BIBLIOGRAPHY CALIAG, ESTER JANE A. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CALIAG, ESTER JANE A. APRIL 2011. Production and Marketing Practices of
Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents in
Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. The production and marketing practices, and the problems
encountered by the respondents.
There were fifty farmer-respondents of the study who are engaged in farming. The study
was conducted in December 2010. The data were tabulated, consolidated, analyzed and
interpreted using descriptive statistics such as percentages.
Findings showed that majority of the respondents were middle aged; mostly males;
married; had formal education; and cultivated an area of 400 to 600 square meters which they
owned the land.
The white flash variety was the most common variety cultivated by the respondents. They
transplanted the seedlings after 28 to 30 days from sowing. Most of them applied organic and
inorganic fertilizers and irrigated their crops through the overhead sprinkler.
Most of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers at La Trinidad Trading Post on
cash basis. They used sacks to pack their product which was transported using public utility
jeepneys.
The problems encountered by the respondents in cauliflower production were: lack of
capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials
and lack of irrigation. Regarding marketing problems, they identified low market price, price
competition, and high transportation of cost, poor transportation facilities, lack of handling
practices and delayed of payments from buyers.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract……… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Locale and Time of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Socio-Economic Profile
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Production Practices
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Marketing Practices of
the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Production and Marketing Problems
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . .
21
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
APPENDIX
A. Letter to the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) is one of the major vegetables in
Benguet. It is grown for its unopened flavor clusters known as curd, which is the edible part of
the plant. The edible part consist of a compact terminal mass of greatly thickened and modified
flower structures which substending fleshy stalks. The curd forms at the top of the plant stem
which broad and elongated leaves that extended far above the curd. It is commonly eaten either
cooked or pickled (Panas, 1995). Knott 1988 as cited by Panas (1995) stated that cauliflower
belongs to the mustard or crucifarae family. It grows best in a mild cold weather in a fertile well-
watered soil. Cauliflower cannot with stand tool low or too high temperature for its growth.
In the highlands, most of the farmers depend on vegetable farming as a source of income.
They grow various vegetable crops. One of which is cauliflower but production is much lower in
comparison to their counterparts in other countries. This is one of the common crops
commercially grown by the farmers in Benguet most especially in Kabayan during the month of
March to November. However, yields obtained are usually low. The reason is due to the
inadaptability of variety grown. Farmers usually plant available varieties without considering
their adaptability to the existing highland environment. To solve this problem, varietal trial must
be done to seek the best adapted variety to ensure productivity.
Statement of the Problem
The study deal with the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in
Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
2
questions:
1. What are the socio-economic profile of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,Kabayan,
Benguet?
2. What are the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet?
3. What are the problems encountered by the cauliflower growers regarding the
production and marketing of cauliflower?
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. To determine the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers; and
3. To identify the problems encountered by the cauliflower growers regarding their
production and marketing practices of cauliflower.
Importance of the Study
The study was on the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers.
Appraising them would provide an understanding of the present situation of cauliflower growers.
This was done to find out ways of improving the cauliflower industry to increase their income so
that their socio-economic status can be improved.
The result of this study would serve as a guide for further researches. People involved in
extension programs could also make use of the data gathered in this study particularly in the
accumulation of information regarding production and marketing practices of cauliflower.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
3
Scope and Limitation
Geographically the scope of the study was the Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.
The study was limited to the socio-economic profile of the cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet their production and marketing practices, and the problems they encountered
in production.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Socio-economic Profile
In 1997, NEDA reported as cited by Guiagui (1993) that the problems that hamper the
socio-economic problems of the community are large family, size, low income, unemployment,
financial in capability to start a chosen career and tenancy system of farming. Most of the rural
poor are farmers, farm laborers, fishermen and loggers. According to Pasad (1989) as cited by
Anton (1995), farmers always play a dominant role in the acceptance of innovations. He said that
farming means the production of high yields through skillful management. The change agent is a
source and other rural development ideas on information. Through the various extension
activities, he introduces new knowledge and innovations to increase income and consequently
their levels of living.
Castillo (1969) as cited by Guiagui (1993) emphasized that farmers who are fully
employed and have stable jobs are likely to have higher income and have better living conditions
while those unemployed have low income. Agricultural growth is not the primarily concern of
the people, instead, the quality of life they can enjoy.
Production
Robertson (1989) as cited by Pacalso (2001) emphasized that the physical features of a
farm have a greater influence on types and systems of farming, especially on the soil texture,
slope, fertility, acidity, and susceptibility to erosion as compared to some caused by variation in
types of farming like climate, labor, market and customs of farmers.
Bautista et al (1983) as cited by Ignacio (2006) stated by that the soil for vegetable
production should be rich in organic matter. To achieve this condition, there is need to sustain
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
5
application of compost. Composting weeds, manure and other farm wastes as soil amendments
can improve soil structure making it ideal for vegetative crop production.
Cox and Jackson (1993) stressed that farmers of today and tomorrow must become
experts not only in the efficient production of maximum crop yield per acre but also in protecting
their soil from erosion by water and by wind and in maintaining and building up the elements of
fertilizers by crop and livestock.
Villareal (1980) revealed that successful production is assured in areas that have good
irrigation and planting of seeds that are properly handled and stored.
Marketing
This marketing activities and strategies was further defined by Mortenso as cited by
Bangsoyao (1999) when he reported that marketing services are performed by middlemen from
the time the products leave the farm until they are finally purchased by consumers. Some of the
importances of these services of functions are: assembly, transporting, processing, grading,
storing, financial, and packaging. These are the services which add value of which consumers are
willing to pay. They are being paid for by the increase which occurs in the market price as the
commodity goes closer to the consumer. The producers choose buyers or outlets for their
products because of convenience and good price, but major reason of choosing buyer is the price.
One of the factors affecting the price is the volume and the quantity of the products.
Furthermore, Jucar (1991) stressed that market information helps producers come up with a
reasonable pricing of their products. There is a need, however, for the government to support the
system particular relating to financial assistance for the products.
Production and Marketing Problems
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
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The problem so far encountered by the farmers is the marketing of their products because
of the proliferation of channels, reserve interagency flow and the intervention of middlemen who
also are the source of price for the products. Poor and inadequate road network makes farm
inputs costly and produce low price. Costly transport units and their space further increase cost
while bad roads and lack of vehicles lead to high postharvest losses. Transport infrastructure has
been developed to address the need to link provinces and towns.
Pacalso (2001) said that farmers cannot profit much because of the limited factors of
production such as tillable lands, farm equipments, financial requirements and the limited
technologies. Farming entails great pressing problems. One of which is natural calamities such as
food, typhoons, drought, and prevalence of insects and diseases in which other occupations are
not exposed to. Unless solutions to these problems and needs of farmers are looked into by the
agricultural agencies concerned in educating these farmers with the complete package of
technologies that they would attain increase production and develop progressive farming.
Inadequate market information is one of the problems in marketing. This flow of
information is stalled due to poor transport and telecommunications network. This result in
producers having little knowledge of the dynamics of the market and prices for both new
products and inputs (Cox and Jackson, 1993).
Improvement of existing road and construction of new owner can justify and lower
transportation rates. These would result to lesser losses which are due to high percentage of
damaged products before reaching the point of sale. One thing more, market information must be
widely dissemination for farmers and middlemen to know the prevailing the various crops at a
particular period of time. At the same time, the vegetative producers should attend to more
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
7
seminars on vegetative production in order to have more information on the correct practices of
going crops and to improve production level (Pacalso, 2001) as cited by Ignacio (2006).
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Kabayan is one of the
municipalities of Benguet consisting of 13 barangays, which is located between the
municipalities of Bokod and Buguias. There are varied crops raised in the locality such as
carrots, onions, cabbage and broccoli but the common production in Kabayan is cauliflower.
This study was conducted in December 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the farmers engaged in cauliflower production. Fifty
were considered as respondents of the study.
Data Collection
Data collection was done through the used of a prepared questionnaire, personal
interview and observation. The data are collected from December 2010 to January 2011.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were focused on Cauliflower production and marketing practices in
Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.
Data Analysis
The data collected were categorized, tabulated, summarized, and analyzed using
percentage.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
9
Figure 1. Map of the study
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Profile of the Respondent
This
section
presents
the results of the study.
Table 1 shows the socio-economic profile of the respondents as to age, civil status, sex,
educational attainment, annual income, land ownership and area planted.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 28% of the respondents belonged to age ranged from 31 to 40
years old and 41 to 50 years old; 22%, from 51 to 60 years old; 20% from 20 to 30 years old; and
2% 60 years old and above. The finding indicates that most of the respondents were at their
middle aged, while others were relatively young.
Civil
status. Majority of the respondents were married and 28% were single. It implies
that married couples are more concerned with farm activities than the single one.
Sex. With regard to sex, 80% of the respondents were males while, the remaining 20 %
were females. This finding shows that more men are involved in farming although some women
also helped in farm activities.
Educational
attainment. All of the respondents had undergone formal schooling with a
total of 46% who reached high school level; 42% elementary education; 10% were college level
and 2% finished vocational courses. The result shows that all of the respondents were literate.
Annual
income. Majority of the respondents had annual income of P5,000 to P10,000;
18%, from P11,000 to P15,000 and P16,000 to P20,000; 8%, from P26,000 to P30,000 and 4%
from P21,000 to P25,000. Findings show that the respondents had
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
11
Table 1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Age
20 to 30 years old
10
20
31 to 40 years old
14
28
41 to 50 years old
14
28
51 to 60 years old
11
22
60 years old and above
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Civil Status
Single
36
72
Married
14
28
TOTAL 50
100
Sex
Female
10
20
Male
40
80
TOTAL 50
100
Educational attainment
Elementary
21
42
High School
23
46
College
5
10
Vocational
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Annual Income
5,000 – 10,000
26
52
11,000 – 15,000
9
18
16,000 – 20,000
9
18
21,000 – 25,000
2
4
26,000 – 30,000
4
8
TOTAL 50
100
Land Ownership
Owned operated
30
60
Tenant
20
40
TOTAL 50
100
Area Planted
100 – 300 sq.m.
13
26
400 – 600 sq.m.
24
48
700-1000 sq.m.
13
26
TOTAL 50
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
12
low annual income. Hence, rural families are considered comparatively poor and are engage in
small gardening. However, this income was derived from cauliflower production only.
Land
ownership. The table shows that 80% of the respondents owned the land they were
cultivating and 20% were renting. This confirms the fact that many rural families owned the area
they cultivated and few often had it rendered to friend or relatives.
Area
planted. Majority of the respondents, 48% had 400 - 600 sq.m.; 26% from 100 - 300
sq.m. and 700 - 1000 sq.m. Based on the interview with the farmers, they said that they could not
determine the exact total area of the field they cultivated because their farms were located in
different areas.
Production Practices of the Respondents
The production practices of the respondents from the selection of seeds, varieties of
cauliflower they planted, the reasons for choosing the variety, land preparation practices,
transplanting cauliflower seedlings, type of fertilizer used, fertilizer application, method of
fertilizer application, control of insect pest and diseases, method of irrigation and time of
fertilizer application are shown in Tables 2 to 12.
Selection of seeds. Table 2 shows that the most of the respondents (98%) bought their
seeds from accredited farm supply; and only 2% produced their own seeds.
Variety of cauliflower. Table 3 shows that among the fifty respondents interviewed, 78%
cultivated the white flash variety; and 22%, Milky Way. This information shows that almost all
the respondents preferred the white flash variety.
Table 2. Selection of seeds by the respondents
SELECTION OF SEEDS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
13
(%)
Buy seeds in accredited farm supply
49
98
Produced own seeds
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Table 3. Varieties of cauliflower planted by the respondents
VARIETIES NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
White flash
39
78
Milky way
11
22
TOTAL 50
100
Reasons for choosing the variety. Table 4 shows that most of the respondents (98%) said
that white flash variety had good quality; (12%) said it was available; and 6% said its resistance
to diseases. This was based on experiences of farmers who were in the business for quite some
time. Hence, variety of cauliflower is one of the factors to consider in producing good yields.
Land preparation practices. Table 5 shows that most of the respondents (98%) cleared the
field and 18% harrowed the field. The respondents made sure that the farm field must be
thoroughly prepared before planting the seedlings to ensure good yield.
Table 4. Reasons for the respondents in choosing the variety
NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
14
REASONS (%)
Good quality
49
98
It is available
6
12
Resistance to disease
3
6
TOTAL 50
100
*Multiple response
Table 5. Land preparation practices of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
LAND PREPARATION PRACTICES
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Field clearing
49
98
Harrowing 9
18
*Multiple response
Time of transplanting seedlings. Table 6 shows that 58% of the respondents transplanted
their seedlings after 28 to 30 days; 32% after 31 days and above; and 12% transplanted within
25-27 days. This finding clearly indicates that cauliflower seedlings were usually transplanted
between 28 and 30 days old which was the recommended time by experts.
Fertilizer used. Table 7 shows that majority of the respondents used 14-14-14 and only
16% used 21-0-0. Organic fertilizer, 96% of the respondents used chicken manure while 26%
used ashes and 2% compost. It was noted that the respondents used a combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizers.
Table 6. Time of transplanting seedling of the respondents
TRANSPLANTING CAULIFLOWER
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
SEEDLINGS
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
15
25-7 days
6
12
28-30 days
29
58
31 days and above
16
32
*Multiple response
Table 7. Type of fertilizer used by the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
FERTILIZERS USED
RESPONDENTS
(%)
a. Inorganic
14-14-14
50
100
2-0-0
8
16
b. Organic
Chicken Manure
48
96
Compost
1
2
Ashes
13
26
*Multiple response
Method of fertilizer application. Table 8 shows that 42% applied organic fertilizers
during land preparation and hilling up; 32% applied organic and inorganic fertilizers at the same
time during land preparation; and 34% applied organic fertilizers as basal and inorganic, as side
dress.
Fertilizer application. The Table 9 shows that 74% of the respondents practiced basal
application; 36%, side dressing; and 4% broadcasting. This implies that the respondents followed
a variety of methods in fertilizer application.
Table 8. Method of fertilizer application of the respondents
METHOD OF FERTILIZER
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
APPLICATION
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
16
Organic fertilizers are applied during land
preparation and hilling up
21
42
Organic fertilizers are used as basal and
17 34
inorganic as side dress
Organic and inorganic fertilizers are
used at the same time during land
preparation
16
32
*Multiple response
Table 9. Fertilizer application of the respondents
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Basal Application
37
74
Side dressing
18
36
Broadcasting
2
4
*Multiple response
Time of fertilizer application. As shown in Table 10 shows that 80% of the respondents
applied fertilizers after transplanting; 64%, before transplanting. This implies that all the farmer-
respondents followed methods on when to apply fertilizer. They applied fertilizer based on their
experience and were based from co-farmers experiences or recommendations.
Method of irrigation. Table 11 shows that in irrigating their crops, most of the
respondents (92%) used overhead sprinkler and 4% gravitational.
Table 10. Time of fertilizer application of the respondents
TIME OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
17
Before transplanting
32
64
After transplanting
40
80
*Multiple response
Table 11. Method of irrigation by the respondents
METHOD OF IRRIGATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Gravitational
2
4
Overhead sprinkler
46
96
TOTAL 50
100
Table 12. Control of insect pest and disease used by the respondents
CONTROL OF INSECT PEST
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AND DISEASE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Chemical control
49
98
Mechanical control
1
2
*Multiple response
Control of pest and diseases. Table 12 shows that 98% of the respondents used chemical
control for the control of pest and diseases while 2% used mechanical control.
Marketing Practices of the Respondents
Table 13 shows that all of the respondents sold their products in La Trinidad Trading Post
and 42% sold their products at the Baguio City Market. Among the fifty respondents (58%) sold
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
18
their products to wholesalers; 46% sold to middlemen; and 8% to retailers. As regard to the
mode of payment, majority of the respondents were paid cash on delivery, 20%, on credit basis;
while 4%, contract basis. There were two packing materials used by the respondents such as
sacks and baskets. Almost all of the respondents 96% used sacks for their produce and while
only 14% used baskets. Regarding transportation, 92% of the respondents preferred public utility
jeepneys (PUJs) in transporting their produced, 14% used their owned vehicles. Accordingly,
Farmers preferred public utility jeepney because it is cheaper and if their produce is small.
Production and Marketing Problems of the Respondents
Production
problems. Table 14 shows the problems encountered by the respondents
which includes the lack of capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pests and disease, poor
quality of planting materials and lack of irrigation. Normally, these problems affected practically
all vegetable gardeners.
Marketing
problems. As shown in Table 14, the problems encountered by the respondents
in marketing their produced were low market price 84%; competition, 28%; high transportation
cost, 24%; poor transportation facilities, 16%; 10%, proper handling the produce to the roadside.
The result implies that the farmers had varied problems encountered in production and in
marketing of cauliflower.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
19
Table 13. Marketing practices of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
MARKETING PRACTICES
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Market outlets
La Trinidad trading post
50
100
Baguio city market
21
42
*Multiple response
TYPE OF BUYERS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Wholesaler
29
58
Middlemen
23
46
Retailer
4
8
*Multiple response
MODE OF PAYMENT
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Cash
50
100
Credit
10
20
Contract
2
4
*Multiple response
Baskets
48
96
Sacks
6
12
*Multiple response
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
USED
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Jeepneys
46
92
Owned cars
7
14
*Multiple response
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
20
Table 14. Production and marketing problems of the respondents
PROBLEMS NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production
Lack of capital
48
96
High cost of inputs
25
50
Prevalence of pest and disease
9
18
Poor quality of planting materials
7
14
Lack of irrigation
6
12
Marketing
Low Market Price
42
84
Price competition
14
28
High transportation cost
12
24
Poor transportation facilities
8 16
Lack of handling the produce
to the roadside
5
10
Delay of payment
4
8
*Multiple response
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents,
the production and marketing practices and the problems encountered by the respondents.
Fifty farmers were randomly chosen and interviewed using a structured survey
questionnaire and personal interview. The data gathered were analyzed using simple statistical
tools such as percentage.
Findings show that majority of the respondents were at their middle aged, mostly
married, males and had formal education. Most of them owned the land area of 400 to 600
square meters.
For the production practices based on the results of the study, most of the respondents
preferred white flash variety. As to their land preparation, majority did field clearing. The
respondents transplanted the seedlings after 28-30 days from sowing.
With regard to fertilizer application, most of the respondents used inorganic fertilizers
like 14-14-14 while others combined organic and inorganic fertilizers. The farmers irrigated their
crops through overhead sprinkler.
Most of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers at La Trinidad Trading Post on
cash basis. Most of the respondents used sacks for their products and they transported their
cauliflower using public utility jeepneys.
The problems encountered by the respondents in cauliflower production were lacked of
capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials
and lacked of irrigation. Regarding marketing problems were low market price, price
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
22
competition, high transportation cost, poor transportation facilities, lacked of handling the
produce to the roadside and delayed of payments from buyers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The respondents of the study were mostly males, married and at their middle aged. All
of them had formal education and owned the land they cultivated with an area of 400 to 600
square meters.
2. White flash was the common variety cultivated by the respondents. The farmers
transplanted the cauliflower seedlings 28-30 days after sowing the seeds. Most of the farmers
marketed their produced at the La Trinidad Trading Post to wholesalers and on cash basis.
3. The common production problems were lack of capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence
of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials and lack of irrigation. The marketing
problems were low market price, price competition, high transportation cost, poor transportation
facilities, lacked of handling the produce to the roadside and delayed of payments from buyers.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are the following:
1. Establishment of farmer’s multipurpose cooperative, to provide members their needs
in cauliflower production such as supply of goods varieties and financial assistance for those
who lack capital.
2. Members could avail of better price if the cooperative will handle the wholesale of
their produce.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
23
3. The cooperative could also provide specialized services to members like packaging
and transportation in order to minimize high transportation cost of the product.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
24
LITERATURE CITED
ANTON, M. D. 1995. Strawberry production in Longlong, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 2.
BANGSOYAO, S. B. 1999. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetable wholesaler farmers
in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 7.
COX, J. F. and L. E. JACKSON. 1993. Crops. Madison, Wiscousin: United Armed Forces
Institute. Pp. 15-17.
GUIAGUI, J. 1993. Production and marketing practices of tomato growers in Northern Sagada,
Mountain Province. BS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
IGNACIO, E. J. 2006. Production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Poblacion
Bokod. BS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 29-32.
JUCAR, J. H. 1991. Economics analysis of marketing system of selected fruits in La Union. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PACALSO, D. S. 2001. Farming system adopted by vegetable farmers in Mankayan, Benguet.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 5-6.
PANAS, J. G. 1995. Varietal evaluation of cauliflower under Kabayan, Benguet. condition. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 1.
VILLAREAL, R. L. 1980. Tomatoes in the Tropics, West View press, Colorado.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
25
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Letter to Respondents
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents:
I am Ester Jane A. Caliag, a fourth year students of Benguet State University who is
conducting a study entitled “Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower in Barangay
Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.” This is a major course requirement of Science of Agriculture
major in Extension Education.
This questionnaire given to you will be used to fulfill the academic requirement needed in
this research.
The success of this study relies on you, on how you honestly answer the questions. Your
valued cooperation and kind consideration is highly appreciated
Thank you very much and God Speed!
Very truly yours,
ESTERJANE
CALIAG
Researcher
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
26
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. Socio- economic
Name: (optional) _________________
Age: ____________ Civil Status: ____________ Sex: ____________
Educational Background __________Elementary ______________College
__________ High School _____________Vocational
Annual Income
___________5,000-10,000
____________11,000-15,000
____________16,000-20,000
____________21,000-25,000
____________26,000-30,000
Land Ownership ___________ Owned Operated
___________Tenant
___________Share Tenant
___________Leasehold
Area Planted ___________100-300 sq.m.
___________400-600 sq.m.
___________ 700-1,000 sq.m.
II. Production Practices
1. Selection of seeds.
____________a. produced own seed
____________b. buy from accredited farm supply
____________c. buy from trusted relatives or friends
____________e. Others (pls. specify)
2. Variety of Cauliflower Cultivated
____________a. Milky Way
____________b. Snow Crow
____________c. White flash
____________d. Others (pls. specify) ____________
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
27
3. What is the reason for choosing the variety?
__________a. It is available
__________b. Good Quality
__________c. High Price
__________d. Resistance to Disease
__________e. Others (pls. specify) ___________
4. Land Preparation Practices
_________a. Field Clearing
_________b. Harrowing
_________c. Others (pls. specify)
5. When do you transplant your cauliflower seedlings?
________a. 25-27 days
________b. 28-30 days
________c. 31 days and above
6. What types of fertilizer do you use?
a.) Inorganic
_________14-14-14
_________21-0-0
_________others (pls. specify) ________________
b.) Organic
_________Chicken Manure
_________Compost
_________Animal Manure
_________Ashes
_________Others (pls. specify) _______________
7. How do you apply fertilizer in your plants?
___________a. Organic and inorganic fertilizers are used at the same time during
land preparation.
___________b. Organic fertilizers are used as basal and inorganic as sidedress.
___________c. Inorganic fertilizers are applied during land preparation and
hilling up.
8. When do you apply fertilizer?
____________a. Before transplanting
____________b. During transplanting
____________c. After transplanting
9. Method of Fertilizer Application
____________a. Basal Application
____________b. Side dressing
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
28
____________c. Broadcasting
____________d. Others (pls. specify)___________
10. Control of Insect Pest and Diseases
____________a. Chemical Control
____________b. Mechanical Control
11. Method of Irrigation
____________a. Gravitational
____________b. Overhead
III. Marketing Practices
A. Market Outlet
_________a. Baguio City
_________b. La Trinidad Trading Post
_________c. Others (pls. specify) ______________
B. Marketing Outlet
_________a. Wholesaler
_________b. Retailer
_________c. Middlemen
_________d. Contract
C. Method of Payment of Product
________a. Cash
________b. Credit
________c. Contract
________d. Others (pls. specify) _____________
D. Packing Materials Used
________a. Sacks
________b. Baskets
________c. Others (pls. specify) _____________
E. Type of transportation do you use in transporting your produce?
________a. Jeepneys
________b. Buses
________c. Owned cars
________d. Others (pls. specify) _____________
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
29
1V. Production and Marketing Problems
A. What are the problems encountered in producing your product?
________b. Lack of irrigation
________c. Prevalence of pest and disease
________d. Poor quality of planting materials
________e. High cost of inputs
________f. Others (pls. specify) _____________
B. What are the problems encountered in marketing your produce?
_________a. Poor transportation facilities
_________ b.Lack of grading
_________c. Lack of handling the produce to the road side
_________d. Low market price
_________e. Lack of minimize high transportation cost of products.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
CALIAG, ESTER JANE A. APRIL 2011. Production and Marketing Practices of
Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents in
Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. The production and marketing practices, and the problems
encountered by the respondents.
There were fifty farmer-respondents of the study who are engaged in farming. The study
was conducted in December 2010. The data were tabulated, consolidated, analyzed and
interpreted using descriptive statistics such as percentages.
Findings showed that majority of the respondents were middle aged; mostly males;
married; had formal education; and cultivated an area of 400 to 600 square meters which they
owned the land.
The white flash variety was the most common variety cultivated by the respondents. They
transplanted the seedlings after 28 to 30 days from sowing. Most of them applied organic and
inorganic fertilizers and irrigated their crops through the overhead sprinkler.
Most of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers at La Trinidad Trading Post on
cash basis. They used sacks to pack their product which was transported using public utility
jeepneys.
The problems encountered by the respondents in cauliflower production were: lack of
capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials
and lack of irrigation. Regarding marketing problems, they identified low market price, price
competition, and high transportation of cost, poor transportation facilities, lack of handling
practices and delayed of payments from buyers.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract……… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Locale and Time of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Respondents of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Gathered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Socio-Economic Profile
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Production Practices
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Marketing Practices of
the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Production and Marketing Problems
of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . .
21
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
APPENDIX
A. Letter to the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) is one of the major vegetables in
Benguet. It is grown for its unopened flavor clusters known as curd, which is the edible part of
the plant. The edible part consist of a compact terminal mass of greatly thickened and modified
flower structures which substending fleshy stalks. The curd forms at the top of the plant stem
which broad and elongated leaves that extended far above the curd. It is commonly eaten either
cooked or pickled (Panas, 1995). Knott 1988 as cited by Panas (1995) stated that cauliflower
belongs to the mustard or crucifarae family. It grows best in a mild cold weather in a fertile well-
watered soil. Cauliflower cannot with stand tool low or too high temperature for its growth.
In the highlands, most of the farmers depend on vegetable farming as a source of income.
They grow various vegetable crops. One of which is cauliflower but production is much lower in
comparison to their counterparts in other countries. This is one of the common crops
commercially grown by the farmers in Benguet most especially in Kabayan during the month of
March to November. However, yields obtained are usually low. The reason is due to the
inadaptability of variety grown. Farmers usually plant available varieties without considering
their adaptability to the existing highland environment. To solve this problem, varietal trial must
be done to seek the best adapted variety to ensure productivity.
Statement of the Problem
The study deal with the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in
Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
2
questions:
1. What are the socio-economic profile of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,Kabayan,
Benguet?
2. What are the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet?
3. What are the problems encountered by the cauliflower growers regarding the
production and marketing of cauliflower?
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. To determine the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers; and
3. To identify the problems encountered by the cauliflower growers regarding their
production and marketing practices of cauliflower.
Importance of the Study
The study was on the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers.
Appraising them would provide an understanding of the present situation of cauliflower growers.
This was done to find out ways of improving the cauliflower industry to increase their income so
that their socio-economic status can be improved.
The result of this study would serve as a guide for further researches. People involved in
extension programs could also make use of the data gathered in this study particularly in the
accumulation of information regarding production and marketing practices of cauliflower.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
3
Scope and Limitation
Geographically the scope of the study was the Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.
The study was limited to the socio-economic profile of the cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet their production and marketing practices, and the problems they encountered
in production.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Socio-economic Profile
In 1997, NEDA reported as cited by Guiagui (1993) that the problems that hamper the
socio-economic problems of the community are large family, size, low income, unemployment,
financial in capability to start a chosen career and tenancy system of farming. Most of the rural
poor are farmers, farm laborers, fishermen and loggers. According to Pasad (1989) as cited by
Anton (1995), farmers always play a dominant role in the acceptance of innovations. He said that
farming means the production of high yields through skillful management. The change agent is a
source and other rural development ideas on information. Through the various extension
activities, he introduces new knowledge and innovations to increase income and consequently
their levels of living.
Castillo (1969) as cited by Guiagui (1993) emphasized that farmers who are fully
employed and have stable jobs are likely to have higher income and have better living conditions
while those unemployed have low income. Agricultural growth is not the primarily concern of
the people, instead, the quality of life they can enjoy.
Production
Robertson (1989) as cited by Pacalso (2001) emphasized that the physical features of a
farm have a greater influence on types and systems of farming, especially on the soil texture,
slope, fertility, acidity, and susceptibility to erosion as compared to some caused by variation in
types of farming like climate, labor, market and customs of farmers.
Bautista et al (1983) as cited by Ignacio (2006) stated by that the soil for vegetable
production should be rich in organic matter. To achieve this condition, there is need to sustain
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
5
application of compost. Composting weeds, manure and other farm wastes as soil amendments
can improve soil structure making it ideal for vegetative crop production.
Cox and Jackson (1993) stressed that farmers of today and tomorrow must become
experts not only in the efficient production of maximum crop yield per acre but also in protecting
their soil from erosion by water and by wind and in maintaining and building up the elements of
fertilizers by crop and livestock.
Villareal (1980) revealed that successful production is assured in areas that have good
irrigation and planting of seeds that are properly handled and stored.
Marketing
This marketing activities and strategies was further defined by Mortenso as cited by
Bangsoyao (1999) when he reported that marketing services are performed by middlemen from
the time the products leave the farm until they are finally purchased by consumers. Some of the
importances of these services of functions are: assembly, transporting, processing, grading,
storing, financial, and packaging. These are the services which add value of which consumers are
willing to pay. They are being paid for by the increase which occurs in the market price as the
commodity goes closer to the consumer. The producers choose buyers or outlets for their
products because of convenience and good price, but major reason of choosing buyer is the price.
One of the factors affecting the price is the volume and the quantity of the products.
Furthermore, Jucar (1991) stressed that market information helps producers come up with a
reasonable pricing of their products. There is a need, however, for the government to support the
system particular relating to financial assistance for the products.
Production and Marketing Problems
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
6
The problem so far encountered by the farmers is the marketing of their products because
of the proliferation of channels, reserve interagency flow and the intervention of middlemen who
also are the source of price for the products. Poor and inadequate road network makes farm
inputs costly and produce low price. Costly transport units and their space further increase cost
while bad roads and lack of vehicles lead to high postharvest losses. Transport infrastructure has
been developed to address the need to link provinces and towns.
Pacalso (2001) said that farmers cannot profit much because of the limited factors of
production such as tillable lands, farm equipments, financial requirements and the limited
technologies. Farming entails great pressing problems. One of which is natural calamities such as
food, typhoons, drought, and prevalence of insects and diseases in which other occupations are
not exposed to. Unless solutions to these problems and needs of farmers are looked into by the
agricultural agencies concerned in educating these farmers with the complete package of
technologies that they would attain increase production and develop progressive farming.
Inadequate market information is one of the problems in marketing. This flow of
information is stalled due to poor transport and telecommunications network. This result in
producers having little knowledge of the dynamics of the market and prices for both new
products and inputs (Cox and Jackson, 1993).
Improvement of existing road and construction of new owner can justify and lower
transportation rates. These would result to lesser losses which are due to high percentage of
damaged products before reaching the point of sale. One thing more, market information must be
widely dissemination for farmers and middlemen to know the prevailing the various crops at a
particular period of time. At the same time, the vegetative producers should attend to more
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
7
seminars on vegetative production in order to have more information on the correct practices of
going crops and to improve production level (Pacalso, 2001) as cited by Ignacio (2006).
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet. Kabayan is one of the
municipalities of Benguet consisting of 13 barangays, which is located between the
municipalities of Bokod and Buguias. There are varied crops raised in the locality such as
carrots, onions, cabbage and broccoli but the common production in Kabayan is cauliflower.
This study was conducted in December 2010.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the farmers engaged in cauliflower production. Fifty
were considered as respondents of the study.
Data Collection
Data collection was done through the used of a prepared questionnaire, personal
interview and observation. The data are collected from December 2010 to January 2011.
Data Gathered
The data gathered were focused on Cauliflower production and marketing practices in
Barangay Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.
Data Analysis
The data collected were categorized, tabulated, summarized, and analyzed using
percentage.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
9
Figure 1. Map of the study
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Profile of the Respondent
This
section
presents
the results of the study.
Table 1 shows the socio-economic profile of the respondents as to age, civil status, sex,
educational attainment, annual income, land ownership and area planted.
Age. As shown in Table 1, 28% of the respondents belonged to age ranged from 31 to 40
years old and 41 to 50 years old; 22%, from 51 to 60 years old; 20% from 20 to 30 years old; and
2% 60 years old and above. The finding indicates that most of the respondents were at their
middle aged, while others were relatively young.
Civil
status. Majority of the respondents were married and 28% were single. It implies
that married couples are more concerned with farm activities than the single one.
Sex. With regard to sex, 80% of the respondents were males while, the remaining 20 %
were females. This finding shows that more men are involved in farming although some women
also helped in farm activities.
Educational
attainment. All of the respondents had undergone formal schooling with a
total of 46% who reached high school level; 42% elementary education; 10% were college level
and 2% finished vocational courses. The result shows that all of the respondents were literate.
Annual
income. Majority of the respondents had annual income of P5,000 to P10,000;
18%, from P11,000 to P15,000 and P16,000 to P20,000; 8%, from P26,000 to P30,000 and 4%
from P21,000 to P25,000. Findings show that the respondents had
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
11
Table 1. Socio-economic profile of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
PARTICULAR
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Age
20 to 30 years old
10
20
31 to 40 years old
14
28
41 to 50 years old
14
28
51 to 60 years old
11
22
60 years old and above
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Civil Status
Single
36
72
Married
14
28
TOTAL 50
100
Sex
Female
10
20
Male
40
80
TOTAL 50
100
Educational attainment
Elementary
21
42
High School
23
46
College
5
10
Vocational
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Annual Income
5,000 – 10,000
26
52
11,000 – 15,000
9
18
16,000 – 20,000
9
18
21,000 – 25,000
2
4
26,000 – 30,000
4
8
TOTAL 50
100
Land Ownership
Owned operated
30
60
Tenant
20
40
TOTAL 50
100
Area Planted
100 – 300 sq.m.
13
26
400 – 600 sq.m.
24
48
700-1000 sq.m.
13
26
TOTAL 50
100
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
12
low annual income. Hence, rural families are considered comparatively poor and are engage in
small gardening. However, this income was derived from cauliflower production only.
Land
ownership. The table shows that 80% of the respondents owned the land they were
cultivating and 20% were renting. This confirms the fact that many rural families owned the area
they cultivated and few often had it rendered to friend or relatives.
Area
planted. Majority of the respondents, 48% had 400 - 600 sq.m.; 26% from 100 - 300
sq.m. and 700 - 1000 sq.m. Based on the interview with the farmers, they said that they could not
determine the exact total area of the field they cultivated because their farms were located in
different areas.
Production Practices of the Respondents
The production practices of the respondents from the selection of seeds, varieties of
cauliflower they planted, the reasons for choosing the variety, land preparation practices,
transplanting cauliflower seedlings, type of fertilizer used, fertilizer application, method of
fertilizer application, control of insect pest and diseases, method of irrigation and time of
fertilizer application are shown in Tables 2 to 12.
Selection of seeds. Table 2 shows that the most of the respondents (98%) bought their
seeds from accredited farm supply; and only 2% produced their own seeds.
Variety of cauliflower. Table 3 shows that among the fifty respondents interviewed, 78%
cultivated the white flash variety; and 22%, Milky Way. This information shows that almost all
the respondents preferred the white flash variety.
Table 2. Selection of seeds by the respondents
SELECTION OF SEEDS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
13
(%)
Buy seeds in accredited farm supply
49
98
Produced own seeds
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Table 3. Varieties of cauliflower planted by the respondents
VARIETIES NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
White flash
39
78
Milky way
11
22
TOTAL 50
100
Reasons for choosing the variety. Table 4 shows that most of the respondents (98%) said
that white flash variety had good quality; (12%) said it was available; and 6% said its resistance
to diseases. This was based on experiences of farmers who were in the business for quite some
time. Hence, variety of cauliflower is one of the factors to consider in producing good yields.
Land preparation practices. Table 5 shows that most of the respondents (98%) cleared the
field and 18% harrowed the field. The respondents made sure that the farm field must be
thoroughly prepared before planting the seedlings to ensure good yield.
Table 4. Reasons for the respondents in choosing the variety
NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
14
REASONS (%)
Good quality
49
98
It is available
6
12
Resistance to disease
3
6
TOTAL 50
100
*Multiple response
Table 5. Land preparation practices of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
LAND PREPARATION PRACTICES
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Field clearing
49
98
Harrowing 9
18
*Multiple response
Time of transplanting seedlings. Table 6 shows that 58% of the respondents transplanted
their seedlings after 28 to 30 days; 32% after 31 days and above; and 12% transplanted within
25-27 days. This finding clearly indicates that cauliflower seedlings were usually transplanted
between 28 and 30 days old which was the recommended time by experts.
Fertilizer used. Table 7 shows that majority of the respondents used 14-14-14 and only
16% used 21-0-0. Organic fertilizer, 96% of the respondents used chicken manure while 26%
used ashes and 2% compost. It was noted that the respondents used a combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizers.
Table 6. Time of transplanting seedling of the respondents
TRANSPLANTING CAULIFLOWER
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
SEEDLINGS
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
15
25-7 days
6
12
28-30 days
29
58
31 days and above
16
32
*Multiple response
Table 7. Type of fertilizer used by the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
FERTILIZERS USED
RESPONDENTS
(%)
a. Inorganic
14-14-14
50
100
2-0-0
8
16
b. Organic
Chicken Manure
48
96
Compost
1
2
Ashes
13
26
*Multiple response
Method of fertilizer application. Table 8 shows that 42% applied organic fertilizers
during land preparation and hilling up; 32% applied organic and inorganic fertilizers at the same
time during land preparation; and 34% applied organic fertilizers as basal and inorganic, as side
dress.
Fertilizer application. The Table 9 shows that 74% of the respondents practiced basal
application; 36%, side dressing; and 4% broadcasting. This implies that the respondents followed
a variety of methods in fertilizer application.
Table 8. Method of fertilizer application of the respondents
METHOD OF FERTILIZER
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
APPLICATION
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
16
Organic fertilizers are applied during land
preparation and hilling up
21
42
Organic fertilizers are used as basal and
17 34
inorganic as side dress
Organic and inorganic fertilizers are
used at the same time during land
preparation
16
32
*Multiple response
Table 9. Fertilizer application of the respondents
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Basal Application
37
74
Side dressing
18
36
Broadcasting
2
4
*Multiple response
Time of fertilizer application. As shown in Table 10 shows that 80% of the respondents
applied fertilizers after transplanting; 64%, before transplanting. This implies that all the farmer-
respondents followed methods on when to apply fertilizer. They applied fertilizer based on their
experience and were based from co-farmers experiences or recommendations.
Method of irrigation. Table 11 shows that in irrigating their crops, most of the
respondents (92%) used overhead sprinkler and 4% gravitational.
Table 10. Time of fertilizer application of the respondents
TIME OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
17
Before transplanting
32
64
After transplanting
40
80
*Multiple response
Table 11. Method of irrigation by the respondents
METHOD OF IRRIGATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Gravitational
2
4
Overhead sprinkler
46
96
TOTAL 50
100
Table 12. Control of insect pest and disease used by the respondents
CONTROL OF INSECT PEST
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AND DISEASE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Chemical control
49
98
Mechanical control
1
2
*Multiple response
Control of pest and diseases. Table 12 shows that 98% of the respondents used chemical
control for the control of pest and diseases while 2% used mechanical control.
Marketing Practices of the Respondents
Table 13 shows that all of the respondents sold their products in La Trinidad Trading Post
and 42% sold their products at the Baguio City Market. Among the fifty respondents (58%) sold
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
18
their products to wholesalers; 46% sold to middlemen; and 8% to retailers. As regard to the
mode of payment, majority of the respondents were paid cash on delivery, 20%, on credit basis;
while 4%, contract basis. There were two packing materials used by the respondents such as
sacks and baskets. Almost all of the respondents 96% used sacks for their produce and while
only 14% used baskets. Regarding transportation, 92% of the respondents preferred public utility
jeepneys (PUJs) in transporting their produced, 14% used their owned vehicles. Accordingly,
Farmers preferred public utility jeepney because it is cheaper and if their produce is small.
Production and Marketing Problems of the Respondents
Production
problems. Table 14 shows the problems encountered by the respondents
which includes the lack of capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pests and disease, poor
quality of planting materials and lack of irrigation. Normally, these problems affected practically
all vegetable gardeners.
Marketing
problems. As shown in Table 14, the problems encountered by the respondents
in marketing their produced were low market price 84%; competition, 28%; high transportation
cost, 24%; poor transportation facilities, 16%; 10%, proper handling the produce to the roadside.
The result implies that the farmers had varied problems encountered in production and in
marketing of cauliflower.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
19
Table 13. Marketing practices of the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
MARKETING PRACTICES
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Market outlets
La Trinidad trading post
50
100
Baguio city market
21
42
*Multiple response
TYPE OF BUYERS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Wholesaler
29
58
Middlemen
23
46
Retailer
4
8
*Multiple response
MODE OF PAYMENT
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Cash
50
100
Credit
10
20
Contract
2
4
*Multiple response
Baskets
48
96
Sacks
6
12
*Multiple response
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
USED
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Jeepneys
46
92
Owned cars
7
14
*Multiple response
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
20
Table 14. Production and marketing problems of the respondents
PROBLEMS NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Production
Lack of capital
48
96
High cost of inputs
25
50
Prevalence of pest and disease
9
18
Poor quality of planting materials
7
14
Lack of irrigation
6
12
Marketing
Low Market Price
42
84
Price competition
14
28
High transportation cost
12
24
Poor transportation facilities
8 16
Lack of handling the produce
to the roadside
5
10
Delay of payment
4
8
*Multiple response
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study on the production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents,
the production and marketing practices and the problems encountered by the respondents.
Fifty farmers were randomly chosen and interviewed using a structured survey
questionnaire and personal interview. The data gathered were analyzed using simple statistical
tools such as percentage.
Findings show that majority of the respondents were at their middle aged, mostly
married, males and had formal education. Most of them owned the land area of 400 to 600
square meters.
For the production practices based on the results of the study, most of the respondents
preferred white flash variety. As to their land preparation, majority did field clearing. The
respondents transplanted the seedlings after 28-30 days from sowing.
With regard to fertilizer application, most of the respondents used inorganic fertilizers
like 14-14-14 while others combined organic and inorganic fertilizers. The farmers irrigated their
crops through overhead sprinkler.
Most of the farmers sold their products to wholesalers at La Trinidad Trading Post on
cash basis. Most of the respondents used sacks for their products and they transported their
cauliflower using public utility jeepneys.
The problems encountered by the respondents in cauliflower production were lacked of
capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials
and lacked of irrigation. Regarding marketing problems were low market price, price
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
22
competition, high transportation cost, poor transportation facilities, lacked of handling the
produce to the roadside and delayed of payments from buyers.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The respondents of the study were mostly males, married and at their middle aged. All
of them had formal education and owned the land they cultivated with an area of 400 to 600
square meters.
2. White flash was the common variety cultivated by the respondents. The farmers
transplanted the cauliflower seedlings 28-30 days after sowing the seeds. Most of the farmers
marketed their produced at the La Trinidad Trading Post to wholesalers and on cash basis.
3. The common production problems were lack of capital, high cost of inputs, prevalence
of pest and diseases, poor quality of planting materials and lack of irrigation. The marketing
problems were low market price, price competition, high transportation cost, poor transportation
facilities, lacked of handling the produce to the roadside and delayed of payments from buyers.
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are the following:
1. Establishment of farmer’s multipurpose cooperative, to provide members their needs
in cauliflower production such as supply of goods varieties and financial assistance for those
who lack capital.
2. Members could avail of better price if the cooperative will handle the wholesale of
their produce.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
23
3. The cooperative could also provide specialized services to members like packaging
and transportation in order to minimize high transportation cost of the product.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
24
LITERATURE CITED
ANTON, M. D. 1995. Strawberry production in Longlong, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 2.
BANGSOYAO, S. B. 1999. Marketing activities and strategies of vegetable wholesaler farmers
in La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet. P. 7.
COX, J. F. and L. E. JACKSON. 1993. Crops. Madison, Wiscousin: United Armed Forces
Institute. Pp. 15-17.
GUIAGUI, J. 1993. Production and marketing practices of tomato growers in Northern Sagada,
Mountain Province. BS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 1-2.
IGNACIO, E. J. 2006. Production and marketing practices of cauliflower growers in Poblacion
Bokod. BS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 29-32.
JUCAR, J. H. 1991. Economics analysis of marketing system of selected fruits in La Union. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
PACALSO, D. S. 2001. Farming system adopted by vegetable farmers in Mankayan, Benguet.
BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. Pp. 5-6.
PANAS, J. G. 1995. Varietal evaluation of cauliflower under Kabayan, Benguet. condition. BS
Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 1.
VILLAREAL, R. L. 1980. Tomatoes in the Tropics, West View press, Colorado.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
25
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Letter to Respondents
BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents:
I am Ester Jane A. Caliag, a fourth year students of Benguet State University who is
conducting a study entitled “Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower in Barangay
Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet.” This is a major course requirement of Science of Agriculture
major in Extension Education.
This questionnaire given to you will be used to fulfill the academic requirement needed in
this research.
The success of this study relies on you, on how you honestly answer the questions. Your
valued cooperation and kind consideration is highly appreciated
Thank you very much and God Speed!
Very truly yours,
ESTERJANE
CALIAG
Researcher
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
26
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
I. Socio- economic
Name: (optional) _________________
Age: ____________ Civil Status: ____________ Sex: ____________
Educational Background __________Elementary ______________College
__________ High School _____________Vocational
Annual Income
___________5,000-10,000
____________11,000-15,000
____________16,000-20,000
____________21,000-25,000
____________26,000-30,000
Land Ownership ___________ Owned Operated
___________Tenant
___________Share Tenant
___________Leasehold
Area Planted ___________100-300 sq.m.
___________400-600 sq.m.
___________ 700-1,000 sq.m.
II. Production Practices
1. Selection of seeds.
____________a. produced own seed
____________b. buy from accredited farm supply
____________c. buy from trusted relatives or friends
____________e. Others (pls. specify)
2. Variety of Cauliflower Cultivated
____________a. Milky Way
____________b. Snow Crow
____________c. White flash
____________d. Others (pls. specify) ____________
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
27
3. What is the reason for choosing the variety?
__________a. It is available
__________b. Good Quality
__________c. High Price
__________d. Resistance to Disease
__________e. Others (pls. specify) ___________
4. Land Preparation Practices
_________a. Field Clearing
_________b. Harrowing
_________c. Others (pls. specify)
5. When do you transplant your cauliflower seedlings?
________a. 25-27 days
________b. 28-30 days
________c. 31 days and above
6. What types of fertilizer do you use?
a.) Inorganic
_________14-14-14
_________21-0-0
_________others (pls. specify) ________________
b.) Organic
_________Chicken Manure
_________Compost
_________Animal Manure
_________Ashes
_________Others (pls. specify) _______________
7. How do you apply fertilizer in your plants?
___________a. Organic and inorganic fertilizers are used at the same time during
land preparation.
___________b. Organic fertilizers are used as basal and inorganic as sidedress.
___________c. Inorganic fertilizers are applied during land preparation and
hilling up.
8. When do you apply fertilizer?
____________a. Before transplanting
____________b. During transplanting
____________c. After transplanting
9. Method of Fertilizer Application
____________a. Basal Application
____________b. Side dressing
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
28
____________c. Broadcasting
____________d. Others (pls. specify)___________
10. Control of Insect Pest and Diseases
____________a. Chemical Control
____________b. Mechanical Control
11. Method of Irrigation
____________a. Gravitational
____________b. Overhead
III. Marketing Practices
A. Market Outlet
_________a. Baguio City
_________b. La Trinidad Trading Post
_________c. Others (pls. specify) ______________
B. Marketing Outlet
_________a. Wholesaler
_________b. Retailer
_________c. Middlemen
_________d. Contract
C. Method of Payment of Product
________a. Cash
________b. Credit
________c. Contract
________d. Others (pls. specify) _____________
D. Packing Materials Used
________a. Sacks
________b. Baskets
________c. Others (pls. specify) _____________
E. Type of transportation do you use in transporting your produce?
________a. Jeepneys
________b. Buses
________c. Owned cars
________d. Others (pls. specify) _____________
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
29
1V. Production and Marketing Problems
A. What are the problems encountered in producing your product?
________b. Lack of irrigation
________c. Prevalence of pest and disease
________d. Poor quality of planting materials
________e. High cost of inputs
________f. Others (pls. specify) _____________
B. What are the problems encountered in marketing your produce?
_________a. Poor transportation facilities
_________ b.Lack of grading
_________c. Lack of handling the produce to the road side
_________d. Low market price
_________e. Lack of minimize high transportation cost of products.
Production and Marketing Practices of Cauliflower Growers in Gusaran,
Kabayan, Benguet / Ester Jane A. Caliag 2011
Document Outline
- Production and Marketing Practices ofCauliflower Growers in Gusaran, Kabayan, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES