BIBLIOGRAPHY DELFIN, HAROLD B....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010. Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed
with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Ben B. Luis, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Barangay Florida, Maria Aurora, Aurora from May to
August 2010 to assess the potentials of coconut meat (Matured) and banana peelings as feed
supplements for growing finishing pigs.
A total of nine (9) crossbred (largewhite x duroc) pigs were randomly allotted in a
completely randomized design into the following treatments:
T0 (control) = Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1
= CF + 1kg banana peelings
T2
= CF + 1 kg banana peelings + 500 gms coconut meat (matured)
Inclusion of banana peeling and coconut meat (Matured) in the ration of pigs resulted to
faster growth rates than control diets. Higher net return and ROI were also realized from the pigs
given banana peelings supplementation, followed by pigs given coconut meat (Matured) +
banana peelings supplementation and the control pigs or those given no feed supplementation
gave the lowest net return and ROI.
It is recommended that banana peelings and coconut meat (Matured) may be given to
growing- finishing pigs as “merienda” or snack.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography..………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………..... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………….... 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight………………………………………………………... 10
Gain in Weight……………………………………………………… 11
Feed Intake and Conversion Ratio…………………………………. 12
Net Return and Return on Investment..……………………………. 13
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………….. 14
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 15
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………... 16
INTRODUCTION
Swine Industry is a well-developed subsector of the animal industry in the
Philippines. It contributes about 98% of the country’s total meat supply. Pork represents
50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos. Over the past few decades, the
swine industry contributed more than 70% of the animal meat output of the local industry
(PCARRD, 2005). At present, fewer producers than ever before produce pork, and the
operation are much larger than these were in the past.
Nowadays, backyard swine raising popular in every areas of the Philippines.
Farmers engage in this activity because people in the area are notably meat eaters in
addition of their culture of using pigs as ceremonial animals. Backyard swine is a major
source of protein for the family and as a source of additional income.
Commercial feeds are popularly to supply the specific needs of animals. As a
result, since the availability of local plant products as source of most nutrients in
livestock production, there is a great need then to explore the possibility of using fresh
coconut meat and banana peeling as food supplement for growing hogs.
Banana (Musa sapientum L.) is a common backyard plant in the countryside. In
population centers, banana peelings are available everyday as waste from the sale of
banana cue and turon as the common snack products. The portion of the banana, which is
waste as peel, is 18-20%. Traditionally, the volume of farm wastes from banana industry
can utilized as feed for hogs and cattle.
On other hand, Fresh coconut meat (matured) is a very popular feed for backyard
swine. It has high-energy value from 60-70 percent fat. When added to fine rice bran in
equal proportion, it constitutes a very good ration for fattening pigs. Early studies showed
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
that based on feed required for given unit of gain, 1.25 kilograms of grated fresh coconut
meat has a feeding value approximately equal to 1-kilo grain of corn. Using rate of gain
in weight as the measure of feed efficiency, two parts of fresh grated coconut meat used
in place of one part corn as the basic constituent of the ration for growing – fattening pigs
was found to be more efficient than corn.
The feeding experiment generally aimed to assess the potentials of coconut meat
(matured) and banana peelings as feed supplements for growing finishing pigs.
Specifically, it aimed to determine the response of growing-finishing pigs fed with the
supplements in terms of weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and net
income.
The study was conducted from May to August 2010 in Barangay Florida, Maria
Aurora, Aurora for a period of 90 days.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Banana Peelings as Hog Feed
Banana (Musa sapientum L.) is a fast growing crop with a 3-5 ft. high herbaceous
stem and almost every part as usable. Nowadays, banana waste is a problem where they
are disposed, especially banana peelings. The portion of the banana, which is wasted as
peel is 18-20 %. Traditionally the peel is disposed in the field or just thrown anywhere,
which cause environmental problems. As the peel has high-energy content of 4592
Kgcal/kg, it has low protein content of 47.77%. It also contains 95.66 % dry matter,
14.56 % ether extract, 11.95% crude fiber, 0.36% calcium, 0.23% phosphorus, and 0.36%
ash and according to them, the digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter and
protein, net protein utilization, biological value, digestible energy and metabolic energy
in three types of banana peelings indicated no statistical difference. The nutritive value of
ripe banana peel was slightly better than the almost ripe green peel (Tartrakoon and
Langenhens, 1999).
Musa sapientum peels will analyze for minerals, nutritional and anti-nutritional
contents. The result of mineral content indicate the concentrations (mg/g) of potassium,
calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium and niobium
to be 78.10, 19.20, 24.30, 0.61, 76.20, 0.04, 0.21, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively. The
percentage concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber were 0.90,
1.70, 59.00 and 31.70, respectively. the results indicate that if the peels are properly
exploited and processed, these could be a high quality and cheap source of carbohydrates
and minerals for livestock (Anhwange et al., 2009).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Sison (1982) reported that dried banana peeling is a good feed supplement for
finishing hogs. Results showed that dried banana peeling could be incorporated in the hog
finishing diet without adverse effect on gain and feed conversion ratio. He stated that
swine raisers can save on feed cost by adding 8 to 16 % dried banana-peeling meal to
ordinary commercial hog fattener mash.
Silverio (1981) stated that banana peelings are promising raw materials, which are
just left or thrown away by banana cue and toron peddlers. He also reported that these
could be energy and protein sources for animal production with a level of 8-16% as
highly recommended to hog finisher rations. However, at a higher rate usage is beyond
24% with isonitrogenous and isocalorie feed additives to be applied to attain good
performance.
Coconut Meat as Hog Feed
Coconut (Cocos nutrifera L.) is popularly known as the “tree of life” because of
the variety of products and by-products made from the tree namely: coconut meat, oil,
juice, husk, shell charcoal, leaves, pith, trunk, and roots (Roberts, 2006).
Coconut meat is the thicker layer of kernel is much lower in moisture and high
calories. The coconut is high in oil content and it used for oil extraction. The coconut oil
has a high percentage of medium chain triglycerides (M.C.T.). This is the coconut at its
maximum degree of maturity with moisture percentage of 36.3; 4.5 grams of protein,
41.6 grams of fats, 444 grams of calories per 100 grams (Barreto, 2009).
The nutrient contents of coconut meat (raw) per 100 grams are the following:
moisture (%) 47.0; energy (Kcal and KJ) 354 and 1480; protein (g) 3.3; and other nutrient
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
like fat, carbohydrate, and fiber. They stated that coconut meat (raw) is also rich in
protein and it contains high dietary fiber but free in cholesterol (Anonymous, 2010).
The recommended level of copra meal in the ration for growing 10kg per 100 kg
and finishing pigs is about 20 kg per 100 kg of feeds. It should not be higher than this
level because coconut is high in oil that affects the health of the animal (PCARRD,
2003).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study are the following: 9 crossbred(large white x
duroc) pigs, which are 3 months old, commercial hog ration, feeding and drinking
troughs, matured coconut, banana peelings (dippig), stick broom, pails, weighing scale,
record book and pen.
A week before selecting or choosing the experimental animals, pens were
prepared, disinfected and cleaned thoroughly including the area. The animals were
weighed and randomly distributed into three treatments following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) of an experiment. Each treatment was replicated three times
with one animal serving as replicate. However, before the pigs were placed into their
respective pens, their individual weights were taken and recorded.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 (control) = Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1
= CF + 1kg banana peelings daily
T2
= CF + 1kg banana peelings + 500g coconut meat
Matured coconut meat to be used for the day was separated daily from its shell-
using knife or bolo. The banana peelings were washed and allowed to drain. After
draining, the feedstuff was prepared, weighed(Figure 1) and given to the pigs based on
specified amount.
The initial weight of the 9 pigs were determined and record before the start of the
study. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same care and management
except on their diets.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
In treatment 1, a kilogram of banana peeling was offered to each pig. The same is
true with treatment 2, however, 500 grams of raw coconut meat was also given in
addition to the 1 kg banana peelings. Animals in the control group did not receive any
supplement. Giving of supplements was done twice a day, 10:00 am and 2:00 pm.
Concentrate feeding of the animals also done twice 7:00 am and 5:00 pm.
The animals were housed individually in pens with concrete cement floor.
Cleanliness of their pens was observed and their manure and urine were washed out to
the drainage three times. The animals were also dewormed two times, at the start of the
study and two weeks before the end of the study. The pigs were also weighed at the end of
the study in order to get the final weight (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Weighing of coconut meat (matured) and banana peelings
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Figure 2. Weighing of pigs at the end of the study
The Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This refers to the individual weight of the animals taken at
the start of the study.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the individual weight of animals taken at the
completion of the study.
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the quantity of feed given to each experimental
animal each day.
4. Feed left over (kg). This refers to the quantity of feed bot eaten by the
experimental animal each day.
5. Production cost. This refers to the cost incurred in providing all materials
needed during the conduct of the study. It should include the cost of equipment/facility
use and supervision/management.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
6. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight of
the animal from its final weight.
7. Average daily gain in weight (ADG). This is determined using the formula:
ADG= Final Weight- Initial Weight
Number of Experimental Days
8. Total feed consumption (kg). This refers to the amount of feed consumed by an
animal from the start to the end of the feeding trial.
a. commercial feeds
b. raw coconut meat
c. banana peelings
9. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained using the formula:
FCR= Total Amount of Feed Consumed
Total Gain in Weight
10. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by
the total cost of production multiplied by 100%.
ROI (%) = Net Return x 100
Total Expenses
11. Net profit (Php). This was determined by subtracting the cost of producing
the pigs (input) from the sales of the produced pigs (output).
All the data gathered were tabulated and were subjected to the analysis of
variance for the completely randomized design (CRD). Comparison between means was
made using the Duncan’s Multiple Ranged Test (DMRT).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the initial and final weight of the experimental animals. In terms of
initial weight, statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences
between treatment means. This is consistent with the requirement of the experimental
design that animals must be homogenous at the start of the study.
In terms of the final weight, significant differences were observed between the
control and treated group. Pigs without supplement had a lower final weight with the
means of 87 kg, however weights were observed from the pigs given supplements. The
pigs given banana peelings a mean final weight of 97.33 kg and those given banana
peelings plus coconut meat had a mean final weight of 98.67 kg.
Table 1. Initial weight of pigs at 90 days of age and final weight at 180 days of age (kg)
MEAN
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
Commercial Feeds
39.67a
87.00b
( control group)
CF + 1kgbanana peelings
39.33a
97.33a
CF + 1kg banana peelings +
500g coconut meat(matured)
39.33a
98.67a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total and average daily gain (ADG) in weight of the
experimental pigs. True to both parameters, it is shown in the table that the pigs given
banana peelings and those given banana peelings and coconut supplementation had
higher gains compared to the control pigs or those given no supplementation as revealed
by the statistical analysis. The result revealed that giving banana peelings alone or in
combination with coconut meat to pigs as “merienda” or snack result to higher gains in
weight.
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight
MEAN
TREATMENT
AVERAGE DAILY
TOTAL GAIN
GAIN IN WEIGHT
IN WEIGHT
Commercial Feeds
0.526b
47.33b
( control group)
CF + 1kg banana peelings
0.644a
58.00a
CF + 1kg banana peeling +
500g coconut meat(matured)
0.659a
59.33a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Feed consumption and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Table 3 presents the feed consumption and the feed conversion ration of the pigs
in the three treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences
in the feed consumption of the pigs. The pigs given banana peelings and coconut meat
supplementation registered the highest feed consumption with a mean of 306. 55 kg this
was followed by the pigs given banana peelings supplementation with a mean of 268.46
kg. As expected, the control pigs or those no supplementation consumed the least with a
mean of 202.5 kg.
However, in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR) no significant differences were
observed as revealed by the statistical analysis. This means that the FCRs of the pigs in
the three treatments were more or less the same. This was because even if the pigs given
supplementation had higher feed consumption than those given no supplementation, they
also had higher gains in weight compared to the later hence, the non significance.
Table 3.Feed intake and feed conversion ratio
MEAN
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED CONVERSION
(kg)
RATIO
Commercial Feeds
202.50c
4.30a
( control group)
CF + 1kg banana peelings
268.46b
4.64a
CF + 1kg banana peelings +
500g coconut meat(matured)
306.55a
5.18a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Net Returns and Returns on Investment (ROI)
Table 4 presents the net returns and returns on investment obtained from the
different treatments. Even though this parameter was not subjected to statistical analysis,
it is revealed in the Table that the returns realized from the pigs given banana peeling
supplementation was the highest with an ROI of 18.68%. This was followed by the pigs
given both banana peelings and coconut meat supplementation with an ROI 13.61%. The
pigs in the control or those given no feed supplementation registered the lowest ROI of
10.92%. Higher production cost were observed form the pigs given feed supplementation
compared to those given no feed supplementation or the control pigs, however, their final
weights were significantly heavier than the final weights of the control pigs. Because
their weights were significantly heavier, higher net returns were also realized.
Table 4. Net Returns and Returns on Investment (ROI)
GROSS
TREATMENT
SALE
TPC
NET RETURN
ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(php)
(%)
Commercial
feeds
31,200.00
28,129.00
3,100.00
10.92
(control group)
CF + 1kg
35,040.00
29,524.00
5,815.00
18.68
banana peeling
CF + 1kg
banana peeling
+ 500g coconut
35,520.00
31,264.00
4,555.00
13.61
meat(matured)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to assess the potentials of raw coconut meat and banana
peelings as feed supplements for growing-finishing pigs. It was conducted at Barangay
Florida, Maria Aurora, Aurora from May to August, 2010 or for a period of 90 days.
Results of the study revealed significant differences between treatments means in
terms of final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain in weight and feed
consumption. The statistical showed no significant differences in the initial weight and
feed conversion ratio.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that giving banana
peelings or banana peelings plus coconut meat as “merienda” or snacks to growing-
finishing pigs results to higher gains in weight of the pigs and higher net returns.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, it can be recommended that 1kg banana peelings
or 1 kg banana peelings plus 500g coconut meat can be given to growing- finishing pigs
as feed supplements. However, it is also recommended that a related study should be
conducted but it should include the carcass characteristic and nutrient composition of the
meat derived from the pigs given the above feed supplements.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
LITERATURE CITED
ANHWANGE, B. A., V. O. AJIBOLA AND F. G. OKIBE. 2009. Chemical Composition
of (Musa sapientum) Banana Peelings.Pp.438-441. Retrieved January 13, 2010
from http://www.EJEAFChe,8(6).
ANONYMOUS. 2010. Coconut meat, milk: healthy or not? Retrieved January 13, 2010
from http://www.health24.com/dietnfood/General/15-742-775,32168.asp.
BARRETO, M. L. 2009. Food Values of a Vegetarian Diet. Retrieved January 18, 2010
from http://www.bhj.org/books/diets/chapl.html
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2003. The Philippine
Recommended for Livestock Feed Formulation PCARRD DOST and PARRFI.
Los Baños, Laguna, Phil. P. 63.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2005. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Baños, Laguna, Phil.:PCARRD / DOST
PFIZER, Inc.
ROBERTS, J. A. 2006. Animal Feed Nutrition. Retieved 06, 2010 from
http://www.google.com.
SISON, J. A. 1982.Animal Food Service Bulletin,6:3, Animal Feed Control Division.
Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.
SILVERIO, V. G. 1981. The Utilization of Banana Meal in Hog Ration. Bureau of
AnimalIndustry and National Science Development Board. p. 24.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial body weight of pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
41
40
38
119
39.67
T1
39
38
41
118
39.33
T2
38
41
39
118
39.33
GRAND TOTAL 355
GRAND MEAN 39.44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMEN
T
2
1.00
0.50
0.23 ns
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
13.22
2.20
TOTAL
8
14.22
ns = Not Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 3.88%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 2. Final weight of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
92
88
81
261
87.00
T1
101
94
97
292
97.33
T2
93
103
100
296
98.67
GRAND TOTAL 848
GRAND MEAN 94.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARE
SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
244.67
122.335
5.27*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
139.33
23.222
TOTAL
8
384.00
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.09%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
51
48
43
142
47.33
T1
62
56
56
174
58.00
T2
55
62
61
178
59.33
GRAND TOTAL 494
GRAND MEAN 54.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
259.5557
129.7779 9.13*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
85.3332
14.2222
TOTAL
8
344.8889
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 8.44 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 4. Average daily gain in weight of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.57
0.53
0.48
1.58
0.5267
T1
0.69
0.62
0.62
1.93
0.6433
T2
0.61
0.69
0.68
1.98
0.6600
GRAND TOTAL 5.59
GRAND MEAN 0.6100
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
0.0317
0.0158
8.53*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
0.0111
0.0019
TOTAL
8
0.0428
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 7.15 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 5. Total feed consumption of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
202.50
202.50
202.50
607.50
202.50
T1
259.69
253.18
292.50
805.37
268.46
T2
309.48
300.04
310.12
919.64
306.55
GRAND TOTAL 2,332.51
GRAND MEAN 259.17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
TABULAR F
OF TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATME
NT
2
16626.838 813.4194 52.39 **
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
952.023
158.6715
TOTAL
8
17578.862
**=high significant
Coefficient of Variance = 4.86%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 6. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.971
4.219
4.709
12.899
4.2997
T1
4.189
4.521
5.223
13.933
4.6443
T2
5.677
4.839
5.084
15.55
5.1833
GRAND TOTAL 42.382
GRAND M EAN 4.7091
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGEES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
1.19023
0.595
3.07ns
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
1.16475
0.194
TOTAL
8
2.35498
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 9.76 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 7. Cost and return analysis
SUPPLEMENTED
SUPPLEMENTED
WITH BANANA
CONTROL
GROUP
WITH BANANA
PEELINGS AND
PEELINGS
FRESH COCONUT
MEAT
A. Sales from 3 pigs
31,200.00
35,040.00
35,520.00
@php 120/kg
B. Less Input
1. Stock (3 pigs about
12,600.00
12,600.00
12,600.00
39kg average at 3
months.old)
@ php 4200 each
2. Feeds (pellets)
6,075.00
6,075.00
6,075.00
a. Grower
@ php 22.50/kg
(270 kg )
b. Finisher
7,425.00
7,425.00
7,425.00
@ php 22.00/kg
(337.50 kg )
3. Banana peeling
-
270.00
270.00
@php 1.00/kg
(270 kg)
4. Coconut
-
-
1,740.00
@ php 6.00/pc
(290 pcs )
5. Labor
@ php 25/hr
a) cleaning and
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
feeding
(60 hrs)
b) giving
-
1,125.00
1,125.00
supplement
(45 hrs )
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
SUPPLEMENTED
SUPPLEMENTED
WITH BANANA
CONTROL
GROUP
WITH BANANA
PEELINGS AND
PEELINGS
FRESH COCONUT
MEAT
6. Dewormer
@php 29.00/ sacket
29.00
29.00
29.00
(3 pcs)
7. Housing rent
@ php 500 a month
500.00
500.00
500.00
( 3 months )
Subtotal
28,129.00
29,524.00
31,264.00
Net Return
3,071.00
5,516.00
4,256.00
Return on Investment (%)
10.92
18.68
13.61
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010. Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed
with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Ben B. Luis, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Barangay Florida, Maria Aurora, Aurora from May to
August 2010 to assess the potentials of coconut meat (Matured) and banana peelings as feed
supplements for growing finishing pigs.
A total of nine (9) crossbred (largewhite x duroc) pigs were randomly allotted in a
completely randomized design into the following treatments:
T0 (control) = Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1
= CF + 1kg banana peelings
T2
= CF + 1 kg banana peelings + 500 gms coconut meat (matured)
Inclusion of banana peeling and coconut meat (Matured) in the ration of pigs resulted to
faster growth rates than control diets. Higher net return and ROI were also realized from the pigs
given banana peelings supplementation, followed by pigs given coconut meat (Matured) +
banana peelings supplementation and the control pigs or those given no feed supplementation
gave the lowest net return and ROI.
It is recommended that banana peelings and coconut meat (Matured) may be given to
growing- finishing pigs as “merienda” or snack.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography..………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………..... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………….... 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight………………………………………………………... 10
Gain in Weight……………………………………………………… 11
Feed Intake and Conversion Ratio…………………………………. 12
Net Return and Return on Investment..……………………………. 13
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………….. 14
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………….. 15
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………... 16
INTRODUCTION
Swine Industry is a well-developed subsector of the animal industry in the
Philippines. It contributes about 98% of the country’s total meat supply. Pork represents
50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos. Over the past few decades, the
swine industry contributed more than 70% of the animal meat output of the local industry
(PCARRD, 2005). At present, fewer producers than ever before produce pork, and the
operation are much larger than these were in the past.
Nowadays, backyard swine raising popular in every areas of the Philippines.
Farmers engage in this activity because people in the area are notably meat eaters in
addition of their culture of using pigs as ceremonial animals. Backyard swine is a major
source of protein for the family and as a source of additional income.
Commercial feeds are popularly to supply the specific needs of animals. As a
result, since the availability of local plant products as source of most nutrients in
livestock production, there is a great need then to explore the possibility of using fresh
coconut meat and banana peeling as food supplement for growing hogs.
Banana (Musa sapientum L.) is a common backyard plant in the countryside. In
population centers, banana peelings are available everyday as waste from the sale of
banana cue and turon as the common snack products. The portion of the banana, which is
waste as peel, is 18-20%. Traditionally, the volume of farm wastes from banana industry
can utilized as feed for hogs and cattle.
On other hand, Fresh coconut meat (matured) is a very popular feed for backyard
swine. It has high-energy value from 60-70 percent fat. When added to fine rice bran in
equal proportion, it constitutes a very good ration for fattening pigs. Early studies showed
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
that based on feed required for given unit of gain, 1.25 kilograms of grated fresh coconut
meat has a feeding value approximately equal to 1-kilo grain of corn. Using rate of gain
in weight as the measure of feed efficiency, two parts of fresh grated coconut meat used
in place of one part corn as the basic constituent of the ration for growing – fattening pigs
was found to be more efficient than corn.
The feeding experiment generally aimed to assess the potentials of coconut meat
(matured) and banana peelings as feed supplements for growing finishing pigs.
Specifically, it aimed to determine the response of growing-finishing pigs fed with the
supplements in terms of weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and net
income.
The study was conducted from May to August 2010 in Barangay Florida, Maria
Aurora, Aurora for a period of 90 days.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Banana Peelings as Hog Feed
Banana (Musa sapientum L.) is a fast growing crop with a 3-5 ft. high herbaceous
stem and almost every part as usable. Nowadays, banana waste is a problem where they
are disposed, especially banana peelings. The portion of the banana, which is wasted as
peel is 18-20 %. Traditionally the peel is disposed in the field or just thrown anywhere,
which cause environmental problems. As the peel has high-energy content of 4592
Kgcal/kg, it has low protein content of 47.77%. It also contains 95.66 % dry matter,
14.56 % ether extract, 11.95% crude fiber, 0.36% calcium, 0.23% phosphorus, and 0.36%
ash and according to them, the digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter and
protein, net protein utilization, biological value, digestible energy and metabolic energy
in three types of banana peelings indicated no statistical difference. The nutritive value of
ripe banana peel was slightly better than the almost ripe green peel (Tartrakoon and
Langenhens, 1999).
Musa sapientum peels will analyze for minerals, nutritional and anti-nutritional
contents. The result of mineral content indicate the concentrations (mg/g) of potassium,
calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium and niobium
to be 78.10, 19.20, 24.30, 0.61, 76.20, 0.04, 0.21, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.02, respectively. The
percentage concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber were 0.90,
1.70, 59.00 and 31.70, respectively. the results indicate that if the peels are properly
exploited and processed, these could be a high quality and cheap source of carbohydrates
and minerals for livestock (Anhwange et al., 2009).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Sison (1982) reported that dried banana peeling is a good feed supplement for
finishing hogs. Results showed that dried banana peeling could be incorporated in the hog
finishing diet without adverse effect on gain and feed conversion ratio. He stated that
swine raisers can save on feed cost by adding 8 to 16 % dried banana-peeling meal to
ordinary commercial hog fattener mash.
Silverio (1981) stated that banana peelings are promising raw materials, which are
just left or thrown away by banana cue and toron peddlers. He also reported that these
could be energy and protein sources for animal production with a level of 8-16% as
highly recommended to hog finisher rations. However, at a higher rate usage is beyond
24% with isonitrogenous and isocalorie feed additives to be applied to attain good
performance.
Coconut Meat as Hog Feed
Coconut (Cocos nutrifera L.) is popularly known as the “tree of life” because of
the variety of products and by-products made from the tree namely: coconut meat, oil,
juice, husk, shell charcoal, leaves, pith, trunk, and roots (Roberts, 2006).
Coconut meat is the thicker layer of kernel is much lower in moisture and high
calories. The coconut is high in oil content and it used for oil extraction. The coconut oil
has a high percentage of medium chain triglycerides (M.C.T.). This is the coconut at its
maximum degree of maturity with moisture percentage of 36.3; 4.5 grams of protein,
41.6 grams of fats, 444 grams of calories per 100 grams (Barreto, 2009).
The nutrient contents of coconut meat (raw) per 100 grams are the following:
moisture (%) 47.0; energy (Kcal and KJ) 354 and 1480; protein (g) 3.3; and other nutrient
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
like fat, carbohydrate, and fiber. They stated that coconut meat (raw) is also rich in
protein and it contains high dietary fiber but free in cholesterol (Anonymous, 2010).
The recommended level of copra meal in the ration for growing 10kg per 100 kg
and finishing pigs is about 20 kg per 100 kg of feeds. It should not be higher than this
level because coconut is high in oil that affects the health of the animal (PCARRD,
2003).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the study are the following: 9 crossbred(large white x
duroc) pigs, which are 3 months old, commercial hog ration, feeding and drinking
troughs, matured coconut, banana peelings (dippig), stick broom, pails, weighing scale,
record book and pen.
A week before selecting or choosing the experimental animals, pens were
prepared, disinfected and cleaned thoroughly including the area. The animals were
weighed and randomly distributed into three treatments following the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) of an experiment. Each treatment was replicated three times
with one animal serving as replicate. However, before the pigs were placed into their
respective pens, their individual weights were taken and recorded.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0 (control) = Commercial Feeds (CF)
T1
= CF + 1kg banana peelings daily
T2
= CF + 1kg banana peelings + 500g coconut meat
Matured coconut meat to be used for the day was separated daily from its shell-
using knife or bolo. The banana peelings were washed and allowed to drain. After
draining, the feedstuff was prepared, weighed(Figure 1) and given to the pigs based on
specified amount.
The initial weight of the 9 pigs were determined and record before the start of the
study. All the experimental animals were subjected to the same care and management
except on their diets.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
In treatment 1, a kilogram of banana peeling was offered to each pig. The same is
true with treatment 2, however, 500 grams of raw coconut meat was also given in
addition to the 1 kg banana peelings. Animals in the control group did not receive any
supplement. Giving of supplements was done twice a day, 10:00 am and 2:00 pm.
Concentrate feeding of the animals also done twice 7:00 am and 5:00 pm.
The animals were housed individually in pens with concrete cement floor.
Cleanliness of their pens was observed and their manure and urine were washed out to
the drainage three times. The animals were also dewormed two times, at the start of the
study and two weeks before the end of the study. The pigs were also weighed at the end of
the study in order to get the final weight (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Weighing of coconut meat (matured) and banana peelings
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Figure 2. Weighing of pigs at the end of the study
The Data Gathered
1. Initial weight (kg). This refers to the individual weight of the animals taken at
the start of the study.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the individual weight of animals taken at the
completion of the study.
3. Feed offered (kg). This refers to the quantity of feed given to each experimental
animal each day.
4. Feed left over (kg). This refers to the quantity of feed bot eaten by the
experimental animal each day.
5. Production cost. This refers to the cost incurred in providing all materials
needed during the conduct of the study. It should include the cost of equipment/facility
use and supervision/management.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
6. Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight of
the animal from its final weight.
7. Average daily gain in weight (ADG). This is determined using the formula:
ADG= Final Weight- Initial Weight
Number of Experimental Days
8. Total feed consumption (kg). This refers to the amount of feed consumed by an
animal from the start to the end of the feeding trial.
a. commercial feeds
b. raw coconut meat
c. banana peelings
9. Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained using the formula:
FCR= Total Amount of Feed Consumed
Total Gain in Weight
10. Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by dividing the net profit by
the total cost of production multiplied by 100%.
ROI (%) = Net Return x 100
Total Expenses
11. Net profit (Php). This was determined by subtracting the cost of producing
the pigs (input) from the sales of the produced pigs (output).
All the data gathered were tabulated and were subjected to the analysis of
variance for the completely randomized design (CRD). Comparison between means was
made using the Duncan’s Multiple Ranged Test (DMRT).
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body Weight
Table 1 shows the initial and final weight of the experimental animals. In terms of
initial weight, statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences
between treatment means. This is consistent with the requirement of the experimental
design that animals must be homogenous at the start of the study.
In terms of the final weight, significant differences were observed between the
control and treated group. Pigs without supplement had a lower final weight with the
means of 87 kg, however weights were observed from the pigs given supplements. The
pigs given banana peelings a mean final weight of 97.33 kg and those given banana
peelings plus coconut meat had a mean final weight of 98.67 kg.
Table 1. Initial weight of pigs at 90 days of age and final weight at 180 days of age (kg)
MEAN
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL WEIGHT
Commercial Feeds
39.67a
87.00b
( control group)
CF + 1kgbanana peelings
39.33a
97.33a
CF + 1kg banana peelings +
500g coconut meat(matured)
39.33a
98.67a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total and average daily gain (ADG) in weight of the
experimental pigs. True to both parameters, it is shown in the table that the pigs given
banana peelings and those given banana peelings and coconut supplementation had
higher gains compared to the control pigs or those given no supplementation as revealed
by the statistical analysis. The result revealed that giving banana peelings alone or in
combination with coconut meat to pigs as “merienda” or snack result to higher gains in
weight.
Table 2. Total and average daily gain in weight
MEAN
TREATMENT
AVERAGE DAILY
TOTAL GAIN
GAIN IN WEIGHT
IN WEIGHT
Commercial Feeds
0.526b
47.33b
( control group)
CF + 1kg banana peelings
0.644a
58.00a
CF + 1kg banana peeling +
500g coconut meat(matured)
0.659a
59.33a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Feed consumption and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Table 3 presents the feed consumption and the feed conversion ration of the pigs
in the three treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences
in the feed consumption of the pigs. The pigs given banana peelings and coconut meat
supplementation registered the highest feed consumption with a mean of 306. 55 kg this
was followed by the pigs given banana peelings supplementation with a mean of 268.46
kg. As expected, the control pigs or those no supplementation consumed the least with a
mean of 202.5 kg.
However, in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR) no significant differences were
observed as revealed by the statistical analysis. This means that the FCRs of the pigs in
the three treatments were more or less the same. This was because even if the pigs given
supplementation had higher feed consumption than those given no supplementation, they
also had higher gains in weight compared to the later hence, the non significance.
Table 3.Feed intake and feed conversion ratio
MEAN
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED CONVERSION
(kg)
RATIO
Commercial Feeds
202.50c
4.30a
( control group)
CF + 1kg banana peelings
268.46b
4.64a
CF + 1kg banana peelings +
500g coconut meat(matured)
306.55a
5.18a
Means with common letters are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Net Returns and Returns on Investment (ROI)
Table 4 presents the net returns and returns on investment obtained from the
different treatments. Even though this parameter was not subjected to statistical analysis,
it is revealed in the Table that the returns realized from the pigs given banana peeling
supplementation was the highest with an ROI of 18.68%. This was followed by the pigs
given both banana peelings and coconut meat supplementation with an ROI 13.61%. The
pigs in the control or those given no feed supplementation registered the lowest ROI of
10.92%. Higher production cost were observed form the pigs given feed supplementation
compared to those given no feed supplementation or the control pigs, however, their final
weights were significantly heavier than the final weights of the control pigs. Because
their weights were significantly heavier, higher net returns were also realized.
Table 4. Net Returns and Returns on Investment (ROI)
GROSS
TREATMENT
SALE
TPC
NET RETURN
ROI
(Php)
(Php)
(php)
(%)
Commercial
feeds
31,200.00
28,129.00
3,100.00
10.92
(control group)
CF + 1kg
35,040.00
29,524.00
5,815.00
18.68
banana peeling
CF + 1kg
banana peeling
+ 500g coconut
35,520.00
31,264.00
4,555.00
13.61
meat(matured)
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to assess the potentials of raw coconut meat and banana
peelings as feed supplements for growing-finishing pigs. It was conducted at Barangay
Florida, Maria Aurora, Aurora from May to August, 2010 or for a period of 90 days.
Results of the study revealed significant differences between treatments means in
terms of final weight, total gain in weight, average daily gain in weight and feed
consumption. The statistical showed no significant differences in the initial weight and
feed conversion ratio.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that giving banana
peelings or banana peelings plus coconut meat as “merienda” or snacks to growing-
finishing pigs results to higher gains in weight of the pigs and higher net returns.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, it can be recommended that 1kg banana peelings
or 1 kg banana peelings plus 500g coconut meat can be given to growing- finishing pigs
as feed supplements. However, it is also recommended that a related study should be
conducted but it should include the carcass characteristic and nutrient composition of the
meat derived from the pigs given the above feed supplements.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
LITERATURE CITED
ANHWANGE, B. A., V. O. AJIBOLA AND F. G. OKIBE. 2009. Chemical Composition
of (Musa sapientum) Banana Peelings.Pp.438-441. Retrieved January 13, 2010
from http://www.EJEAFChe,8(6).
ANONYMOUS. 2010. Coconut meat, milk: healthy or not? Retrieved January 13, 2010
from http://www.health24.com/dietnfood/General/15-742-775,32168.asp.
BARRETO, M. L. 2009. Food Values of a Vegetarian Diet. Retrieved January 18, 2010
from http://www.bhj.org/books/diets/chapl.html
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2003. The Philippine
Recommended for Livestock Feed Formulation PCARRD DOST and PARRFI.
Los Baños, Laguna, Phil. P. 63.
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD). 2005. The Philippine
Recommended for Pork Production. Los Baños, Laguna, Phil.:PCARRD / DOST
PFIZER, Inc.
ROBERTS, J. A. 2006. Animal Feed Nutrition. Retieved 06, 2010 from
http://www.google.com.
SISON, J. A. 1982.Animal Food Service Bulletin,6:3, Animal Feed Control Division.
Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.
SILVERIO, V. G. 1981. The Utilization of Banana Meal in Hog Ration. Bureau of
AnimalIndustry and National Science Development Board. p. 24.
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial body weight of pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
41
40
38
119
39.67
T1
39
38
41
118
39.33
T2
38
41
39
118
39.33
GRAND TOTAL 355
GRAND MEAN 39.44
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMEN
T
2
1.00
0.50
0.23 ns
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
13.22
2.20
TOTAL
8
14.22
ns = Not Significant
Coefficient of Variance = 3.88%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 2. Final weight of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
92
88
81
261
87.00
T1
101
94
97
292
97.33
T2
93
103
100
296
98.67
GRAND TOTAL 848
GRAND MEAN 94.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARE
SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
244.67
122.335
5.27*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
139.33
23.222
TOTAL
8
384.00
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 5.09%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
51
48
43
142
47.33
T1
62
56
56
174
58.00
T2
55
62
61
178
59.33
GRAND TOTAL 494
GRAND MEAN 54.87
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
259.5557
129.7779 9.13*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
85.3332
14.2222
TOTAL
8
344.8889
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 8.44 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 4. Average daily gain in weight of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
0.57
0.53
0.48
1.58
0.5267
T1
0.69
0.62
0.62
1.93
0.6433
T2
0.61
0.69
0.68
1.98
0.6600
GRAND TOTAL 5.59
GRAND MEAN 0.6100
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
0.0317
0.0158
8.53*
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
0.0111
0.0019
TOTAL
8
0.0428
* = significant
Coefficient of Variance = 7.15 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 5. Total feed consumption of the pigs (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
202.50
202.50
202.50
607.50
202.50
T1
259.69
253.18
292.50
805.37
268.46
T2
309.48
300.04
310.12
919.64
306.55
GRAND TOTAL 2,332.51
GRAND MEAN 259.17
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
TABULAR F
OF TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE FREEDOM
SQUARE SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATME
NT
2
16626.838 813.4194 52.39 **
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
952.023
158.6715
TOTAL
8
17578.862
**=high significant
Coefficient of Variance = 4.86%
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 6. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T0
3.971
4.219
4.709
12.899
4.2997
T1
4.189
4.521
5.223
13.933
4.6443
T2
5.677
4.839
5.084
15.55
5.1833
GRAND TOTAL 42.382
GRAND M EAN 4.7091
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGEES
TABULAR F
TABLE
OF
SUM OF
MEAN
VARIANCE
FREEDOM SQUARE
SQUARE
CF
0.05
0.01
TREATMENT
2
1.19023
0.595
3.07ns
5.14
10.92
ERROR
6
1.16475
0.194
TOTAL
8
2.35498
ns = not significant
Coefficient of Variance = 9.76 %
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Appendix Table 7. Cost and return analysis
SUPPLEMENTED
SUPPLEMENTED
WITH BANANA
CONTROL
GROUP
WITH BANANA
PEELINGS AND
PEELINGS
FRESH COCONUT
MEAT
A. Sales from 3 pigs
31,200.00
35,040.00
35,520.00
@php 120/kg
B. Less Input
1. Stock (3 pigs about
12,600.00
12,600.00
12,600.00
39kg average at 3
months.old)
@ php 4200 each
2. Feeds (pellets)
6,075.00
6,075.00
6,075.00
a. Grower
@ php 22.50/kg
(270 kg )
b. Finisher
7,425.00
7,425.00
7,425.00
@ php 22.00/kg
(337.50 kg )
3. Banana peeling
-
270.00
270.00
@php 1.00/kg
(270 kg)
4. Coconut
-
-
1,740.00
@ php 6.00/pc
(290 pcs )
5. Labor
@ php 25/hr
a) cleaning and
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
feeding
(60 hrs)
b) giving
-
1,125.00
1,125.00
supplement
(45 hrs )
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
SUPPLEMENTED
SUPPLEMENTED
WITH BANANA
CONTROL
GROUP
WITH BANANA
PEELINGS AND
PEELINGS
FRESH COCONUT
MEAT
6. Dewormer
@php 29.00/ sacket
29.00
29.00
29.00
(3 pcs)
7. Housing rent
@ php 500 a month
500.00
500.00
500.00
( 3 months )
Subtotal
28,129.00
29,524.00
31,264.00
Net Return
3,071.00
5,516.00
4,256.00
Return on Investment (%)
10.92
18.68
13.61
Performance of Growing – Finishing Hogs Fed with Commercial Feeds Supplemented with
Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings. DELFIN, HAROLD B. OCTOBER 2010.
Document Outline
- Performance of Growing � Finishing Hogs Fedwith Commercial Feeds Supplemented with Coconut Meat (Matured) and Banana Peelings
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED