BIBLIOGRAPHY ACAY, RYAN P. APRIL 2011....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACAY, RYAN P. APRIL 2011. Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for
Growing-Finishing Broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the response of broilers given different
levels of Silkworm pupa. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of Silkworm pupa
meal on the growth rate and feed consumption of broilers; to establish other uses of
silkworm aside from silk and to determine the level of silkworm pupa that will give the
best results in production.
No significant differences were noted in terms of the initial weight. After 24 days
of trial feeding, the birds fed with silkworm pupa were heavier in final weights and
gained more, and had better feed efficiency. The commercial feed consumption of the
birds fed with silkworm pupa was increase due to the addition of silkworm pupa meal,
resulting to higher gain in weight. Better ROIs were obtained from the birds given
Silkworm pupa.
It is therefore concluded that Silkworm pupa meal can be incorporated in the
growing-finishing ration for broilers with advantageous effects on growth. Furthermore,
it is recommended that Silkworm pupa meal can be added in the broilers diet during the
growing-finishing period to increase in weight.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract …………………...……………………………………………………. i
Table of Content ……………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………...
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………...
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Initial and Final Weights ………………………………………………. 14
Total Gain in Weight …………………………………………………… 15
Feed Consumption ……………………………………………………… 15
Feed Conversion Ratio …………………………………………………. 16
Feed Cost to Produce
a Kilogram of Broiler ………………………………………………….. 16
Morbidity and Mortality ……………………………………………….. 17
Return on Investment …………………………………………………... 17
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 19
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………... 20
Recommendation ………………………………………………………. 20
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 21
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………. 22
1
INTRODUCTION
Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first
domestication of animals. Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and
many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists,
feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals. Techniques such as artificial
insemination and embryo transfer are frequently used, not only as methods to guarantee
that females are bred, but also to help improve herd genetics. This may be done by
transplanting embryos from stud-quality females into flock-quality surrogate mothers -
freeing up the stud-quality mother to be reimpregnated. This practice vastly increases the
number of offspring which may be produced by a small selection of stud-quality parent
animals. This in turn improves the ability of the animals to convert feed to meat, milk, or
fiber more efficiently, and improve the quality of the final product.
It is deplorable, that in spite of this tremendous development in agriculture,
hunger and malnutrition still hover over the world, particularly Asia, which include the
Philippines.
In Asia and indeed other developing countries of the world, fish meal is the most
important conventional animal protein source, but its production, availability and cost is a
major concern to animal nutritionists. Fish meal is very scarce and expensive and its
inclusion in the diets for poultry hardly permits profitability. Fish meal is the only
conventional animal protein source for poultry and poultry is in competition with human
and other livestock for it which makes it very expensive and its inclusion in the diets
results in less profitable poultry production.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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Besides availability and high cost, the quality of fish meal is quite uncertain due
to the use of different varieties, part of fish and different processing technologies in its
production. In addition it is often contaminated with other ingredients such as sand,
sawdust and fish bones and the use of chemicals for preservation often caused toxicity to
poultry birds.
Unconventional protein sources such as silkworm pupa will be utilized in broiler
production. In all these cases there will be reduction in feed cost and increased
profitability without compromising the performance. Silkworm is silvery white in
appearance and about 7.5-10 cm long when fully grown. Silkworm caterpillar is sparingly
consumed by some local communities and picked up by scavenging domestic fowls in
other communities. However information on the usefulness of these insect species as feed
ingredient in poultry production is possible.
The concern of broiler grower today is to improve the production. This could be
attained by improving the growth efficiency of producing birds with the use of silkworm
pupa. With the sky rocketing price of farm inputs, efforts are directed toward reducing
cost of production without compromising animal performance. In this connection,
silkworm pupa will be added to the feeds of the birds to prove if it will improve the
performance of the birds. The study aimed to determine the utilization of silkworm pupa
as supplement in poultry ration. The result of this will be use by farmers and other
researchers in animal production and also will be added to the body of knowledge already
generated from other experiment in the field of agriculture.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of silkworm on the growth
performance of broilers in terms of growth rate; and feed consumption, establish the
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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importance of silkworm which is not only in the production of silk, and determine the
level of silkworm pupa that will give the best result.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Poultry Experimental Farm
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 10 to February 23, 2011.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Some insects are edible. In fact, most insects are edible, but there are a few
species that are especially palatable, nutritious, and easily obtainable. Many species of
insects are lower in fat, higher in protein, and have a better feed to meat ratio than beef,
lamb, pork, or chicken. Insects are easy to rise. There is no manure forking. No hay bale
lifting. No veterinary bills. You can raise them in an apartment without getting
complaints (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005).
Generally silkworms are raised in a confined environment, where feed is
harvested and brought to them to be fed, therefore after the silkworm die the pupae are
easily collected and can be used as a supplemental protein source. Large quantities of
silkworm pupae are produced as a byproduct of the silk industry. Silkworm meal has
been used in feeding monogastric and ruminant species for many years in Asian
countries. The meal contains the exoskeleton and the contents of the body cavity. Chitin,
which is a component of the exoskeleton, contains approximately 25 % of the CP content,
which is not composed of amino acids and is not digestible. The amount of silkworm
meal that can be used is dependent upon the species it is being fed too. The fat
component of the silkworm meal seems to be the component that limits its usage, when
the fat content is reduced higher amounts can be fed. High level of silkworm meal can be
fed to carp and layer chickens, but only a portion of the fish meal can be replaced in diets
for broiler chick diets without depressing performance (Anonymous, 2005).
Silkworm pupae amino acids is natural nutrition food, which composed from a
proportional small peptides and compound Amino Acids adopted bioenzymic directing
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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degraded technology. Silkworm amino acid consists of 18 kinds of amino acids (8 kinds
acids is the necessary human acids). The amino acids content of the these 8 kinds of
necessary human acids is twice as porky, four times as egg and ten times as milk.
Because of having the advantage of balanced nutrition and appropriate proportion, these
necessary human amino acids meet the requirement of FAO/WHO (UN Food and
Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization). Silkworm amino acid is
a high-quality insect protein very suitable for human's demands. Silkworm contains
potassium, Calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, phosphorus ,
selenium and other trace elements and vitamins A, E, B1, B2, carotene, Etc, all of these
are indispensable element of the human body. Silkworm pupa is rich with unsaturated
fatty acids, accounting for about 72.5% of total fat. Unsaturated fatty acids play an
important role in maintain the normal physiological, keeping the cell membrane relative
mobility to ensure cell having normal physiological function, accelerate cholesterol
esterification that reduce blood cholesterol and triglyceride ,promote growth and
development of infants and synthesis of prostaglandins, reduce blood clotting to improve
the microcirculation, improve cell viability ,enhance memory and thinking ability,
promote the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (Solomon, and Yusufu,
2005).
Like many insect species, silkworm pupae are eaten in some cultures. In Korea
they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi. In China,
street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae. Silkworms have also been proposed for
cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions (Anonymous, 2007).
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According to Silkworm Nutritional Information (2005), the chemical composition
and the nutritional quality of protein of pupae of the silkworm were investigated.
Investigations showed that the pupal powder contain 7.6% moisture, 71.9% crude
protein, 20.1% fat and 4.0% ash on a dry matter basis. The mineral analysis indicated
high K content with a low Na/K ratio and low heavy metal content.
Fermented silkworm pupae silage or untreated fresh SWP pastes were
incorporated in carp feed formulations replacing fishmeal. The feed formulations were
isonitrogenous (30.2-30.9% protein) and isocaloric (ME = 2905-2935 kcal/kg). Feeding
under a polyculture system consisting of 30% each of catla (Catla catla), mrigal
(Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with 10% silver carps (Hypophthalmychthys
molitrix) was carried out in ponds to evaluate the nutritive quality of SWP silage.
Survival rate, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate, respectively, were 84.2%,
2.10 and 2.39 for fermented SWP silage, 65.8%, 2.98 and 2.26 for untreated SWP and
67.5%, 3.16 and 2.20 for fishmeal indicating clearly that the fermented SWP silage was
nutritionally superior to untreated SWP or fishmeal. The dietary influence on the
proximate composition of whole fish was marginal (Khatun et al., 2003).
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials used in this study are as follows: 160 heads of broiler chicks,
brooding and rearing cages, disinfectant, vaccines, electric bulb, newspaper sheets, feeds,
silkworm pupa, feeders, waterers, weighing scale and record book.
Methodology
Preparation of brooding and rearing cages. Prior to the start of the study, all the
brooders, feeders, and waterers were cleaned and disinfected. Old newspaper sheets were
spread on the floor to prevent the chick from tripping on the floor and to serves as
receptacle for the feeds of the chicks for the first few days. These were also help conserve
heat inside the brooding cage and protect the chicks from draft. The lighting system was
installed and brooder was lighted to make sure they are functional few hours before the
chicks arrived.
Procurement of stocks . The broiler chicks were purchased from Agrimix Center,
Perez Blvd, Dagupan City. Cobb broilers were used in the study.
Experimental design and treatment. Following the completely randomized design
(CRD), the 160 broiler chicks were divided into four treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per
treatment.
The different treatments were the following:
T0- 100 % commercial feeds (CF; Control)
T - 50 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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T - 100 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2
T - 150 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
3
Procurement and preparation of silkworm pupa meal. The oven-dried silkworm
pupa meal was sourced from Lomon, Kapangan, Benguet. The preparation was done at
the rearing area. The collected silkworm pupa (Figure 1) were oven dried first to 50 %
moisture content (Figure 2) to remove the moisture then were ground (Figure 3) and
incorporated to the feeds of the broilers (Figures 4 to 6).
Care and management of the birds. All the experimental birds were subjected to
the same care and management. The differences were on the amount of silkworm pupa
meal that was incorporated to the feeds of the birds. The control group was given
commercial feeds only. The birds under treatment 1 were given 50 grams of silkworm
pupa meal per kilogram of commercial feeds, while those under treatment 2 were given
100 grams of silkworm pupa meal per kilograms of commercial feeds. The treatments 3
birds were given 150 grams of silkworm pupa meal per kilogram of commercial feeds.
The birds were given broiler starter mash for the first four weeks. Their feeds were
shifted to the broiler finisher mash from the fifth week until the end of the study. The
addition of silkworm pupa meal to the feeds of the birds were started from the 22nd day
of brooding until the birds are 45 days old which is the end of the study. Feeding was at
adlibitum. The amount of feeds to be offered were measured and recorded before they
were given to the birds. Any leftover feeds for the day were also recorded to determine
the feed consumption.
Medication water was available at all times. The chicks were fed thrice a day, at
6:00 am, 12 noon, and 5: 00 pm.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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Figure 1. Fresh Silkworm pupa
Figure 2. Oven-dried Silkworm pupa
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Figure 3. Ground Silkworm pupa
Figure 4. 300 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
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Figure 5. 600 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
Figure 6. 900 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 21
days of age.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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2.
Final weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 45
days of age.
3.
Feeds offered (kg). This was taken by summing up the feeds offered to broilers
during the experimental period.
4.
Feeds left-over (kg). This was taken by summing up the weight of feed left-
over during the experimental period.
5. Number of sick birds. This was taken by counting the number of sick birds in
each treatment.
6.
Number of dead birds. This was taken by counting the number of dead birds in
each treatment.
7.
Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight to
the final weight of the birds.
8.
Total feed intake (kg). This was computed by taking the difference between the
feed offered and the refused feed divided by the feed consumed.
9.
Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight.
10.
Percentage mortality. This was obtained by dividing the number of dead birds
by the initial number of birds multiplied by 100 %.
11.
Percentage morbidity. This was obtained by dividing the number of sick birds
by the initial number of birds multiplied by 100%.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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12.
Cost of feeds to produced a kilogram gain in weight. This was taken by
multiplying the feed conversion efficiency by the cost of kilogram feed mixture.
13.
Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the cost of production from
the total sales.
14.
Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by using the following
formula:
ROI = Net Profit x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
Analysis of Variance for CRD was used to analyze the data while Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to compare treatment means.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Initial and Final Weights
Table 1 presents the initial weights (21 days) of the birds in all treatments.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment means. This implies that the bird were homogenous at the start of the study.
The final weights (45 days) of the broilers in all treatments are also shown in
Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of birds were affected by increasing
the level of silkworm pupa meal added to their feeds. As you increase the level of
silkworm pupa meal added to the feeds, the weight of the birds tends to increase. This
increase in weights could be attributed to the high protein content of silkworm pupa meal
which may have enhanced muscle deposition in the birds fed 50 to 150 g pupa meal.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds
WEIGHT
TREATMENT
INITIAL (kg) FINAL (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.67a
1.59c
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.66a
1.68bc
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.68a
1.74ab
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.67a
1.81a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
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Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the treatment means. One
hundred fifty grams of silkworm pupa meal supplementation obtained the mean average
of 1.14 kg, which is higher than that of the other groups. This implies that adding
silkworm pupa meal to the feeds of the birds will positively affect the growth
performance of the birds. The result revealed that supplementing 50g to 150g silkworm
pupa meal on broilers ration numerically improve body weight gain and does not
detrimentally affect the growth rate of the birds.
Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents the feed consumption of the birds in the different treatments in
24 days of trial feeding. Statistical analysis revealed the significant difference among
treatment means. This finding implies that the birds given different amount of silkworm
pupa meal consumed more than the control groups. The addition of the silkworm pupa
meal to the feeds of the birds makes them more aggressive in consuming feeds. This is
due to the fact that insects are nutritious and palatable (Grimalde and Engel 2005).
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT TOTAL
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.92c
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.02b
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.06ab
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.14a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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Table 3. Feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
2.50d
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.59c
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.67b
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.74a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. Birds given one hundred
fifty grams of silkworm pupa meal had better FCR than any of the birds given one
hundred grams and fifty grams which did not significantly different from each other and
the control groups. This indicates that the addition of silkworm pupa meal of the birds
makes them more efficient in converting feeds to flesh. The overall mean feed conversion
ratio of the birds was 2.55.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
Presented in the same table are the feed costs to produce a kilogram increase in
body weight. Statistical analysis showed the significant difference among the treatment
means. The birds given the highest amount of silkworm pupa meal (150 gram) has the
higher feed cost to produce a kg gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between
the level of silkworm pupa meal and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to
the additional cost incurred in the procurement of silkworm pupa meal.
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Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost to produce a kg of broiler
FEED CONVERSION
FEED COST
TREATMENT
RATIO
(Php)
Pure commercial feeds
2.71a
70.00d
50 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.55ab
75.29c
100 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.53ab
80.17b
150 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.41b
84.52a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Morbidity and Mortality rate
There were chicks that died but this was incurred during the brooding or the pre-
experimental period. But the good health of the birds was maintained all throughout the
study period.
Return on Investment
Table 5 showed the returned on investment in the different treatments. Even
though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown their higher profits were
obtained from the birds with silkworm pupa meal added to their feeds. This implies that
supplementing silkworm pupa on broilers ration resulted to a higher income than feeding
commercial feeds purely.
Table 5. Net return and return on investment
PARTICULARS
T0
T1
T2
T3
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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Cost of feeds (Php)
3,864
3,830.4
3,785.6
3,733.8
Cost of silkworm pupa meal (Php)
0
245
485
715
Cost of stocks (Php)
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,250
Cost of medicines (Php)
268
268
268
268
Cost of bulbs (Php)
200
200
200
200
Cost of disinfectant (Php)
25
25
25
25
Fixtures rental (Php)
100
100
100
100
Total cost (Php)
5,707
5,918.4
6,113.6
6,291.8
Total sales (Php)
6,360
6,720
6,960
7,240
Net income (Php)
653
801.6
846.4
948.2
ROI %
11.44
13.54
13.84
15.07
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of silkworm
pupa on the growth performance of cobb broilers. One hundred sixty day-old broiler
chicks were distributed at random following the completely randomized design (CRD)
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per
replication, making a total of 40 per treatment. The treatments were T0- pure commercial
feeds or 0% silkworm pupa meal, T1- 50 grams silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial
feeds, T2- 100 grams silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial feeds, T3- 150 grams
silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in term of
initial weight. Significant differences were observed in the final weight, total gain in
weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and feed cost to produced a kilogram of
broilers.
Although the Return on Investment (ROI) values were not subjected to statistical
analysis, higher ROI’s was obtained from the birds supplemented with silkworm pupa
meal compared to the control group. The highest ROI was observed in the birds given
150 grams of silkworm pupa meal was 15.07% followed by these fed 100 grams and 50
grams ROI values of 13.84% and 13.54% respectively. Lowest ROI of 11.46% was
observed in the control group.
Conclusion
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Based on the results of the study, the addition of silkworm pupa meal on the
broiler ration gives an advantage in terms of final weight, total gain in weight and feed
conversion ratio. Therefore, it is concluded that silkworm pupa meal can be incorporated
in the feed growing-finishing broilers to enhance growth and feed efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing silkworm pupa meal on broilers ration resulted to higher
income, it is recommended that silkworm pupa meal should be added in broiler diets
during the growing-finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
silkworm pupa meal is increased beyond 150 g.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Fish Meal Facts and Figures. Fish Meal Information networks
(FIN). College Yard, Lower Dagnal Street, St Albans. A13 APA U.K.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Silkworm as Food. Retrieved July 31 2010 from
http://www.wormspit.com/wormfoods.htm.
GRIMALDE and ENGEL. 2005. Evolution of Insects. Cambridge University Press.
KHATUN, R., M.A.R. HOWLIDER, M. M. RAHMAN and M. HASANUZZAMAN
2003. Replacement of fish meal by silkworm pupae in broiler diets. Pak. J. Biol.
Sci., 6: 955-958.
SILKWORM NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION (SNI). 2005. Silkworm nutritional
information. Retrieved July 31, 2010 from
www.http.//client;bso02/c/myDocuments/Silkworm.html.
SOLOMON, S.G. and I.I. YUSUFU 2005. The Amino acid profile, proximate and
mineral composition of silkworm caterpillar (Anaphe infracta) meal as possible
alternative to fish meal in the diets of cultural fish species. Department of
Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
0.66
0.65
0.67
0.69
2.67
0.67
T1
0.66
0.68
0.66
0.65
2.65
0.66
T2
0.72
0.65
0.67
0.67
2.71
0.68
T3
0.68
0.67
0.64
0.70
2.69
0.67
GRAND TOTAL
10.72
GRAND MEAN
0.67
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.0005 0.000167 0.34ns 0.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0059 0.000492
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.0064
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ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=3.31%
Appendix Table 2. Final weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
1.58
1.57
1.60
1.61
6.36
1.59
T1
1.65
1.71
1.66
1.70
6.72
1.68
T2
1.68
1.80
1.71
1.77
6.96
1.74
T3
1.78
1.90
1.72
1.85
7.25
1.81
GRAND TOTAL
27.29
GRAND MEAN
1.71
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1065 0.035506 13.62**
3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0313 0.002606
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.1378
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation= 2.99%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
24
Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.92
3.69
0.92
T1
0.99
1.03
1.0
1.05
4.07
1.02
T2
0.96
1.15
1.04
1.10
4.25
1.06
T3
1.10
1.23
1.08
1.15
4.56
1.14
GRAND TOTAL
16.57
GRAND MEAN
1.04
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.0990 0.03299 11.05** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0358 0.002985
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.2348
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=5.28%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
25
Appendix Table 4. Feed consumption (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
2.47
2.49
2.51
2.53
10
2.50
T1
2.57
2.60
2.58
2.61
10.36
2.59
T2
2.66
2.69
2.65
2.68
10.68
2.67
T3
2.73
2.72
2.76
2.75
10.96
2.74
GRAND TOTAL
42
GRAND MEAN
2.63
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1284 0.0428 102.72** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0050 0.000417
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.1334
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=0 .78%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
26
Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
2.68
2.71
2.70
2.75
10.84
2.71
T1
2.60
2.52
2.58
2.49
10.19
2.55
T2
2.77
2.34
2.55
2.44
10.10
2.53
T3
2.48
2.21
2.56
2.39
9.64
2.41
GRAND TOTAL
40.77
GRAND MEAN
2.55
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1833 0.06109 4.06*
3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.1804 0.015031
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.3636
* Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.81%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
27
Appendix Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kg of broiler (Php)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
69.16
69.72
70.28
70.84
280.00
70.00
T1
74.73
75.57
75.01
75.85
301.16
75.29
T2
79.89
80.73
79.61
80.45
320.68
80.17
T3
84.25
83.96
85.08
84.80
338.09
84.52
GRAND TOTAL
1239.93
GRAND MEAN
77.50
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 470.3137 156.7712 480.59**
3.49 5.95
Error 12 3.9145 0.326206
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 474.2282
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation= 0.74%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
28
Appendix Table 7. Return on investment
TO
T1
T2
T3
PARTICULARS
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Feeds
3,864
3,830.4
3,785.6
3,733.8
Silkworm pupa
245
485
715
Stocks
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,250
Medication
268
268
268
2680
Bulb
200
200
200
200
Disinfectant
25
25
25
25
Fixtures Rental
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
5,707
5,918.4
6,113.6
6,291.8
SALES
6,360
6,720
6,960
7,240
NET INCOME
653
801.6
846.4
948.2
ROI%
11.44%
13.54%
13.84%
15.07%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
ACAY, RYAN P. APRIL 2011. Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for
Growing-Finishing Broilers. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the response of broilers given different
levels of Silkworm pupa. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effect of Silkworm pupa
meal on the growth rate and feed consumption of broilers; to establish other uses of
silkworm aside from silk and to determine the level of silkworm pupa that will give the
best results in production.
No significant differences were noted in terms of the initial weight. After 24 days
of trial feeding, the birds fed with silkworm pupa were heavier in final weights and
gained more, and had better feed efficiency. The commercial feed consumption of the
birds fed with silkworm pupa was increase due to the addition of silkworm pupa meal,
resulting to higher gain in weight. Better ROIs were obtained from the birds given
Silkworm pupa.
It is therefore concluded that Silkworm pupa meal can be incorporated in the
growing-finishing ration for broilers with advantageous effects on growth. Furthermore,
it is recommended that Silkworm pupa meal can be added in the broilers diet during the
growing-finishing period to increase in weight.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………….. i
Abstract …………………...……………………………………………………. i
Table of Content ……………………………………………………………….. ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………...
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................. 4
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………...
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Initial and Final Weights ………………………………………………. 14
Total Gain in Weight …………………………………………………… 15
Feed Consumption ……………………………………………………… 15
Feed Conversion Ratio …………………………………………………. 16
Feed Cost to Produce
a Kilogram of Broiler ………………………………………………….. 16
Morbidity and Mortality ……………………………………………….. 17
Return on Investment …………………………………………………... 17
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 19
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………... 20
Recommendation ………………………………………………………. 20
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 21
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………. 22
1
INTRODUCTION
Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first
domestication of animals. Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and
many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists,
feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals. Techniques such as artificial
insemination and embryo transfer are frequently used, not only as methods to guarantee
that females are bred, but also to help improve herd genetics. This may be done by
transplanting embryos from stud-quality females into flock-quality surrogate mothers -
freeing up the stud-quality mother to be reimpregnated. This practice vastly increases the
number of offspring which may be produced by a small selection of stud-quality parent
animals. This in turn improves the ability of the animals to convert feed to meat, milk, or
fiber more efficiently, and improve the quality of the final product.
It is deplorable, that in spite of this tremendous development in agriculture,
hunger and malnutrition still hover over the world, particularly Asia, which include the
Philippines.
In Asia and indeed other developing countries of the world, fish meal is the most
important conventional animal protein source, but its production, availability and cost is a
major concern to animal nutritionists. Fish meal is very scarce and expensive and its
inclusion in the diets for poultry hardly permits profitability. Fish meal is the only
conventional animal protein source for poultry and poultry is in competition with human
and other livestock for it which makes it very expensive and its inclusion in the diets
results in less profitable poultry production.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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2
Besides availability and high cost, the quality of fish meal is quite uncertain due
to the use of different varieties, part of fish and different processing technologies in its
production. In addition it is often contaminated with other ingredients such as sand,
sawdust and fish bones and the use of chemicals for preservation often caused toxicity to
poultry birds.
Unconventional protein sources such as silkworm pupa will be utilized in broiler
production. In all these cases there will be reduction in feed cost and increased
profitability without compromising the performance. Silkworm is silvery white in
appearance and about 7.5-10 cm long when fully grown. Silkworm caterpillar is sparingly
consumed by some local communities and picked up by scavenging domestic fowls in
other communities. However information on the usefulness of these insect species as feed
ingredient in poultry production is possible.
The concern of broiler grower today is to improve the production. This could be
attained by improving the growth efficiency of producing birds with the use of silkworm
pupa. With the sky rocketing price of farm inputs, efforts are directed toward reducing
cost of production without compromising animal performance. In this connection,
silkworm pupa will be added to the feeds of the birds to prove if it will improve the
performance of the birds. The study aimed to determine the utilization of silkworm pupa
as supplement in poultry ration. The result of this will be use by farmers and other
researchers in animal production and also will be added to the body of knowledge already
generated from other experiment in the field of agriculture.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of silkworm on the growth
performance of broilers in terms of growth rate; and feed consumption, establish the
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
3
importance of silkworm which is not only in the production of silk, and determine the
level of silkworm pupa that will give the best result.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Poultry Experimental Farm
Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January 10 to February 23, 2011.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
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4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Some insects are edible. In fact, most insects are edible, but there are a few
species that are especially palatable, nutritious, and easily obtainable. Many species of
insects are lower in fat, higher in protein, and have a better feed to meat ratio than beef,
lamb, pork, or chicken. Insects are easy to rise. There is no manure forking. No hay bale
lifting. No veterinary bills. You can raise them in an apartment without getting
complaints (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005).
Generally silkworms are raised in a confined environment, where feed is
harvested and brought to them to be fed, therefore after the silkworm die the pupae are
easily collected and can be used as a supplemental protein source. Large quantities of
silkworm pupae are produced as a byproduct of the silk industry. Silkworm meal has
been used in feeding monogastric and ruminant species for many years in Asian
countries. The meal contains the exoskeleton and the contents of the body cavity. Chitin,
which is a component of the exoskeleton, contains approximately 25 % of the CP content,
which is not composed of amino acids and is not digestible. The amount of silkworm
meal that can be used is dependent upon the species it is being fed too. The fat
component of the silkworm meal seems to be the component that limits its usage, when
the fat content is reduced higher amounts can be fed. High level of silkworm meal can be
fed to carp and layer chickens, but only a portion of the fish meal can be replaced in diets
for broiler chick diets without depressing performance (Anonymous, 2005).
Silkworm pupae amino acids is natural nutrition food, which composed from a
proportional small peptides and compound Amino Acids adopted bioenzymic directing
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
5
degraded technology. Silkworm amino acid consists of 18 kinds of amino acids (8 kinds
acids is the necessary human acids). The amino acids content of the these 8 kinds of
necessary human acids is twice as porky, four times as egg and ten times as milk.
Because of having the advantage of balanced nutrition and appropriate proportion, these
necessary human amino acids meet the requirement of FAO/WHO (UN Food and
Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization). Silkworm amino acid is
a high-quality insect protein very suitable for human's demands. Silkworm contains
potassium, Calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, phosphorus ,
selenium and other trace elements and vitamins A, E, B1, B2, carotene, Etc, all of these
are indispensable element of the human body. Silkworm pupa is rich with unsaturated
fatty acids, accounting for about 72.5% of total fat. Unsaturated fatty acids play an
important role in maintain the normal physiological, keeping the cell membrane relative
mobility to ensure cell having normal physiological function, accelerate cholesterol
esterification that reduce blood cholesterol and triglyceride ,promote growth and
development of infants and synthesis of prostaglandins, reduce blood clotting to improve
the microcirculation, improve cell viability ,enhance memory and thinking ability,
promote the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (Solomon, and Yusufu,
2005).
Like many insect species, silkworm pupae are eaten in some cultures. In Korea
they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi. In China,
street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae. Silkworms have also been proposed for
cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions (Anonymous, 2007).
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
6
According to Silkworm Nutritional Information (2005), the chemical composition
and the nutritional quality of protein of pupae of the silkworm were investigated.
Investigations showed that the pupal powder contain 7.6% moisture, 71.9% crude
protein, 20.1% fat and 4.0% ash on a dry matter basis. The mineral analysis indicated
high K content with a low Na/K ratio and low heavy metal content.
Fermented silkworm pupae silage or untreated fresh SWP pastes were
incorporated in carp feed formulations replacing fishmeal. The feed formulations were
isonitrogenous (30.2-30.9% protein) and isocaloric (ME = 2905-2935 kcal/kg). Feeding
under a polyculture system consisting of 30% each of catla (Catla catla), mrigal
(Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with 10% silver carps (Hypophthalmychthys
molitrix) was carried out in ponds to evaluate the nutritive quality of SWP silage.
Survival rate, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate, respectively, were 84.2%,
2.10 and 2.39 for fermented SWP silage, 65.8%, 2.98 and 2.26 for untreated SWP and
67.5%, 3.16 and 2.20 for fishmeal indicating clearly that the fermented SWP silage was
nutritionally superior to untreated SWP or fishmeal. The dietary influence on the
proximate composition of whole fish was marginal (Khatun et al., 2003).
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
7
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials used in this study are as follows: 160 heads of broiler chicks,
brooding and rearing cages, disinfectant, vaccines, electric bulb, newspaper sheets, feeds,
silkworm pupa, feeders, waterers, weighing scale and record book.
Methodology
Preparation of brooding and rearing cages. Prior to the start of the study, all the
brooders, feeders, and waterers were cleaned and disinfected. Old newspaper sheets were
spread on the floor to prevent the chick from tripping on the floor and to serves as
receptacle for the feeds of the chicks for the first few days. These were also help conserve
heat inside the brooding cage and protect the chicks from draft. The lighting system was
installed and brooder was lighted to make sure they are functional few hours before the
chicks arrived.
Procurement of stocks . The broiler chicks were purchased from Agrimix Center,
Perez Blvd, Dagupan City. Cobb broilers were used in the study.
Experimental design and treatment. Following the completely randomized design
(CRD), the 160 broiler chicks were divided into four treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with 10 birds per replication making a total of 40 birds per
treatment.
The different treatments were the following:
T0- 100 % commercial feeds (CF; Control)
T - 50 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
8
T - 100 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2
T - 150 grams silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
3
Procurement and preparation of silkworm pupa meal. The oven-dried silkworm
pupa meal was sourced from Lomon, Kapangan, Benguet. The preparation was done at
the rearing area. The collected silkworm pupa (Figure 1) were oven dried first to 50 %
moisture content (Figure 2) to remove the moisture then were ground (Figure 3) and
incorporated to the feeds of the broilers (Figures 4 to 6).
Care and management of the birds. All the experimental birds were subjected to
the same care and management. The differences were on the amount of silkworm pupa
meal that was incorporated to the feeds of the birds. The control group was given
commercial feeds only. The birds under treatment 1 were given 50 grams of silkworm
pupa meal per kilogram of commercial feeds, while those under treatment 2 were given
100 grams of silkworm pupa meal per kilograms of commercial feeds. The treatments 3
birds were given 150 grams of silkworm pupa meal per kilogram of commercial feeds.
The birds were given broiler starter mash for the first four weeks. Their feeds were
shifted to the broiler finisher mash from the fifth week until the end of the study. The
addition of silkworm pupa meal to the feeds of the birds were started from the 22nd day
of brooding until the birds are 45 days old which is the end of the study. Feeding was at
adlibitum. The amount of feeds to be offered were measured and recorded before they
were given to the birds. Any leftover feeds for the day were also recorded to determine
the feed consumption.
Medication water was available at all times. The chicks were fed thrice a day, at
6:00 am, 12 noon, and 5: 00 pm.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
9
Figure 1. Fresh Silkworm pupa
Figure 2. Oven-dried Silkworm pupa
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
10
Figure 3. Ground Silkworm pupa
Figure 4. 300 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
11
Figure 5. 600 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
Figure 6. 900 grams of Silkworm pupa mixed with 6 kg of feeds
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered:
1. Initial weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 21
days of age.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
12
2.
Final weight (kg). This was obtained by taking the weight of the birds at 45
days of age.
3.
Feeds offered (kg). This was taken by summing up the feeds offered to broilers
during the experimental period.
4.
Feeds left-over (kg). This was taken by summing up the weight of feed left-
over during the experimental period.
5. Number of sick birds. This was taken by counting the number of sick birds in
each treatment.
6.
Number of dead birds. This was taken by counting the number of dead birds in
each treatment.
7.
Total gain in weight (kg). This was obtained by subtracting the initial weight to
the final weight of the birds.
8.
Total feed intake (kg). This was computed by taking the difference between the
feed offered and the refused feed divided by the feed consumed.
9.
Feed conversion ratio. This was obtained by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total gain in weight.
10.
Percentage mortality. This was obtained by dividing the number of dead birds
by the initial number of birds multiplied by 100 %.
11.
Percentage morbidity. This was obtained by dividing the number of sick birds
by the initial number of birds multiplied by 100%.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
13
12.
Cost of feeds to produced a kilogram gain in weight. This was taken by
multiplying the feed conversion efficiency by the cost of kilogram feed mixture.
13.
Net profit (Php). This was obtained by subtracting the cost of production from
the total sales.
14.
Return on investment (ROI). This was obtained by using the following
formula:
ROI = Net Profit x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
Analysis of Variance for CRD was used to analyze the data while Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to compare treatment means.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
Initial and Final Weights
Table 1 presents the initial weights (21 days) of the birds in all treatments.
Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the
treatment means. This implies that the bird were homogenous at the start of the study.
The final weights (45 days) of the broilers in all treatments are also shown in
Table 1. The results indicate that the final weights of birds were affected by increasing
the level of silkworm pupa meal added to their feeds. As you increase the level of
silkworm pupa meal added to the feeds, the weight of the birds tends to increase. This
increase in weights could be attributed to the high protein content of silkworm pupa meal
which may have enhanced muscle deposition in the birds fed 50 to 150 g pupa meal.
Table 1. Initial and final weights of the birds
WEIGHT
TREATMENT
INITIAL (kg) FINAL (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.67a
1.59c
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.66a
1.68bc
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.68a
1.74ab
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
0.67a
1.81a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
15
Total Gain in Weight
Table 2 presents the total gain in weight of the birds in the different treatments.
Statistical analysis shows significant differences among the treatment means. One
hundred fifty grams of silkworm pupa meal supplementation obtained the mean average
of 1.14 kg, which is higher than that of the other groups. This implies that adding
silkworm pupa meal to the feeds of the birds will positively affect the growth
performance of the birds. The result revealed that supplementing 50g to 150g silkworm
pupa meal on broilers ration numerically improve body weight gain and does not
detrimentally affect the growth rate of the birds.
Feed Consumption
Table 3 presents the feed consumption of the birds in the different treatments in
24 days of trial feeding. Statistical analysis revealed the significant difference among
treatment means. This finding implies that the birds given different amount of silkworm
pupa meal consumed more than the control groups. The addition of the silkworm pupa
meal to the feeds of the birds makes them more aggressive in consuming feeds. This is
due to the fact that insects are nutritious and palatable (Grimalde and Engel 2005).
Table 2. Total gain in weight of the birds
TREATMENT TOTAL
GAIN IN WEIGHT (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
0.92c
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.02b
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.06ab
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
1.14a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
16
Table 3. Feed consumption of the birds
TREATMENT
FEED CONSUMPTION (kg)
Pure commercial feeds
2.50d
50 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.59c
100 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.67b
150 g silkworm pupa meal / kg commercial feeds
2.74a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 4 presents the mean of feed conversion ratio of treatments. Statistical
analysis showed significant differences between treatments. Birds given one hundred
fifty grams of silkworm pupa meal had better FCR than any of the birds given one
hundred grams and fifty grams which did not significantly different from each other and
the control groups. This indicates that the addition of silkworm pupa meal of the birds
makes them more efficient in converting feeds to flesh. The overall mean feed conversion
ratio of the birds was 2.55.
Feed Cost to Produce a Kilogram of Broiler
Presented in the same table are the feed costs to produce a kilogram increase in
body weight. Statistical analysis showed the significant difference among the treatment
means. The birds given the highest amount of silkworm pupa meal (150 gram) has the
higher feed cost to produce a kg gain in weight. There was a direct relationship between
the level of silkworm pupa meal and the cost of feed to produce a kilogram gain due to
the additional cost incurred in the procurement of silkworm pupa meal.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
17
Table 4. Feed conversion ratio and feed cost to produce a kg of broiler
FEED CONVERSION
FEED COST
TREATMENT
RATIO
(Php)
Pure commercial feeds
2.71a
70.00d
50 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.55ab
75.29c
100 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.53ab
80.17b
150 g silkworm pupa meal /
kg commercial feeds
2.41b
84.52a
Means with different letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Morbidity and Mortality rate
There were chicks that died but this was incurred during the brooding or the pre-
experimental period. But the good health of the birds was maintained all throughout the
study period.
Return on Investment
Table 5 showed the returned on investment in the different treatments. Even
though this was not subjected to statistical analysis, it is shown their higher profits were
obtained from the birds with silkworm pupa meal added to their feeds. This implies that
supplementing silkworm pupa on broilers ration resulted to a higher income than feeding
commercial feeds purely.
Table 5. Net return and return on investment
PARTICULARS
T0
T1
T2
T3
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
18
Cost of feeds (Php)
3,864
3,830.4
3,785.6
3,733.8
Cost of silkworm pupa meal (Php)
0
245
485
715
Cost of stocks (Php)
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,250
Cost of medicines (Php)
268
268
268
268
Cost of bulbs (Php)
200
200
200
200
Cost of disinfectant (Php)
25
25
25
25
Fixtures rental (Php)
100
100
100
100
Total cost (Php)
5,707
5,918.4
6,113.6
6,291.8
Total sales (Php)
6,360
6,720
6,960
7,240
Net income (Php)
653
801.6
846.4
948.2
ROI %
11.44
13.54
13.84
15.07
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of silkworm
pupa on the growth performance of cobb broilers. One hundred sixty day-old broiler
chicks were distributed at random following the completely randomized design (CRD)
into four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with ten birds per
replication, making a total of 40 per treatment. The treatments were T0- pure commercial
feeds or 0% silkworm pupa meal, T1- 50 grams silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial
feeds, T2- 100 grams silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial feeds, T3- 150 grams
silkworm pupa meal/kg of commercial feeds.
The result of statistical analysis showed no significant differences in term of
initial weight. Significant differences were observed in the final weight, total gain in
weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and feed cost to produced a kilogram of
broilers.
Although the Return on Investment (ROI) values were not subjected to statistical
analysis, higher ROI’s was obtained from the birds supplemented with silkworm pupa
meal compared to the control group. The highest ROI was observed in the birds given
150 grams of silkworm pupa meal was 15.07% followed by these fed 100 grams and 50
grams ROI values of 13.84% and 13.54% respectively. Lowest ROI of 11.46% was
observed in the control group.
Conclusion
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Based on the results of the study, the addition of silkworm pupa meal on the
broiler ration gives an advantage in terms of final weight, total gain in weight and feed
conversion ratio. Therefore, it is concluded that silkworm pupa meal can be incorporated
in the feed growing-finishing broilers to enhance growth and feed efficiency.
Recommendation
Since supplementing silkworm pupa meal on broilers ration resulted to higher
income, it is recommended that silkworm pupa meal should be added in broiler diets
during the growing-finishing period.
However, a similar study may be conducted to evaluate the effect if the level of
silkworm pupa meal is increased beyond 150 g.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2005. Fish Meal Facts and Figures. Fish Meal Information networks
(FIN). College Yard, Lower Dagnal Street, St Albans. A13 APA U.K.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry.
ANONYMOUS. 2007. Silkworm as Food. Retrieved July 31 2010 from
http://www.wormspit.com/wormfoods.htm.
GRIMALDE and ENGEL. 2005. Evolution of Insects. Cambridge University Press.
KHATUN, R., M.A.R. HOWLIDER, M. M. RAHMAN and M. HASANUZZAMAN
2003. Replacement of fish meal by silkworm pupae in broiler diets. Pak. J. Biol.
Sci., 6: 955-958.
SILKWORM NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION (SNI). 2005. Silkworm nutritional
information. Retrieved July 31, 2010 from
www.http.//client;bso02/c/myDocuments/Silkworm.html.
SOLOMON, S.G. and I.I. YUSUFU 2005. The Amino acid profile, proximate and
mineral composition of silkworm caterpillar (Anaphe infracta) meal as possible
alternative to fish meal in the diets of cultural fish species. Department of
Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
22
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Initial weight of the birds (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
0.66
0.65
0.67
0.69
2.67
0.67
T1
0.66
0.68
0.66
0.65
2.65
0.66
T2
0.72
0.65
0.67
0.67
2.71
0.68
T3
0.68
0.67
0.64
0.70
2.69
0.67
GRAND TOTAL
10.72
GRAND MEAN
0.67
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.0005 0.000167 0.34ns 0.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0059 0.000492
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.0064
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation=3.31%
Appendix Table 2. Final weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
1.58
1.57
1.60
1.61
6.36
1.59
T1
1.65
1.71
1.66
1.70
6.72
1.68
T2
1.68
1.80
1.71
1.77
6.96
1.74
T3
1.78
1.90
1.72
1.85
7.25
1.81
GRAND TOTAL
27.29
GRAND MEAN
1.71
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1065 0.035506 13.62**
3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0313 0.002606
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.1378
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation= 2.99%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Appendix Table 3. Total gain in weight (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.92
3.69
0.92
T1
0.99
1.03
1.0
1.05
4.07
1.02
T2
0.96
1.15
1.04
1.10
4.25
1.06
T3
1.10
1.23
1.08
1.15
4.56
1.14
GRAND TOTAL
16.57
GRAND MEAN
1.04
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.0990 0.03299 11.05** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0358 0.002985
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.2348
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=5.28%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Appendix Table 4. Feed consumption (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
2.47
2.49
2.51
2.53
10
2.50
T1
2.57
2.60
2.58
2.61
10.36
2.59
T2
2.66
2.69
2.65
2.68
10.68
2.67
T3
2.73
2.72
2.76
2.75
10.96
2.74
GRAND TOTAL
42
GRAND MEAN
2.63
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1284 0.0428 102.72** 3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.0050 0.000417
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.1334
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation=0 .78%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Appendix Table 5. Feed conversion ratio
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
2.68
2.71
2.70
2.75
10.84
2.71
T1
2.60
2.52
2.58
2.49
10.19
2.55
T2
2.77
2.34
2.55
2.44
10.10
2.53
T3
2.48
2.21
2.56
2.39
9.64
2.41
GRAND TOTAL
40.77
GRAND MEAN
2.55
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 0.1833 0.06109 4.06*
3.49 5.95
Error 12 0.1804 0.015031
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 0.3636
* Significant Coefficient of Variation=4.81%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Appendix Table 6. Feed cost to produce a kg of broiler (Php)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I II III IV
TO
69.16
69.72
70.28
70.84
280.00
70.00
T1
74.73
75.57
75.01
75.85
301.16
75.29
T2
79.89
80.73
79.61
80.45
320.68
80.17
T3
84.25
83.96
85.08
84.80
338.09
84.52
GRAND TOTAL
1239.93
GRAND MEAN
77.50
A N A L Y S I S O F V A R I A N C E
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF SUM OF MEAN SUM COMPUTED TABULAR F
VARIATION FREEDOM SQUARES OF SQUARES F
0.05 0.01
TRT 3 470.3137 156.7712 480.59**
3.49 5.95
Error 12 3.9145 0.326206
CORRECTED TOTAL 15 474.2282
**Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation= 0.74%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
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Appendix Table 7. Return on investment
TO
T1
T2
T3
PARTICULARS
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
Feeds
3,864
3,830.4
3,785.6
3,733.8
Silkworm pupa
245
485
715
Stocks
1,250
1,250
1,250
1,250
Medication
268
268
268
2680
Bulb
200
200
200
200
Disinfectant
25
25
25
25
Fixtures Rental
100
100
100
100
TOTAL
5,707
5,918.4
6,113.6
6,291.8
SALES
6,360
6,720
6,960
7,240
NET INCOME
653
801.6
846.4
948.2
ROI%
11.44%
13.54%
13.84%
15.07%
Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing
Broilers / RYAN P. ACAY . 2011
Document Outline
- Silkworm Pupa Meal as Feed Supplement for Growing-Finishing Broilers
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES