp58

MARQUEZ, W. L, 2004. Pesticides: It’s Effect on Human Health’s Research an
Extension. Vol.VI No.1. P. 5

OPINA, R. 2008. Pest Management is the best solution to increase organic produce.
Sun Star.Vol.12 (244). P. 2

PINOY FARMER. 2009. What is Organic Farming. Retrieval on October 1, 2009 from
http://www.Agripinoy.net

WIKIPEDIA. 2009. Bakun Benguet. Retrieved on December 7, 2009 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/Bakun,_Benguet

WIKIPEDIA. 2009. Benguet. Retrieved on December 7, 2009 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/Benguet

WIKIPEDIA. 2009. Organic Farming. Retrieved October 1, 2009 from
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic Farming

---

100 
 
APPENDIX

A. Interview Schedule


Direction: Please answer the following items by writing the information needed or
putting checkmark on the space provided. Rest assured that all information solicited in
this questionnaire will be treated confidentially. Thank you so much for your cooperation.

I. Demographic Factors
1. Name (optional): ___________________________________
2. Age: _______
3. Sex: ________
4. Marital Status: ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Separated ( ) Widowed
5. Address: __________________________________________
6. Household Size: ________________________
7. Highest Educational Attainment: ___________________________
8. Ethnicity: ( ) Kankanaey ( ) Ibaloi ( ) Tagalog ( ) Ilocano ( ) others, pls.
specify
9. Membership to Organizations

Name of Organization
Classification of Type of
No. of Years as
(Please specify if
Organization
Membership Member
International,Regional,National
(Farmers,NGO, (Officer or
or Local)
Socio-civic,
Member)
etc.)


















II. Economic Profile

1. Annual income from farming: ______
2. Other sources of income: _______________
3. Annual income from other sources: ____________________
4. Number of years engaged in farming: __________

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101 
 
III. Farm Profile

1. Farm Size: _____________________( hectare)
2. Tenure Status: ( ) Owner
( ) Share Tenant
( ) Leasehold

( ) Certificate of Land Claims/Transfer/Ancestral Domain
( ) Others, please specify ______________________


3. Type of Farm: ( ) rain fed upland irrigated
( ) upland rain fed
( ) lowland irrigated
( ) lowland rain fed

4. Soil Characteristics: ( ) Loamy
( ) Clay
( ) Sandy
( ) Others, please specify ____________________

5. Area Planted and Volume of Production

Crop
Area Planted (ha.)
Volume of
Value(Peso/kg)
Production (kg.)

---

102 
 
IV. Awareness on Organic Farming (OF)

1. Are you aware of organic farming? __ Yes ___ No ( Proceed to No.4)

2. If yes, what are your sources of information about organic farming? Please put
checkmark.

( ) Department of Agriculture technicians
( ) Television
( ) Newspaper
( ) Neighbors
( ) Pamphlets, brochures, posters about OF
( ) Radio
( ) Farmers Cooperative or Associations
( ) Relatives
( ) Others, please specify __________________________________

3. What component of organic farming are you aware of? (Please put a checkmark).
From these, what organic farming system have you practiced?

( ) Crop Rotation, (please provide sequence) _______________________________
( ) Green Manuring, (please specify) ___________________________________
( ) Compost/Vermicomposting
( ) Biological Pest control, (please specify) __________________________
( ) Excluding or limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides,
(if limiting synthetic inputs only, please specify ratio) _________________
( ) Indigenous knowledge, (please specify) _________________________
( ) Use of traditional varieties, (please specify) ______________________
( ) Liquid bio-fertilizers, (please specify) ___________________________
( ) All of the above
( ) others, (please specify) _____________________________

4. If no, what factors are responsible for your non-awareness on organic farming?

( ) Nobody informed me about organic farming
( ) There is no available information on organic farming in our locality.
( ) Nobody is practicing organic farming in our community
( ) Others, please specify ______________________________________

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103 
 
5. Source of organic materials used (please refer to No.3)

Organic Material Used
Source
















6. What are the governments supports that you are aware of? (Please put
checkmark).Which among the aforementioned government supports have been provided
or extended to you?


TYPE OF SUPPORT FROM WHOM AMOUNT OR
FREQUENCY
A. Technical
( ) Participations to seminars/trainings ____________ _______________
( ) Participation to field trips ____________ _______________
( ) Participation to field days ____________ _______________
( ) Provision of IEC materials ____________ _______________
( ) Visitation of technicians/extensionist __________ _______________
( ) Others, please specify __________ ____________ _______________

B. Material/Input
( ) Seed _________________ _________________
( ) fertilizers _________________ _________________
( ) Equipment _________________ __________________
( ) Others, please specify ____________ ___________ _________________

C. Financial
( ) Credit/loans _______________ __________________
( ) Market _______________ __________________
( ) Crop insurance _______________ __________________
( ) Others, please specify _____________ ____________ __________________

D. Others
( ) Cooperator to government projects ________________ __________________
( ) Others, pls. specify ______________ ____________ __________________

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104 
 
7. What are the factors that affect your non-adoption of organic farming?

( ) inferior quality of crops/produce
( ) slow effect
( ) inadequate knowledge
( ) not convenient to apply
( ) unsanitary
( ) low yield
( ) no stable market
( ) laborious
( ) low income
( ) others, please specify _________________________

8. What are the external limiting factors that affect your non-adoption of organic
farming?

( ) There is no safety net instituted by the government in case my farm failed
( ) There is limited research to help make organic farming successful
( ) There is no established market for organic products
( ) There is no strong government support on organic farming
( ) No sustained technical support of concerned agencies
( ) There is no accreditation group in the locality
( ) Others, please specify _________________________________

V. Attitudes on Organic Farming
Direction: Below are statements about how you view organic farming. Please put
check mark on the corresponding rating scale.

5-strongly agree; 4-agree; 3-uncertain; 2-disagree; 1-strongly disagree

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. Organic farming has a very slow effect [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. Lower yield is obtained in organic farming [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3. Organic products are inferior in quality [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4. It is difficult to comply with certification standards [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Conversion to organic farming does not give [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
economic rewards to farmers
6. Organic farming provides great opportunity [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
for a farmer to produce diversified products.
7. There will be less risk of pollution in organic farming. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
8. It is very difficult to meet all the inputs required [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
on farm itself.
9. Organic farming is a method of balancing of [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
nutrients in farm ecosystem for long run.

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105 
 
10. Organic farming improves plant and animal
as well as public health. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
11. Organic products are healthier because [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
of presence of natural nutrients.
12. Organic farming requires lower capital input. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
13. There is no identified market for organic [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
products in the locality.
14. Farming will not be successful without synthetic [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
fertilizers and pesticides.
15. There is a high demand of organic products in [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
the market.

VI. Extent of Knowledge 0n Organic Farming

Direction: Below are statements about how you view organic farming. Please put
checkmark on the corresponding rating scale. Answers must be limited to the
items listed below but include others as per provided by respondents.

5-very knowledgeable; 4-knowledgeable; 3-moderately knowledgeable;
2-low knowledge; 1-no knowledge


A. Technical Aspect


STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

Compost/Organic Fertilizer

1. Farm wastes can be processed as fertilizer. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. Animal wastes (unprocessed) can be readily or directly [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
applied to the soil.
3. Soil microorganisms are more active in soils applied [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
with organic fertilizer than applied with synthetic.
4. Biological agents can be used to hasten composting. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Composts are ready to harvest when the pile is no longer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
hot and odorous and the original material or
substrates is no longer recognized.
6. Organic fertilizer improves the physico-chemical
characteristics of the soil. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
7. Organic fertilizer has a very slow effect on the [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
crop’s performance.
8. The conversion period of organic farming is 3 to 5 years. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
9. Solid organic fertilizers should be basally applied. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10. The general recommended rate for organic fertilizer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
is 40 tons per hectare.

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Green Manuring

1. Leguminous crops (e.g.mungbean, sesbania, etc.) are [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
essential sources of organic fertilizer specially nitrogen.
2. Green manure crops are best plowed under during the [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
flowering stage.
3. Green manuring enhances soil fertility. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

Crop Rotation

1. Crop rotation enhances soil fertility. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. Crop rotation is a very effective pest control [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
measure.
3. Crop rotation increase yield or income. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

Bio-pest Control

1. Trap crops reduces the incidence of pests and diseases. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. Baits are effective control measure to some major pests. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3. Plant extracts can be used to control insect pests. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4. Biological control agents like trichogramma and [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
cotesia are effective control measures to specific
pests of cereals and vegetables.

Indigenous Knowledge

1. Some indigenous knowledge are helpful in [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
controlling major pests.
2. The applications of sawdust/alnus leaves [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
in seedbeds promotes good seedling stand or vigor.
3. Putting of stakes within the field help reduce insect pests [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ].
4. Organic farming is nearer to traditional way of farming. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Use of sunflower as a fertilizer and pest control. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

Use of traditional Varieties

1. Traditional varieties are drought tolerant. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. Traditional varieties are more resistant to the attack [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
of insect pests and diseases.
3. Lower yield is obtained when using traditional varieties [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
or land races.
4. Traditional varieties require lower input. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Traditional varieties are more nutritious. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

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B. Socio-Economic Aspect

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. Organic farming is expensive especially during [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
the conversion period.
2. Preparation of organic input is laborious and [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
time consuming.
3. Lower yield is obtained with organic farming during [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
conversion period.
4. Land use/farm resources is maximized with [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
organic farming.
5. Optimum production level is obtained with [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
organic farming.
6. Organically produced products demands higher [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
price.
7. Organically produced product is hard to sell. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

C. Environment or Health Aspect

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. Organic farming promotes cleaner or safer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
environment by maximizing air, soil, and
water pollution.
2. Organic farming produces safer food products. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
3. Soil fertility is enhanced in organic farming. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4. Organic farming helps balance the ecosystem. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Organic farming promotes sustainable [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Agriculture.
6. Organic farming promotes good human and [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
animal health.

D. Accreditation/Certification/Support Aspect

STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1

1. Acquiring certification for organic products [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
requires compliance to specific guidelines set
a certifying body.
2. Certification is important to promote organic [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
to assure the consumers on the quality
production and processing.
3. An accrediting group for organic products is [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
readily accessible in my place.

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108 
 
4. Certified organic products can command higher [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
price.


VII. Farmer’s Interest

1. With all the needed support, will you be willing
to shift to organic farming?

( ) yes
( ) no

2. If yes, what organic farming technologies or component would you like to practice?

( ) crop rotation
( ) green manuring
( ) liquid fertilizers
( ) compost/vermicomposting
( ) biological pest control
( ) use of indigenous knowledge
( ) traditional varieties
( ) all of the above
( ) others, please specify ____________________________________

3. What support do you prefer or need in order to adopt organic farming? And why?


SUPPORT WHY

______________________________ _____________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ _______________________________
______________________________ _______________________________

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Document Outline

• Perception of Farmers on Organic Vegetable Production in Bakun, Benguet
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • ABSTRACT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • INTRODUCTION
    • Rationale
    • Importance of the Study
    • Statements of the Problem
    • Objectives of the Study
    • Scope and Limitation of the Study
  • REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    • Definition of Terms
  • METHODOLOGY
    • Locale and Time of the Study
    • Respondents of the Study
    • Data Gathering Procedure
    • Data Analysis
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • Demographic Profile
    • Economic Profile
    • Farm Demographic
    • Awareness on Organic Farming
    • Awareness on Government Support
    • Environmental Factors of Non-adoption of Organic Farming
    • Attitudes on Organic Farming
    • Extent of Knowledge on Organic Farming
    • Use of Traditional Varieties
    • Socio-economic Aspect
    • Environment or Health Aspect
    • Accreditation Certification/Support Aspect
    • Willingness to Shift to Organic Farming
    • Organic Farming Support
    • Organic Farming technologies or Component Wants to Practice
    • Recommendations of the Respondent
  • SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
    • Summary
    • Conclusion
    • Recommendation
  • LITERATURE CITED
  • APPENDICES

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