BIBLIOGRAPHY PALENG, ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PALENG, LYNETH M. MAY 2011. Effect of Soil Amendments Against
Cercospora
Leaf Spot (
Cercospora fragariae) and Crown Rot (
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
fragariae) of
Strawberry (
Fragaria x ananassa Dutch). Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Asuncion L. Nagpala, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Balili, La, Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 to
March 2011 to determine the effect of soil amendments against
Cercospora leaf spot
(
Cercospora fragariae) and crown root diseases (
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
fragariae) of
strawberry (
Fragaria x
ananassa Dutch) and yield of strawberry variety Sweet Charlie.
Based on the results, plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA at spore
concentration of 1x106 and plants applied with 10 kg Vermi compost gave the lowest severity
rating of
Cercospora leaf spot. In terms of lesion size, plants applied with
Trichoderma KA at
1.2kg
and 2.4kg
showed smaller lesion size of
Cercospora leaf spots. Plants in the rest of the
treatments produced bigger sizes of lesions with 1.51mm.
Similarly, those applied with 1.8kg and 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA incurred the lowest
crown rot infection that significantly differed from plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure,
10kg Vermi compost, and the untreated, including those applied with 10 kg chicken manure +
1.2 kg triple 14.
The highest yield of 16.34 tons/ha which was comparable with 14.61 and 13.72 tons/ha
was produced by plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure and plants applied with 2.4 and 1.8
kg
Trichoderma KA
.
For the return of cash expenses, those applied with 2.4 and 1.8 kg
Trichoderma KA gave
the highest ROCE of 3.1 and 3.0. Plants applied with 10 kg chicken manure which also produced
the highest yield of 16.34 ton/ ha gave a 1.6 return of expenses.
Having produced acceptable yield with the lowest leaf spot severity and small sizes of
lesions and lowest crown rot infection but with the highest return of expenses,
Trichoderma KA
at 1.8 to 2.4 kg can be used to manage leaf spot and crown rot of strawberry.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma spp. species belong to a small family of beneficial fungi that are
commonly found in soils nearly all parts of the world. Botanically,
Trichoderma spp
.
species live on plant debris and organic matter in soil, while some strains are parasitic on
other fungi.
Trichoderma KA are good biological control agents when abundant in
population, they are established and maintained in the soil, they form a protective barrier
to root pathogens (Nederhoff, 2001).
The modes of action of
Trichoderma spp. when used as biological control agent
include: competition and antagonism against pathogens, production of certain compound
against pathogenic fungi and parasitism in pathogenic fungi of plants. In addition;
Trichoderma spp
. improves plant health and vigor and may perhaps stimulate nutritional
uptake when abundant populations are established in the root zone. It has a protective and
immunizing effect in the host plant and can survive in a long term within the host plant
without causing any damage to the plant (Harman, 2004).
On the other hand,
Trichoderma KA
grow topically toward hyphae of other fungi,
coil them in a lectin-mediated reaction, and degrade cell walls of the target fungi, this
process limits growth and activity of plant pathogenic fungi (Harman, 2004). Moreover,
certain isolates of
Trichoderma spp. may serve as efficient bio-control agent in a
naturally infested soil. A significant reduction in crop loss caused by pathogenic fungi
may be obtained by maintaining low inoculums potential for several months. (Elad
et al.,
1981)
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Earlier studies showed that
Trichoderma KA was able to protect garden pea
against severe infection from
Fusarium wilt infection (Nagpala, 1999). Similarly, Nuňez
(2005) in her study demonstrated that soil application
of Trichoderma KA before
transplanting protected chrysanthemum against
Fusarium causing root rot and wilt. In
addition, Galian (2005) showed that
Trichoderma KA applied in the soil improved the
quality of pods of garden pea and reduced wilt incidences.
Fusarium crown and root-rot disease is caused by the fungus
Fusarium
oxysporum.
F. sp.
fragariae attacks practically all plants including strawberries. The
early symptom includes downward curling of leaves and stipules; thickening of basal
internodes and making the leaves and the stems brittle and more rigid compared to
uninfected plants. Discolorations of root tissues develop as the diseases progresses. The
lower leaves turn yellow from the base to the apex of the plant (Hermano, 1999).
In strawberry, symptoms of root rot begin in the first fruiting year. The injury will
be most noticeable in low or soil compacted areas of a field where drainage is poor.
Strawberry plants with root- rot show a general lack of vigor with poor runner growth
and small berries (Louws, and Wukasch, 2003).
The use of biological control agent is a good substitute of fungicides. They
contribute in our environment by maintaining the soil fertility. There application does not
cause hazard to human health as compared to fungicides.
Trichoderma spp
. a non-polluting naturally occurring and self-perpetuating
diseases control agents may provide longer disease control compared to repeated
application of fungicides. Continues used of fungicide may induce the pathogen
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
(
Fusarium) to develop fungicide resistant strains, destroy beneficial fungi such as
Trichoderma spp
. and may lead to environmental pollution (Paningbatan
et al., 1992).
Further more, Shamag (2010) reported that Republic Act 10068 or the Organic
Agriculture Act of 2010 encourages disease management that are safe and should be
applied especially for crops that are immediately consumed after harvest.
The study aimed to:
1. verify the effect of
Trichoderma KA and other soil amendments against
Fusarium crown and root rot of Strawberry; and
2. determine the effects of the soil amendments on the yield.
The study will be conducted at Benguet State University, Balili Experimental
Station, La Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 - March 2011.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Crop
Strawberry is low growing herbaceous plants with a short crown where the leaves
are produced closed together. The roots are numerous forming a fibrous mass that
originated and grow at the base of the crown. Branch-crown and runners are produced in
the axis of the leaves, which are normally trifoliate. The fruit trusses, which may have
few or many flowers on branching stalks, are produced terminally. Each flower has ten
sepals and five petals enclosing 30-40 stamens. Botanically, the berry is not a true fruit. It
consists of swollen receptacle where the seeds are embedded. The berry, which is conical,
is mostly self-pollinated because stamens are arranged through the stigma (Hermano,
1999). Strawberries are high valued export crop that are grown in the temperate areas of
Western Australia.
Strawberry (
Fragaria x ananassa Dutch.) belonging to the
Rosaceae family is
cultivated in temperate regions around the world. Hermano (1999) stated that the demand
for strawberry is high among tourist and processing factories such as the Magnolia Dairy
House products consolidated food Corporation (CFC), Selecta (RFM), Baguio
Strawberry House including local jam and wine makers.
In Benguet 35% of farming populations engaged in strawberry industry.
According to the Municipal Agriculturist Office (MAO) of the Municipality of La
Trinidad, Areas planted to Strawberry in La Trinidad covers 74 hectares. The average
Production per hectare in November 2005 to April 2006 was 18.5 metric tons, but
declined to 14 metric tones on 2006 to2007. This decline in production was attributed to
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
improper growing practices of farmers, poor quality of planting materials, and the
presence of pests and disease (Allatiw, 2009).
Management of the
Fusarium Crown and Root-rot
Using
Trichoderma KA
The use of Biocontrol agent is a good alternative to fungicide. It is the process of
using microbial antagonist against pathogenic fungi.
Trichoderma spp
. is free-living
organisms and is common in soil and root ecosystems. Recent discoveries show that they
are opportunistic, virulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi.
Some strains establish robust and long lasting colonization of root surface and penetrate
into the epidermis and a few cell below. They produce a variety of compound that
induced localized systemic resistance and this explains their lack of pathogenicity to
plants (Harman
et al., 2004). Moreover, the root microorganism association causes
substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from
numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic resistance.
Root colonization by
Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and
development of crop activity resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of
nutrients.
Biology
Trichoderma KA
is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi which nearly
temperate and tropical soils contain 101-103culturable propagules per gram. These fungi
colonize woody and herbaceous plant materials. They show a high level of genetic
diversity and can be used to produce a wide range of products of commercial and
ecological interest. They are prolific producers of extracellular protein and are best
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
known for their ability to produce enzymes that degrades cellulose and chitin. It was
stated that mycelium of
Trichoderma spp
. can produce a wide variety of enzymes
including cellulose (degrading cellulose) and chitinase (degrading chitin). Because of its
cellulose,
Trichoderma KA can grow directly on wood, which is primarily composed of
chitin, a polymer of n-acetyl- glusamine. In nature one can often find
Trichoderma KA
parasitizing the fruiting bodies and mycelia of other fungi such as the fruiting body of
Hydnochaete for example
Hydnochaeteduportii,
Hydnochaetetuberculosa (Harman
, 2004
as cited by Bulcio, 2008).
Cook and Baker (1983) mentioned that any root colonizing microorganism given
the advantages of being the first to colonize the root, as may occur with the seed
treatment has the potential to preempt the nutrient supply of pathogens.
Taxonomy and Life Cycle
Cook and Baker (1983) classified
Trichoderma spp.under Phylum,
Deuteromycota, class
Hyphomycetes and family
Moniliaceae and
Gloiosporae. The
organism grows and divides into branches or similar parts as typical fungal hyphae 5
to10
um in diameter.
Asexual sporulation occurs as single celled usually green, conidia, that are
released in large numbers. Intercalary resting chlamydospores may fuse together
(Kubicek, 1998).
Mycoparasitism
Trichoderma spp
. parasitizes a range of other fungi. The events leading to
mycoparasitism are complex, and take place as follows: first
Trichoderma KA strains
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
detect other fungi and grow tropically towards them; remote sensing is at least partially
due to the sequential expression of cell wall degrading enzymes. Different strain follows
different patterns of induction, but the fungi apparently always produce low levels of an
extracellular exochitinase. Diffusion of this enzyme catalyze the release of cell wall
oligomers from target fungi, and this in turn induces the expression of fungi toxic
endochitinase which also diffuse and begin the attack on the target fungus before contact
is actually made. Once the fungi come in contact,
Trichoderma spp
. attach to the host and
can coil around it and form appersoria on the surface. Attachment is mediated by the
binding of carbohydrates in the
Trichoderma KA cell wall to Lectins on the target
fungus. Once in contact, the
Trichoderma KA produce several fungitoxic cell-wall
degrading enzymes and probably also peptaibol antibiotics. The combined activities of
these compounds result in parasitism of the target fungus and dissolution of the cell
walls. At the sites of the appresoria, holes can be produced in the target fungus; and
directly entry of
Trichoderma hyphae into the lumen of the target fungus occurs. There
are at least 20-30 known genes, proteins and other metabolites that are directly involved
in this interaction, which is typical of the complex systems that are used by these fungi in
their interactions with other organisms (Harman, 2004 as cited by Ngitew, A 2003).
Effect of
Trichoderma spp. Against
Fusarium Diseases
Sivan and Chet (1986) stated that the counts of
Fusarium spp
. decreased mainly
on root tips on which the highest counts of the antagonist were recorded. The
effectiveness of
T. hanzianum in the reduction of
F.oxysporum root population indicates
that the antagonist is adapted to serve as an effective competitor on the rhizoplane. The
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
rhizoplane competence of
Trichoderma KA was directly correlated with its competitive
saprophytic ability (Ahmad and Baker, 1987).
Loresco (2004) revealed that in terms of disease in garden pea, different species
of T
richoderma KA which included
Trichoderma KA consistently provided low percent
infection and was comparable to the fungicide captan. Moreover, plants applied with
Trichoderma KA isolates provided an acceptable yield.
Severity rating of
Cercospora leaf spot, plants inoculated with 20ml and 10ml
(1x107)
Trichoderma KA
incurred a lower leaf spot severity infection that is significantly
different with the leaf spot severity that occurred on the leaves of plants applied with
100g Garden Compost and vermi compost. It also gave the lowest number of leaves with
Cercospora leaf spot infection than plants amended with Garden Compost and vermi
compost (Allatiw, 2009).
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Activities
An area of 240 m2 was prepared and was subdivided into four blocks. Each block
was further subdivided accordingly based on the number of treatments. Each plot
measured 1 x 10 m2; the experiment was laid out following the Randomize Complete
Block Design (RCBD) and was replicated four times.
Treatment Application
A
Trichoderma spp. strain referred to as
Trichoderma KA was used in the study.
A spore suspension of 1 x 106 spores per ml. was drenched per hill before planting the
strawberry runners free from
Fusarium crown and root rot disease. For vermi compost
and chicken manure, 10 kg per 1 x 10 m2 plot was applied before transplanting. Similarly,
10 kg of chicken manure was applied in Farmer’s practice plus 1.2 kg triple 14. The
different treatments are shown below:
T1- Control (without treatment)
T2- Farmers Practice (10 kg Chicken manure + 1.2 kg triple 14)
T3-
Trichoderma KA (1.8 kg/ 1 x 10 m2 plot)
T4-
Trichoderma KA (2.4 kg/ 1 x 10 m2 plot)
T5- Vermi compost (10 kg/ m2 plot)
T6- Chicken manure (10 kg/ m2 plot)
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Data Gathered:
1. Severity of
Cercospora leaf spot as affected by application of
Trichoderma KA
and other soil amendments. Weekly rating was assessed following the arbitrary rating
scale by (Lumiqued, 2000).
Scale
Description
1
No infection
3
Mild infection, 1-10 necrotic spots
5
Moderate infection,11-25 necrotic spots
7
Severe infection, 26-50 necrotic spots
2. Percent infection- number of plants showing crown and root rot infection at
the end of the experiment.
3. Number of flowers- number of flowers gathered weekly.
4. Number of ripe berries- total number of ripe berries.
5. Yield (tons/ ha)
6. Return on cash expenses (ROCE). This was computed using data as net
income divided by the cost op production x 100%.
Figure 1 shows the overview of the experiment at the Balili Experimental, La
Trinidad Benguet from November 2010 - March 2011.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Figure 1. Overview of the partial experimental area after transplanting at Balili La
Trinidad Benguet.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weekly Severity Rating of
Cercospora Leaf Spot
Table 1 summarizes the weekly rating of
Cercospora leaf spot for seven weeks. In
the first and second ratings, leaf spot severities were all the same in all the treatments.
Differences in leaf spot severity as affected by the application of
Trichoderma KA, vermi
compost and chicken manure were only seen in the third rating which continued until the
seventh.
On the third rating, strawberry plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma
KA 1 x 10 m2 plot and water concentration of 1 x 106/ml and plants applied with 10 kg /
plot vermi compost showed the lowest leaf spot infection while those plants applied with
chicken manure at 10 kg / plot and those applied with chicken manure added with 1.2 kg
triple 14 (farmers practice) including the control had higher leaf spot infection. Low
Cercospora leaf spot infection continued to occur on strawberries applied with
Trichoderma KA with the exception of those applied with vermi compost from the
fourth until the seventh rating. Those plants applied with 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA
incurred the lowest leaf spot severity during the seventh or last rating. Statistical analysis
showed significant differences in leaf spot severity in the different treatments as affected
by the application of
Trichoderma KA and other soil amendments. Despite the favorable
weather for the development of the leaf disease from November 2010 to March 2011, the
infection in plant applied with
Trichoderma KA remained low while infection in the rest
of the treatments increased.
According to (Zelinger and Omann, 2007 as cited by Allatiw, 2009)
Trichoderma
KA used as biocontrol agent against fungal diseases.
Trichoderma KA
is a biocontrol
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
agent of several plant pathogenic fungi like
Rhizoctonia spp.,
Pythuim spp.,
Botrytis spp.,
and other fungi which causes both soil borne and leaf or flower-borne diseases of
agricultural plants. It also induces the resistance system in plants and suppresses the
growth of airborne and soil-borne pathogens (Harman,
et.al., 2004).
Table 1 shows the weekly mean of lesion size. Plants applied with 1.8 kg (1x106
spores)
Trichoderma KA incurred the smallest mean of 1.34mm lesion size after 5 weeks,
followed by plants treated with 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA with
a mean lesion size of
1.43mm
. The largest lesion size was obtained from plants applied with 10 kg chicken
manure with a mean lesion size of 1.51mm after five weeks, followed by 1.47mm lesion
size from the untreated plant (Control) and plants applied with chicken manure added
with 1.2 kg triple 14.
Table 1. Weekly mean severity rating of leaf spot by
Cercospora fragariae from
February 2010 to March 2011.
TREATMENT
RATE OF
DAYS AFTER PLANTING (DAP) 2
APPLICATION
80
87
94
101
108
115
122
FINAL
Control
No amendment
2.64 2.52 2.96a 2.98a 3.09a 3.14a 3.11a 1.47ab
Farmer’s Practice 10 kg chicken 3.21 2.61 2.70ab 2.86a 3.46a 3.36a 2.48a 1.47ab
manure + 1.2kg
triple 14/plot
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
2.53 2.64 2.45b 2.39b 2.53b 2.21b 2.55b 1.34c
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
2.70 2.53 2.48b 2.37b 2.30b 2.23b 2.18c 1.43abc
Vermi Compost
10kg
2.61 2.30 2.48b 2.68ab 3.27a 3.02a 3.41a 1.45abc
Chicken manure
10 kg
3.03 2.91 3.03a 3.11a 3.21a 3.16a 3.34a 1.51a
CV
18.55 12.13 9.85 9.68 8.73 11.09 7.70 4.39
Significant at 5% level DMRT
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Figure 2 shows the strawberry leaves sample with cercospora leaf spot. Final size
of lesion of
Cercospora leaf spot as affected by the application the soil amendments.
Smaller size of leaf spot were noted on leaves of strawberry applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA and those applied with vermi compost compared to lesion size on plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure plus 1.2 kg triple 14 and the control. Significant
differences on the sizes of lesion were noted on the different treatments. The smallest size
of leaf spot was 1.34mm however was recorded in strawberries applied with 1.8 kg
Trichoderma KA
.
T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot
T2- 1.8kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Figure 2. Representative of strawberry leaves with
Cercospora leaf spot from the
different treatments.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Number of Flowers as Affected
by The Different Soil Amendments
The numbers of flowers produced in different treatments are presented in Table 3.
Results showed that the highest number of flowers produced was obtained from plants
applied with Chicken Manure with a mean of 246, 56 days after transplanting and
decreased after 66 days. On the other hand, the total number of flowers produced in
strawberry applied with 1.8 kg and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA
were 209 and 230 in plants
after 58 days but decreased after 78 days. Further observation showed that during the
experiment, plants applied with 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA were the first to bear flowers
after 38 days, followed by plants applied with 10kg chicken manure and plant applied
with 10kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple 14 bear flowers after 40 days and strawberry
plants applied with 10kg vermi compost and those without amendment produced flowers
after 43days .
Table 2. Total number of flowers
MEAN NUMBER OF
TREATMENT
RATE OF APPLICATION
FLOWERS
Control
No amendment
172.75
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple
14/plot
200.25
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
209.75
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
230.00
Vermi Compost 10kg
212.50
Chicken Manure 10 kg
246.00
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Mc Beath (2003) as cited by Allatiw (2009) stated that plants treated with
Trichoderma spp
. demonstrated marked responses in growth. Plants were bigger,
healthier, and flowered earlier.
Trichoderma spp
. seems to form a symbiotic relationship
with plants.
Number of ripe Berries as Affected
by the Different Amendments
Figure 3 showed the strawberry fruit from the different treatments. Total number
of ripe berries is shown in Table 3. Results show that plants applied with 10 kg /ha
Chicken Manure and plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA with 1x106
spore concentration produced the highest total number of ripe berries. Lower number of
ripe berries was noted from plants in the control and from those applied with 10kg
chicken manure+ triple-14(Farmers practice) and with 10kg vermi compost. Further
observation shows that not all flowers formed developed into fruits due to falling of
flowers also known as dehiscence.
Table 3 showed that there were no fruits harvested after 66 days in plants applied
with vermi compost on the first 3 blocks. It was also noted that the number of fruits
produced was stable after 68 until 72 days. The highest number of fruits was produced
after 74 and 92 days in plants applied with Chicken Manure followed by the plants
applied with 40g
Trichoderma KA.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot
T2- 1.8kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Figure 3. Representatives of strawberry fruits from the different treatments
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Table 3. Total number of ripe berries
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
TOTALNUMBER OF
BERRIES
Control
No amendment
78.50b
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple
14/plot
87.250b
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
104.75ab
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
105.750ab
Vermi Compost 10kg
90.50b
Chicken Manure 10 kg
126.250a
Significant at 5% DMRT
CV 18.26%
Percent number of plant with crown rot
Table 4 shows that plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA
gave the
lowest percent crown infection by
Fusarium oxyporum
of 18. 1 % the against 43.1 %
infection in strawberry plants applied with 10kg Chicken manure+1.2kg triple- 14. This
result corroborates the statement of
Harman,
et al., (2004) wherein
Trichoderma spp. can
attack or inhibit plant pathogens. It
can also induce systemic and localized resistance to a
variety of pathogens. Significant differences were noted in terms of crown infection in
the different treatments. As mentioned by Brewer
et al.,1982
Trichoderma KA
is the
most studied and good biological control agent. It is a well-known antagonist of both
soil-borne and airborne plant pathogens.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Table 4. Percent crown rot infection by
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
fragariae
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
TOTALNUMBER OF
BERRIES
Control
No amendment
41.4ab
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple
14/plot
43.1a
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
18.15d
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
18.15d
Vermi Compost 10kg
34.7ab
Chicken Manure 10 kg
30.15c
*Significant at 5% level DMRT.
CV36.839
The mechanism by which
Trichoderma KA
exerts its antagonistic activity is not
yet clear, but it has been proven that
Trichoderma KA
produces and secretes toxic
metabolites (antibiotic, toxins) during its growth and during its antagonistic action
(Brewer
et al., 1982).
Figure 3 showed that plants treated with
Trichoderma KA
gave the lowest number
of crown rot infection in the four blocks, while the highest crown infection were recorded
mostly in the plants applied with 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple 14, followed by plant
applied with vermi compost. Harman
et al., 2004 cited that
Trichoderma spp
. has been
known for many years to produce a wide range of antibiotics substances that can
parasitize other fungi. Furthermore, they inhibit or degrade pectinase and other enzymes
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
that are essential for plant pathogenic fungi such as
Botrytis cinerea to penetrate leaf
surfaces.
Yield (tons/ha)
The effect of different amendments on the yield of strawberry is shown in Table
5. Apparently, the highest yield of 16.34 tons per hectare was obtained from plants
applied with 10kg chicken manure followed by 14.61 and 13.72 tons per hectare from
plants applied with 1.8 and 2.4kg
Trichoderma KA
and significantly differed from those
applied with 10kg chicken manure + 1.2 kg triple14 (11.06 tons/ha) and 10kg vermi
compost with a mean yield of 11.06 and 11.75 tons/ha. The lowest was recorded for the
control (9.54 tons/ha). As stated by Wolf (1999) manure is a good source of micro –
macronutrients, though the content of phosphorus and potassium is low compared to the
nitrogen content. In addition, the slow release of nutrients from the manure particularly
nitrogen can be beneficial for the soil as it aides in dissolving out the humus and soluble
salt and deposit them in the underlying layers of the soil.
Table 6 shows that the highest income was obtained from plants amended with
1.8 and 2.4kg of
Trichoderma KA which gave 3.0 and 3.1, this means that for every peso
invested, there is net return of 3 pesos and ten centavos. Net return of 1.3 was obtained
from plants applied with 10 kg vermi compost.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
T0- Without any amendment
Macro Conidia of
F. Oxysporum
f. sp.
fragariae
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg Macro Conidia of
F. Oxysporum
triple 14/ 1x10m2 plot
f. sp.
fragariae
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot Macro Conidia of
F. Oxysporum
f. sp.
fragariae
Figure 4. Roots showing crown rot infection by
Fusarium oxysporum f sp.
fragariae
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Table 5. Yield (tons/ha)
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION WEIGHT
Control
No amendment
9.54c
Farmer’s Practice
10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple 14/plot
11.067bc
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
13.72ab
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
14.61ab
Vermi Compost
10kg
11.75bc
Chicken Manure
10 kg
16.34a
*Significant at 5% level DMRT.
CV=19.34%
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Table 6. Return on cash expenses (ROCE)
TREATMENT RATE OF APPLICATION
ROCE
bc
Control
No amendment
1.8
Farmers Practice 10 kg chicken manure + 1.2kg triple
14/plot
c
2.4
Trichoderma
1.8 kg/plot
a
3.0
Trichoderma
2.4 kg/plot
a
3.1
Vermi Compost 10kg
c
1.3
Chicken Manure 10 kg
bc
1.6
Highly significant at 1% level
CV: 50.46%
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Effect of soil amendments that include
Trichoderma KA, vermi compost and
chicken manure against
Cercospora leaf spot and crown rot of strawberry was evaluated
from November 2010 until March 2011 to determine any effects on the leaf and root
diseases of strawberry; and determine any effect of the amendments on the yield.
Based from the results, Plant applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA with
spore concentration of 1x106 gave the lowest
Cercospora infection on the leaves. Plant
applied with 1.8 and 2.4 kg
Trichoderma KA
including plants applied with 10 kg vermi
compost
produced the smallest size of lesion.
Similarly,
Trichoderma KA treated plants with 1.8 and 2.4 kg gave a yield of
14.61 and 13.72 tons/ha which is comparable to the highest yield of 16.34 from plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure. Those also applied with
Trichoderma KA
gave the
highest return on cash expenses (ROCE) which is 3.1 and 3.0. The lowest return on cash
expenses of 1.3 was noted from plants applied with 10 kg vermi compost and from plants
applied with 10 kg chicken manure.
Conclusion
Trichoderma KA
at 1.8 and 2.4 kg applied before transplanting prevented
Cercospora leaf spot from becoming severe by limiting the increase of lesion size. It also
gave the lowest number of plants with crown and root infection and acceptable yield.
vermi compost at 10 kg/ plot can also limit the increase of
Cercospora lesion size.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Recommendation
Trichoderma KA
at 1.8 and 2.4 kg / 1 x 10m2 can be used to manage leaf spot
caused by
Cercospora and root and crown rot caused by
Fusarium oxysporum of
strawberry.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
LITERATURE CITED
AGRIOS, G.N. 1988. Plant Pathology. 3rd ed. San Diego, USA: APS Press. P. 456.
AHMAD, J. S. and R. BAKER. 1987. Competitive saprophyte ability and cellulolyties
activity rhizosphere. Compotent mutants
Trichoderma harzianum.
Phytopathology. Pp. 77, 358.
ALLATIW, T. A. 2009. Management of
Cercospora Leaf Spot of Strawberry Using Soil
Amendments and
Trichoderma KA. Unpublished Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
BEWER, D., G. E. HARMAN, I. Chet and R. BAKER. 1982. Production of experimental
quantities of isocynicle metabolites of
Trichoderma harzanum Microbiology.
28:1252.
BULCIO J. 2008. Management of Club root (
Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) on
Cabbage using
Trichoderma KA and lime in Natubleng, Buguias, Benguet.
Unpublished Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
COOK, R. J and K. F BAKER. 1983. The nature of Practice of biological control of Plant
pathogens. American Pythopathological Society, St. Paul. MN. P. 539.
ELAD, Y. Y. and I. Chet. 1981. Biological Control of
Rhizoctonia solani by
Trichoderma harzanium in carnation. Plant disease. P. 675.
GALIAN, J. L. 2005. Effect of different levels of
Trichoderma Compost as Plant Growth
Promoter in Garden Pea (
Pisum sativum). Unpublished Thesis Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
HARMAN. G. E. and Nederhoff E. F. 2004.
Trichoderma – opportunistic, avirulent plant
symbionts. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from http//:www.Nature.Com/reviews/micro
HERMANO, F. G. 1999. Strawberry Production Management and Technology. ISBN.
Pp. 1-2.
KUBICEK, C. P. 1998.
Trichoderma and
Gliocladim. Vol. 2 Taylor and Francis, London,
Retived at Http://www.nature.com/reviews/micro
LORESCO, T. M. 2004. Management of
Fusariumwilt disease (
Fusarium oxysporum
Schlecht.
f. sp. pisi) of garden pea (
Pisum sativum L.) using
Trichoderma species.
Unpublished Thesis Benguet State Univesrsity, La Trinidad, Benguet
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
LOUWS, F. AND R. T. WUKASCH . 2003. Root problems of strawberries. University
of Guelph. Retrieved July 13, 2010 from http://www.uoguelph.ca/labserv/units/
pdc/files/039strawberriesroot strawberriesrootdiseases.pdf
LUMIQUED A. G. 2000. Plant Pathology. Benguet State Univesrsity, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 20.
NAGPALA, A. L. 1999. Etiology and Management of the Root and Wilt of Garden Pea
(
Pisum sativum) in Benguet and Mountain Provence. Unpublish Ph.D
Dissertation. University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna.
NEDERHOFF, E. 2001. Biological control of root disase. Crophouse ltd New Zealand.
Retrived July 13 2010 from Http://www.crophouse.co.nz/files/GrW15biological.
control
NGITEW, A. 2003. Survey and Identification of Fungal Diseases of Strawberry.
Unpublished Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3, 4, 7,
20, &31.
NUŇEZ, N. M. 2005. Evaluation of
Trichoderma KA compost as Biological Control
agent against Fusarium wilt (
Fusarium oxysporium) f. sp Chrysanthiae of
Chrysanthemum.Unpublished Thesis Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
PANINGBATAN, R. A. M. G. MAKAMARA and A. C. VILAR. 1992. Seed coating
with
Trichoderma viride on the biological control of Sclerotium wilt in
mungbean. Philippine Phytological society. PP. 54.
SHAMAG. 2010. The law on Organic Agriculture is now in place. Benguet State
University. Volume XIV number 6. June 2010. Pp. 3, 7, 8
SIVAN, A. and I. CHET. 1986. Biological Control of
Fusarium sp. In cotton, wheat and
muskmelon by
T. harzianum.Phytophatology. Pp. 8, 116-139, 297.
WOLF, B. 1999, The Effect of Fertilizer Triangle, Interrelationship of Air, Water and
Nutrients in Maximizing soil Productivity. p.126.
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. First severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
32
31
53
32
148
37.00
Farmers Practice
36
40
42
32
180
45.00
Trichoderma 30g
30
36
36
40
142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g
40
38
34
40
152
38.00
Vermi Compost
26
40
42
38
146
36.50
Chicken Manure
40
40
52
38
170
42.50
TOTAL
204 225 259 220
938
234.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
310.167
103.389
1.9660
Factor A
5
286.833
57.367
1.0909 ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
788.833
52.589
Total
23
1385.833
CV: 18.55%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 2. Second severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
36
30
47
28
141
35.25
Farmers Practice
34
34
38
40
146
36.50
Trichoderma 30g
32
36
40
40
148
37.00
Trichoderma 40g
34
36
36
46
142
35.50
Vermi Compost
30
26
36
37
129
32.25
Chicken Manure
39
38
38
48
163
40.75
TOTAL
205 200 235 239
869
217.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
150.125
50.042
2.5521
Factor A
5
153.708
30.742
1.5678ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
294.125
19.608
TOTAL
23
597.958
CV: 12.23%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 3. Third severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
36
40
52
38
166
41.50
Farmer’s Practice
34
36
40
41
151
37.75
Trichoderma 30g
32
30
37
38
137
34.25
Trichoderma 40g
33
36
36
34
139
34.75
Vermi Compost
27
36
36
40
139
34.75
Chicken Manure
40
42
40
48
170
42.50
TOTAL
202 220 241 239
902
225.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
167.500
55.833
4.0754
Factor A
5
266.833
53.367
3.8954*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
205.500
13.700
TOTAL
23
639.833
CV: 9.85%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 4. Fourth severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
38
38
53
38
167
41.75
36
40
42
42
160
40.00
Farmer’s Practice
Trichoderma 30g
32
30
36
36
134
33.50
Trichoderma 40g
32
34
33
34
133
33.25
Vermi Compost
33
38
37
42
150
37.50
Chicken Manure
42
40
42
50
174
43.50
TOTAL
213 220 243 242
918
229.5
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
116.833
38.944
2.8404
Factor A
5
364.000
72.500
5.3096**
2.90 4.56
Error
15
205.667
13.711
TOTAL
23
686.500
CV: 9.68%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 5. Fifth severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
33
40
50
50
173
43.50
Farmer’s Practice
42
48
44
60
194
48.50
Trichoderma 30g
28
38
36
40
142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g
30
33
30
36
129
32.25
Vermi Compost
41
44
46
53
183
45.75
Chicken Manure
44
43 45 48 180
45.00
TOTAL
218 246 251 287
1001
250.50
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
389.458
129.819
9.7956
Factor A
5
814.708
162.942
12.2949** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
198.792
13.253
TOTAL
23
1402.958
CV: 8.73%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 6. Sixth severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
30
42
52
52
176
44.00
Farmer’s Practice
45
40
49
54
188
47.00
Trichoderma 30g
27
32
28
37
124
31.00
Trichoderma 40g
29
30
33
33
125
31.25
Vermi Compost
35
38
41
55
169
42.25
Chicken Manure
42
39
43
53
177
44.25
TOTAL
208 221 256 284
959
239.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
559.458
186.486
9.4890
Factor A
5
982.708
196.542
10.0007** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
294.792
19.653
TOTAL
23
1836.958
CV: 11.09%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 7. Seventh severity rating of leaf spot (
Cercospora fragariae)
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
35
38
49
52
174
43.50
Farmer’s Practice
43
48
46
58
195
48.75
Trichoderma 30g
30
36
36
40
142
35.50
Trichoderma 40g
30
30
28
34
122
30.50
Vermi Compost
45
46
46
54
191
47.75
Chicken Manure
46
45
47
49
187
46.25
TOTAL
229 243 252 287
1011
252.25
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
305.458
101.819
9.6792
Factor A
5
1111.375
222.275
21.1299 ** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
157.792
10.519
TOTAL
23
1574.625
CV= 7.70%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 8. First number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8
5
5
13
31
7.75
Farmers Practice
6
6
7
5
24
6.00
Trichoderma 30g
5
8
9
11
33
8.25
Trichoderma 40g
5
6
10
10
31
7.75
Vermi Compost
2
3
9
12
26
6.50
Chicken Manure
5
9
12
16
42
10.50
TOTAL
31
37
52
67
187
46.75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
130.125
43.375
7.3830
Factor A
5
49.708
9.942
1.6922ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
88.125
5.875
TOTAL
23
267.958
CV: 31.11%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 9. Second number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
16
20
9
29
74
18.5
Farmers Practice
16
11
22
12
61
15.25
Trichoderma 30g
20
10
15
27
72
18
Trichoderma 40g
26
8
20
23
77
19.25
Vermi Compost
5
3
31
22
61
15.25
Chicken Manure
18
38
23
35
114
28.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication
3
322.458
107.486
1.4296
Factor A
5
478.375
95.675
1.2725ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
1127.792
75.186
TOTAL
23
1928.625
CV: 45.34%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 10. Third number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
T1=Control
26
27
83
46
182
45.5
T2=Farmers Practice
30
35
39
90
194
48.5
T3=Trichoderma 30g
22
25
61
66
174
43.5
T4=Trichoderma 40g
25
41
70
71
207
51.75
T5=Vermi Compost
50
58
47
105
260
65.00
T6=Chicken Manure
62
42
100 86
290
72.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication
3
7740.458
2580.153
9.5460
Factor A
5
2719.208
543.842
2.0121ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
4054.292
270.286
TOTAL
23
14513.958
CV: 30.19%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 11. Fourth number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
7
10
25
18
60
15.00
Farmers Practice
17
20
29
18
84
21.00
Trichoderma 30g
21
23
10
21
75
18.75
Trichoderma 40g
20
27
12
13
72
18.00
Vermi Compost
8
23
12
17
60
15.00
Chicken Manure
21
12
17
10
60
15.00
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
44.125
14.708
0.3176
Factor A
5
127.875
25.575
0.5523ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
694.625
46.308
TOTAL
23
866.625
CV: 39.74%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 12. Fifth number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
35
26
18
25
104
26.00
Farmers Practice
30
14
35
22
101
25.25
Trichoderma 30g
21
30
35
38
124
31.00
Trichoderma 40g
34
19
38
36
137
31.75
Vermi Compost
16
14
43
52
125
31.25
Chicken Manure
36
47
34
57
174
43.50
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
614.458
204.819
1.9002
Factor A
5
854.708
170.942
1.5869ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
1616.792
107.786
TOTAL
23
3085.958
CV: 33.00%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 13. Sixth number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
7
20
19
18
64
16.00
Farmers Practice
16
20
25
18
79
19.75
Trichoderma 30g
21
23
10
21
75
18.75
Trichoderma 40g
20
24
12
23
79
19.75
Vermi Compost
8
22
12
12
54
13.50
Chicken Manure
21
12
17
10
60
15.00
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
81.458
27.153
0.9096
Factor A
5
141.375
28.275
0.8471ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
447.792
29.853
TOTAL
23
670.625
CV: 31.91%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 14. Seventh number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
9
23
21
21
74
18.50
Farmers Practice
17
21
28
20
86
21.50
Trichoderma 30g
24
25
13
24
86
21.50
Trichoderma 40g
22
27
14
25
88
22.00
Vermi Compost
11
24
15
14
64
16.00
Chicken Manure
23
15
19
13
70
17.50
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
82.333
27.444
0.9074
Factor A
5
126.000
25.200
0.8332 ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
453.667
30.422
TOTAL
23
662.000
CV: 28.20%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 14. Eighth number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
7
11
22
7
47
11.75
Farmers Practice
14
11
29
40
94
23.50
Trichoderma 30g
8
16
33
44
101
25.25
Trichoderma 40g
41
24
26
68
159
39.75
Vermi Compost
16
10
19
51
96
24.00
Chicken Manure
10
22
24
56
112
28.00
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
3249.458
1083.153
9.8124
Factor A
5
1618.375
323.675
2.9322* 2.90 4.56
Error
15
1655.792
110.386
TOTAL
23
6523.625
CV: 41.40%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 15. Ninth number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
4
16
14
21
55
13.75
Farmers Practice
10
4
25
20
59
14.75
Trichoderma 30g
19
13
27
38
97
24.25
Trichoderma 40g
4
14
37
25
80
20.00
Vermi Compost
16
29
17
42
104
26.00
Chicken Manure
7
10
22
23
62
15.50
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
1251.458
417.153
8.0657
Factor A
5
541.708
108.342
2.0948ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
775.792
51.719
TOTAL
23
2568.958
CV: 37.77%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Table 16. Total number of flowers
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
T1=Control
119 158 216 198
691
172.75
T2=Farmers Practice
156 142 239 264
801
200.25
T3=Trichoderma 30g
161 175 213 290
839
209.75
T4=Trichoderma 40g
197 190 239 294
920
230.00
T5=Vermi Compost
132 186 205 205
850
212.50
T6=Chicken Manure
203 207 268 306
984
246.00
TOTAL
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 17. First size of lesion measured per mm.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.62 1.56 1.36 1.43
5.97
1.49
Farmer’s Practice 1.56 1.42 1.36 1.35
5.69
1.42
Trichoderma 30g 1.36 1.23 1.51 1.35
5.45
1.36
Trichoderma 40g
1.43 1.36 1.54 1.28
5.61
1.40
Vermi Compost
1.50 1.22 1.42 1.53
5.67
1.42
Chicken Manure
1.81 1.71 1.68 1.71
6.91
1.73
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
0.058
0.019
1.8340
Factor A
5
0.352
0.070
6.7253** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.157
0.010
TOTAL
23
0.566
CV: 60.77%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 18. Second size of lesion measured per mm.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.52 1.46 1.76 1.50
6.24
1.56
Farmer’s Practice
1.45 1.62 1.54 1.34
5.95
1.49
Trichoderma 30g
1.36 1.42 1.35 1.38
5.51
1.38
Trichoderma 40g
1.36 1.30 1.38 1.36
5.4
1.35
Vermi Compost
1.25 1.50 1.42 1.42
5.59
1.40
Chicken Manure
1.50 1.56 1.68 1.40
6.14
1.53
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
0.061
0.020
2.5933
Factor A
5
0.155
0.031
3.93208* 2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.118
0.008
TOTAL
23
0.334
CV: 6.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 19. Third size of lesion measured per mm.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.57 1.42
1.36 1.29
5.64
1.41
Farmer’s Practice
1.72 1.53
1.50 1.40
6.15
1.54
Trichoderma 30g
1.29 1.31
1.26 1.28
5.14
1.28
Trichoderma 40g
1.32 1.41
1.29 1.25
5.27
1.31
Vermi Compost
1.62 1.58
1.49 1.36
6.05
1.57
Chicken Manure
1.41 1.38
1.28 1.33
5.4
1.35
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
0.104
0.035
9.0078
Factor A
5
0.217
0.043
11.3021** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.058
0.004
Total
23
0.378
CV: 4.42%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 20. Fourth size of lesion measured per mm.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.53
1.42 1.37 1.42
5.47
1.43
Farmer’s Practice
1.48
1.36 1.51 1.36
5.71
1.43
Trichoderma 30g
1.42
1.26 1.46 1.26
5.4
1.35
Trichoderma 40g
1.37
1.42 1.33 1.27
5.39
1.35
Vermi Compost
1.54
1.42 1.34 1.56
5.86
1.46
Chicken Manure
1.41
1.36 1.52 1.71
6
1.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
0.022
0.007
0.7041
Factor A
5
0.075
0.015
1.4173ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.160
0.011
TOTAL
23
0.258
CV: 7.26%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 21. Fifth size of lesion measured per mm.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
1.45 1.38 1.56 1.43
5.82
1.45
Farmer’s Practice
1.38 1.42 1.46 1.47
5.73
1.43
Trichoderma 30g
1.32 1.51 1.26 1.22
5.31
1.33
Trichoderma 40g
1.26 1.30 1.32 1.33
5.21
1.30
Vermi Compost
1.42 1.45 1.48 1.42
5.77
1.44
Chicken Manure
1.52 1.42 1.36 1.36
5.66
1.41
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
0.006
0.002
0.3488
Factor A
5
0.083
0.017
2.8276ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
0.088
0.006
TOTAL
23
0.177
CV: 5.49%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 22. First number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0
5
1
7
13
3.25
Farmer’s Practice
1
4
2
0
7
1.75
Trichoderma 30g
3
4
4
9
20
5
Trichoderma 40g
4
10
4
8
26
6.5
Vermi Compost
0
0
0
4
4
1
Chicken Manure
2
7
5
16
30
7.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
115.333
38.444
5.9965
Factor A
5
135.833
27.167
4.2347 2.90 4.56
Error
15
96.167
6.411
TOTAL
23
347.333
CV: 60.77%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 23. Second number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
8
7
4
16
35
8.75
Farmer’s Practice
9
10
12
2
33
8.25
Trichoderma 30g
4
2
10
16
32
8
Trichoderma 40g
10
4
7
19
40
10
Vermi Compost
1
10
15
26
6.5
Chicken Manure
9
18
15
20
62
15.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
245.667
81.889
3.3947
Factor A
5
198.500
39.700
1.6458ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
361.833
24.122
TOTAL
23
806.000
CV: 51.70%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 23. Second number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
6
9
3
7
25
6.25
Farmer’s Practice
10
5
7
6
28
7
Trichoderma 30g
6
9
9
12
36
9
Trichoderma 40g
7
6
8
10
31
7.75
Vermi Compost
0
3
15
13
31
7.75
Chicken Manure
7
9
18
15
49
12.25
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
91.00
30.333
2.1667
Factor A
5
90.333
18.067
1.2905ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
210.000
14.0000
TOTAL
23
391.333
CV: 44.90%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 24. Third number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
9
16
14
18
57
14.25
Farmer’s Practice
13
12
22
16
63
15.75
Trichoderma 30g
13
21
20
24
78
19.5
Trichoderma 40g
13
14
21
22
70
12.5
Vermi Compost
7
7
29
32
75
12.75
Chicken Manure
18
19
28
30
95
23.75
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
568.167
189.389
8.4339
Factor A
5
219.500
43.900
1.9550
2.90 4.56
Error
15
336.833
22.256
CV: 25.97%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 25. Fourth number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
8
11
11
33
8.25
Farmer’s Practice
7
7
15
10
39
9.75
Trichoderma 30g
7
12
11
12
42
10.5
Trichoderma 40g
6
8
13
12
39
9.75
Vermi Compost
7
5
15
19
46
11.5
Chicken Manure
11
10
10
14
45
11.25
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
167.667
55.887
7.66777
2.90 4.56
Factor A
5
28.333
5.667
0.77774ns
Error
15
109.333
7.289
TOTAL
23
305.333
CV: 26.56%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 26. Fifth number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
5
6
8
22
5.5
Farmer’s Practice
6
3
11
4
24
6
Trichoderma 30g
7
4
7
12
30
7.5
Trichoderma 40g
6
2
9
14
31
7.75
Vermi Compost
6
1
9
13
29
7.25
Chicken Manure
8
10
8
14
40
10
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
150.333
50.111
6.7616
Factor A
5
49.833
9.967
1.3448ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
111.167
7.411
TOTAL 23
311.333
CV: 37.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 27. Sixth number of ripe berries.
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
3
8
10
12
33
8.25
Farmer’s Practice
6
8
15
7
36
9
Trichoderma 30g
5
9
12
20
46
11.5
Trichoderma 40g
14
14
14
11
53
13.25
Vermi Compost
4
11
14
17
46
11.5
Chicken Manure
9
10
17
18
54
13.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
212.333
70.778
6.3132
Factor A
5
92.833
18.567
1.6561ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
168.167
11.211
TOTAL 23
473.333
CV: 29.98%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 28. Seventh number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
11
13
18
16
58
14.5
Farmer’s Practice
19
22
30
24
90
22.5
Trichoderma 30g
20
21
30
22
93
23.25
Trichoderma 40g
18
25
27
30
100
25
Vermi Compost
14
13
14
26
67
16.75
Chicken Manure
23
10
22
22
83
20.25
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
218.458
72.819
4.7951
Factor A
5
327.708
65.542
4.3159*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
227.792
15.186
Total
23
773.958
CV: 19.05%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 29. Eight number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
7
10
14
5
36
11.5
Farmer’s Practice
4
4
11
10
29
7.25
Trichoderma 30g
8
15
16
3
42
10.5
Trichoderma 40g
5
9
14
5
33
8.25
Vermi Compost
12
5
7
14
38
9.5
Chicken Manure
8
9
17
3
37
9.25
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
154.125
51.375
3.0088
Factor A
5
24.708
4.942
0.2894
2.90 4.56
Error
15
256.125
17.075
TOTAL
23
434.958
CV: 46.13%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 30. Total number of ripe berries
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
50
81
83
100
314
78.5
Farmer’s Practice
70
75
125
79
419
104.75
Trichoderma 30g
73
97
119 130
419
104.75
Trichoderma 40g
83
92
117 131
423
105.75
Vermi Compost
51
45
113 153
362
90.5
Chicken Manure
95
108
140 162
505
126.25
TOTAL
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 31. First weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
0
38
11
76
125
31.25
Farmer’s Practice
8
16
41
0
65
16.25
Trichoderma 30g
21
38
26
125
210
57.5
Trichoderma 40g
35
128
32
84
279
69.75
Vermi Compost
0
0
0
76
76
19
Chicken Manure
22
123
44
156
325
81.25
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18793.500
6264.500
6.0091
Factor A
5
16158.833
3231.767
3.1000*
2.90 4.56
Error
15
15637.500 1042.500
CV: 70.83%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 32. Second weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
47.26 40.92 27.99 92.11
208.28
52.07
Farmer’s Practice
46.91 49.55 106.32 22.29
225.07
56.27
Trichoderma 30g
24.28 16.9
17.51 120.73
179.42
44.85
Trichoderma 40g
53.77 29.29
53.7 115.23
251.99
63
Vermi Compost
7.63
0
59.46 89.82
156.91
39.23
Chicken Manure
45.81 95.65 99.96 201.11
442.53
110.63
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18436.872
6145.624
5.2512
Factor A
5
13277.492
2655.498
2.2690ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
17554.759
1170.317
TOTAL 23
50589.833
CV: 55.69%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 33. Third weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
14.96 53.46 90.56 80.30
239.28
59.82
Farmer’s Practice
52.81 43.58 125.14 70.38
291.91
72.98
Trichoderma 30g
35.92 87.98 51.47 104.76
280.13
70.03
Trichoderma 40g
47.15 72.57 94.29 115.78
329.79
82.45
Vermi Compost
39.63 45.58 123.43 189.27
397.91
94.48
Chicken Manure
90.17 75.18 110.34 140.41
416.1
104.02
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18436.872
6145.624
5.2512
Factor A
5
13277.492
2655.498
2.2690ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
17554.759
1170.317
TOTAL
23
49269.124
CV: 55.69%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 34. Fourth weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
25
65.2
91.8 106.50
288.5
72.13
Farmer’s Practice
51
72.6 143.6 68.80
336
84
Trichoderma 30g
46.6 80.12 103.7 154
384.42
96.10
Trichoderma 40g
102.5 101.8 107.6 107
418.9
104.72
Vermi Compost
14.10 96.9 109.3 134.04
354.34
84.58
Chicken Manure
72.6
97.8 153.1 142.03
465.53
116.38
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
18185.570
6061.857
9.9078
Factor A
5
4910.206
982.041
1.6051ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
9177.394
611.826
TOTAL 23
32273.170
CV: 26.41%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 35. Fifth weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
10.25 72.10 87.53 91.32
261.20
65.30
Farmer’s Practice
15.37 73.15 127.25 103.43
319.2
79.80
Trichoderma 30g
13.43 75.12 115.37 192.37
396.29
99.07
Trichoderma 40g
145.20 143.20 149.16 80.27
517.83
129.46
Vermi Compost
27.15 106.10 136.12 172.81
442.18
110.54
Chicken Manure
68.50 79.70 170.78 173.16
492.14
123.03
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value
0.5 0.1
Replication 3
30836.021
10278.674
7.1085
Factor A
5
12455.515
2491.103
1.7228 ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
21689.519
1445.968
TOTAL 23
64981.054
CV: 37.12%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 36. Sixth weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
39
100
162
161
462
115.5
Farmer’s Practice
90
175
234
166
665
166.25
Trichoderma 30g
193.05 204
258
219
874.05
218.51
Trichoderma 40g
127
217
318
240
902
225.5
Vermi Compost
115
97
111
221
544
136
Chicken Manure
147
165
164
236
739
184.75
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
33164.979
11054.993
7.1779
Factor A
5
38291.730
7658.346
4.9725** 2.90 4.56
Error
15
23102.223
1540.148
TOTAL
23
94558.932
CV: 22.65%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 37. Seventh weight of ripe berries per grams
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
60
40
70
30
200
50
Farmer’s Practice
30
30
80
30
170
42.5
Trichoderma 30g
50
100
120
70
340
85
Trichoderma 40g
40
70
60
110
280
70
Vermi Compost
80
50
140
20
390
97.5
Chicken Manure
60
80
110
40
290
72.5
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
8333.333
2777.778
3.8168
Factor A
5
5550.000
1110.000
1.5252ns
2.90 4.56
Error
15
10916.667
727.778
TOTAL
23
24800.000
CV: 41.40%
* Significant
**Highly significant
ns Not significant
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix table 38. Total weight of ripe berries tons per hectare
BLOCK
TREATMENT
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
Control
300
620
670
780
2370
50
Farmer’s Practice
480
630
1030
610
2750
42.5
Trichoderma 30g
510
830
870
1200
3410
85
Trichoderma 40g
690
900
990
1050
3630
70
Vermi Compost
330
460
920
1210
2920
97.5
Chicken Manure
700
870
1100 1390
4060
72.5
TOTAL
3010 4310 5580 6240
19140
4785
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
F
Comp. F
Source
Freedom
Squares
Square
Value 0.5 0.1
Replication 3
1020883.33 340294
Factor A
5
484450.00
96890.00
4.07ns 2.90 4.56
Error
15
357116.67
23807.78
TOTAL
23
1862450.00
CV: 41.40%
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Figure 5. Representatives of strawberry roots from the different treatments.
T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot
T2- 1.8kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Appendix Figure 6. Strawberry sample plants with and without crown rot infection (T0,
T1, and T5) (T2, T3 and T4)
T0- Without any amendment
T1- 10kg chicken manure+1.2kg triple
14/ 1x10m2 plot
T2- 1.8kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T3- 2.4kg
Trichoderma/1x10m2 plot
T4- 10kg Vermi compost/1x10m2 plot
T5- 10kg Chicken manure/1x10m2 plot
Effect Of Soil Amendments Against Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora Fragariae) And Crown
Rot (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Fragariae) Of Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa Dutch)
/ Paleng, Lyneth M.2011
Document Outline
- Effect of Soil Amendments Against CercosporaLeaf Spot (Cercospora fragariae) and Crown Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae) ofStrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Dutch)
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES