BIBLIOGRAPHY PATRICIO S. BEHIS JR. OCTOBER 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PATRICIO S. BEHIS JR. OCTOBER 2010. Life Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, M.Sc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House from June to October 2010
to record the duration of the different growth stages of mated and virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption preference, feeding
behavior and reproduction.
The duration and development of the different growth stages of mated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans are as follows: male egg: 2.73±0.23 days, female egg: 2.73±0.15 days, male
larva: 0.71±0.12 days, female larva: 0.72±0.07 days, male protonymph: 1.92±0.18, female
protonymph: 2.09±0.43 days, male deutonymph: 1.85±0.83 days, female deutonymph: 2.40±0.65
days, male adult: 16.24±14.03 days, female adult: 27.02+_3.05 days, pre-reproductive period:
2.30±0.19 days, reproductive period: 22.36±3.61 days and 2.36±1.98 for its post reproductive
period. The total life span for the male was 23.43±14.28 and 34.97±3.34 for the female.
The duration and development of the different growth stages of unmated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans are as follows; male egg: 2.77±0.14 days, female eggs: 2.59±0.46 days,
male larva: 0.78±0.13 days, female larva: 0.76±0.13 days, male protonymph: 1.70±0.33 days,
female protonymph: 1.85±0.23 days, male deutonymph: 1.65±0.26 days, female deutonymph:
1.86±0.45 days, male adult: 49.27±4.20 days and 57.65±7.57 days for the female. The total life
span of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans was 56.25±4.41 days and 64.40±6.30 days for
the female.
The cyclamen mite duration and development were as follows; 2.67±0.07 days for the
male egg, 2.65±0.03 days for the female egg, male larva was 1.00±0.03 days and 1.03±0.09 days
for the female, male nymph: 1.01±0.02 days, female nymph: 1.00±0.02 days, male adult:
10.89±6.77 days and 14.64±14.03 days for the female, 15.56±6.82 days was the total life span of
male and 19.31±14.07 days for the female.
The mean total rate of consumption of the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen
mite were as follows; protonymph: 9.17 eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults,
deutonymph: 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89 adults and adult: 8.00 eggs, 5.38
larvae, 4.46 nymphs and 3.28 adults.
The female adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans laid an average of 26.64±8.33
throughout its life span.
The protonymph and adult of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult
cyclamen mite and the deutonymph prefer to feed on larva.
The predator attacks its prey on the dorsal portion using its foreleg to hold the prey while
sucking the fluid content of the body through its needle-like chelicerae.
Both sexes of the predatory mite don’t copulate. The sperms are packed in tiny capsules
that are implanted into the females’ genital opening through a sperm transfer organ borne on the
pincer like chelicerae of the male. Sperm transfer is accomplished with a male and female
assuming a copulatory position. The spermatozoa are released when the gelatinous capsules are
dissolved inside the female’s genital tract.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract. . . . . . . . .…………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………..
7
Materials…………………………………………………………….
7
Methodology……………………………………………………….. 7
Data Gathered………………………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated)…….............................................................................
10
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin)………………………………………………………..
12
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Cyclamen Mite……………................................................
14
Number of Consumed Mites Per Day……………………………….
17
Preference…………………………………………………………...
18
Fecundity…………………………………………………………… 21
Feeding Behavior…………………………………………………… 21
Reproduction……………………………………………………….. 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..
25
Recommendation……………………………………………………
25
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 26
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….. 27
1
INTRODUCTION
The predatory mite, Amblyseius longispinosus Evans belonging to the family
Phytoseiidae and class Arachnida is one of the control measures of plant sucking
arthropods especially cyclamen mite in some parts of the world. This specie is long-
haired and .easily recognized by this characteristic.
It is commonly associated with spider mites and flat mites, collected together
with spider mites, Eotetranychus sp. on rose, Eutetranychus orientalis on papayas,
Oligonychus orthius on sugarcane, O. velascoi on coconuts, Tetranychus kanzawai on
soybeans and cassava, and T. piercei on Canvalia maritina. It was also found in
association with the flat mites, Brevipalpus phoenicis and Tenuipalpus pacificus on
Wedelia biflora (Raros, 1986).
This predatory mite is very common and occurs on a wide variety of plants and
appears more frequently in open cultivated areas than forests.
At 28˚C Amblyseius longispinosus Evans lays an average of 3 eggs per day. If the
temperature falls below 28˚C fewer eggs were laid. If the temperature climbs over 30˚C
fewer eggs hatch (Gerdeman and Garcia, 2006).
The pesticide usage increases production costs to the point where the crop can no
longer be grown and marketed profitably. Pesticide residues in the soil may be at such
high levels that other crops cannot be successfully grown and made to meet legal residues
tolerances. Repeated applications of insecticides and often mixtures of two insecticides
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
2
no longer produce a crop that is acceptable to processors or the fresh market. There is a
collapse of the existing pest control program (Metcalf and Luckman, 1982).
The importance of this study is to help lessen or reduce the use of chemicals to
control plant pests. Less expense of money on chemicals and organic farmers will have
another option in controlling pests. Farmers will also experience the health benefits from
reducing the muse of pesticides.
The effectiveness of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite of
strawberry will result to the control of this mite, hence crop damage will be reduced.
With the implementation of organic farming, predatory mites will be considered to be
good biological agents. It will also provide an idea for other researchers who want to
study on mites of strawberry.
The study was conducted to determine the duration of the different growth stages
of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption,
preference, feeding behavior and reproduction.
The study was conducted at the Mite Predatory Rearing House, Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from June 2010 to October 2010.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Life cycle of mites generally would include four or five stages; egg, larva, 2 or 3
nymphal instars and the adult. The eggs are laid singly or in clusters in protected areas as
in cracks and crevices, galls, erinea or on open leaf surfaces, sometimes underneath webs.
Six-legged larva hatches out from an egg. The larva feeds soon after hatching and after a
short feeding period of one or a few days, settle down and rest in preparation for molting.
During this resting period of intense physiological activity, a new skin is laid down
underneath the old one and a much bigger, 8-legged nymph soon emerges. The first
nymph is called the protonymph, the second a deutonymph and the third a tritonymph
(Raros, 1986).
High relative humidity (80 to 90%) and temperatures of 60oF favor the
development of cyclamen mites. Severe outbreaks may occur in greenhouses in the fall
and winter months. Females may live for up to one month and can reproduce without
mating. Cyclamen mite females lay 2 to 3 eggs per day for up to two to three weeks. The
eggs are deposited in moist, dark places in crevices and at the base of the plant. Cyclamen
mite eggs are oval, smooth and about one half the size of the adult female. Most of the
eggs will develop into females. Larvae hatch from the eggs in 3 to 7 days. The slow-
moving, white larvae feed for 4 to 7 days. Adults emerge from the pupal stage in 2 to 7
days. Their life cycle varies from 1 to 3 weeks depending upon greenhouse temperatures.
Outdoors, the adult female can overwinter in protected locations as far north as Canada
(Pundt, 2005).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
4
Adult cyclamen mites are minute, elliptical, semi-transparent, orange-pink and
shiny, with eight legs. They are about 1/100 inch long and cannot be seen without
magnification. The hind pair of legs in the female is threadlike, and those of the male are
pincer-like. The eggs are laid about the base of the cyclamen plant and in injured areas of
the leaves and on strawberries along the midribs of the unfolding leaves. Each female
deposits about 90 eggs, of which 80 percent may develop into females. The mites develop
through a six-legged larval stage and a dormant nymphal stage with eight legs. All stages
of the mite are found on infested plants. Out-of-doors, the adult female overwinters in
protected locations around the crown of the strawberry plant (Bessin, 2007).
Cyclamen mites are pests of many ornamental flowers and shrubs such as
Cyclamen, African violet, begonia, gerbera, ivy, chrysanthemums, geranium, fuchsia,
larkspur, petunia, snapdragon, and other greenhouse grown plants. If the humidity is
high, field grown strawberries also may be infested (Denmark, 2000).
Infested plants by cyclamen mite may have a streaked and/or blotched
appearance, distorted leaves with small distorted flowers, and fewer flowers than normal
or complete abortion of flower buds. Infested strawberry plants produce a roughened,
wrinkled upper leaf surface, irregular folding and fluting of the leaf margins, and veins
that bulge upward like blisters. Plants with mild injuries assume a dense appearance
because petioles fail to elongate. A heavy infestation will kill African violets and
cyclamens by dwarfing the leaves at the crown, and some leaves fail to open (Denmark,
2000).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
5
Because of their small size, cyclamen mites often go undetected until the damage
becomes severe. Usually it is the nature of the injury, not the mites themselves, that alerts
greenhouse managers to cyclamen mite infestations. Depending on the type of plant
attacked, cyclamen mites may infest the entire plant or be concentrated around the buds.
Infested leaves become distorted, often curl inward, and foliage may become darker and
appear streaked and blotchy. Injured foliage may show purplish areas. Very small, white,
green, or pale-orange mites, with six or eight legs, work about the base of the plants or in
the buds or the injured areas on the leaves. These mites thrive when the temperature is
around 60˚F and can complete their life cycle in about 2 weeks (Bessin, 2007).
In a study with the cyclamen mite, Steneotarsonemus pallidus, on strawberry in
California, plots were kept free of a predator mite, Typhlodromus reticulates, with
treatments of a selective insecticide. Because the insecticide had a little or no effect on
the cyclamen mite, numbers of treated plots increased 15 to 35 times, whereas there was
no significant increase in untreated plots. In greenhouse studies, hand picking predator
mites from plants gave similar results as removal by the insecticide, indicating that pest
resurgence was not caused by any stimulatory effect of the compound (Pedigo, 1989).
Several species of mite predators are commercially available. These are usually
released when mites first appear and should be evenly dispersed throughout the
greenhouse. If mite infestations are heavy, consider spraying with an insecticidal soap
before releasing predator mites. Selection of the proper predatory mite species will
depend on greenhouse temperatures and humidity. If predatory mites are used, early
release at the first sign of mite infestation is critical. Unlike the use of a miticide, it will
take some time for predatory mites to control infestations (Bessin, 2007).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
6
The goal of using predatory mites is to reduce the chemical spraying, which has
results in the spider mite outbreaks, and to develop a reliable system of strawberry culture
that reflects this. Our strategy includes releases of predatory mite Amblyseius
longispinosus as one of the tools to replace some of the sprays (Hermano, 2006).
Amblyseius cucumeris is a predatory mite which can keep thrip damage at low
level. It is pale pink in color, similar to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus and with a
comparable life cycle. The eggs are laid on the hairs in the axils and side veins
underneath the leaf (Forsythe, n.d.).
The newest, most unusual modification of the inoculative-release tactic is to
release insecticide-resistant natural enemies. This tactic greatly improves the potential for
integration of biological control with insecticides. It is based on the finding that some
natural enemy populations have the ability to develop insecticide resistance with repeated
exposure to the toxicant. Although the lost of known resistant natural enemies is not yet
long, it includes diverse groups, the most notable of which are the Phytoseiid mites,
Metaseiulus species and Amblyseius (Pedigo, 1989).
The nymph and adults of predatory mites attack and feed on other mites, such as
spider mites, apple and plum rust mites and the like. They can often survive by feeding as
a diet of pollen grains, fungal spores and plant vegetation. The variety of food eaten by
these predatory mites means that they are not dependent on any particular prey so,
although they do not become more numerous as their prey increases, they will remain on
the tree when their prey is in short supply, unlike insects which tend to move off
elsewhere when they have decreased their prey to low numbers (Forsythe, n.d.).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used during the study are strawberry runners, plastics
pots, hose, petriplates, cotton, scissor, hairbrush, dissecting microscope, hand lens,
micrometer, watering cans, cork borers, predatory mites and cyclamen mites.
Methodology
Propagation and Maintenance of Host Plants
Strawberry runners were grown on potted soil under greenhouse conditions. It
was maintained as a source of runners for the duration of the study. Each new runner was
transplanted in plastic pots (8cm in diameter) and it was maintained free from arthropods
by hand picking.
Collection of Prey (Cyclamen Mite)
Strawberry leaves infested with cyclamen mite were collected and brought to the
laboratory and examined directly with the use of microscope for conformation and
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
8
identification. Cyclamen mites were reared singly on excised strawberry leaves on petri
plates.
Duration of the Different Life Stages
Healthy and fresh leaves of strawberry were collected and cut three centimeters in
diameter. Mites and other insects were removed from the leaves to ensure that it is clean.
The cut leaves were placed on top of water-soaked cotton inside a petriplate. Newly laid
eggs of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were placed on top of the strawberry leaves with
the use of the hairbrush. The eggs were made to hatch and observed on the same leaves
until they become an adult.
Fecundity
10 Adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were reared singly on excised
strawberry leaves and were placed on top of water-soaked cotton. The predators were
provided with the prey. The number of eggs that were laid by the female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans was counted with the use of microscope until the female stops to lay
eggs.
Rate of Consumption
The different stages of the prey were introduced to the different stages of the
predatory mites. The number of each of the life stages of the prey that was consumed per
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
9
day by the protonymph, deutonymph and adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were
recorded.
Feeding Behavior
The prey, cyclamen mites were introduced to the predatory mites, Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans The feeding behavior then was observed using the microscope.
Preference
Each sample of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
was provided with 5eggs, 5 larva, 5 nymphs and 5 adults of Cyclamen mite.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days of the different life stages of the mated and virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
2. Number of days of the different life stages of the cyclamen mite
3. Fecundity. Number of eggs laid by a female predator.
4. Rate of consumption. Number of the different life stages of the prey being
consumed by the different life stages of the predator in a daily basis.
5. Preference. The stage of cyclamen mite being preferred by the Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans.
6. Feeding behavior. Manner of the predator in consuming the prey.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
10
7. Reproduction. Behavior of both male and female predator in mating.
8. Photo documentation
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
11
RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
Duration of the Different Growth Stages
of Mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated) is shown in Table 1.
Egg. The male developed from 2.41-2.92 days with a mean of 2.73±0.23 days
while the female developed from 2.37-2.94 days with a mean of 2.73±0.15 days.
Larva. After emerging from egg, a six-legged larva hatched from the egg, which
is quiet and does not move much. The male larva developed from 0.54-0.81 days with a
mean of 0.71±0.12 days while the female developed from 0.46-0.82 days with a mean of
0.74±0.07 days.
Protonymph. After a quiescent stage, the larva molts to become a fully developed
protonymph. The male has a mean duration of 1.92±0.18 days that ranged from 1.73-2.19
days while the female has a mean of 2.09±0.34 days with a ranged of 1.k42-3.05 days.
Deutonymph. As shown in table 1, the male can take 1.15-3.10 days with a mean
of 1.85±0.83 days while the female can take 1.88-5.27 days with a mean of 2.40±0.65
days to complete its deutonymphal stage.
Adult. The adult female has a much bigger body size and appears shiny when
gravid and red in color. The male is smaller and has brown orange color.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
12
The male adult lasted from 1.21-32.00 days with a mean of 16.24±14.03 days while the
female lasted from 19.14-34.16 days with a mean of 27.02±3.05 days. The pre-
reproductive period of the female ranged from 1.85-2.76 days with a mean of 2.30±0.19
days. The reproductive period was 15.66-30.42 days with a mean of 22.36±3.61 days and
the post-reproductive period was 0.44-9.94 days with a mean of 2.36±1.98 days.
The total life span of mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans for the male ranged
from 8.28-40.15 days with a mean of 23.43±14.28 days while the female has a life span
of 26.55-42.14 days with a mean of34.97±3.34 days. From the results, it shows that the
total life span of the female was longer than the male.
Table 1. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated)
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.41 - 2.92
2.73 ± 0.23
Female
2.37 - 2.94
2.73 ± 0.15
Larva
Male
0.54 - 0.81
0.71 ± 0.12
Female
0.46 - 0.82
0.74 ± 0.07
Protonymph
Male
1.73 - 2.19
1.92 ± 0.18
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
13
Female
1.42 - 3.05
2.09 ± 0.34
Deutonymph
Male
1.15 - 3.10
1.85 ± 0.83
Female
1.88 - 5.27
2.40 ± 0.65
Adult
Male
1.21 -32.00
16.24 ±14.03
Female
19.14 -34.16
27.02 ± 3.05
Pre-reproductive period
1.85 - 2.76
2.30 ± 0.19
Reproductive period
15.66 -30.42
22.36 ± 3.61
Post-reproductive period 0.44 - 9.94
2.36 ± 1.98
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
8.28 -40.15
23.43 ±14.28
Female
26.55 -42.14
34.97 ± 3.34
40
35
30
25
Male Predator
20
Male Prey
15
Female Predator
Female Prey
10
5
0
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Total
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
14
Figure 1. Mean duration of the different growth stages of mated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (Predator) and Cyclamen mite (Prey)
Duration of the Different Growth Stages
of Virgin Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin) is shown in Table 2.
Egg. The male egg lasted from 3.37-2.98 days with a mean of 2.77±0.14 days
while the female was 1.32-2.97 days with a mean of 2.59±0.46 days.
Larva. The male larva has a duration of 0.42-0.99 days with a mean 0.78+_0.13
days while the female larva has a duration of 0.40-0.93 days with a mean of 0.76±0.13
days.
Protonymph. The male developed from 1.18-2.74 days with a mean of 1.79±0.33
days while the female developed from 1.42-2.38 days with a mean of 1.85±0.23 days.
Deutonymph. The longevity of the male ranged from1.08-2.19 days with a mean
of 1.65±0.26 days while the female ranged from 1.16-3.12 days with a mean of 1.86±0.45
days.
Adult. The duration of male adult ranged from 38.88-56.00 days with a mean of
49.27±4.20 days while the female duration ranged from 43.86-72.29 days with a mean of
57.65±7.57 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
15
The total life span of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans with a mean of
56.24±4.41 ranged from 44.84-62.93 while the female has a mean of 64.40±6.30 days
with a range of 52.04-78.59 days. Results show that the female has a longer life span than
the male.
The mated and unmated females are longer than the male with means of
34.97±3.34 days and 64.40±6.30 days respectively, as compared to a mated male
(23.43±14.28 days) and a virgin male (56.25±7.57 days).
Table 2. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin) under room temperature
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.37 - 2.98
2.77 ± 0.14
Female
1.32 - 2.97
2.59 ± 0.46
Larva
Male
0.42 - 0.99
0.78 ± 0.13
Female
0.40 - 0.93
0.76 ± 0.13
Protonymph
Male
1.18 - 2.74
1.79 ± 0.33
Female
1.42 - 2.38
1.85 ± 0.23
Deutonymph
Male
1.08 - 2.19
1.65 ± 0.26
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
16
Female
1.16 - 3.12
1.86 ± 0.45
Adult
Male
38.88-56.00
49.27 ± 4.20
Female
43.86-72.29
57.65 ± 7.57
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
44.84-62.93
56.25 ± 7.57
Female
52.04-78.59
64.40 ± 6.30
70
60
50
40
Male Predator
Male Prey
30
Female Predator
Female Prey
20
10
0
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Total
Figure 2. Mean duration of the different growth stages of virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (Predator) and Cyclamen mite (Prey)
Duration of the different Growth Stages
of Cyclamen Mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
17
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Cyclamen mite is shown in
Table 3.
Egg. The male egg developed from 2.62-2.76 days with a mean of 2.67±0.07
days while the female developed from 2.64-2.68 days with a mean of 2.65±0.03 days.
Larva. The male larva has a mean of 1.00±0.03 days with a ranged of 0.97-1.02
days while the female has a mean of 1.03±0.09 days with a ranged of 0.99-1.10 days.
Nymph. Both male and female duration is almost the same with a ranged of 0.99-
1.02 days for the male nymph with a mean of 1.01±0.02 days while the female developed
from 0.99-1.01 days with a mean of 1.00±0.02 days.
Adult. The male adult developed from 7.18-20.12 days with a mean of
10.89±6.77 days while a range of 3.13-24.05 days with a mean of 14.64±14.03 days for
the female.
Table 3. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Cyclamen mite under
room temperature
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.62 - 2.76
2.67 ± 0.07
Female
2.64 - 2.68
2.65 ± 0.03
Larva
Male
0.97 - 1.02
1.00 ± 0.07
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
18
Female
0.99 - 1.10
1.03 ± 0.09
Nymph
Male
0.99 - 1.02
1.01 ± 0.02
Female
0.99 - 1.01
1.00 ± 0.02
Adult
Male
7.18-20.12
10.89 ± 6.77
Female
3.13-24.05
14.64±14.03
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
11.85-24.88
15.56 ± 6.82
Female
7.76-19.31
19.31±14.07
From the results, it shows that the female has a longer life span from 7.76-28.70 days
with a mean of 19.31±14.07 days while the male has a range of 11.85-24.88 days with a
mean of 15.56±6.82 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
19
a. Egg
b.
Larva
c.
Protonymph
d.
Deutonymph
e.
Male
adult
f.
Female
adult
g.
Mating
behavior
h.
Gravid
female
Figure 3a-h. Different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
20
Number of Consumed Mites Per Day
The number of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans is shown in Table 4.
The larva of the predator does not feed. The protonymph consumed an average of
9.17 eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults per day of the cyclamen mite. The
deutonymph consumed an averaged of 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89
adults of cyclamen mite per day. An average of 8.00 eggs, 5.38 larvae, 4.46 nymphs and
3.28 adults were consumed by the adult predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans per
day. The protonymph consumed lesser prey and as it develops to the next stage,
deutonymph, it consumes more prey than the protonymph to sustain its growth and
development. The adult is more active in searching its prey than the protonymph and
deutonymph the reason for having a bigger body and more mobile. As the predator
complete its development, the number of consumed mite’s decreases until it dies.
Table 4. Mean total of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
GROWTH
GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
STAGES OF
PREDATOR
Egg Larva Nymph Adult
Mean
Total
Protonymph
9.17
6.04
3.92
3.89
23.02
Deutonymph
14.11
7.72
9.13
3.89
34.85
Adult
8.00
5.38
4.46
3.28
21.12
Mean Total
31.28
19.14
17.51
11.06
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
21
16
14.11
14
12
10
9.17
9.13
8
7.72
8
6.04
5.38
6
4.46
3.92 3.89
3.89
3.28
4
2
0
Protonymph
Deutonymph
Adult
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Figure 4. Mean total of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen mite
Preference
The total percentage on the preference of the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans in
feeding on cyclamen mite is shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Total percentage of the preference on the different stages of Cyclamen mite
being preferred by the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on what to feed
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
22
GROWTH
GROWTH STAGES OF PREDATOR
STAGES OF
PREY
Protonymph
Deutonymph Adult
Total %
Total %
Total %
Egg
2 16.67 0 0.0
2 16.67
Larva
1 8.33 6 50.00 3 25.00
Nymph
1 8.33 2 16.67 2 16.67
Adult
8 66.67 4 33.33 5 41.66
Based on the result on what stage of the prey is most preferred by the different
growth stages of the predator. The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer
most to eat the adult stage of the prey while the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans prefer to feed on larva. Adult prey is most preferred by the adult predator. Table 5
shows that the protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans most preferred to feed on the
adult prey with 8 (66.67%) from the 12 samples, 2 (16.67%) eggs and 1 (8.33%) each for
both larva and nymph. The deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefers to feed
on larva with 6 (50%), 4 (33.33) adult, 2 (16.67%) nymph and 0 (0%) egg. The adult
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefers to feed on adult with 5 (41.66%), 3 (25%) larva
and 2 (16.67%) for both egg and nymph. From the observation, the predator attacks the
prey that is mobile such as the larva and adult. The adult cyclamen mite is more mobile
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
23
than the larva and other stages having a reason of attacking by the predator Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
8%
8%
Adult
17%
Egg
Larva
67%
Nymph
Figure 5a. Preference of the protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the different
growth stages of Cyclamen mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
24
0%
17%
Larva
Adult
50%
Nymph
33%
Egg
Figure 5b. Preference of the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the
different
growth stages of Cyclamen mite
17%
Adult
41%
Larva
17%
Egg
Nymph
25%
Figure 5c. Preference of the adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the different
growth
stages of Cyclamen mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
25
Fecundity
Table 6 shows the total number of eggs laid by a single adult female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans.
A single adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans can lay 14-52 eggs with a
mean of 26.64±8.33 eggs throughout its life span. The eggs were laid under the leaf hairs
and also on the leaf ribs.
Feeding Behavior
The Amblyseius longispinosus Evans attacks its prey on their dorsal portion using
its foreleg to hold the prey while sucking the fluid content of the body through its needle-
like chelicerae. The predator leaves the shrunken body of the prey after sucking the fluid
content.
The number of each stage eaten depends on the density of prey, temperature,
humidity, stage of predator feeding and which prey stages are available for them to feed
upon, Shaw (1982) as cited by Damaso (2006).
Table 6. Total number of laid eggs by the adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
SAMPLE NO.
TOTAL NO. OF LAID EGGS
1
14
2
28
3
19
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
26
4
43
5
21
6
33
7
30
8
14
9
14
10
52
11
25
Reproduction
Both sexes of predatory mite don’t copulate. The sperms are packed in tiny
capsules that are implanted into the females’ genital opening through a sperm transfer
organ borne on the pincer like chelicerae of the male. Sperm transfer is accomplished
with a male and female assuming a copulatory position but don’t actually copulate
because male has no penis. The sperm are stored in a pair of sacs inside the body of the
female. The spermatozoa are released when the gelatinous capsules are dissolve inside
the female’s genital tract, Raros (1986) as cited by Damaso (2006).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory Rearing House from June to
October 2010 to record the duration of the different growth stages of mated and virgin
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption,
preference, feeding behavior and reproduction.
Duration of mated and unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were recorded
and also with the duration of Cyclamen mite. The egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph
and adult were the five different stages of the predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
For the cyclamen mite, it undergoes four stages namely: egg, larva, nymph and adult.
The duration of the different stages of mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans,
male egg developed from 2.41-2.92 days while the female developed from 2.37-2.94
days. The male larva developed from 0.54-0.81 days while the female developed from
0.46-0.82 days. A range of 1.73-2.19 days for the male protonymph and1.42-3.05 days
for the female. The fourth stage deutonymph developed from 1.15-3.10 days for the male
while the female can take 1.88-5.27 days. The male adult lasted from 1.21-32.00 days
while the female lasted from 19.14-34.16 days. The pre-reproductive period of the female
ranged from 1.85-2.76 days. An average of 15.66-30.42 days for its reproductive period
and for the post-reproductive period, it ranges form 0.44-9.94 days. The total life span of
mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans for the male ranged from 8.28-40.15 days while
the female has a life span of 26.55-42.14 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
28
For the development of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans, the male egg
lasted from 3.37-2.98 days while the female was 1.32-2.97 days. The male larva has a
duration of 0.42-0.99 days while the female larva has a duration of 0.40-0.93 days. The
male protonymph developed from 1.18-2.74 days and the female developed from 1.42-
2.38 days. The longevity of the male deutonymph ranged from1.08-2.19 days while the
female ranged from 1.16-3.12 days. The duration of male adult ranged from 38.88-56.00
days and the female duration range from 43.86-72.29 days. The total life span of unmated
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans has a ranged of 44.84-62.93 and the female has a ranged
from 52.04-78.59 days.
The cyclamen mite male egg developed from 2.62-2.76 days and the female
developed from 2.64-2.68 days. The male larva has a ranged of 0.97-1.02 days while the
female has a ranged of 0.99-1.10 days. The male nymph developed from 0.99-1.02 days
and the female developed from 0.99-1.01 days. The duration of male adult developed
from 7.18-20.12 days while a ranged of 3.13-24.05 days for the duration of female. For
the total life span, it ranges from 11.85-24.88 days for the male and 7.76-28.70 days for
the female.
The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans consumed an average of 9.17
eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults per day of the cyclamen mite. The
deutonymph consumed an averaged of 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89
adults of cyclamen mite per day. An average of 8.00 eggs, 5.38 larvae, 4.46 nymphs and
3.28 adults was consumed by the adult predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
29
The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult with
8(66.67%), 2 (16.67%) eggs and 1(8.33%) each for both larva and nymph. The larva of
cyclamen mite is more preferred by the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
with 6(50%), 4(33.33) adult, 2(16.67%) nymph and 0(0%) egg. The adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult with 5(41.66%), 3(25%) larva and 2(16.67%)
for both egg and nymph.
A single female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans can lay eggs to as many as 14-
52.
The Amblyseius longispinosus Evans attacks its prey using its needle-like
chelicerae on their dorsal portion and uses its foreleg to hold the prey while sucking the
fluid content of the body.
Male and female of predatory mite don’t copulate. Sperm transfer is accomplished
with a male and female assuming a copulatory position but don’t actually copulate
because male has no penis.
Conclusion
Results gathered on the life span, fecundity, predation rate, preference, feeding
behavior and reproduction of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans as well as the cyclamen
mite were successfully done under laboratory condition. This study will give way to
future researches on the effectiveness of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans, a biological
control agent for different plant sucking insects.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
30
Recommendation
It is recommended that future researchers will focus on the mass rearing of
different predators specifically Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on its effectiveness as a
biological control of different plant sucking pests. The use of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans as control agent of the said pests is recommended.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
31
LITERATURE CITED
BESSIN, R. 2007. Cyclamen Mite in the Greenhouse. University of Kentucky College of
Agriculture.
http://www.ca.uky.edu/ENTOMOGY/entfacts/ef422.asp. November
6, 2009. Pp 1
DAMASO, R. B. 2006. Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Phytoseiulus sp. On
Tetranychus urticae Koch. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Bachelor of
Science
in Agriculture (Entomology). October 15. 2010. Pp 1-22
DENMARK, H. A. 2000. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Division of Plant Industry.
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/cyclamen_mite.htm. November 6, 2009.
Pp 1
FORSYTHE, T. G. undated. Successful Organic Pest Control. Environment-friendly
ways to
deal with unwanted garden pest and diseases. Thorsons Publishing Group.
Pp1-128
GERDEMAN, B. S. and C. R. GARCIA. 2006. La Trinidad Pest Clinic. Sponsored by
the
Municipal Agriculturist. Pp 1-13
HERMANO SR., F. G. 2006. Strawberry Production Management and Technology.
Agriculture Chemicals. Book I-Insecticides. Thomson Publication. First Edition.
Pp
1-12
METCALF, R. L. and W. H. LUCKMAN. 1982. Introduction to Insect Pest
Management. Second Edition. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. John Wiley and
Sons. New York. Chichester-brisbane. Toronto. Singapore. Pp 1-577
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
32
PEDIGO, L. P. 1989. Entomology and Pest Management.
Macmillan Publishing Company. New York. Collier Macmillan Publishers.
London. Pp 1-646
PUNDT, L. 2005. Managing Cyclamen Mites and Broad Mites in the Greenhouse.
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/greenhs/htms/cyclmites.htm. November 11, 2009.
Pp
1
RAROS, L. C. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Publishers Natural Resources
Management Center. Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the
Philippines. Volume VII. Pp 51-188
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (mated)
STAGES OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
15 16 17
Egg
Male 2.68
2.92
2.89
2.92
2.41 2.56
16.38 2.73
Female 2.66 2.69 2.94 2.88 2.88 2.90
2.89
2.93 2.37 2.38
2.52 30.04 2.73
Larva
Male
0.81
0.54
0.78
0.79
0.70 0.61 4.23 0.71
Female 0.75
0.81
0.46 0.80 0.82 0.79
0.80
0.77 0.75 0.75
0.65 8.15 0.74
Protonymph
Male
1.73
1.74
2.19
1.97
1.94 1.92 11.49 1.92
Female 1.81
1.75
1.72 1.42 2.10 0.79
2.05
3.05 2.13 1.89
2.93 22.94 2.09
Deutonymph
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
34
Male
1.22
2.18
1.21
1.15
3.10 2.22 11.08 1.85
Female 2.19
2.09
2.16 1.94 2.25 5.27
2.15
2.08 2.04 2.33
1.88 26.38 2.40
Adult
Male
2.68
1.21
1.21
21.94
32.00 28.38
97.40 16.24
Female 19.14 22.63 25.10 32.13 27.67 29.09
2.15
28.27 22.84 30.67
34.16 297.20 27.02
Pre-reproductive
Period
2.11
1.85
2.10 2.10 2.47 2.76
2.48
2.67 2.12 2.13
2.49 25.28 2.30
Reproductive
Period
15.83 20.33 16.90 29.15 24.76
25.43
21.34
15.68 18.64 27.45
30.42 245.91
22.36
Post-reproductive
Period
1.20
0.45
6.10 0.88 0.44 1.50
1.08
9.94 2.08 1.09
1.25 26.01 2.36
TOTAL
Male
19.12 8.59
8.28
28.77
40.15 35.69 140.60 23.43
Female 26.55 29.97 32.38 39.17 35.72 40.74
32.79
37.10 30.13 38.02
42.14 376.71 34.97
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
35
Appendix Table 2. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (virgin)
STAGES OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Egg
Male 2.84 2.83 2.90
2.37 2.98 2.94
2.75
2.94
2.60 2.56
27.71 2.77
Female
2.35 2.81
1.32 2.93
2.97 2.97 2.76
2.78
2.76
23.65 2.59
Larva
Male 0.99 0.96 0.86
0.88 0.84 0.84
0.53
0.75
0.42 0.73
7.80 0.78
Female
0.83 0.93
0.88 0.93
0.75 0.66 0.40
0.73
0.69
6.80 0.76
Protonymph
Male 1.89 1.95 1.85
1.68 1.25 2.07
1.83
1.42
1.18
2.74
17.86
1.79
Female
1.88 1.94
1.74 2.04
2.38 1.42 1.77
1.44
2.05
16.66 1.85
Deutonymph
Male 1.42 1.59 1.48
1.42 2.19 1.08
1.99
2.13
1.76 1.42
16.48 1.65
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
36
Female
1.24 1.42
3.12 1.99
2.08 1.95 1.94
1.83
1.16
16.73 1.86
Adult
Male 55.51
43.45 46.09 43.93 50.22
56.00
53.43
51.05
38.88 54.13
492.69 49.27
Female 72.59 58.10
64.85 57.10
43.86 54.56 53.62 62.51 48.86
551.75 57.65
TOTAL
Male 62.65 50.78
53.18
50.28 57.48
62.93
60.53
58.29
44.84 61.58 562.54 56.25
Female
78.59 65.20
71.91 64.99
52.04 61.56 60.49 69.29
55.52
579.59
64.40
Appendix Table 3. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Cyclamen Mite
STAGES
OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8 9
Egg
Male
2.76
2.68 2.62
2.62 2.68 13.36
2.67
Female 2.68 2.64 2.64 2.65
10.61 2.65
Larva
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
37
Male
0.98
0.97 1.02
1.02 0.99 4.98
1.00
Female 1.10 0.99
1.02 0.99
4.10 1.03
Nymph
Male
1.02
1.02 1.00
1.00 0.99 5.03 1.01
Female 0.99
1.00
0.99 1.01
3.99 1.00
Adult
Male
20.12
7.18 11.54
7.26 8.35 54.45
10.89
Female 17.93 3.13
13.44 24.05
58.55 14.64
TOTAL
Male
24.88
11.85 16.18
11.90 13.01 77.82 15.56
Female
22.70 7.76
18.09 28.70
77.25 19.31
Appendix Table 4a. Number of consumed mites per day by the protonymph Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGE OF
GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Ptonymph
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
38
1
5.25
6.63
4.75
2.33
2
19.25
8.50
6.00
3.33
3
3.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
Total
27.50
18.13
11.75
11.66
Appendix Table 4b. Number of consumed mites per day by the deutonymph Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGES OF GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Deutonymph
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
1
22.00
9.50
10.00
5.33
2
18.33
11.38
8.25
4.33
3
2.00
7.00
2.00
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
39
4
3.00
Total
42.33
30.88
18.25
11.66
Appendix Table 4c. Number of consumed mites per day by the adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGES OF GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Adult
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
1
11.00
7.25
6.50
3.00
2
26.75
14.13
12.50
6.33
3
17.00
8.13
7.50
6.33
4
11.75
6.38
7.50
2.67
5
13.75
5.38
2.75
3.00
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
40
6
11.75
5.63
4.75
3.00
7
11.00
8.13
4.25
3.33
8
15.25
8.25
6.25
5.00
9
13.50
7.38
4.00
3.33
10
9.50
8.25
5.25
3.33
11
11.50
5.63
5.25
3.33
12
5.50
8.63
5.25
4.00
13
9.29
7.50
2.75
4.33
14
9.25
7.88
5.00
3.33
15
9.50
10.50
5.75
3.67
16
13.75
8.00
4.75
7.00
17
8.25
5.25
6.25
5.33
18
9.00
6.88
7.50
2.67
19
8.25
4.38
7.75
4.00
20
5.75
5.25
5.00
3.00
21
4.75
7.13
7.25
2.33
22
8.00
7.50
10.25
2.33
23
12.25
5.50
2.25
2.33
24
8.00
4.25
1.75
2.67
25
6.75
4.25
2.25
3.00
26
9.00
4.38
2.75
3.33
27
7.00
5.13
3.50
2.67
28
5.75
4.75
3.75
2.33
29
9.00
7.38
3.50
5.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
41
30
9.25
4.75
4.75
4.33
31
9.00
5.63
4.50
4.33
32
7.25
5.63
4.00
4.67
33
8.75
8.25
5.75
3.33
34
6.75
5.25
2.75
3.33
35
4.75
4.88
2.75
3.00
36
7.00
4.38
4.50
2.00
37
8.00
4.38
2.25
3.67
38
6.75
4.25
3.25
2.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
42
Appendix Table 4c. Number of consumed mites per day by the adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
39
6.00
4.13
3.00
2.00
40
4.00
5.38
2.50
2.33
41
4.00
3.13 1.67
1.67
42
3.67
3.13
2.67
1.33
43
5.00
3.00
2.67
1.67
44
5.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
45
4.00
4.33
3.00
1.50
46
3.00
3.00
5.33
3.50
47
5.33
4.00
3.33
1.50
48
2.33
3.67
5.33
4.00
49
3.33
4.00
2.67
2.00
50
3.00
4.33
4.67
2.00
51
3.00
5.00
2.67
52
5.00
4.50
1.50
53
5.00
5.50
2.00
54
1.00
3.00
55
3.00
56
2.50
57
2.50
58
2.50
59
4.50
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
43
60
3.50
61
2.50
62
1.50
Total
431.91
333.33
236.26
163.79
Appendix Table 5. The different stages of Cyclamen Mite being preferred by the
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
STAGES
OF
REPLICATION
PREDATOR
Stages
of
prey
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10 11 12 TOTAL
Protonymph
Egg
√
√ 2
Larva
√
1
Nymph
√
1
Adult √
√
√
√
√
√ √ √
8
Deutonymph
Egg
0
Larva
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
Nymph
√
√
2
Adlut
√
√
√
√ 4
Adult
Egg
√
√ 2
Larva
√
√
√
3
Nymph
√
√
2
Adult
√
√
√
√
√
5
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
44
Appendix Table 6. Total number of laid eggs by the adult female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
SAMPLE NO.
TOTAL NO. OF LAID EGGS
1
14
2
28
3
19
4
43
5
21
6
33
7
30
8
14
9
14
10
52
11
25
Range
14-52
Mean
26.64±8.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
PATRICIO S. BEHIS JR. OCTOBER 2010. Life Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, M.Sc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Mites Predatory Rearing House from June to October 2010
to record the duration of the different growth stages of mated and virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption preference, feeding
behavior and reproduction.
The duration and development of the different growth stages of mated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans are as follows: male egg: 2.73±0.23 days, female egg: 2.73±0.15 days, male
larva: 0.71±0.12 days, female larva: 0.72±0.07 days, male protonymph: 1.92±0.18, female
protonymph: 2.09±0.43 days, male deutonymph: 1.85±0.83 days, female deutonymph: 2.40±0.65
days, male adult: 16.24±14.03 days, female adult: 27.02+_3.05 days, pre-reproductive period:
2.30±0.19 days, reproductive period: 22.36±3.61 days and 2.36±1.98 for its post reproductive
period. The total life span for the male was 23.43±14.28 and 34.97±3.34 for the female.
The duration and development of the different growth stages of unmated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans are as follows; male egg: 2.77±0.14 days, female eggs: 2.59±0.46 days,
male larva: 0.78±0.13 days, female larva: 0.76±0.13 days, male protonymph: 1.70±0.33 days,
female protonymph: 1.85±0.23 days, male deutonymph: 1.65±0.26 days, female deutonymph:
1.86±0.45 days, male adult: 49.27±4.20 days and 57.65±7.57 days for the female. The total life
span of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans was 56.25±4.41 days and 64.40±6.30 days for
the female.
The cyclamen mite duration and development were as follows; 2.67±0.07 days for the
male egg, 2.65±0.03 days for the female egg, male larva was 1.00±0.03 days and 1.03±0.09 days
for the female, male nymph: 1.01±0.02 days, female nymph: 1.00±0.02 days, male adult:
10.89±6.77 days and 14.64±14.03 days for the female, 15.56±6.82 days was the total life span of
male and 19.31±14.07 days for the female.
The mean total rate of consumption of the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen
mite were as follows; protonymph: 9.17 eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults,
deutonymph: 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89 adults and adult: 8.00 eggs, 5.38
larvae, 4.46 nymphs and 3.28 adults.
The female adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans laid an average of 26.64±8.33
throughout its life span.
The protonymph and adult of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult
cyclamen mite and the deutonymph prefer to feed on larva.
The predator attacks its prey on the dorsal portion using its foreleg to hold the prey while
sucking the fluid content of the body through its needle-like chelicerae.
Both sexes of the predatory mite don’t copulate. The sperms are packed in tiny capsules
that are implanted into the females’ genital opening through a sperm transfer organ borne on the
pincer like chelicerae of the male. Sperm transfer is accomplished with a male and female
assuming a copulatory position. The spermatozoa are released when the gelatinous capsules are
dissolved inside the female’s genital tract.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract. . . . . . . . .…………………………………………………………..
i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………..
7
Materials…………………………………………………………….
7
Methodology……………………………………………………….. 7
Data Gathered………………………………………………………
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated)…….............................................................................
10
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin)………………………………………………………..
12
Duration of the Different Growth
Stages of Cyclamen Mite……………................................................
14
Number of Consumed Mites Per Day……………………………….
17
Preference…………………………………………………………...
18
Fecundity…………………………………………………………… 21
Feeding Behavior…………………………………………………… 21
Reproduction……………………………………………………….. 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..
25
Recommendation……………………………………………………
25
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 26
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….. 27
1
INTRODUCTION
The predatory mite, Amblyseius longispinosus Evans belonging to the family
Phytoseiidae and class Arachnida is one of the control measures of plant sucking
arthropods especially cyclamen mite in some parts of the world. This specie is long-
haired and .easily recognized by this characteristic.
It is commonly associated with spider mites and flat mites, collected together
with spider mites, Eotetranychus sp. on rose, Eutetranychus orientalis on papayas,
Oligonychus orthius on sugarcane, O. velascoi on coconuts, Tetranychus kanzawai on
soybeans and cassava, and T. piercei on Canvalia maritina. It was also found in
association with the flat mites, Brevipalpus phoenicis and Tenuipalpus pacificus on
Wedelia biflora (Raros, 1986).
This predatory mite is very common and occurs on a wide variety of plants and
appears more frequently in open cultivated areas than forests.
At 28˚C Amblyseius longispinosus Evans lays an average of 3 eggs per day. If the
temperature falls below 28˚C fewer eggs were laid. If the temperature climbs over 30˚C
fewer eggs hatch (Gerdeman and Garcia, 2006).
The pesticide usage increases production costs to the point where the crop can no
longer be grown and marketed profitably. Pesticide residues in the soil may be at such
high levels that other crops cannot be successfully grown and made to meet legal residues
tolerances. Repeated applications of insecticides and often mixtures of two insecticides
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
2
no longer produce a crop that is acceptable to processors or the fresh market. There is a
collapse of the existing pest control program (Metcalf and Luckman, 1982).
The importance of this study is to help lessen or reduce the use of chemicals to
control plant pests. Less expense of money on chemicals and organic farmers will have
another option in controlling pests. Farmers will also experience the health benefits from
reducing the muse of pesticides.
The effectiveness of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite of
strawberry will result to the control of this mite, hence crop damage will be reduced.
With the implementation of organic farming, predatory mites will be considered to be
good biological agents. It will also provide an idea for other researchers who want to
study on mites of strawberry.
The study was conducted to determine the duration of the different growth stages
of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption,
preference, feeding behavior and reproduction.
The study was conducted at the Mite Predatory Rearing House, Balili, La
Trinidad, Benguet from June 2010 to October 2010.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Life cycle of mites generally would include four or five stages; egg, larva, 2 or 3
nymphal instars and the adult. The eggs are laid singly or in clusters in protected areas as
in cracks and crevices, galls, erinea or on open leaf surfaces, sometimes underneath webs.
Six-legged larva hatches out from an egg. The larva feeds soon after hatching and after a
short feeding period of one or a few days, settle down and rest in preparation for molting.
During this resting period of intense physiological activity, a new skin is laid down
underneath the old one and a much bigger, 8-legged nymph soon emerges. The first
nymph is called the protonymph, the second a deutonymph and the third a tritonymph
(Raros, 1986).
High relative humidity (80 to 90%) and temperatures of 60oF favor the
development of cyclamen mites. Severe outbreaks may occur in greenhouses in the fall
and winter months. Females may live for up to one month and can reproduce without
mating. Cyclamen mite females lay 2 to 3 eggs per day for up to two to three weeks. The
eggs are deposited in moist, dark places in crevices and at the base of the plant. Cyclamen
mite eggs are oval, smooth and about one half the size of the adult female. Most of the
eggs will develop into females. Larvae hatch from the eggs in 3 to 7 days. The slow-
moving, white larvae feed for 4 to 7 days. Adults emerge from the pupal stage in 2 to 7
days. Their life cycle varies from 1 to 3 weeks depending upon greenhouse temperatures.
Outdoors, the adult female can overwinter in protected locations as far north as Canada
(Pundt, 2005).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
4
Adult cyclamen mites are minute, elliptical, semi-transparent, orange-pink and
shiny, with eight legs. They are about 1/100 inch long and cannot be seen without
magnification. The hind pair of legs in the female is threadlike, and those of the male are
pincer-like. The eggs are laid about the base of the cyclamen plant and in injured areas of
the leaves and on strawberries along the midribs of the unfolding leaves. Each female
deposits about 90 eggs, of which 80 percent may develop into females. The mites develop
through a six-legged larval stage and a dormant nymphal stage with eight legs. All stages
of the mite are found on infested plants. Out-of-doors, the adult female overwinters in
protected locations around the crown of the strawberry plant (Bessin, 2007).
Cyclamen mites are pests of many ornamental flowers and shrubs such as
Cyclamen, African violet, begonia, gerbera, ivy, chrysanthemums, geranium, fuchsia,
larkspur, petunia, snapdragon, and other greenhouse grown plants. If the humidity is
high, field grown strawberries also may be infested (Denmark, 2000).
Infested plants by cyclamen mite may have a streaked and/or blotched
appearance, distorted leaves with small distorted flowers, and fewer flowers than normal
or complete abortion of flower buds. Infested strawberry plants produce a roughened,
wrinkled upper leaf surface, irregular folding and fluting of the leaf margins, and veins
that bulge upward like blisters. Plants with mild injuries assume a dense appearance
because petioles fail to elongate. A heavy infestation will kill African violets and
cyclamens by dwarfing the leaves at the crown, and some leaves fail to open (Denmark,
2000).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
5
Because of their small size, cyclamen mites often go undetected until the damage
becomes severe. Usually it is the nature of the injury, not the mites themselves, that alerts
greenhouse managers to cyclamen mite infestations. Depending on the type of plant
attacked, cyclamen mites may infest the entire plant or be concentrated around the buds.
Infested leaves become distorted, often curl inward, and foliage may become darker and
appear streaked and blotchy. Injured foliage may show purplish areas. Very small, white,
green, or pale-orange mites, with six or eight legs, work about the base of the plants or in
the buds or the injured areas on the leaves. These mites thrive when the temperature is
around 60˚F and can complete their life cycle in about 2 weeks (Bessin, 2007).
In a study with the cyclamen mite, Steneotarsonemus pallidus, on strawberry in
California, plots were kept free of a predator mite, Typhlodromus reticulates, with
treatments of a selective insecticide. Because the insecticide had a little or no effect on
the cyclamen mite, numbers of treated plots increased 15 to 35 times, whereas there was
no significant increase in untreated plots. In greenhouse studies, hand picking predator
mites from plants gave similar results as removal by the insecticide, indicating that pest
resurgence was not caused by any stimulatory effect of the compound (Pedigo, 1989).
Several species of mite predators are commercially available. These are usually
released when mites first appear and should be evenly dispersed throughout the
greenhouse. If mite infestations are heavy, consider spraying with an insecticidal soap
before releasing predator mites. Selection of the proper predatory mite species will
depend on greenhouse temperatures and humidity. If predatory mites are used, early
release at the first sign of mite infestation is critical. Unlike the use of a miticide, it will
take some time for predatory mites to control infestations (Bessin, 2007).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
6
The goal of using predatory mites is to reduce the chemical spraying, which has
results in the spider mite outbreaks, and to develop a reliable system of strawberry culture
that reflects this. Our strategy includes releases of predatory mite Amblyseius
longispinosus as one of the tools to replace some of the sprays (Hermano, 2006).
Amblyseius cucumeris is a predatory mite which can keep thrip damage at low
level. It is pale pink in color, similar to the predatory mite Phytoseiulus and with a
comparable life cycle. The eggs are laid on the hairs in the axils and side veins
underneath the leaf (Forsythe, n.d.).
The newest, most unusual modification of the inoculative-release tactic is to
release insecticide-resistant natural enemies. This tactic greatly improves the potential for
integration of biological control with insecticides. It is based on the finding that some
natural enemy populations have the ability to develop insecticide resistance with repeated
exposure to the toxicant. Although the lost of known resistant natural enemies is not yet
long, it includes diverse groups, the most notable of which are the Phytoseiid mites,
Metaseiulus species and Amblyseius (Pedigo, 1989).
The nymph and adults of predatory mites attack and feed on other mites, such as
spider mites, apple and plum rust mites and the like. They can often survive by feeding as
a diet of pollen grains, fungal spores and plant vegetation. The variety of food eaten by
these predatory mites means that they are not dependent on any particular prey so,
although they do not become more numerous as their prey increases, they will remain on
the tree when their prey is in short supply, unlike insects which tend to move off
elsewhere when they have decreased their prey to low numbers (Forsythe, n.d.).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used during the study are strawberry runners, plastics
pots, hose, petriplates, cotton, scissor, hairbrush, dissecting microscope, hand lens,
micrometer, watering cans, cork borers, predatory mites and cyclamen mites.
Methodology
Propagation and Maintenance of Host Plants
Strawberry runners were grown on potted soil under greenhouse conditions. It
was maintained as a source of runners for the duration of the study. Each new runner was
transplanted in plastic pots (8cm in diameter) and it was maintained free from arthropods
by hand picking.
Collection of Prey (Cyclamen Mite)
Strawberry leaves infested with cyclamen mite were collected and brought to the
laboratory and examined directly with the use of microscope for conformation and
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
8
identification. Cyclamen mites were reared singly on excised strawberry leaves on petri
plates.
Duration of the Different Life Stages
Healthy and fresh leaves of strawberry were collected and cut three centimeters in
diameter. Mites and other insects were removed from the leaves to ensure that it is clean.
The cut leaves were placed on top of water-soaked cotton inside a petriplate. Newly laid
eggs of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were placed on top of the strawberry leaves with
the use of the hairbrush. The eggs were made to hatch and observed on the same leaves
until they become an adult.
Fecundity
10 Adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were reared singly on excised
strawberry leaves and were placed on top of water-soaked cotton. The predators were
provided with the prey. The number of eggs that were laid by the female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans was counted with the use of microscope until the female stops to lay
eggs.
Rate of Consumption
The different stages of the prey were introduced to the different stages of the
predatory mites. The number of each of the life stages of the prey that was consumed per
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
9
day by the protonymph, deutonymph and adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were
recorded.
Feeding Behavior
The prey, cyclamen mites were introduced to the predatory mites, Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans The feeding behavior then was observed using the microscope.
Preference
Each sample of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
was provided with 5eggs, 5 larva, 5 nymphs and 5 adults of Cyclamen mite.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days of the different life stages of the mated and virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
2. Number of days of the different life stages of the cyclamen mite
3. Fecundity. Number of eggs laid by a female predator.
4. Rate of consumption. Number of the different life stages of the prey being
consumed by the different life stages of the predator in a daily basis.
5. Preference. The stage of cyclamen mite being preferred by the Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans.
6. Feeding behavior. Manner of the predator in consuming the prey.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
10
7. Reproduction. Behavior of both male and female predator in mating.
8. Photo documentation
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
11
RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
Duration of the Different Growth Stages
of Mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated) is shown in Table 1.
Egg. The male developed from 2.41-2.92 days with a mean of 2.73±0.23 days
while the female developed from 2.37-2.94 days with a mean of 2.73±0.15 days.
Larva. After emerging from egg, a six-legged larva hatched from the egg, which
is quiet and does not move much. The male larva developed from 0.54-0.81 days with a
mean of 0.71±0.12 days while the female developed from 0.46-0.82 days with a mean of
0.74±0.07 days.
Protonymph. After a quiescent stage, the larva molts to become a fully developed
protonymph. The male has a mean duration of 1.92±0.18 days that ranged from 1.73-2.19
days while the female has a mean of 2.09±0.34 days with a ranged of 1.k42-3.05 days.
Deutonymph. As shown in table 1, the male can take 1.15-3.10 days with a mean
of 1.85±0.83 days while the female can take 1.88-5.27 days with a mean of 2.40±0.65
days to complete its deutonymphal stage.
Adult. The adult female has a much bigger body size and appears shiny when
gravid and red in color. The male is smaller and has brown orange color.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
12
The male adult lasted from 1.21-32.00 days with a mean of 16.24±14.03 days while the
female lasted from 19.14-34.16 days with a mean of 27.02±3.05 days. The pre-
reproductive period of the female ranged from 1.85-2.76 days with a mean of 2.30±0.19
days. The reproductive period was 15.66-30.42 days with a mean of 22.36±3.61 days and
the post-reproductive period was 0.44-9.94 days with a mean of 2.36±1.98 days.
The total life span of mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans for the male ranged
from 8.28-40.15 days with a mean of 23.43±14.28 days while the female has a life span
of 26.55-42.14 days with a mean of34.97±3.34 days. From the results, it shows that the
total life span of the female was longer than the male.
Table 1. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (mated)
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.41 - 2.92
2.73 ± 0.23
Female
2.37 - 2.94
2.73 ± 0.15
Larva
Male
0.54 - 0.81
0.71 ± 0.12
Female
0.46 - 0.82
0.74 ± 0.07
Protonymph
Male
1.73 - 2.19
1.92 ± 0.18
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
13
Female
1.42 - 3.05
2.09 ± 0.34
Deutonymph
Male
1.15 - 3.10
1.85 ± 0.83
Female
1.88 - 5.27
2.40 ± 0.65
Adult
Male
1.21 -32.00
16.24 ±14.03
Female
19.14 -34.16
27.02 ± 3.05
Pre-reproductive period
1.85 - 2.76
2.30 ± 0.19
Reproductive period
15.66 -30.42
22.36 ± 3.61
Post-reproductive period 0.44 - 9.94
2.36 ± 1.98
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
8.28 -40.15
23.43 ±14.28
Female
26.55 -42.14
34.97 ± 3.34
40
35
30
25
Male Predator
20
Male Prey
15
Female Predator
Female Prey
10
5
0
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Total
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
14
Figure 1. Mean duration of the different growth stages of mated Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (Predator) and Cyclamen mite (Prey)
Duration of the Different Growth Stages
of Virgin Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin) is shown in Table 2.
Egg. The male egg lasted from 3.37-2.98 days with a mean of 2.77±0.14 days
while the female was 1.32-2.97 days with a mean of 2.59±0.46 days.
Larva. The male larva has a duration of 0.42-0.99 days with a mean 0.78+_0.13
days while the female larva has a duration of 0.40-0.93 days with a mean of 0.76±0.13
days.
Protonymph. The male developed from 1.18-2.74 days with a mean of 1.79±0.33
days while the female developed from 1.42-2.38 days with a mean of 1.85±0.23 days.
Deutonymph. The longevity of the male ranged from1.08-2.19 days with a mean
of 1.65±0.26 days while the female ranged from 1.16-3.12 days with a mean of 1.86±0.45
days.
Adult. The duration of male adult ranged from 38.88-56.00 days with a mean of
49.27±4.20 days while the female duration ranged from 43.86-72.29 days with a mean of
57.65±7.57 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
15
The total life span of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans with a mean of
56.24±4.41 ranged from 44.84-62.93 while the female has a mean of 64.40±6.30 days
with a range of 52.04-78.59 days. Results show that the female has a longer life span than
the male.
The mated and unmated females are longer than the male with means of
34.97±3.34 days and 64.40±6.30 days respectively, as compared to a mated male
(23.43±14.28 days) and a virgin male (56.25±7.57 days).
Table 2. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans (virgin) under room temperature
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.37 - 2.98
2.77 ± 0.14
Female
1.32 - 2.97
2.59 ± 0.46
Larva
Male
0.42 - 0.99
0.78 ± 0.13
Female
0.40 - 0.93
0.76 ± 0.13
Protonymph
Male
1.18 - 2.74
1.79 ± 0.33
Female
1.42 - 2.38
1.85 ± 0.23
Deutonymph
Male
1.08 - 2.19
1.65 ± 0.26
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
16
Female
1.16 - 3.12
1.86 ± 0.45
Adult
Male
38.88-56.00
49.27 ± 4.20
Female
43.86-72.29
57.65 ± 7.57
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
44.84-62.93
56.25 ± 7.57
Female
52.04-78.59
64.40 ± 6.30
70
60
50
40
Male Predator
Male Prey
30
Female Predator
Female Prey
20
10
0
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Total
Figure 2. Mean duration of the different growth stages of virgin Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (Predator) and Cyclamen mite (Prey)
Duration of the different Growth Stages
of Cyclamen Mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
17
The mean duration of the different growth stages of Cyclamen mite is shown in
Table 3.
Egg. The male egg developed from 2.62-2.76 days with a mean of 2.67±0.07
days while the female developed from 2.64-2.68 days with a mean of 2.65±0.03 days.
Larva. The male larva has a mean of 1.00±0.03 days with a ranged of 0.97-1.02
days while the female has a mean of 1.03±0.09 days with a ranged of 0.99-1.10 days.
Nymph. Both male and female duration is almost the same with a ranged of 0.99-
1.02 days for the male nymph with a mean of 1.01±0.02 days while the female developed
from 0.99-1.01 days with a mean of 1.00±0.02 days.
Adult. The male adult developed from 7.18-20.12 days with a mean of
10.89±6.77 days while a range of 3.13-24.05 days with a mean of 14.64±14.03 days for
the female.
Table 3. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of Cyclamen mite under
room temperature
GROWTH STAGES
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
Male
2.62 - 2.76
2.67 ± 0.07
Female
2.64 - 2.68
2.65 ± 0.03
Larva
Male
0.97 - 1.02
1.00 ± 0.07
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
18
Female
0.99 - 1.10
1.03 ± 0.09
Nymph
Male
0.99 - 1.02
1.01 ± 0.02
Female
0.99 - 1.01
1.00 ± 0.02
Adult
Male
7.18-20.12
10.89 ± 6.77
Female
3.13-24.05
14.64±14.03
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male
11.85-24.88
15.56 ± 6.82
Female
7.76-19.31
19.31±14.07
From the results, it shows that the female has a longer life span from 7.76-28.70 days
with a mean of 19.31±14.07 days while the male has a range of 11.85-24.88 days with a
mean of 15.56±6.82 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
19
a. Egg
b.
Larva
c.
Protonymph
d.
Deutonymph
e.
Male
adult
f.
Female
adult
g.
Mating
behavior
h.
Gravid
female
Figure 3a-h. Different growth stages of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
20
Number of Consumed Mites Per Day
The number of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans is shown in Table 4.
The larva of the predator does not feed. The protonymph consumed an average of
9.17 eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults per day of the cyclamen mite. The
deutonymph consumed an averaged of 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89
adults of cyclamen mite per day. An average of 8.00 eggs, 5.38 larvae, 4.46 nymphs and
3.28 adults were consumed by the adult predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans per
day. The protonymph consumed lesser prey and as it develops to the next stage,
deutonymph, it consumes more prey than the protonymph to sustain its growth and
development. The adult is more active in searching its prey than the protonymph and
deutonymph the reason for having a bigger body and more mobile. As the predator
complete its development, the number of consumed mite’s decreases until it dies.
Table 4. Mean total of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
GROWTH
GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
STAGES OF
PREDATOR
Egg Larva Nymph Adult
Mean
Total
Protonymph
9.17
6.04
3.92
3.89
23.02
Deutonymph
14.11
7.72
9.13
3.89
34.85
Adult
8.00
5.38
4.46
3.28
21.12
Mean Total
31.28
19.14
17.51
11.06
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
21
16
14.11
14
12
10
9.17
9.13
8
7.72
8
6.04
5.38
6
4.46
3.92 3.89
3.89
3.28
4
2
0
Protonymph
Deutonymph
Adult
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Figure 4. Mean total of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen mite
Preference
The total percentage on the preference of the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans in
feeding on cyclamen mite is shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Total percentage of the preference on the different stages of Cyclamen mite
being preferred by the Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on what to feed
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
22
GROWTH
GROWTH STAGES OF PREDATOR
STAGES OF
PREY
Protonymph
Deutonymph Adult
Total %
Total %
Total %
Egg
2 16.67 0 0.0
2 16.67
Larva
1 8.33 6 50.00 3 25.00
Nymph
1 8.33 2 16.67 2 16.67
Adult
8 66.67 4 33.33 5 41.66
Based on the result on what stage of the prey is most preferred by the different
growth stages of the predator. The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer
most to eat the adult stage of the prey while the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans prefer to feed on larva. Adult prey is most preferred by the adult predator. Table 5
shows that the protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans most preferred to feed on the
adult prey with 8 (66.67%) from the 12 samples, 2 (16.67%) eggs and 1 (8.33%) each for
both larva and nymph. The deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefers to feed
on larva with 6 (50%), 4 (33.33) adult, 2 (16.67%) nymph and 0 (0%) egg. The adult
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefers to feed on adult with 5 (41.66%), 3 (25%) larva
and 2 (16.67%) for both egg and nymph. From the observation, the predator attacks the
prey that is mobile such as the larva and adult. The adult cyclamen mite is more mobile
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
23
than the larva and other stages having a reason of attacking by the predator Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
8%
8%
Adult
17%
Egg
Larva
67%
Nymph
Figure 5a. Preference of the protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the different
growth stages of Cyclamen mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
24
0%
17%
Larva
Adult
50%
Nymph
33%
Egg
Figure 5b. Preference of the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the
different
growth stages of Cyclamen mite
17%
Adult
41%
Larva
17%
Egg
Nymph
25%
Figure 5c. Preference of the adult Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on the different
growth
stages of Cyclamen mite
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
25
Fecundity
Table 6 shows the total number of eggs laid by a single adult female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans.
A single adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans can lay 14-52 eggs with a
mean of 26.64±8.33 eggs throughout its life span. The eggs were laid under the leaf hairs
and also on the leaf ribs.
Feeding Behavior
The Amblyseius longispinosus Evans attacks its prey on their dorsal portion using
its foreleg to hold the prey while sucking the fluid content of the body through its needle-
like chelicerae. The predator leaves the shrunken body of the prey after sucking the fluid
content.
The number of each stage eaten depends on the density of prey, temperature,
humidity, stage of predator feeding and which prey stages are available for them to feed
upon, Shaw (1982) as cited by Damaso (2006).
Table 6. Total number of laid eggs by the adult female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
SAMPLE NO.
TOTAL NO. OF LAID EGGS
1
14
2
28
3
19
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
26
4
43
5
21
6
33
7
30
8
14
9
14
10
52
11
25
Reproduction
Both sexes of predatory mite don’t copulate. The sperms are packed in tiny
capsules that are implanted into the females’ genital opening through a sperm transfer
organ borne on the pincer like chelicerae of the male. Sperm transfer is accomplished
with a male and female assuming a copulatory position but don’t actually copulate
because male has no penis. The sperm are stored in a pair of sacs inside the body of the
female. The spermatozoa are released when the gelatinous capsules are dissolve inside
the female’s genital tract, Raros (1986) as cited by Damaso (2006).
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
27
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory Rearing House from June to
October 2010 to record the duration of the different growth stages of mated and virgin
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mite, fecundity, rate of consumption,
preference, feeding behavior and reproduction.
Duration of mated and unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans were recorded
and also with the duration of Cyclamen mite. The egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph
and adult were the five different stages of the predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
For the cyclamen mite, it undergoes four stages namely: egg, larva, nymph and adult.
The duration of the different stages of mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans,
male egg developed from 2.41-2.92 days while the female developed from 2.37-2.94
days. The male larva developed from 0.54-0.81 days while the female developed from
0.46-0.82 days. A range of 1.73-2.19 days for the male protonymph and1.42-3.05 days
for the female. The fourth stage deutonymph developed from 1.15-3.10 days for the male
while the female can take 1.88-5.27 days. The male adult lasted from 1.21-32.00 days
while the female lasted from 19.14-34.16 days. The pre-reproductive period of the female
ranged from 1.85-2.76 days. An average of 15.66-30.42 days for its reproductive period
and for the post-reproductive period, it ranges form 0.44-9.94 days. The total life span of
mated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans for the male ranged from 8.28-40.15 days while
the female has a life span of 26.55-42.14 days.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
28
For the development of unmated Amblyseius longispinosus Evans, the male egg
lasted from 3.37-2.98 days while the female was 1.32-2.97 days. The male larva has a
duration of 0.42-0.99 days while the female larva has a duration of 0.40-0.93 days. The
male protonymph developed from 1.18-2.74 days and the female developed from 1.42-
2.38 days. The longevity of the male deutonymph ranged from1.08-2.19 days while the
female ranged from 1.16-3.12 days. The duration of male adult ranged from 38.88-56.00
days and the female duration range from 43.86-72.29 days. The total life span of unmated
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans has a ranged of 44.84-62.93 and the female has a ranged
from 52.04-78.59 days.
The cyclamen mite male egg developed from 2.62-2.76 days and the female
developed from 2.64-2.68 days. The male larva has a ranged of 0.97-1.02 days while the
female has a ranged of 0.99-1.10 days. The male nymph developed from 0.99-1.02 days
and the female developed from 0.99-1.01 days. The duration of male adult developed
from 7.18-20.12 days while a ranged of 3.13-24.05 days for the duration of female. For
the total life span, it ranges from 11.85-24.88 days for the male and 7.76-28.70 days for
the female.
The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans consumed an average of 9.17
eggs, 6.04 larvae, 3.92 nymphs and 3.89 adults per day of the cyclamen mite. The
deutonymph consumed an averaged of 14.11 eggs, 7.72 larvae, 9.13 nymphs and 3.89
adults of cyclamen mite per day. An average of 8.00 eggs, 5.38 larvae, 4.46 nymphs and
3.28 adults was consumed by the adult predator Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
29
The protonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult with
8(66.67%), 2 (16.67%) eggs and 1(8.33%) each for both larva and nymph. The larva of
cyclamen mite is more preferred by the deutonymph Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
with 6(50%), 4(33.33) adult, 2(16.67%) nymph and 0(0%) egg. The adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans prefer to feed on adult with 5(41.66%), 3(25%) larva and 2(16.67%)
for both egg and nymph.
A single female Amblyseius longispinosus Evans can lay eggs to as many as 14-
52.
The Amblyseius longispinosus Evans attacks its prey using its needle-like
chelicerae on their dorsal portion and uses its foreleg to hold the prey while sucking the
fluid content of the body.
Male and female of predatory mite don’t copulate. Sperm transfer is accomplished
with a male and female assuming a copulatory position but don’t actually copulate
because male has no penis.
Conclusion
Results gathered on the life span, fecundity, predation rate, preference, feeding
behavior and reproduction of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans as well as the cyclamen
mite were successfully done under laboratory condition. This study will give way to
future researches on the effectiveness of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans, a biological
control agent for different plant sucking insects.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
30
Recommendation
It is recommended that future researchers will focus on the mass rearing of
different predators specifically Amblyseius longispinosus Evans on its effectiveness as a
biological control of different plant sucking pests. The use of Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans as control agent of the said pests is recommended.
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
31
LITERATURE CITED
BESSIN, R. 2007. Cyclamen Mite in the Greenhouse. University of Kentucky College of
Agriculture.
http://www.ca.uky.edu/ENTOMOGY/entfacts/ef422.asp. November
6, 2009. Pp 1
DAMASO, R. B. 2006. Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Phytoseiulus sp. On
Tetranychus urticae Koch. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Bachelor of
Science
in Agriculture (Entomology). October 15. 2010. Pp 1-22
DENMARK, H. A. 2000. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Division of Plant Industry.
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/cyclamen_mite.htm. November 6, 2009.
Pp 1
FORSYTHE, T. G. undated. Successful Organic Pest Control. Environment-friendly
ways to
deal with unwanted garden pest and diseases. Thorsons Publishing Group.
Pp1-128
GERDEMAN, B. S. and C. R. GARCIA. 2006. La Trinidad Pest Clinic. Sponsored by
the
Municipal Agriculturist. Pp 1-13
HERMANO SR., F. G. 2006. Strawberry Production Management and Technology.
Agriculture Chemicals. Book I-Insecticides. Thomson Publication. First Edition.
Pp
1-12
METCALF, R. L. and W. H. LUCKMAN. 1982. Introduction to Insect Pest
Management. Second Edition. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. John Wiley and
Sons. New York. Chichester-brisbane. Toronto. Singapore. Pp 1-577
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
32
PEDIGO, L. P. 1989. Entomology and Pest Management.
Macmillan Publishing Company. New York. Collier Macmillan Publishers.
London. Pp 1-646
PUNDT, L. 2005. Managing Cyclamen Mites and Broad Mites in the Greenhouse.
http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/greenhs/htms/cyclmites.htm. November 11, 2009.
Pp
1
RAROS, L. C. 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Publishers Natural Resources
Management Center. Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the
Philippines. Volume VII. Pp 51-188
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
33
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (mated)
STAGES OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13 14
15 16 17
Egg
Male 2.68
2.92
2.89
2.92
2.41 2.56
16.38 2.73
Female 2.66 2.69 2.94 2.88 2.88 2.90
2.89
2.93 2.37 2.38
2.52 30.04 2.73
Larva
Male
0.81
0.54
0.78
0.79
0.70 0.61 4.23 0.71
Female 0.75
0.81
0.46 0.80 0.82 0.79
0.80
0.77 0.75 0.75
0.65 8.15 0.74
Protonymph
Male
1.73
1.74
2.19
1.97
1.94 1.92 11.49 1.92
Female 1.81
1.75
1.72 1.42 2.10 0.79
2.05
3.05 2.13 1.89
2.93 22.94 2.09
Deutonymph
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
34
Male
1.22
2.18
1.21
1.15
3.10 2.22 11.08 1.85
Female 2.19
2.09
2.16 1.94 2.25 5.27
2.15
2.08 2.04 2.33
1.88 26.38 2.40
Adult
Male
2.68
1.21
1.21
21.94
32.00 28.38
97.40 16.24
Female 19.14 22.63 25.10 32.13 27.67 29.09
2.15
28.27 22.84 30.67
34.16 297.20 27.02
Pre-reproductive
Period
2.11
1.85
2.10 2.10 2.47 2.76
2.48
2.67 2.12 2.13
2.49 25.28 2.30
Reproductive
Period
15.83 20.33 16.90 29.15 24.76
25.43
21.34
15.68 18.64 27.45
30.42 245.91
22.36
Post-reproductive
Period
1.20
0.45
6.10 0.88 0.44 1.50
1.08
9.94 2.08 1.09
1.25 26.01 2.36
TOTAL
Male
19.12 8.59
8.28
28.77
40.15 35.69 140.60 23.43
Female 26.55 29.97 32.38 39.17 35.72 40.74
32.79
37.10 30.13 38.02
42.14 376.71 34.97
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
35
Appendix Table 2. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans (virgin)
STAGES OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Egg
Male 2.84 2.83 2.90
2.37 2.98 2.94
2.75
2.94
2.60 2.56
27.71 2.77
Female
2.35 2.81
1.32 2.93
2.97 2.97 2.76
2.78
2.76
23.65 2.59
Larva
Male 0.99 0.96 0.86
0.88 0.84 0.84
0.53
0.75
0.42 0.73
7.80 0.78
Female
0.83 0.93
0.88 0.93
0.75 0.66 0.40
0.73
0.69
6.80 0.76
Protonymph
Male 1.89 1.95 1.85
1.68 1.25 2.07
1.83
1.42
1.18
2.74
17.86
1.79
Female
1.88 1.94
1.74 2.04
2.38 1.42 1.77
1.44
2.05
16.66 1.85
Deutonymph
Male 1.42 1.59 1.48
1.42 2.19 1.08
1.99
2.13
1.76 1.42
16.48 1.65
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
36
Female
1.24 1.42
3.12 1.99
2.08 1.95 1.94
1.83
1.16
16.73 1.86
Adult
Male 55.51
43.45 46.09 43.93 50.22
56.00
53.43
51.05
38.88 54.13
492.69 49.27
Female 72.59 58.10
64.85 57.10
43.86 54.56 53.62 62.51 48.86
551.75 57.65
TOTAL
Male 62.65 50.78
53.18
50.28 57.48
62.93
60.53
58.29
44.84 61.58 562.54 56.25
Female
78.59 65.20
71.91 64.99
52.04 61.56 60.49 69.29
55.52
579.59
64.40
Appendix Table 3. Duration (days) of the different growth stages of Cyclamen Mite
STAGES
OF
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
PREDATOR
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8 9
Egg
Male
2.76
2.68 2.62
2.62 2.68 13.36
2.67
Female 2.68 2.64 2.64 2.65
10.61 2.65
Larva
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
37
Male
0.98
0.97 1.02
1.02 0.99 4.98
1.00
Female 1.10 0.99
1.02 0.99
4.10 1.03
Nymph
Male
1.02
1.02 1.00
1.00 0.99 5.03 1.01
Female 0.99
1.00
0.99 1.01
3.99 1.00
Adult
Male
20.12
7.18 11.54
7.26 8.35 54.45
10.89
Female 17.93 3.13
13.44 24.05
58.55 14.64
TOTAL
Male
24.88
11.85 16.18
11.90 13.01 77.82 15.56
Female
22.70 7.76
18.09 28.70
77.25 19.31
Appendix Table 4a. Number of consumed mites per day by the protonymph Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGE OF
GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Ptonymph
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
38
1
5.25
6.63
4.75
2.33
2
19.25
8.50
6.00
3.33
3
3.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
Total
27.50
18.13
11.75
11.66
Appendix Table 4b. Number of consumed mites per day by the deutonymph Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGES OF GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Deutonymph
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
1
22.00
9.50
10.00
5.33
2
18.33
11.38
8.25
4.33
3
2.00
7.00
2.00
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
39
4
3.00
Total
42.33
30.88
18.25
11.66
Appendix Table 4c. Number of consumed mites per day by the adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
STAGES OF GROWTH STAGES OF CYCLAMEN MITE
PREDATOR
Adult
Egg
Larva
Nymph
Adult
Days
1
11.00
7.25
6.50
3.00
2
26.75
14.13
12.50
6.33
3
17.00
8.13
7.50
6.33
4
11.75
6.38
7.50
2.67
5
13.75
5.38
2.75
3.00
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
40
6
11.75
5.63
4.75
3.00
7
11.00
8.13
4.25
3.33
8
15.25
8.25
6.25
5.00
9
13.50
7.38
4.00
3.33
10
9.50
8.25
5.25
3.33
11
11.50
5.63
5.25
3.33
12
5.50
8.63
5.25
4.00
13
9.29
7.50
2.75
4.33
14
9.25
7.88
5.00
3.33
15
9.50
10.50
5.75
3.67
16
13.75
8.00
4.75
7.00
17
8.25
5.25
6.25
5.33
18
9.00
6.88
7.50
2.67
19
8.25
4.38
7.75
4.00
20
5.75
5.25
5.00
3.00
21
4.75
7.13
7.25
2.33
22
8.00
7.50
10.25
2.33
23
12.25
5.50
2.25
2.33
24
8.00
4.25
1.75
2.67
25
6.75
4.25
2.25
3.00
26
9.00
4.38
2.75
3.33
27
7.00
5.13
3.50
2.67
28
5.75
4.75
3.75
2.33
29
9.00
7.38
3.50
5.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
41
30
9.25
4.75
4.75
4.33
31
9.00
5.63
4.50
4.33
32
7.25
5.63
4.00
4.67
33
8.75
8.25
5.75
3.33
34
6.75
5.25
2.75
3.33
35
4.75
4.88
2.75
3.00
36
7.00
4.38
4.50
2.00
37
8.00
4.38
2.25
3.67
38
6.75
4.25
3.25
2.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
42
Appendix Table 4c. Number of consumed mites per day by the adult Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite
39
6.00
4.13
3.00
2.00
40
4.00
5.38
2.50
2.33
41
4.00
3.13 1.67
1.67
42
3.67
3.13
2.67
1.33
43
5.00
3.00
2.67
1.67
44
5.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
45
4.00
4.33
3.00
1.50
46
3.00
3.00
5.33
3.50
47
5.33
4.00
3.33
1.50
48
2.33
3.67
5.33
4.00
49
3.33
4.00
2.67
2.00
50
3.00
4.33
4.67
2.00
51
3.00
5.00
2.67
52
5.00
4.50
1.50
53
5.00
5.50
2.00
54
1.00
3.00
55
3.00
56
2.50
57
2.50
58
2.50
59
4.50
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
43
60
3.50
61
2.50
62
1.50
Total
431.91
333.33
236.26
163.79
Appendix Table 5. The different stages of Cyclamen Mite being preferred by the
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
STAGES
OF
REPLICATION
PREDATOR
Stages
of
prey
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10 11 12 TOTAL
Protonymph
Egg
√
√ 2
Larva
√
1
Nymph
√
1
Adult √
√
√
√
√
√ √ √
8
Deutonymph
Egg
0
Larva
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
Nymph
√
√
2
Adlut
√
√
√
√ 4
Adult
Egg
√
√ 2
Larva
√
√
√
3
Nymph
√
√
2
Adult
√
√
√
√
√
5
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
44
Appendix Table 6. Total number of laid eggs by the adult female Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
SAMPLE NO.
TOTAL NO. OF LAID EGGS
1
14
2
28
3
19
4
43
5
21
6
33
7
30
8
14
9
14
10
52
11
25
Range
14-52
Mean
26.64±8.33
Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry / Behis S. Patricio Jr. 2010
Document Outline
- Life Span and Predation Rate of Amblyseiuslongispinosus Evans on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES