BIBLIOGRAPHY BAY-AN, CHARLES B. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAY-AN, CHARLES B. APRIL 2011. Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under
La Trinidad, Benguet Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of high lysine corn varieties
under La Trinidad condition; to determine the best varieties under La Trinidad; Benguet
condition; and to determine the profitability of growing high lysine corn in La Trinidad from
November 2009 to April 2010.
Highly significant differences among the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated were
observed in terms of ear diameter, number of kernel row per ear and number of marketable ear
per plot. Significant differences among the seven varieties were also noted in terms of ear
length, weight of marketable corn kernel, total weight of ear corn kernel and return on cash
expenses.
No significant differences were observed on days from sowing to emergence, days from
sowing to tasseling and to silking, plant height at maturity, number of ear harvested per plot,
number of kernel per row, weight of 1000 kernel per plot, number of non-marketable ear per
plot, total number of ear per plot and weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot.
All the seven high lysine corn varieties could be planted in La Trinidad, Benguet
condition because they all produced high yield and ROCE, although, IPBHy 446, IPBHW6OB
and IPBY449 are most profitable to produce.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Days from Sowing to Emergence,
Tasseling and Silking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days from Sowing to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Plant Vigor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Plant Height at Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Ear Length and Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Kernel per Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Number of Corn Ears Harvested
per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Number of Kernel Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Number of Corn Ears Harvested
Per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Marketable Corn Kernels
per Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Non-Marketable Corn
Kernels per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Total Weight of Corn Kernels
per Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Number of Marketable Ears per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Number of Non-Marketable Ear per
Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Total Number of Ears per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Seed Yield per Plot and per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Weight of 1000 Kernels of Seven
Corn Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Reaction to Downy Mildew and
Corn Borer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Return on Cash Expense of Growing
High Lysine Corn Varieties in La
Trinidad, Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . .
25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
INTRODUCTION
Corn
(Zea mays) is second to rice as the major grain crop in the Philippines. It is also a
good source of energy. In terms of uses, corn is a major component of animal feed and food for
human consumption. The crop itself is a good source of roughage for livestock (Cayat, 2002).
Corn still plays an important role in the Cordillera because it is considered as a cash crop.
In Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province, corn cultivation is only done in small scale
due to limited source of planting materials that is high yielding and suitable in the area.
Therefore, continuous introduction of new varieties is necessary (Agayam, 2005).
Corn is a staple food for 20% (or 12 million) of the Filipinos. It constitutes about 50% of
the feeds for the local livestock and poultry industries. As for the yellow corn, it accounts for
about 70% of livestock mixed feeds. The production of corn from 1999 to 2003 ranges from
4,584,593 metric tons to 4,615,625 metric tons with an average annual growth rate of 0.14%.
The Philippines contributes about 1% to world’s corn production or about 22% of the total corn
produced by the South-East Asian Nations (BPRE, 2009).
At present, we need to have open pollinated varieties of corn that are highly acceptable
with great quality specifically high quality protein. Since people of today are aware of their diet,
production of nutritious corn varieties is a necessity.
Corn contains vitamins, minerals and protein such as lysine and tryptophan. Lysine that is
present in corn is a natural amino acid man and animals must acquire to be healthy. Foods such
as meat and lentils are high in proteins that contain lysine. When we eat such foods, we break
down the proteins and scavenge the lysine for use in building our own proteins. The way high
lysine corn is genetically modified causes it to accumulate free lysine, not just proteins that are
rich in lysine (Sherrell, 2006).
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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Lysine or L-lysine is an essential amino acid that it is necessary for human health but
cannot be made by the body. For this reason, lysine must be obtained from food. Amino acids are
the building blocks of protein. Lysine is important for proper growth, and it plays an essential
role in the production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty acids into energy
and helping to lower cholesterol. Lysine appears to help the body absorb and conserve calcium,
and it plays an important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important for bones and
connective tissues including skin, tendon, and cartilage (Bernardo, 2009).
If there is too little lysine in the diet, kidney stones and other health related problems may
develop including fatigue, nausea, dizziness, loss of appetite, agitation, bloodshot eyes, slow
growth, anemia, and reproductive disorders. It is extremely rare, and corn is one of the best
sources of lysine (ADAM, 2007).
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of high lysine corn varieties
under La Trinidad condition, determine the best varieties under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
and to determine the profitability of growing high lysine protein corn in La Trinidad.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University-Institute of Plant Breeding
(BSU-IPB-HCRS) from December 2009 to March 2010.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Corn Plant
Corn stems superficially resemble bamboo canes and the internodes can reach 20–30
centimeters (8–12 in). Corn has a very distinct growth form; the lower leaves being like broad
flags, 50–100 centimeters long and 5–10 centimeters wide (2–4 ft by 2–4 in); the stems are erect,
conventionally 2–3 meters (7–10 ft) in height, with many nodes, casting off flag-leaves at every
node. Under these leaves and close to the stem grow the ears. They grow about 3 millimeters a
day. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-
deficient soils, and prone to be uprooted by severe winds (BPRE, 2009).
Climatic and Soil Requirement
The best soil for corn production is a well-drained silt loam or loam type of soil. It should
be a type of soil with a high moisture holding capacity, high amount of organic matter and be
slightly acidic (pH 5.3 to 7.3). A rainfall of 200 to 1,500 mm is required during its growing
period. However, the optimum requirement of corn is 400 to 600 mm per growing period. In
time of moisture deficiency, irrigation is essential (DA, 1999).
Nutritional Attributes of Corn
In the Philippines, more than eight million people or 20% of the country’s population
consume 79% of the corn produced. As a cereal grain, corn is second to rice as a source of
carbohydrates in the Filipino diet. It is largely consumed in the form of corn grits’ and grain
corn. Corns produced for food are processed into corn flakes, popcorn, crackers, cakes and
bread. From 1970 to 1973, rice and rice products accounted for an average of 104 kilos per
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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capita per year, while corn and corn products accounted to an average of 21 kilos or 14.3 % of
the total cereal production (Colado et al., 1981).
High carbohydrates, low protein and low fat causing malnutrition especially among the
young characterize the average Filipino diet. The Filipino family has a daily cereal intake of 395
grams. To enhance the nutritional value of corn grain emphasis on high lysine content has made
in worldwide breeding efforts. Resulting varieties are expected to yield not only a substantial
amount of carbohydrates but also high protein content. This development is a significant break
through in many developing countries where malnutrition is a threat to economic and social
stability (Colado et al., 1981).
As a source of energy, white and yellow corn contains about 128 and 188 calories
respectively. Protein is about 4.4% in white and 4.9% in yellow corn. Good corn contains
tryptophan and lysine. Fat and carbohydrates are usually higher in yellow corn compare to white
corn; however, the calcium content of white corn is higher. The nutritional advantage of yellow
corn over white corn and other cereal is that it contains carotene and crypthoxanthine vitamin A
(Collado et al., 1981).
Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is necessary to observe characters such as yield, earliness, vigor,
maturity and keeping quality because varieties have wide range of differences in size and in
yielding performance (Carew, 1981). Vergara (1991) added that new varieties under good
condition have greater yield potentials than the old ones. The use of fertilizer and improved
farming practices will increase more yield in new varieties than the old ones. Furthermore, it is
also necessary to determine adaptability of variety in a given location.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
5
Javar (2005) evaluated the growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with
different animal manures under Sta. Cruz, Ilocus Sur condition. The growth and yield of five
varieties of green corn significantly differed from each other. Carabuguis, LB lagkitan and DLU
Pearl sweet corn were the earliest to produce tassel and silk with in 44 days after sowing. It also
produced the highest number and heaviest marketable ears per plot. These varieties also
registered the highest return on total cash expense per plot basis and most acceptable green corn
under Sta. Cruz Ilocos Sur. Application of carabao manure, cow manure, and goat manure in
corn, produced the heaviest marketable ears per plot and total yield per hectare. Carabuguis
variety applied with cow manure and goat manure registered the highest return on total cash
expense.
Lomadeo (2005) studied the yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn under La
Trinidad condition. Highly significant differences among the six glutinous corn varieties was
recorded in terms of days from sowing to tasseling and silking, plant height and ear height at
maturity, number of leaves per plant, number of internodes, middle stem diameter, number of
kernel rows, leaf width and leaf area, ear diameter and number of non-marketable ears per plot.
Significant differences were noted on ear length, number of kernels per ear, number and weight
of marketable ears per plot. No significant differences were observed in terms of days to
emergence, leaf length, total number of corn ears, weight of non-marketable ears per plot and
total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
Among the six varieties of corn studied, Sagada Yellow was the earliest to produce tassel
and silk, emerged and reached maturity. Isabela Lagkitan had the highest number of leaves,
longest and widest leaf and biggest leaf area. Los Banos Lagkitan produced the longest ears. All
the six variety had comparable ear diameter. Kernel color of glutinous corn varied from the white
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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to cream and yellow. Los Banos lagkitan and Isabela lagkitan registered the highest kernel per
ear. They also had similar number and weight of marketable ears per plot except for Sagada
Yellow. Isabela lagkitan registered the highest yield per hectare and highest return on investment
(ROI). All the varieties of corn were resistant to leaf blight and ear worm. Among the varieties
studied, La Union Glutinous was very much liked by the taste panel.
Among the ten correlation coefficients worked out between yield and ten other characters
of corn positive and significant correlation coefficients between yield and leaf length, leaf width
and leaf area were noted indicating that the leaf length, leaf width, leaf area could be used as
selection indices when selecting for high yielding varieties of glutinous corn.
Lumetic (2005) studied the post harvest qualities of five varieties of corn as affected by
harvesting method in Liwan West, Rizal, and Kalinga. He revealed that all the varieties were
rated highly resistant to corn smut. Pioneer 3013 were significantly rated highly resistant to rat
infestation than the other varieties tasted. All the varieties of corn evaluated took only two days
of sun drying to reach around 14% MC and 86%DMC. The same is true with corn ears harvested
using the three methods of harvesting. Pioneer 3013 and Ayala Dekalb 888 produced
significantly higher seed yield of 3.5 kg/5m2 plot and 70 t/ha. The lowest seed yield was
obtained from Asian Hybrid 140 with 3 kg with 5m2 and 6 t/ha, which was statistically lower
than seed yield of Cargil 818 and Corn World 208.
Mamuri (2003) evaluated five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers under
Bacnotan, La Union condition. Highly significant differences among the five varieties were
recorded in terms of days to silking and tasseling. No significant difference was observed in
terms of days to maturity.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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Highly significant differences among the five varieties of corn were also recorded in
terms of length of corn ear and ear diameter, number of marketable and non-marketable corn ears
harvested and computed yield per hectare. Among the five varieties tasted, BS 9900 was the
earliest to produce tassel and silk. The numbers of days to maturity were similar in all the
varieties tested. The five varieties of corn were all resistant to downy mildew. In terms of plant
height at maturity, IPB variety 1 was the tallest among the five varieties tested. IPB 929 recorded
the longest ear and BS 9900 recorded the widest ear. NT 4201 recorded the highest number of
marketable ear and the lowest in terms of non-marketable ears harvested. The weights of 1000
kernels are similar in all the varieties tested. In terms of computed yield per hectare, IPB 929
gave the highest in terms of return on cash investment.
In terms of days to silking and tasseling, plant height at maturity and length of corn ears
highly significant differences among the five organic fertilizers were observed. Significant
differences among the five organic fertilizers were recorded in ear diameter and weight of 1000
kernels. No significant difference was observed among the organic fertilizers used in the days to
maturity, number of marketable and non-marketable corn ears harvested and computed yield per
hectare. Plants applied with Sagana 100 recorded the earliest to produce tassel and silk, tallest at
maturity, longest ear length, widest ear diameter and had the highest weight of 1000 kernels.
Plants applied with chicken dung gave the highest return on investment (ROI). No significant
interaction effects of variety and organic fertilizer in all the parameters measured were observed.
Economically, NT 4201 variety applied with hog manure gave the highest return on cash
investment (531.38% ROI).
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 420 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into four blocks consisting 28
plots measuring 15m2 each including six border plots. The experiment was laid out following
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. There were four rows per
plot measuring 0.75m2 x5m2 each.
Planting and Planting Distance
Planting was done in single row with 25 hills per row with the seeding rate of four seeds
per hill at the distance of 75 cm between furrows and 20cm between hills. Three weeks after
emergence, the corn seedlings were thinned out leaving only one healthy plant per hill.
Cultural Management
Fertilizer
application,
irrigation, cultivation, and weeding were done uniformly and as
necessary in all the furrows.
The seven high lysine varieties of corn obtained from the Institute of plant breeding,
University of the Philippines Los Baños served as treatments as follows:
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1
IPB Hy 446
V 2
IPB Hy 449
V3
IPB Hy 576
V4
IPB Hy 6411
V5
IPB HW 60B
V6
IPB HW 10W16
V7
IPB Var. 6 (YAP CORN)
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
9
Data Gathered:
1. Meteorological data. Daily temperature (ºC), relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm), and
sunshine duration (hr, min) were taken at the Philippine Atmospheric Geological Service
Administration (PAG-ASA) station based at Benguet State University.
2. Plant vigor. This was taken by visual rating at 30 days after planting (DAP) using the
following scale:
Rating Scale Description
1
Very poor growth
2
Poor growth
3
Moderately vigorous
4
Vigorous growth
5
Highly vigorous
3. Days from sowing to emergence. This was taken by counting the number of days from
sowing to emergence when at least 80% of the plants in a plot emerged.
4. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample plants
two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter stick.
5. Days from sowing to silking and tasseling. This was taken by counting the number
of days from sowing to silking and tasseling when at least 50% of the plants in a plot starts to
show their silk and tassel.
6. Days to maturity. This was taken by counting the number of days from sowing up to
harvesting when 80% of the husk turned yellow.
7. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample plants
two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter stick.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
10
8. Ear characters. This was gathered using ten sample ears per plot selected at random at
harvesting time.
a.
Ear
length. This was taken by measuring ten sample ears from the
point
of attachment to the tip of the husked ear per treatment selected at random.
b. Number of kernel per ear. This was gathered by counting all the kernels per ear
of ten samples per treatment at harvest time.
c. Ear diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the widest part of ten random
sample ear per plot using vernier caliper.
9. Number of corn ears harvested per plant. This was counted from ten sample plants
selected at random at harvest time per plot.
10. Number of non-marketable ear per plot. This was taken by counting the corn ears
with damage per plot. Non-marketable corn ears are those ears that are malformed and damage
by pest and diseases.
11. Number of marketable ear per plot. This was taken by counting the corn ears with
fully developed kernels that are free from any damaged or disease during the time of harvest.
12. Reaction to downy mildew. This was determined and rate at 30, 45, and 60 DAP
using the following formula and scale, respectively.
Number of Plant/Plot Infected x 100
Total Number of Plants/Plot
Rating Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Not infected or less than Resistant
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
11
2
10% of plant is infected
Moderate resistant
3
11-15% of the plant is infected
Susceptible
4
51% or nearly at the plant infected
very susceptible
Percent Infection Index =
13. Reaction to corn ear borer. The damage of corn borer on was observed during harvest
using the following rating scale:
Rating Scale Description Remarks
1
Less than 1% damage
Highly Resistant
2
1-5% damage
Moderate resistant
3
6-10% damage
Resistant
4
11-20% damage
Very susceptible
5
21-30%damage
14. Kernel characters. These was done by getting ten random sample ears per plot.
a. Total number of kernel per row. The number of kernel per row on ear was
counted.
b. Total number of kernel row per ear. This was gathered by counting the entire
kernel per ear of ten samples per treatment at harvest time.
14. Weight of 1000 kernels. This was done by weighing 1000 kernels per treatment per
replication after harvesting.
16. Seed yield per plot (kg/ 15m2). This was taken by weighing the seed per plot.
17. Seed Yield per hectare (t/hc). This will be obtained base on the yield per plot
(kg/15m2 ) using the following formula: yield/hectare (t/ha)=yield/plot x 0.66.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
12
Where .66 is a factor to be use to convert yield/plot in kg/15m2 to yield/ha in t/ha.
18. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Net
Profit
ROCE =
_____________________ x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The significance of
difference among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro Climatic Requirement
The monthly temperature, relative humidity amount of rainfall and Sun shine duration
throughout the conduct of the study are shown in table 1. There is increasing minimum and
maximum temperature during the growing period of corn on January to April. The relative
humidity was similar during the month of January and February then increased during the month
of March and decrease again during the month of April. There were rainfall in January to
February than March to April. The highest amount of sunlight was observed during the month of
March and the lowest amount of sunshine duration was recorded in April (Table 1.)Apparently
this climatic condition was observed to be suitable in growing corn in Trinidad as manifested by
its good growth and development throughout the duration of the study.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration
TEMPERATURE
SUNSHINE
MONTH
Min(0C) Max
(oC)
RELATIVE RAINFALL DURATION
HUMIDITY
(mm)
(min)
January
12.65
23.30
84.25
7.00
250.5
February
18.92
24.75
84.50
7.00
238.7
March
20.00
25.32
86.75
6.17
416.96
April
20.42
26.17
82.25
6.20
166.48
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
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Days from Sowing to Emergence,Tasseling, and Silking
The days from sowing to emergence was recorded when 80% of the seeds sown emerged.
There was no significant difference in days on sowing to emergence noted among the seven high
lysine varieties of corn evaluated in this study. However, it was observed that varieties
IPBHy 449 and IPBHW60B emerged one day later than the other varieties evaluated which
emerged in 7 days after sowing. The seven corn varieties evaluated did not show any significant
differences in terms of days from sowing to tasseling. They took 80 to 82 DAP. In terms of
silking, the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated also did not show any significant
difference on the days from sowing to silking. They took 84 to 85 days to silking.
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, Tasseling and silking of seven high lysine corn
varieties
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
VARIETY
EMERGENCE TASSELING SILKING
IPBHy 446
7
80
85
IPBY 449
8
81
84
IPBHy 546
7
81
84
IPBHy 6411
7
82
85
IPBHW60B
8
80
85
IPBHW10W16
7
81
85
IPBVar 6 ck
7
80
84
CV (%)
6.46
1.04
1.03
Means with common letters are not significantly different at5 % by DMRT
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
15
Days from Sowing to Maturity
This is the time were the plants is ready to harvest. No significant differences were
observed among the seven high lysine varieties of corn evaluated on days from sowing to
maturity. They took 153 days to maturity.
Plant Vigor
All the seven corn varieties evaluated were highly vigorous at 30 DAP. This could be due
to the effect of the chicken dung and complete fertilizer applied which provided the sufficient
nutrients to the corn plant (Mamuri, 2008).
Plant Height at Maturity
The seven high lysine corn varieties did not show any significant difference in plant
height at maturity (Table 3). Numerically, variety IPBHW60B was the tallest, while the shortest
plant was measured evaluated in IPBHy 449.
Table 3. Plant height (cm) at maturity of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
PLANT HEIGHT
VARIETY
(cm)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IPBHy446
103.60
IPBHy449
100.90
IPBHy546
103.05
IPBHY6411
103.65
IPBHW6OB
121.03
IPBHW10W16
102.53
IPBVar6 ck 106.03
CV (%)
13.00
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
16
Ear Characters of the Seven high lysine Corn Varieties Evaluated
Ear Length and Diameter
Statistical analysis showed that IPBVar 6 significantly had the longest ear. The shortest
ear was measured in IPBHy 546 (Table 4).In terms diameter highly significant differences were
noted on ear diameter of seven varieties evaluated. IPBVar 6 and IPBHyW60B had the highest
ear diameter. IPBHy 546 and IPBHy 6411 obtained the lowest ear diameter.
Table 4. Ear characters of the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
EAR
OF
OF
OF CORN
LENGHT
DIAMETER
KERNEL
KERNEL
EAR PER
VARIETY
(cm)
(cm)
PER ROW
ROW PER
PLANT
EAR
IPBHy446
180.20ab
4.99a
31
16a
1.75
IPBY449
168.20abc
5.25ab
33
14bc
2.00
IPBHy546
165.90abc
4.94a
30
14bc
2.00
IPBHy6411
180.03ab
4.96a
32
13bcd
1.50
IPBHW60B
187.70a
5.53b
30
15abc
2.00
IPBHW10W16
181.20ab
5.29ab
30
16a
2.00
IPBVar6 ck
201.08a
5.55b
33
14bc
1.75
CV
(%)
7.22 4.81 6.46 4.89 18.86
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Ns-not significant *-significant
**-Highly significant
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
17
IPBHY60B
IPBHy446
IPBVar6
Figure 1. Overview of the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
18
Kernel Character of Seven High Lysine Corn Varieties Evaluated
Number of Kernel per Row
Statistically, all the seven corn varieties studied had no significant differences on the
number of kernel per row. They had 30 to 33 kernels per row. Numerically both IPBHy 449 and
IPBVar6 similarly had the highest number of kernels per row (Table 4).
Number of Kernel Row
Statistical analysis revealed that highly significant differences on the number of kernels
row per ear among the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHY 446 and IPBH10W16 produced
the highest number of kernel row per ear together with IPBHW60B variety which had
comparable number of kernel row per ear with the other varieties evaluated(Table 4).
Number of Corn Ears Harvested Per Plant
No significant differences were noted on the number of corn ears harvested per plant
among the seven varieties evaluated. Almost all the varieties evaluated produce two corn ears per
plant (Table 4).
Total Number of Corn Ears Per Plot
No significant difference was noted on the total number of corn ears harvested per 15 m2
among the seven varieties of corn tested in range from 68 to 97 (Table 4).
Weight of Marketable Corn Kernel per Plot
Statistical analysis showed that significant differences on weight of marketable corn
kernel existed among the seven varieties evaluated (Table 5). IPBHy 446 produced
Table 5. Corn kernel yield per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
19
CORN KERNEL YEILD PER
PLOT(kg/15m2)
VARIETY
Marketable
Non-Marketable
TOTAL
IPBHy446
20.26a
2.40
22.66a
IPBY449
19.29ab
2.41
21.70a
IPBHy546
17.15abc
2.75
19.90a
IPBHy6411
15.91abc
2.95
18.86ab
IPBHW60B
14.37bc
2.88
18.75ab
IPBHW10W16
17.58ab
4.98
22.55a
IPBVar6 ck
12.05c
2.80
14.84b
Cv (%)
19.10
42.22
15.31
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
*-significant
**-Highly significant
the heaviest marketable corn kernel per plot followed by IPBHy 449 and IPBHy10W16. The
lowest weight of marketable corn kernel per plot was obtained by IPBVar 6.
Weight of Non-Marketable Corn Kernel per Plot
The weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot did not differ significantly among the
seven varieties evaluated (Table 4). It ranged from 2.40kg/15m2 to 4.98 kg/15m2. IPBHy 446
and IPBHy 449 produced the lowest non- marketable corn kernels while IPBHW10W16
obtained the heaviest non-marketable corn kernels per plot.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
20
Total Weight of Corn Kernels per Plot
Significant differences were noted on the total weight of corn kernels among the seven
varieties of corn evaluated (Table 5). IPBHy 446, IPBHW10W16, IPBHy 449, IPBHy 546
produced the highest total weight of corn kernels per plot (kg/15m2) .They were followed by
IPBHy 6411 and IPBHW60B. Among the seven varieties evaluated, IPBVar 6 obtained the
lowest total weight of corn kernels per plot.
Number of Marketable Ears per Plot
Table 5 shows significant differences in the number of marketable ears per plot among
the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHy446 registered the highest number of corn ears
followed by IPBHy449 and IPBHy449 while the rest of the varieties had 42 to 59 (kg15m2)
marketable corn per15m2 plot. IPBVar6 obtained the lowest number of marketable ear per plot.
Number of Non-Marketable Ear Per Plot
Table 6 also shows no significant difference in the number of non-marketable ear per plot
among the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHy446, IPBHy449 and IPBVar 6 produced the
lowest number of non-marketable corn ears while the other varieties evaluated (Table 6) had 21
to 38 non-marketable corn ear per plot.
Total Number of Ear per Plot
No significant deference was noted in the total number of corn ear per plot (kg/15m2)
among the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
21
Table 6. Number of marketable and non marketable ear per 15m2 plot and total number of ear per
15m2 plot of seven varieties of corn
NUMBER OF EARS PER PLOT (15m2)
VARIETY Marketable Non Marketable TOTAL
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IPBHy446
77a
21
98a
IPBHy449
69a b 21
89ab
IPBHy546
64ab
25
89ab
IPBHy6411
58b 24
82bc
IPBHW6OB
42c
25
67ab
IPBHW10W16
59b 38
94ab
IPBVar6 ck
36c
21
57d
CV (%)
16.91
36.04 16.80
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Seed Yield per Plot and per Hectare
The seed yield per plot did not differ significantly among the varieties evaluated in this
study. It ranged 12 kg to 25 kg (Table7).
Table 7 shows that IPBHy 446 and IPBHy 449 produced the highest while IPBVar 6
obtained the lowest seed yield per plot. In terms of computed yield per hectare IPBHy446 had
the highest yield per hectare which was not significantly different but numerically higher than
IPBHy449, while the lowest was obtained by IPBVar6.
Weight of 1000 Kernels of Seven
Corn Varieties
The weight of 1000 kernels did not differ significantly among the varieties evaluated in
this study (Table 7). It ranged from 437.50 to 562.56g. The table shows that
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
22
Table 7. Seed yield per plot (kg/15m2) and per hectare (t/ha) and weight of 1000 kernels and of
seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
SEED YIELD
YIELD PER
WEIGHT OF 1000
VARIETY
PER PLOT
HECTARE
KERNELS (g)
(kg/15m2
(T/ha)
IPBHy446
22.66
14.95
462.50
IPBHy449
21.70
14.32
462.50
IPBHy546
19.86
13.10
485.00
IPBHy6411
18.86
12.44
462.50
IPBHW60B
22.55
14.88
477.50
IPBHW10W16
14.84
9.79
437.50
IPBVar6 ck
12.05
7.95
562.50
CV(%) 19.10
16.91
13.64
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
IPBVar6 had the highest weight of 562.50g while the lowest weight was obtained by
IPBHW10W16 variety with 437.50g.
Reaction to Downy Mildew and corn borer
Results revealed that no significant differences between the corn varieties. This may be
contributed by the high vigor of the corn plant at vegetative stage.
In terms of corn borer, no significant on the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated.
They were all highly resistant to corn borer.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
23
IPBHy 449
IPBHy 6411
IPBHy546
IPBHW60B
IPB Var 6
IPBHY446
IPBHW10W16
Figure 2. Overview of 1000 corn kernel of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
24
Profitability of Growing High Lysine in La Trinidad Benguet
The return on cash expenses of the seven different varieties evaluated is shown in Table
7. IPBHy446 and IPBY449 had the highest ROCE compared to other varieties that which is
lower than 100. This result indicates that all the rice landraces are profitable to be produced
under La Trinidad, Benguet.
Table 7. Return on cash expense of seven corn varieties evaluated
SEED
COST OF
GROSS
NET
VARIETY
YIELD/PLOT PRODUCTION INCOME
PROFIT
ROCE
(kg/15m2 )
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
IPBHy446
22.66
189.25
453.20a
263.95a
139.47
IPBY449
21.70
189.25
434.20ab
244.75ab
129.32
IPBHy546
19.86
189.25
398.00abc
204.75abc
108.19
IPBHy6411
18.86
189.25
377.20abc
187.95abc
99.31
IPBHW60B
22.55
189.25
451.00bc
261.75bc
138.30
IPBHW10W16
14.84
189.25
2968.00ab
107.55bc
56.82
IPBVar6(ck)
12.05
189.25
241.00c
51.75c
27.34
All seed was sold at Php20.00 per kilo.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
25
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Highly significant differences among the seven varieties evaluated were recorded in
terms of ear diameter, number of kernel per row ear and number of marketable ear per plot.
Significant difference among the seven varieties were observed in terms of ear height, weight of
marketable corn kernel per row, total weight of ear corn kernel and return on cash expenses.
No significant differences were observed on height of maturity, number of ear harvested
per plot, number of kernel per row, days from emergence to tasseling and silking, weight of 1000
kernel per plot, number of non-marketable ear per plot, total ear, weight of non-marketable corn
kernel per row, days to emergence and total seed yield per plot.
All the seven varieties were emerge seven DAP except for IPBHy 546 and IPBHW6OB
which emerge one day after, in terms of tasseling,IPBHy6411 is the first to produce tassel. The
seven varieties of corn all produce silk 85 DAP except for IPB Var 6, IPBHyp449 and IPBHy
546 which silk 84 DAP. All the seven varieties reached maturity at 153 DAP.
All the seven varieties of corn evaluated were highly vigorous at 30 DAP. This could be
the effect of the chicken dung and complete fertilizer applied which provided enough nutrients to
the corn plant. These varieties were rated resistant to downy mildew. The different corn varieties
did not show any significant difference in the plant height at maturity. Numerically, variety
IPBHW60B was the tallest followed by IPB Var 6 while the shortest plant exhibited by
IPBHy449. Ear character of seven varieties of corn evaluated shows that IPB Var 6 had
significantly longest ear than the other varieties evaluated. It has also the biggest ear diameter
together with IPBHW60B, IPBHW10W16, and IPBHy449.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
26
Statistically all the seven varieties of corn evaluated had high significant difference on
the number of kernel row per ear. IPBHy446 together with IPBHW10W16 produce the highest
number of corn kernel row per ear. IPBHy546 and IPBHy 6411 has similar kernel row per ear.
Among the seven varieties evaluated , IPBHy446 registered the highest number of corn
ears followed by IPBHy449,IPBHy546 while the rest had 42 to 59 marketable corn ears per plot ,
revealed IPB Var 6 recorded the lowest number of marketable ear per plot.
Number of corn kernel were evaluated and it shows that IPB Var 6 had the highest weight
of 562.509 while the lowest weight was obtained byIPBHW10W16 with 437.50 g. in terms of
seed yield per plot,IPBHy446 is the highest with 18 kg per plot while IPB Var 6 obtained only
11kg per plot.
The seven high lysine corn varieties in this study showed that variety IPBHy446 obtained
the highest ROCE followed by IPBHy546, IPBHW60B, IPBHy6411, while IPB Var 6 gave the
lowest ROCE.
Conclusion
No significant difference among the seven varieties evaluated in terms of days from
sowing to tasseling, days from sowing to silking, number of corn ear harvested per plant, number
of kernel per row, height at maturity, and weight of 1000 corn kernel.
Significant difference among the seven varieties evaluated in terms of ear length, total
weight of corn kernel, and return on cash expense.
Highly significant among the seven verities evaluated in terms of ear diameter, number of
kernel row per ear, and number of marketable ear per plot.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
27
Among the seven varieties of corn evaluated, IPBHy 446 registered the best performing
variety bassed on weight of marketable corn kernel, seed yield per plot, return on cash expenses
and net profit.
Recommendation
All the seven varieties of corn could be planted in La Trinidad, Benguet condition
because they all produce a higher ROCE. But IPBHy 446 and IPBY449 are most profitable to
produce.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
28
LITERATURE CITED
AGAYAM, J.D. 2005. Varietal response of corn to bio-N as supplement fertilizer under Tuao,
Cagayan condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 42.
BERNARDO, E.B. 2009. UPLB Horizone. All in a bowl of yap corn. April-June. Vol. 11.
Number 2. Pp. 2-4.
CAYAT, E.A. 2002. Growth and yield of corn for grain production under La Trinidad, Benguet
Condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 36.
COLLADO, G.M. 1981. Agribusiness corn systems Philippines and Thailand. Southeast Asian
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) College,
Laguna, Philippines. P .673.
DA. 1999. Young corn production guide. Interview with Mr. Benny Cadiz. Retrieved
October 2009 from http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/young_corn.html.
JAVAR. J.U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manure. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
LOMADEO, A. P. 2005. Yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn under La
Trinidad condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
4.
LUMETIC, J.B. 2005. Post harvest qualities of five varieties of corn as affected by
harvesting method at Liwan West, Rizal, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
MAMURI, M.G. 2003. Performance of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers under
Bacnotan, La Union. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 21.
FIELD, J. 1996. Philippine Post harvest Industry Profile: CORN. Retrieved July 2009 from
http://www.bpre.gov.ph/phindustry/corn.pdf.
QUILLOY, G.I. 1990. Performance of young corn production under two densities. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3.
SHERRELL, C.T. 2006. Green Party of Oaters New Zealand. Interview with Dr. Jack
Heinemann regarding Monsanto's high lysine corn. Retrieved August 16, 2009 from
http://www.greens.org.nz.
VERGARA, 1991. Raising the yield potential of rice. Philippines. Journal techno guide.
Retrieved July 25, 2009 from http://books.google.com.ph/books.id/fulltext.
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Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
29
ZIEVE, D.G., G. JUHN and D. RELTZ. 2008. A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: Lysine Overview.
University of Maryland Medical Center. 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore Retrieved
September
2009 from http://www. umm. edu/ altmed/ articles/lysine-000312.html.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
30
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
7 7 8 7 29
7.25
IPBy449
8 8 7 8 31
7.75
IPBHy546
8 7 7 7 29
7.25
IPBHy6411
7 7 7 7 28
7.00
IPBHW60B
7 8 8 8 31
7.75
IPBHW10W16
7 8 7 7 29
7.25
IPBvar6
7 8 7 7 29
7.25
REP
TOTAL
51 53 51 51
GRAND
TOTAL
206
GRAND
MEAN
7.36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
0.428571
0.142857
Treatment 6 1.928571
0.321429
1.421053ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
4.071429
0.22619
Total 27
6.428571
ns – Not significant Cv = 6.46%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
31
Appendix Table 2. Days to from sowing to silking of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 85
83
83
85
336
84.50
IPBy449 85
85
84
85
339
84.25
IPBHy546 83
85
84
84
336
84.00
IPBHy6411 85 85 85 86 341
85.25
IPBHW60B 84 84 83 84 335
85.25
IPBHW10W16 84 85 85 83 337 84.75
IPBvar6 83
84
84
86
337
84.00
REP TOTAL
589
591
558
593
GRAND
2361.00
TOTAL
GRAND MEAN
84.32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 2.107143
0.702381
Treatment 6
6.357143
1.059524
1.397906ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
13.64286
0.757937
TOTAL 27
22.10714
Ns-not significant
CV = 1.03%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
32
Appendix Table 3. Days from sowing to tasseling of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 82
80
79
80
321
80.25
IPBy449 82
81
80
80
323
80.75
IPBHy546 80
81
81
80
322
80.50
IPBHy6411 82
80
81 83
326
81.50
IPBHW60B 81
80 80 79
320
80.00
IPBHW10W16 81 81 81 80 323 80.75
IPBvar6 80
80
80
80
320
80.00
REP TOTAL
568
563
562
562
GRAND TOTAL
2255.00
GRAND MEAN
80.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 3.535714
1.178571
Treatment 6
6.714286
1.119048
1.58427ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
12.71429
0.706349
TOTAL 27
22.96429
ns - not significant CV = 1.04%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
33
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm) at maturity of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 103.10
103.20
105.70
102.40
414.40
103.60
IPBy449 100.40
102.50
100.30
100.40
403.60
100.90
IPBHy546 104.80
106.30
101.90
99.20
412.20
103.05
IPBHy6411 104.70
106.70
101.30
101.90
414.60
103.65
IPBHW60B 173.60
107.40
103.00
100.10
484.10
121.03
IPBHW10W16 104.50
102.30
103.30
100.00
410.10
102.53
IPBvar6 108.00
104.70
105.80
105.60
424.10
106.03
REP TOTAL
799.10
733.10
721.30
709.60
GRAND TOTAL
2963.10
GRAND MEAN
105.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED F 5% 1%
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
Replication 3
687.4096 229.1365
Treatment
6
1134.43
189.0717
1.097703ns
2.66 4.01
Error
18
3100.373
TOTAL 27
4922.213
ns –not significant CV = 13%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
34
Appendix Table 5. Ear length (cm) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 180.20
168.60
183.00
189.20
721.00
180.25b
IPBy449 167.30
191.10
157.20
157.20
672.80
168.20b
IPBHy546 154.20
163.20
173.10
173.10
663.60
165.90b
IPBHy6411 189.50
175.80
177.40
177.40
720.10
180.03ab
IPBHW60B 199.40
184.10
171.70
171.70
726.90
181.73b
IPBHW10W16 185.50
175.30
182.00
182.00 725.00
181.25ab
IPBvar6 177.90
192.40
217.20
217.20
804.50
201.13a
REP TOTAL
1254.00 1250.50 1268.00
GRAND TOTAL
5033.90
GRAND MEAN
179.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 26.12964
8.709881
Treatment 6
3154.339
525.7231
3.119326*
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
3033.673
168.5374
TOTAL 27
6214.141
*- Significant CV = 7.22%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
35
Appendix Table 6. Ear diameter (cm) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 4.48
5.07
4.85
5.54
19.94
4.99
IPBHy5449 5.19
5.45
5.08
5.29
21.01
5.25
IPBHy546 4.94
4.89
5.23
4.70
19.76
4.94
IPBHy6411 4.89
5.10
4.91
4.95
19.85
4.96
IPBHW60B 5.62
5.51
5.45
5.54
22.12
5.53
IPBHW10W16
5.43
5.17
5.25
5.29
21.14
5.29
IPBvar6 5.34
5.45
6.03
5.36
22.18
5.55
REP TOTAL
35.89
36.64
36.80
36.67
GRAND TOTAL
146.00
GRAND MEAN
5.22
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED F
5%
1%
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
Replication 3
0.072943
0.024314
Treatment 6
1.626836
0.271139
4.311756**
2.66 4.01
Error 18
1.131907
0.062884
TOTAL 27
2.831686
**- Highly significant
CV = 4.81%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
36
Appendix Table 7. Number of kernel/row per ear of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 33.32
24.96
30.06
31.88
120.22
30.06
IPBHy449 35.85
28.93
34.58
33.84
133.20
33.30
IPBHy546 30.98
26.40
30.02
32.58
119.98
30.00
IPBHy6411 31.00
30.90
32.30
35.54
129.74
32.44
IPBHW60B 30.22
25.40
30.84
34.96
121.42
30.36
IPBHW10W16 26.34 29.74 30.09 32.66 118.83 29.71
IPBvar6 33.94
29.60
35.96
33.34
132.84
33.21
REP TOTAL
221.65
195.93
223.85
234.80
GRAND TOTAL
876.23
GRAND MEAN
31.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED 5% 1%
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Replication 3
116.056
38.6855
Treatment 6
62.4727
10.4121
2.552167ns
2.6 4.01
Error 18
73.4350
4.07972
TOTAL 27
251.9645
ns- Not significant
CV = 6.46%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
37
Appendix Table 8. Number of corn ears harvested/plant of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 2
2
1
2
7
1.75
IPBHy449 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
IPBHy546 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
IPBHy6411 2
1 1 2 6
1.50
IPBHW60B 2 2 2 2 8
2.00
IPBHW10W16 2 2 2 2
8 2.00
IPBvar6 1
2
2
2
7
1.75
REP TOTAL
13
13
12
14
GRAND TOTAL
52.00
GRAND MEAN
1.86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
COMPUTED F
5%
1%
Replication 3
0.28714
0.095238
Treatment 6
0.928571
0.154762
1.258065ns
2.6 4.01
Error 18
2.214286
0.123016
TOTAL 27
3.428571
ns- Not significant
CV = 18.86%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
38
Appendix Table 9. Number of kernel row/ear of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 16
15
16
15
62
15.50
IPBHy449 14
13
15
15
57
14.25
IPBHy546 14
14
13
14
55
13.75
IPBHy6411 13
14
13
13
53
13.25
IPBHW60B 15
16
15
14
60
15.00
IPBHW10W16 16 16 15 15 62 15.50
IPBvar6 14
15
14
13
56
14.00
REP TOTAL
102.00
103.00
101.00
99.00
GRAND TOTAL
405.00
GRAND MEAN
14.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 1.25
0.416667
Treatment 6
18.71429
3.119048
6.238095**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
9
0.5
TOTAL 27
28.96429
ns-Not significant
CV = 4.89%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
39
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 1000 kernels/plot (g) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 450.00
500.00
500.00
400.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHy449 400.00
500.00
500.00
450.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHy546 550.00
520.00
520.00
350.00
1940.00
485.00
IPBHy6411 550.00
450.00
520.00
330.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHW60B 600.00
350.00
510.00
450.00
1910.00
477.50
IPBHW10W16 400.00 400.00 500.00 450.00 1750.00 437.50
IPBvar6 550.00
600.00
650.00
450.00
2250.00
562.50
REP TOTAL
3500.00
3320.00
3700.00
2880.00
GRAND TOTAL
134.00
GRAND MEAN
478.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 52400
17466.67
Treatment 6
38192.86
6365.476
1.49288ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
76750
4263.889
TOTAL 27
167342.9
ns - Not significant
CV = 13.64%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
40
Appendix Table 11. Weight of marketable corn kernel per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high lysine
corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
26.75 16.30 18.50 19.50 81.05 20.26a
IPBHy449
17.75 17.50 17.50 24.00 77.15 19.29ab
IPBHy546
20.50 16.00 14.50 17.60 68.60 17.15abc
IPBHy6411
15.50 19.05 17.60 11.47 63.62 15.91abc
IPBHW60B
14.10 13.08 12.80 17.50 57.48 14.37bc
IPBHW10W16
16.90 17.60 15.90 19.90 70.30 17.58ab
IPBvar6
10.50 13.90 15.00 8.80 48.20 12.05c
REP
TOTAL
122.00 113.43 112.20 118.77
GRAND
TOTAL
466.40
GRAND
MEAN
16.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
9.039686
3.013229
Treatment 6 192.101
32.01684
3.162111*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
182.2527
10.12515
TOTAL 27
383.3934
*- Significant Cv = 19.10%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
41
Appendix Table 12. Weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high
lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
2.50 2.50 2.00 2.60 9.60 2.40
IPBHy449
1.50 2.75 4.00 1.40 9.65 2.41
IPBHy546
2.50 3.00 3.50 2.00 11.00 2.75
IPBHy6411
2.00 1.40 2.20 6.20 11.80 2.95
IPBHW60B
3.40 4.60 2.00 1.50 11.50 2.88
IPBHW10W16
5.40 5.00 3.50 6.00 19.50 4.98
IPBvar6
3.20 2.75 2.50 2.75 11.20 2.80
REP
TOTAL
20.50 22.00 19.70 22.45
GRAND
TOTAL
84.65
MEAN
TOTAL
3.02
ANALYISI OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
0.705268
0.23089
Treatment 6 18.89054
3.148423
1.937053ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
29.25661
1.625367
TOTAL 27
48.85241
ns – Not significant Cv = 42.22%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
42
Appendix Table 13. Total weight of corn kernel per plot(kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn
varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
29.25
18.80 20.50 22.10 90.65 22.66a
IPBHy449
19.25
20.25 21.90 25.40 86.80 21.70a
IPBHy546
23.00
19.00 18.00 19.60 79.60 19.90a
IPBHy6411 17.50
20.45
19.80
17.67
75.42
18.86ab
IPBHW60B 17.50
17.68
16.30
23.50
74.98
18.75ab
IPBHW10W16 22.30
22.60 19.40 25.90 90.20 22.55a
IPBvar6 13.70
16/65
17.50
11.50
59.35
14.84b
REP TOTAL
142.50
135.43
133.40
145.67
GRAND TOTAL
557.00
GRAND MEAN
19.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 14.37054
4.790181
Treatment 6 183.794
30.63234
3.304503*
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
166.8578
9.269878
TOTAL 27
365.0224
*- Significant CV = 15.31%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
43
Appendix Table 14. Number of marketable ear/plot of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 94
76
63
75
308
77.00a
IPBHy449 63
64
57
90
274
68.40ab
IPBHy546 81
60
50
63
254
63.50ab
IPBHy6411 57
66
62
46
231
57.75b
IPBHW60B 46
39
36
46
167
41.75c
IPBHW10W16 55 55 55 69 234 58.50b
IPBvar6 37
37
39
31
144
36.00c
REP TOTAL
433
397
362
420
GRAND TOTAL
1612.00
GRAND MEAN
57.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 415.1429
138.381
Treatment 6
4994.357
832.3929
8.785885**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
170.357
94.74206
TOTAL 27
7114.857
**- Highly significant
CV = 16.91%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
44
Appendix Table 15. Number of non-marketable ear/plot of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
18 25 18 24 85 21.25
IPBHy449
16 27 25 15 83 20.75
IPBHy546
24 25 32 19 100
25.00
IPBHy6411
25 10 14 46 95 23.75
IPBHW60B
29 35 20 15 99 24.75
IPBHW10W16
46 41 26 42 155
38.75
IPBvar6
29 19 16 21 85 21.25
REP
TOTAL
187 182 151 182
GRAND
TOTAL
702.00
GRAND
MEAN
25.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
116.7143
38.90476
Treatment 6 947.3571
157.8929
1.933664ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
1469.786
81.65476
TOTAL 27
2533.857
ns - Not significant CV = 36.04%
Appendix Table 16. Total number of Ear per plot(kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn varieties
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
45
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
112.00 105.00 76.00 96.00 389.00 97.25
IPBHy449
101.00 105.00 92.00 81.00 379.00 94.75
IPBHy546
81.00 85.00 75.00 111.00 352.00 88.00
IPBHy6411
99.00 82.00 74.00 66.00 321.00 80.025
IPBHW60B
79.00 82.00 56.00 56.00 273.00 68.25
IPBHW10W16
91.00 82.00 61.00 55.00 289.00 72.25
IPBvar6
82.00 76.00 101.00 52.00 311.00 77.75
REP
TOTAL
645.00 617.00 535.00 517.00
GRAND
TOTAL
2314.00
GRAND
MEAN
82.64
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
1654.143
551.381
Treatment 6 2933.929
488.9881
1.536277ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
3470.357
192.7976
TOTAL 27
8058.429
ns - Not significant CV = 16.80%
Appendix Table 17. Total yield per hectare of seven high lysine corn varieties
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
46
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 94.00
76.00 63.00 75.00 308.00 77.00a
IPBHy449 63.00
64.00 57.00 90.00 274.00
68.40ab
IPBHy546 81.00
60.00 50.00 63.00 254.00
63.50ab
IPBHy6411 57.00 66.00 62.00 46.00 231.00 57.75b
IPBHW60B 46.00 39.00 36.00 46.00 167.00 41.75c
IPBHW10W16 55.00 55.00 55.00 69.00 234.00 58.50b
IPBvar6 37.00
37.00
39.00
31.00
144.00
36.00c
REP TOTAL
433.00
397.00
362.00
420.00
GRAND TOTAL
1612.00
GRAND MEAN
57.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 415.1429
138.381
Treatment 6
4994.357
832.3929
8.785885**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
170.357
94.74206
TOTAL 27
7114.857
**- Highly significant
CV = 16.91%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
47
Appendix Table 18. Gross income of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
535.00 326.00 270.00 390.00 1621.00 405.25a
IPBHy449
355.00 350.00 358.00 480.00 1543.00 385.75ab
IPBHy546
410.00 320.00 290.00 352.00 1372.00 343.00abc
IPBHy6411
310.00 381.00 352.00 229.00 1272.40 318.10abc
IPBHW60B
282.00 261.60 256.00 350.00 1149.60 287.40bc
IPBHW10W16
338.00 352.00 318.00 398.00 1406.00 351.50ab
IPBvar6
210.00 278.00 300.00 176.00 964.00 241.00c
REP
TOTAL
2440.00 2268.60 2244.00 23375.40
GRAND
TOTAL
9328.00
GRAND
MEAN
333.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
3615.874
1205.291
Treatment 6 76840.41
12806.73
3.16211*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
72901.07
4050.059
TOTAL 27
153357.3
*- Significant Cv = 19.10%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
48
Appendix Table 19. Net profit of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 345.75
136.75
180.75
200.75
864.00
216.00a
IPBHy449 165.75
160.75
168.75
290.75
786.00
196.50ab
IPBHy546 220.75
130.75
100.75
162.75
615.00
153.75abc
IPBHy6411 120.75
191.75
162.75
40.15
515.40
128.85abc
IPBHW60B 92.75
72.35
66.75
160.75
392.60
98.15bc
IPBHW10W16 148.75
162.75
128..75
208.75
649.00
162.25ab
IPBvar6 20.75
88.75
110.75
13.25
207.00
51.75c
REP TOTAL
1115.25
943.85
919.25
1050.65
GRAND TOTAL
4029.00
GRAND MEAN
143.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
3615.874
1205.291
Treatment 6 76840.41
12806.73
3.162111ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
72901.07
4050.059
TOTAL 27
153357.3
ns – Not significant Cv = 44.23%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
49
Table 20. Return on cash expense of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 182.69
72.26
95.51
106.08
456.54
114.14
IPBHy449 87.58
84.94
89.17
153.63
415.32
103.83
IPBHy546
116.64 69.09 53.24 86.00 324.97 81.24
IPBHy6411 63.80
101.32
86.00
21.22
272.34
68.09
IPBHW60B
49.01 38.23 35.27 84.94 207.45 51.86
IPBHW10W16 78.60
86.00
68.03
110.30
342.93
85.73
IPBvar6
10.96 46.90 58.52 -7.00 109.38 27.35
REP
TOTAL
589.28 498.74 485.74 555.17
GRAND
TOTAL
2128.93
GRAND
MEAN
76.03
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
1009.121
336.3736
Treatment 6 21454.24
3575.707
3.16231*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
20353.07
1130.726
TOTAL 27
42816.43
*- Significant Cv = 44.23%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
BAY-AN, CHARLES B. APRIL 2011. Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under
La Trinidad, Benguet Condition. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Leoncia L. Tandang, PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of high lysine corn varieties
under La Trinidad condition; to determine the best varieties under La Trinidad; Benguet
condition; and to determine the profitability of growing high lysine corn in La Trinidad from
November 2009 to April 2010.
Highly significant differences among the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated were
observed in terms of ear diameter, number of kernel row per ear and number of marketable ear
per plot. Significant differences among the seven varieties were also noted in terms of ear
length, weight of marketable corn kernel, total weight of ear corn kernel and return on cash
expenses.
No significant differences were observed on days from sowing to emergence, days from
sowing to tasseling and to silking, plant height at maturity, number of ear harvested per plot,
number of kernel per row, weight of 1000 kernel per plot, number of non-marketable ear per
plot, total number of ear per plot and weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot.
All the seven high lysine corn varieties could be planted in La Trinidad, Benguet
condition because they all produced high yield and ROCE, although, IPBHy 446, IPBHW6OB
and IPBY449 are most profitable to produce.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Days from Sowing to Emergence,
Tasseling and Silking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Days from Sowing to Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Plant Vigor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Plant Height at Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Ear Length and Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Number of Kernel per Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Number of Corn Ears Harvested
per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Number of Kernel Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Number of Corn Ears Harvested
Per Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Marketable Corn Kernels
per Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Weight of Non-Marketable Corn
Kernels per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Total Weight of Corn Kernels
per Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Number of Marketable Ears per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Number of Non-Marketable Ear per
Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Total Number of Ears per Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Seed Yield per Plot and per Hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Weight of 1000 Kernels of Seven
Corn Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Reaction to Downy Mildew and
Corn Borer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Return on Cash Expense of Growing
High Lysine Corn Varieties in La
Trinidad, Benguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . .
25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
INTRODUCTION
Corn
(Zea mays) is second to rice as the major grain crop in the Philippines. It is also a
good source of energy. In terms of uses, corn is a major component of animal feed and food for
human consumption. The crop itself is a good source of roughage for livestock (Cayat, 2002).
Corn still plays an important role in the Cordillera because it is considered as a cash crop.
In Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province, corn cultivation is only done in small scale
due to limited source of planting materials that is high yielding and suitable in the area.
Therefore, continuous introduction of new varieties is necessary (Agayam, 2005).
Corn is a staple food for 20% (or 12 million) of the Filipinos. It constitutes about 50% of
the feeds for the local livestock and poultry industries. As for the yellow corn, it accounts for
about 70% of livestock mixed feeds. The production of corn from 1999 to 2003 ranges from
4,584,593 metric tons to 4,615,625 metric tons with an average annual growth rate of 0.14%.
The Philippines contributes about 1% to world’s corn production or about 22% of the total corn
produced by the South-East Asian Nations (BPRE, 2009).
At present, we need to have open pollinated varieties of corn that are highly acceptable
with great quality specifically high quality protein. Since people of today are aware of their diet,
production of nutritious corn varieties is a necessity.
Corn contains vitamins, minerals and protein such as lysine and tryptophan. Lysine that is
present in corn is a natural amino acid man and animals must acquire to be healthy. Foods such
as meat and lentils are high in proteins that contain lysine. When we eat such foods, we break
down the proteins and scavenge the lysine for use in building our own proteins. The way high
lysine corn is genetically modified causes it to accumulate free lysine, not just proteins that are
rich in lysine (Sherrell, 2006).
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
2
Lysine or L-lysine is an essential amino acid that it is necessary for human health but
cannot be made by the body. For this reason, lysine must be obtained from food. Amino acids are
the building blocks of protein. Lysine is important for proper growth, and it plays an essential
role in the production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty acids into energy
and helping to lower cholesterol. Lysine appears to help the body absorb and conserve calcium,
and it plays an important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important for bones and
connective tissues including skin, tendon, and cartilage (Bernardo, 2009).
If there is too little lysine in the diet, kidney stones and other health related problems may
develop including fatigue, nausea, dizziness, loss of appetite, agitation, bloodshot eyes, slow
growth, anemia, and reproductive disorders. It is extremely rare, and corn is one of the best
sources of lysine (ADAM, 2007).
The study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of high lysine corn varieties
under La Trinidad condition, determine the best varieties under La Trinidad, Benguet condition
and to determine the profitability of growing high lysine protein corn in La Trinidad.
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University-Institute of Plant Breeding
(BSU-IPB-HCRS) from December 2009 to March 2010.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Corn Plant
Corn stems superficially resemble bamboo canes and the internodes can reach 20–30
centimeters (8–12 in). Corn has a very distinct growth form; the lower leaves being like broad
flags, 50–100 centimeters long and 5–10 centimeters wide (2–4 ft by 2–4 in); the stems are erect,
conventionally 2–3 meters (7–10 ft) in height, with many nodes, casting off flag-leaves at every
node. Under these leaves and close to the stem grow the ears. They grow about 3 millimeters a
day. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-
deficient soils, and prone to be uprooted by severe winds (BPRE, 2009).
Climatic and Soil Requirement
The best soil for corn production is a well-drained silt loam or loam type of soil. It should
be a type of soil with a high moisture holding capacity, high amount of organic matter and be
slightly acidic (pH 5.3 to 7.3). A rainfall of 200 to 1,500 mm is required during its growing
period. However, the optimum requirement of corn is 400 to 600 mm per growing period. In
time of moisture deficiency, irrigation is essential (DA, 1999).
Nutritional Attributes of Corn
In the Philippines, more than eight million people or 20% of the country’s population
consume 79% of the corn produced. As a cereal grain, corn is second to rice as a source of
carbohydrates in the Filipino diet. It is largely consumed in the form of corn grits’ and grain
corn. Corns produced for food are processed into corn flakes, popcorn, crackers, cakes and
bread. From 1970 to 1973, rice and rice products accounted for an average of 104 kilos per
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
4
capita per year, while corn and corn products accounted to an average of 21 kilos or 14.3 % of
the total cereal production (Colado et al., 1981).
High carbohydrates, low protein and low fat causing malnutrition especially among the
young characterize the average Filipino diet. The Filipino family has a daily cereal intake of 395
grams. To enhance the nutritional value of corn grain emphasis on high lysine content has made
in worldwide breeding efforts. Resulting varieties are expected to yield not only a substantial
amount of carbohydrates but also high protein content. This development is a significant break
through in many developing countries where malnutrition is a threat to economic and social
stability (Colado et al., 1981).
As a source of energy, white and yellow corn contains about 128 and 188 calories
respectively. Protein is about 4.4% in white and 4.9% in yellow corn. Good corn contains
tryptophan and lysine. Fat and carbohydrates are usually higher in yellow corn compare to white
corn; however, the calcium content of white corn is higher. The nutritional advantage of yellow
corn over white corn and other cereal is that it contains carotene and crypthoxanthine vitamin A
(Collado et al., 1981).
Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is necessary to observe characters such as yield, earliness, vigor,
maturity and keeping quality because varieties have wide range of differences in size and in
yielding performance (Carew, 1981). Vergara (1991) added that new varieties under good
condition have greater yield potentials than the old ones. The use of fertilizer and improved
farming practices will increase more yield in new varieties than the old ones. Furthermore, it is
also necessary to determine adaptability of variety in a given location.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
5
Javar (2005) evaluated the growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with
different animal manures under Sta. Cruz, Ilocus Sur condition. The growth and yield of five
varieties of green corn significantly differed from each other. Carabuguis, LB lagkitan and DLU
Pearl sweet corn were the earliest to produce tassel and silk with in 44 days after sowing. It also
produced the highest number and heaviest marketable ears per plot. These varieties also
registered the highest return on total cash expense per plot basis and most acceptable green corn
under Sta. Cruz Ilocos Sur. Application of carabao manure, cow manure, and goat manure in
corn, produced the heaviest marketable ears per plot and total yield per hectare. Carabuguis
variety applied with cow manure and goat manure registered the highest return on total cash
expense.
Lomadeo (2005) studied the yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn under La
Trinidad condition. Highly significant differences among the six glutinous corn varieties was
recorded in terms of days from sowing to tasseling and silking, plant height and ear height at
maturity, number of leaves per plant, number of internodes, middle stem diameter, number of
kernel rows, leaf width and leaf area, ear diameter and number of non-marketable ears per plot.
Significant differences were noted on ear length, number of kernels per ear, number and weight
of marketable ears per plot. No significant differences were observed in terms of days to
emergence, leaf length, total number of corn ears, weight of non-marketable ears per plot and
total yield per plot and computed yield per hectare.
Among the six varieties of corn studied, Sagada Yellow was the earliest to produce tassel
and silk, emerged and reached maturity. Isabela Lagkitan had the highest number of leaves,
longest and widest leaf and biggest leaf area. Los Banos Lagkitan produced the longest ears. All
the six variety had comparable ear diameter. Kernel color of glutinous corn varied from the white
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
6
to cream and yellow. Los Banos lagkitan and Isabela lagkitan registered the highest kernel per
ear. They also had similar number and weight of marketable ears per plot except for Sagada
Yellow. Isabela lagkitan registered the highest yield per hectare and highest return on investment
(ROI). All the varieties of corn were resistant to leaf blight and ear worm. Among the varieties
studied, La Union Glutinous was very much liked by the taste panel.
Among the ten correlation coefficients worked out between yield and ten other characters
of corn positive and significant correlation coefficients between yield and leaf length, leaf width
and leaf area were noted indicating that the leaf length, leaf width, leaf area could be used as
selection indices when selecting for high yielding varieties of glutinous corn.
Lumetic (2005) studied the post harvest qualities of five varieties of corn as affected by
harvesting method in Liwan West, Rizal, and Kalinga. He revealed that all the varieties were
rated highly resistant to corn smut. Pioneer 3013 were significantly rated highly resistant to rat
infestation than the other varieties tasted. All the varieties of corn evaluated took only two days
of sun drying to reach around 14% MC and 86%DMC. The same is true with corn ears harvested
using the three methods of harvesting. Pioneer 3013 and Ayala Dekalb 888 produced
significantly higher seed yield of 3.5 kg/5m2 plot and 70 t/ha. The lowest seed yield was
obtained from Asian Hybrid 140 with 3 kg with 5m2 and 6 t/ha, which was statistically lower
than seed yield of Cargil 818 and Corn World 208.
Mamuri (2003) evaluated five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers under
Bacnotan, La Union condition. Highly significant differences among the five varieties were
recorded in terms of days to silking and tasseling. No significant difference was observed in
terms of days to maturity.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
7
Highly significant differences among the five varieties of corn were also recorded in
terms of length of corn ear and ear diameter, number of marketable and non-marketable corn ears
harvested and computed yield per hectare. Among the five varieties tasted, BS 9900 was the
earliest to produce tassel and silk. The numbers of days to maturity were similar in all the
varieties tested. The five varieties of corn were all resistant to downy mildew. In terms of plant
height at maturity, IPB variety 1 was the tallest among the five varieties tested. IPB 929 recorded
the longest ear and BS 9900 recorded the widest ear. NT 4201 recorded the highest number of
marketable ear and the lowest in terms of non-marketable ears harvested. The weights of 1000
kernels are similar in all the varieties tested. In terms of computed yield per hectare, IPB 929
gave the highest in terms of return on cash investment.
In terms of days to silking and tasseling, plant height at maturity and length of corn ears
highly significant differences among the five organic fertilizers were observed. Significant
differences among the five organic fertilizers were recorded in ear diameter and weight of 1000
kernels. No significant difference was observed among the organic fertilizers used in the days to
maturity, number of marketable and non-marketable corn ears harvested and computed yield per
hectare. Plants applied with Sagana 100 recorded the earliest to produce tassel and silk, tallest at
maturity, longest ear length, widest ear diameter and had the highest weight of 1000 kernels.
Plants applied with chicken dung gave the highest return on investment (ROI). No significant
interaction effects of variety and organic fertilizer in all the parameters measured were observed.
Economically, NT 4201 variety applied with hog manure gave the highest return on cash
investment (531.38% ROI).
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An area of 420 m2 was thoroughly prepared and divided into four blocks consisting 28
plots measuring 15m2 each including six border plots. The experiment was laid out following
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. There were four rows per
plot measuring 0.75m2 x5m2 each.
Planting and Planting Distance
Planting was done in single row with 25 hills per row with the seeding rate of four seeds
per hill at the distance of 75 cm between furrows and 20cm between hills. Three weeks after
emergence, the corn seedlings were thinned out leaving only one healthy plant per hill.
Cultural Management
Fertilizer
application,
irrigation, cultivation, and weeding were done uniformly and as
necessary in all the furrows.
The seven high lysine varieties of corn obtained from the Institute of plant breeding,
University of the Philippines Los Baños served as treatments as follows:
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1
IPB Hy 446
V 2
IPB Hy 449
V3
IPB Hy 576
V4
IPB Hy 6411
V5
IPB HW 60B
V6
IPB HW 10W16
V7
IPB Var. 6 (YAP CORN)
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
9
Data Gathered:
1. Meteorological data. Daily temperature (ºC), relative humidity (%), rainfall (mm), and
sunshine duration (hr, min) were taken at the Philippine Atmospheric Geological Service
Administration (PAG-ASA) station based at Benguet State University.
2. Plant vigor. This was taken by visual rating at 30 days after planting (DAP) using the
following scale:
Rating Scale Description
1
Very poor growth
2
Poor growth
3
Moderately vigorous
4
Vigorous growth
5
Highly vigorous
3. Days from sowing to emergence. This was taken by counting the number of days from
sowing to emergence when at least 80% of the plants in a plot emerged.
4. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample plants
two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter stick.
5. Days from sowing to silking and tasseling. This was taken by counting the number
of days from sowing to silking and tasseling when at least 50% of the plants in a plot starts to
show their silk and tassel.
6. Days to maturity. This was taken by counting the number of days from sowing up to
harvesting when 80% of the husk turned yellow.
7. Plant height at maturity. This was taken by measuring the height of ten sample plants
two weeks before harvesting from the ground level to the tassel tip using meter stick.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
10
8. Ear characters. This was gathered using ten sample ears per plot selected at random at
harvesting time.
a.
Ear
length. This was taken by measuring ten sample ears from the
point
of attachment to the tip of the husked ear per treatment selected at random.
b. Number of kernel per ear. This was gathered by counting all the kernels per ear
of ten samples per treatment at harvest time.
c. Ear diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the widest part of ten random
sample ear per plot using vernier caliper.
9. Number of corn ears harvested per plant. This was counted from ten sample plants
selected at random at harvest time per plot.
10. Number of non-marketable ear per plot. This was taken by counting the corn ears
with damage per plot. Non-marketable corn ears are those ears that are malformed and damage
by pest and diseases.
11. Number of marketable ear per plot. This was taken by counting the corn ears with
fully developed kernels that are free from any damaged or disease during the time of harvest.
12. Reaction to downy mildew. This was determined and rate at 30, 45, and 60 DAP
using the following formula and scale, respectively.
Number of Plant/Plot Infected x 100
Total Number of Plants/Plot
Rating Scale
Description
Remarks
1
Not infected or less than Resistant
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
11
2
10% of plant is infected
Moderate resistant
3
11-15% of the plant is infected
Susceptible
4
51% or nearly at the plant infected
very susceptible
Percent Infection Index =
13. Reaction to corn ear borer. The damage of corn borer on was observed during harvest
using the following rating scale:
Rating Scale Description Remarks
1
Less than 1% damage
Highly Resistant
2
1-5% damage
Moderate resistant
3
6-10% damage
Resistant
4
11-20% damage
Very susceptible
5
21-30%damage
14. Kernel characters. These was done by getting ten random sample ears per plot.
a. Total number of kernel per row. The number of kernel per row on ear was
counted.
b. Total number of kernel row per ear. This was gathered by counting the entire
kernel per ear of ten samples per treatment at harvest time.
14. Weight of 1000 kernels. This was done by weighing 1000 kernels per treatment per
replication after harvesting.
16. Seed yield per plot (kg/ 15m2). This was taken by weighing the seed per plot.
17. Seed Yield per hectare (t/hc). This will be obtained base on the yield per plot
(kg/15m2 ) using the following formula: yield/hectare (t/ha)=yield/plot x 0.66.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
12
Where .66 is a factor to be use to convert yield/plot in kg/15m2 to yield/ha in t/ha.
18. Return on cash expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Net
Profit
ROCE =
_____________________ x 100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The significance of
difference among the treatment means was tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agro Climatic Requirement
The monthly temperature, relative humidity amount of rainfall and Sun shine duration
throughout the conduct of the study are shown in table 1. There is increasing minimum and
maximum temperature during the growing period of corn on January to April. The relative
humidity was similar during the month of January and February then increased during the month
of March and decrease again during the month of April. There were rainfall in January to
February than March to April. The highest amount of sunlight was observed during the month of
March and the lowest amount of sunshine duration was recorded in April (Table 1.)Apparently
this climatic condition was observed to be suitable in growing corn in Trinidad as manifested by
its good growth and development throughout the duration of the study.
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine duration
TEMPERATURE
SUNSHINE
MONTH
Min(0C) Max
(oC)
RELATIVE RAINFALL DURATION
HUMIDITY
(mm)
(min)
January
12.65
23.30
84.25
7.00
250.5
February
18.92
24.75
84.50
7.00
238.7
March
20.00
25.32
86.75
6.17
416.96
April
20.42
26.17
82.25
6.20
166.48
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
14
Days from Sowing to Emergence,Tasseling, and Silking
The days from sowing to emergence was recorded when 80% of the seeds sown emerged.
There was no significant difference in days on sowing to emergence noted among the seven high
lysine varieties of corn evaluated in this study. However, it was observed that varieties
IPBHy 449 and IPBHW60B emerged one day later than the other varieties evaluated which
emerged in 7 days after sowing. The seven corn varieties evaluated did not show any significant
differences in terms of days from sowing to tasseling. They took 80 to 82 DAP. In terms of
silking, the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated also did not show any significant
difference on the days from sowing to silking. They took 84 to 85 days to silking.
Table 2. Days from sowing to emergence, Tasseling and silking of seven high lysine corn
varieties
DAYS FROM SOWING TO
VARIETY
EMERGENCE TASSELING SILKING
IPBHy 446
7
80
85
IPBY 449
8
81
84
IPBHy 546
7
81
84
IPBHy 6411
7
82
85
IPBHW60B
8
80
85
IPBHW10W16
7
81
85
IPBVar 6 ck
7
80
84
CV (%)
6.46
1.04
1.03
Means with common letters are not significantly different at5 % by DMRT
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
15
Days from Sowing to Maturity
This is the time were the plants is ready to harvest. No significant differences were
observed among the seven high lysine varieties of corn evaluated on days from sowing to
maturity. They took 153 days to maturity.
Plant Vigor
All the seven corn varieties evaluated were highly vigorous at 30 DAP. This could be due
to the effect of the chicken dung and complete fertilizer applied which provided the sufficient
nutrients to the corn plant (Mamuri, 2008).
Plant Height at Maturity
The seven high lysine corn varieties did not show any significant difference in plant
height at maturity (Table 3). Numerically, variety IPBHW60B was the tallest, while the shortest
plant was measured evaluated in IPBHy 449.
Table 3. Plant height (cm) at maturity of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
PLANT HEIGHT
VARIETY
(cm)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IPBHy446
103.60
IPBHy449
100.90
IPBHy546
103.05
IPBHY6411
103.65
IPBHW6OB
121.03
IPBHW10W16
102.53
IPBVar6 ck 106.03
CV (%)
13.00
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
16
Ear Characters of the Seven high lysine Corn Varieties Evaluated
Ear Length and Diameter
Statistical analysis showed that IPBVar 6 significantly had the longest ear. The shortest
ear was measured in IPBHy 546 (Table 4).In terms diameter highly significant differences were
noted on ear diameter of seven varieties evaluated. IPBVar 6 and IPBHyW60B had the highest
ear diameter. IPBHy 546 and IPBHy 6411 obtained the lowest ear diameter.
Table 4. Ear characters of the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
EAR
OF
OF
OF CORN
LENGHT
DIAMETER
KERNEL
KERNEL
EAR PER
VARIETY
(cm)
(cm)
PER ROW
ROW PER
PLANT
EAR
IPBHy446
180.20ab
4.99a
31
16a
1.75
IPBY449
168.20abc
5.25ab
33
14bc
2.00
IPBHy546
165.90abc
4.94a
30
14bc
2.00
IPBHy6411
180.03ab
4.96a
32
13bcd
1.50
IPBHW60B
187.70a
5.53b
30
15abc
2.00
IPBHW10W16
181.20ab
5.29ab
30
16a
2.00
IPBVar6 ck
201.08a
5.55b
33
14bc
1.75
CV
(%)
7.22 4.81 6.46 4.89 18.86
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Ns-not significant *-significant
**-Highly significant
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
17
IPBHY60B
IPBHy446
IPBVar6
Figure 1. Overview of the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
18
Kernel Character of Seven High Lysine Corn Varieties Evaluated
Number of Kernel per Row
Statistically, all the seven corn varieties studied had no significant differences on the
number of kernel per row. They had 30 to 33 kernels per row. Numerically both IPBHy 449 and
IPBVar6 similarly had the highest number of kernels per row (Table 4).
Number of Kernel Row
Statistical analysis revealed that highly significant differences on the number of kernels
row per ear among the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHY 446 and IPBH10W16 produced
the highest number of kernel row per ear together with IPBHW60B variety which had
comparable number of kernel row per ear with the other varieties evaluated(Table 4).
Number of Corn Ears Harvested Per Plant
No significant differences were noted on the number of corn ears harvested per plant
among the seven varieties evaluated. Almost all the varieties evaluated produce two corn ears per
plant (Table 4).
Total Number of Corn Ears Per Plot
No significant difference was noted on the total number of corn ears harvested per 15 m2
among the seven varieties of corn tested in range from 68 to 97 (Table 4).
Weight of Marketable Corn Kernel per Plot
Statistical analysis showed that significant differences on weight of marketable corn
kernel existed among the seven varieties evaluated (Table 5). IPBHy 446 produced
Table 5. Corn kernel yield per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
19
CORN KERNEL YEILD PER
PLOT(kg/15m2)
VARIETY
Marketable
Non-Marketable
TOTAL
IPBHy446
20.26a
2.40
22.66a
IPBY449
19.29ab
2.41
21.70a
IPBHy546
17.15abc
2.75
19.90a
IPBHy6411
15.91abc
2.95
18.86ab
IPBHW60B
14.37bc
2.88
18.75ab
IPBHW10W16
17.58ab
4.98
22.55a
IPBVar6 ck
12.05c
2.80
14.84b
Cv (%)
19.10
42.22
15.31
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
*-significant
**-Highly significant
the heaviest marketable corn kernel per plot followed by IPBHy 449 and IPBHy10W16. The
lowest weight of marketable corn kernel per plot was obtained by IPBVar 6.
Weight of Non-Marketable Corn Kernel per Plot
The weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot did not differ significantly among the
seven varieties evaluated (Table 4). It ranged from 2.40kg/15m2 to 4.98 kg/15m2. IPBHy 446
and IPBHy 449 produced the lowest non- marketable corn kernels while IPBHW10W16
obtained the heaviest non-marketable corn kernels per plot.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
20
Total Weight of Corn Kernels per Plot
Significant differences were noted on the total weight of corn kernels among the seven
varieties of corn evaluated (Table 5). IPBHy 446, IPBHW10W16, IPBHy 449, IPBHy 546
produced the highest total weight of corn kernels per plot (kg/15m2) .They were followed by
IPBHy 6411 and IPBHW60B. Among the seven varieties evaluated, IPBVar 6 obtained the
lowest total weight of corn kernels per plot.
Number of Marketable Ears per Plot
Table 5 shows significant differences in the number of marketable ears per plot among
the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHy446 registered the highest number of corn ears
followed by IPBHy449 and IPBHy449 while the rest of the varieties had 42 to 59 (kg15m2)
marketable corn per15m2 plot. IPBVar6 obtained the lowest number of marketable ear per plot.
Number of Non-Marketable Ear Per Plot
Table 6 also shows no significant difference in the number of non-marketable ear per plot
among the seven varieties of corn evaluated. IPBHy446, IPBHy449 and IPBVar 6 produced the
lowest number of non-marketable corn ears while the other varieties evaluated (Table 6) had 21
to 38 non-marketable corn ear per plot.
Total Number of Ear per Plot
No significant deference was noted in the total number of corn ear per plot (kg/15m2)
among the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
21
Table 6. Number of marketable and non marketable ear per 15m2 plot and total number of ear per
15m2 plot of seven varieties of corn
NUMBER OF EARS PER PLOT (15m2)
VARIETY Marketable Non Marketable TOTAL
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IPBHy446
77a
21
98a
IPBHy449
69a b 21
89ab
IPBHy546
64ab
25
89ab
IPBHy6411
58b 24
82bc
IPBHW6OB
42c
25
67ab
IPBHW10W16
59b 38
94ab
IPBVar6 ck
36c
21
57d
CV (%)
16.91
36.04 16.80
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Seed Yield per Plot and per Hectare
The seed yield per plot did not differ significantly among the varieties evaluated in this
study. It ranged 12 kg to 25 kg (Table7).
Table 7 shows that IPBHy 446 and IPBHy 449 produced the highest while IPBVar 6
obtained the lowest seed yield per plot. In terms of computed yield per hectare IPBHy446 had
the highest yield per hectare which was not significantly different but numerically higher than
IPBHy449, while the lowest was obtained by IPBVar6.
Weight of 1000 Kernels of Seven
Corn Varieties
The weight of 1000 kernels did not differ significantly among the varieties evaluated in
this study (Table 7). It ranged from 437.50 to 562.56g. The table shows that
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
22
Table 7. Seed yield per plot (kg/15m2) and per hectare (t/ha) and weight of 1000 kernels and of
seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
SEED YIELD
YIELD PER
WEIGHT OF 1000
VARIETY
PER PLOT
HECTARE
KERNELS (g)
(kg/15m2
(T/ha)
IPBHy446
22.66
14.95
462.50
IPBHy449
21.70
14.32
462.50
IPBHy546
19.86
13.10
485.00
IPBHy6411
18.86
12.44
462.50
IPBHW60B
22.55
14.88
477.50
IPBHW10W16
14.84
9.79
437.50
IPBVar6 ck
12.05
7.95
562.50
CV(%) 19.10
16.91
13.64
Means with common letter are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
IPBVar6 had the highest weight of 562.50g while the lowest weight was obtained by
IPBHW10W16 variety with 437.50g.
Reaction to Downy Mildew and corn borer
Results revealed that no significant differences between the corn varieties. This may be
contributed by the high vigor of the corn plant at vegetative stage.
In terms of corn borer, no significant on the seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated.
They were all highly resistant to corn borer.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
23
IPBHy 449
IPBHy 6411
IPBHy546
IPBHW60B
IPB Var 6
IPBHY446
IPBHW10W16
Figure 2. Overview of 1000 corn kernel of seven high lysine corn varieties evaluated
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
24
Profitability of Growing High Lysine in La Trinidad Benguet
The return on cash expenses of the seven different varieties evaluated is shown in Table
7. IPBHy446 and IPBY449 had the highest ROCE compared to other varieties that which is
lower than 100. This result indicates that all the rice landraces are profitable to be produced
under La Trinidad, Benguet.
Table 7. Return on cash expense of seven corn varieties evaluated
SEED
COST OF
GROSS
NET
VARIETY
YIELD/PLOT PRODUCTION INCOME
PROFIT
ROCE
(kg/15m2 )
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
(%)
IPBHy446
22.66
189.25
453.20a
263.95a
139.47
IPBY449
21.70
189.25
434.20ab
244.75ab
129.32
IPBHy546
19.86
189.25
398.00abc
204.75abc
108.19
IPBHy6411
18.86
189.25
377.20abc
187.95abc
99.31
IPBHW60B
22.55
189.25
451.00bc
261.75bc
138.30
IPBHW10W16
14.84
189.25
2968.00ab
107.55bc
56.82
IPBVar6(ck)
12.05
189.25
241.00c
51.75c
27.34
All seed was sold at Php20.00 per kilo.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
25
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Highly significant differences among the seven varieties evaluated were recorded in
terms of ear diameter, number of kernel per row ear and number of marketable ear per plot.
Significant difference among the seven varieties were observed in terms of ear height, weight of
marketable corn kernel per row, total weight of ear corn kernel and return on cash expenses.
No significant differences were observed on height of maturity, number of ear harvested
per plot, number of kernel per row, days from emergence to tasseling and silking, weight of 1000
kernel per plot, number of non-marketable ear per plot, total ear, weight of non-marketable corn
kernel per row, days to emergence and total seed yield per plot.
All the seven varieties were emerge seven DAP except for IPBHy 546 and IPBHW6OB
which emerge one day after, in terms of tasseling,IPBHy6411 is the first to produce tassel. The
seven varieties of corn all produce silk 85 DAP except for IPB Var 6, IPBHyp449 and IPBHy
546 which silk 84 DAP. All the seven varieties reached maturity at 153 DAP.
All the seven varieties of corn evaluated were highly vigorous at 30 DAP. This could be
the effect of the chicken dung and complete fertilizer applied which provided enough nutrients to
the corn plant. These varieties were rated resistant to downy mildew. The different corn varieties
did not show any significant difference in the plant height at maturity. Numerically, variety
IPBHW60B was the tallest followed by IPB Var 6 while the shortest plant exhibited by
IPBHy449. Ear character of seven varieties of corn evaluated shows that IPB Var 6 had
significantly longest ear than the other varieties evaluated. It has also the biggest ear diameter
together with IPBHW60B, IPBHW10W16, and IPBHy449.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
26
Statistically all the seven varieties of corn evaluated had high significant difference on
the number of kernel row per ear. IPBHy446 together with IPBHW10W16 produce the highest
number of corn kernel row per ear. IPBHy546 and IPBHy 6411 has similar kernel row per ear.
Among the seven varieties evaluated , IPBHy446 registered the highest number of corn
ears followed by IPBHy449,IPBHy546 while the rest had 42 to 59 marketable corn ears per plot ,
revealed IPB Var 6 recorded the lowest number of marketable ear per plot.
Number of corn kernel were evaluated and it shows that IPB Var 6 had the highest weight
of 562.509 while the lowest weight was obtained byIPBHW10W16 with 437.50 g. in terms of
seed yield per plot,IPBHy446 is the highest with 18 kg per plot while IPB Var 6 obtained only
11kg per plot.
The seven high lysine corn varieties in this study showed that variety IPBHy446 obtained
the highest ROCE followed by IPBHy546, IPBHW60B, IPBHy6411, while IPB Var 6 gave the
lowest ROCE.
Conclusion
No significant difference among the seven varieties evaluated in terms of days from
sowing to tasseling, days from sowing to silking, number of corn ear harvested per plant, number
of kernel per row, height at maturity, and weight of 1000 corn kernel.
Significant difference among the seven varieties evaluated in terms of ear length, total
weight of corn kernel, and return on cash expense.
Highly significant among the seven verities evaluated in terms of ear diameter, number of
kernel row per ear, and number of marketable ear per plot.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
27
Among the seven varieties of corn evaluated, IPBHy 446 registered the best performing
variety bassed on weight of marketable corn kernel, seed yield per plot, return on cash expenses
and net profit.
Recommendation
All the seven varieties of corn could be planted in La Trinidad, Benguet condition
because they all produce a higher ROCE. But IPBHy 446 and IPBY449 are most profitable to
produce.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
28
LITERATURE CITED
AGAYAM, J.D. 2005. Varietal response of corn to bio-N as supplement fertilizer under Tuao,
Cagayan condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 42.
BERNARDO, E.B. 2009. UPLB Horizone. All in a bowl of yap corn. April-June. Vol. 11.
Number 2. Pp. 2-4.
CAYAT, E.A. 2002. Growth and yield of corn for grain production under La Trinidad, Benguet
Condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 36.
COLLADO, G.M. 1981. Agribusiness corn systems Philippines and Thailand. Southeast Asian
Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) College,
Laguna, Philippines. P .673.
DA. 1999. Young corn production guide. Interview with Mr. Benny Cadiz. Retrieved
October 2009 from http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/young_corn.html.
JAVAR. J.U. 2005. Growth and yield of five green corn varieties fertilized with different
animal manure. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
LOMADEO, A. P. 2005. Yield and other characteristics of glutinous corn under La
Trinidad condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.
4.
LUMETIC, J.B. 2005. Post harvest qualities of five varieties of corn as affected by
harvesting method at Liwan West, Rizal, Kalinga. BS Thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
MAMURI, M.G. 2003. Performance of five corn varieties using five organic fertilizers under
Bacnotan, La Union. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 21.
FIELD, J. 1996. Philippine Post harvest Industry Profile: CORN. Retrieved July 2009 from
http://www.bpre.gov.ph/phindustry/corn.pdf.
QUILLOY, G.I. 1990. Performance of young corn production under two densities. BS Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 3.
SHERRELL, C.T. 2006. Green Party of Oaters New Zealand. Interview with Dr. Jack
Heinemann regarding Monsanto's high lysine corn. Retrieved August 16, 2009 from
http://www.greens.org.nz.
VERGARA, 1991. Raising the yield potential of rice. Philippines. Journal techno guide.
Retrieved July 25, 2009 from http://books.google.com.ph/books.id/fulltext.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
29
ZIEVE, D.G., G. JUHN and D. RELTZ. 2008. A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: Lysine Overview.
University of Maryland Medical Center. 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore Retrieved
September
2009 from http://www. umm. edu/ altmed/ articles/lysine-000312.html.
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
30
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days from sowing to emergence of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
7 7 8 7 29
7.25
IPBy449
8 8 7 8 31
7.75
IPBHy546
8 7 7 7 29
7.25
IPBHy6411
7 7 7 7 28
7.00
IPBHW60B
7 8 8 8 31
7.75
IPBHW10W16
7 8 7 7 29
7.25
IPBvar6
7 8 7 7 29
7.25
REP
TOTAL
51 53 51 51
GRAND
TOTAL
206
GRAND
MEAN
7.36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
0.428571
0.142857
Treatment 6 1.928571
0.321429
1.421053ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
4.071429
0.22619
Total 27
6.428571
ns – Not significant Cv = 6.46%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
31
Appendix Table 2. Days to from sowing to silking of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 85
83
83
85
336
84.50
IPBy449 85
85
84
85
339
84.25
IPBHy546 83
85
84
84
336
84.00
IPBHy6411 85 85 85 86 341
85.25
IPBHW60B 84 84 83 84 335
85.25
IPBHW10W16 84 85 85 83 337 84.75
IPBvar6 83
84
84
86
337
84.00
REP TOTAL
589
591
558
593
GRAND
2361.00
TOTAL
GRAND MEAN
84.32
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 2.107143
0.702381
Treatment 6
6.357143
1.059524
1.397906ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
13.64286
0.757937
TOTAL 27
22.10714
Ns-not significant
CV = 1.03%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
32
Appendix Table 3. Days from sowing to tasseling of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 82
80
79
80
321
80.25
IPBy449 82
81
80
80
323
80.75
IPBHy546 80
81
81
80
322
80.50
IPBHy6411 82
80
81 83
326
81.50
IPBHW60B 81
80 80 79
320
80.00
IPBHW10W16 81 81 81 80 323 80.75
IPBvar6 80
80
80
80
320
80.00
REP TOTAL
568
563
562
562
GRAND TOTAL
2255.00
GRAND MEAN
80.54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 3.535714
1.178571
Treatment 6
6.714286
1.119048
1.58427ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
12.71429
0.706349
TOTAL 27
22.96429
ns - not significant CV = 1.04%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
33
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm) at maturity of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 103.10
103.20
105.70
102.40
414.40
103.60
IPBy449 100.40
102.50
100.30
100.40
403.60
100.90
IPBHy546 104.80
106.30
101.90
99.20
412.20
103.05
IPBHy6411 104.70
106.70
101.30
101.90
414.60
103.65
IPBHW60B 173.60
107.40
103.00
100.10
484.10
121.03
IPBHW10W16 104.50
102.30
103.30
100.00
410.10
102.53
IPBvar6 108.00
104.70
105.80
105.60
424.10
106.03
REP TOTAL
799.10
733.10
721.30
709.60
GRAND TOTAL
2963.10
GRAND MEAN
105.83
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
COMPUTED F 5% 1%
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
Replication 3
687.4096 229.1365
Treatment
6
1134.43
189.0717
1.097703ns
2.66 4.01
Error
18
3100.373
TOTAL 27
4922.213
ns –not significant CV = 13%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
34
Appendix Table 5. Ear length (cm) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 180.20
168.60
183.00
189.20
721.00
180.25b
IPBy449 167.30
191.10
157.20
157.20
672.80
168.20b
IPBHy546 154.20
163.20
173.10
173.10
663.60
165.90b
IPBHy6411 189.50
175.80
177.40
177.40
720.10
180.03ab
IPBHW60B 199.40
184.10
171.70
171.70
726.90
181.73b
IPBHW10W16 185.50
175.30
182.00
182.00 725.00
181.25ab
IPBvar6 177.90
192.40
217.20
217.20
804.50
201.13a
REP TOTAL
1254.00 1250.50 1268.00
GRAND TOTAL
5033.90
GRAND MEAN
179.78
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 26.12964
8.709881
Treatment 6
3154.339
525.7231
3.119326*
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
3033.673
168.5374
TOTAL 27
6214.141
*- Significant CV = 7.22%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
35
Appendix Table 6. Ear diameter (cm) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 4.48
5.07
4.85
5.54
19.94
4.99
IPBHy5449 5.19
5.45
5.08
5.29
21.01
5.25
IPBHy546 4.94
4.89
5.23
4.70
19.76
4.94
IPBHy6411 4.89
5.10
4.91
4.95
19.85
4.96
IPBHW60B 5.62
5.51
5.45
5.54
22.12
5.53
IPBHW10W16
5.43
5.17
5.25
5.29
21.14
5.29
IPBvar6 5.34
5.45
6.03
5.36
22.18
5.55
REP TOTAL
35.89
36.64
36.80
36.67
GRAND TOTAL
146.00
GRAND MEAN
5.22
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED F
5%
1%
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
Replication 3
0.072943
0.024314
Treatment 6
1.626836
0.271139
4.311756**
2.66 4.01
Error 18
1.131907
0.062884
TOTAL 27
2.831686
**- Highly significant
CV = 4.81%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
36
Appendix Table 7. Number of kernel/row per ear of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 33.32
24.96
30.06
31.88
120.22
30.06
IPBHy449 35.85
28.93
34.58
33.84
133.20
33.30
IPBHy546 30.98
26.40
30.02
32.58
119.98
30.00
IPBHy6411 31.00
30.90
32.30
35.54
129.74
32.44
IPBHW60B 30.22
25.40
30.84
34.96
121.42
30.36
IPBHW10W16 26.34 29.74 30.09 32.66 118.83 29.71
IPBvar6 33.94
29.60
35.96
33.34
132.84
33.21
REP TOTAL
221.65
195.93
223.85
234.80
GRAND TOTAL
876.23
GRAND MEAN
31.29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SOURCE OF
DEGREE
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED 5% 1%
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
FREEDOM
Replication 3
116.056
38.6855
Treatment 6
62.4727
10.4121
2.552167ns
2.6 4.01
Error 18
73.4350
4.07972
TOTAL 27
251.9645
ns- Not significant
CV = 6.46%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
37
Appendix Table 8. Number of corn ears harvested/plant of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 2
2
1
2
7
1.75
IPBHy449 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
IPBHy546 2
2
2
2
8
2.00
IPBHy6411 2
1 1 2 6
1.50
IPBHW60B 2 2 2 2 8
2.00
IPBHW10W16 2 2 2 2
8 2.00
IPBvar6 1
2
2
2
7
1.75
REP TOTAL
13
13
12
14
GRAND TOTAL
52.00
GRAND MEAN
1.86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF
DEGREE OF
SUM OF
MEAN OF
FTAB
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARES
COMPUTED F
5%
1%
Replication 3
0.28714
0.095238
Treatment 6
0.928571
0.154762
1.258065ns
2.6 4.01
Error 18
2.214286
0.123016
TOTAL 27
3.428571
ns- Not significant
CV = 18.86%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
38
Appendix Table 9. Number of kernel row/ear of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 16
15
16
15
62
15.50
IPBHy449 14
13
15
15
57
14.25
IPBHy546 14
14
13
14
55
13.75
IPBHy6411 13
14
13
13
53
13.25
IPBHW60B 15
16
15
14
60
15.00
IPBHW10W16 16 16 15 15 62 15.50
IPBvar6 14
15
14
13
56
14.00
REP TOTAL
102.00
103.00
101.00
99.00
GRAND TOTAL
405.00
GRAND MEAN
14.46
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 1.25
0.416667
Treatment 6
18.71429
3.119048
6.238095**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
9
0.5
TOTAL 27
28.96429
ns-Not significant
CV = 4.89%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
39
Appendix Table 10. Weight of 1000 kernels/plot (g) of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 450.00
500.00
500.00
400.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHy449 400.00
500.00
500.00
450.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHy546 550.00
520.00
520.00
350.00
1940.00
485.00
IPBHy6411 550.00
450.00
520.00
330.00
1850.00
462.50
IPBHW60B 600.00
350.00
510.00
450.00
1910.00
477.50
IPBHW10W16 400.00 400.00 500.00 450.00 1750.00 437.50
IPBvar6 550.00
600.00
650.00
450.00
2250.00
562.50
REP TOTAL
3500.00
3320.00
3700.00
2880.00
GRAND TOTAL
134.00
GRAND MEAN
478.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 52400
17466.67
Treatment 6
38192.86
6365.476
1.49288ns
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
76750
4263.889
TOTAL 27
167342.9
ns - Not significant
CV = 13.64%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
40
Appendix Table 11. Weight of marketable corn kernel per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high lysine
corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
26.75 16.30 18.50 19.50 81.05 20.26a
IPBHy449
17.75 17.50 17.50 24.00 77.15 19.29ab
IPBHy546
20.50 16.00 14.50 17.60 68.60 17.15abc
IPBHy6411
15.50 19.05 17.60 11.47 63.62 15.91abc
IPBHW60B
14.10 13.08 12.80 17.50 57.48 14.37bc
IPBHW10W16
16.90 17.60 15.90 19.90 70.30 17.58ab
IPBvar6
10.50 13.90 15.00 8.80 48.20 12.05c
REP
TOTAL
122.00 113.43 112.20 118.77
GRAND
TOTAL
466.40
GRAND
MEAN
16.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
9.039686
3.013229
Treatment 6 192.101
32.01684
3.162111*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
182.2527
10.12515
TOTAL 27
383.3934
*- Significant Cv = 19.10%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
41
Appendix Table 12. Weight of non-marketable corn kernel per plot (kg/15m2) of seven high
lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
2.50 2.50 2.00 2.60 9.60 2.40
IPBHy449
1.50 2.75 4.00 1.40 9.65 2.41
IPBHy546
2.50 3.00 3.50 2.00 11.00 2.75
IPBHy6411
2.00 1.40 2.20 6.20 11.80 2.95
IPBHW60B
3.40 4.60 2.00 1.50 11.50 2.88
IPBHW10W16
5.40 5.00 3.50 6.00 19.50 4.98
IPBvar6
3.20 2.75 2.50 2.75 11.20 2.80
REP
TOTAL
20.50 22.00 19.70 22.45
GRAND
TOTAL
84.65
MEAN
TOTAL
3.02
ANALYISI OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
0.705268
0.23089
Treatment 6 18.89054
3.148423
1.937053ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
29.25661
1.625367
TOTAL 27
48.85241
ns – Not significant Cv = 42.22%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
42
Appendix Table 13. Total weight of corn kernel per plot(kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn
varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
29.25
18.80 20.50 22.10 90.65 22.66a
IPBHy449
19.25
20.25 21.90 25.40 86.80 21.70a
IPBHy546
23.00
19.00 18.00 19.60 79.60 19.90a
IPBHy6411 17.50
20.45
19.80
17.67
75.42
18.86ab
IPBHW60B 17.50
17.68
16.30
23.50
74.98
18.75ab
IPBHW10W16 22.30
22.60 19.40 25.90 90.20 22.55a
IPBvar6 13.70
16/65
17.50
11.50
59.35
14.84b
REP TOTAL
142.50
135.43
133.40
145.67
GRAND TOTAL
557.00
GRAND MEAN
19.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 14.37054
4.790181
Treatment 6 183.794
30.63234
3.304503*
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
166.8578
9.269878
TOTAL 27
365.0224
*- Significant CV = 15.31%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
43
Appendix Table 14. Number of marketable ear/plot of seven high lysine corn varieties
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 94
76
63
75
308
77.00a
IPBHy449 63
64
57
90
274
68.40ab
IPBHy546 81
60
50
63
254
63.50ab
IPBHy6411 57
66
62
46
231
57.75b
IPBHW60B 46
39
36
46
167
41.75c
IPBHW10W16 55 55 55 69 234 58.50b
IPBvar6 37
37
39
31
144
36.00c
REP TOTAL
433
397
362
420
GRAND TOTAL
1612.00
GRAND MEAN
57.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 415.1429
138.381
Treatment 6
4994.357
832.3929
8.785885**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
170.357
94.74206
TOTAL 27
7114.857
**- Highly significant
CV = 16.91%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
44
Appendix Table 15. Number of non-marketable ear/plot of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
18 25 18 24 85 21.25
IPBHy449
16 27 25 15 83 20.75
IPBHy546
24 25 32 19 100
25.00
IPBHy6411
25 10 14 46 95 23.75
IPBHW60B
29 35 20 15 99 24.75
IPBHW10W16
46 41 26 42 155
38.75
IPBvar6
29 19 16 21 85 21.25
REP
TOTAL
187 182 151 182
GRAND
TOTAL
702.00
GRAND
MEAN
25.07
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
TABULAR F
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
116.7143
38.90476
Treatment 6 947.3571
157.8929
1.933664ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
1469.786
81.65476
TOTAL 27
2533.857
ns - Not significant CV = 36.04%
Appendix Table 16. Total number of Ear per plot(kg/15m2) of seven high lysine corn varieties
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
45
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
112.00 105.00 76.00 96.00 389.00 97.25
IPBHy449
101.00 105.00 92.00 81.00 379.00 94.75
IPBHy546
81.00 85.00 75.00 111.00 352.00 88.00
IPBHy6411
99.00 82.00 74.00 66.00 321.00 80.025
IPBHW60B
79.00 82.00 56.00 56.00 273.00 68.25
IPBHW10W16
91.00 82.00 61.00 55.00 289.00 72.25
IPBvar6
82.00 76.00 101.00 52.00 311.00 77.75
REP
TOTAL
645.00 617.00 535.00 517.00
GRAND
TOTAL
2314.00
GRAND
MEAN
82.64
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
1654.143
551.381
Treatment 6 2933.929
488.9881
1.536277ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
3470.357
192.7976
TOTAL 27
8058.429
ns - Not significant CV = 16.80%
Appendix Table 17. Total yield per hectare of seven high lysine corn varieties
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
46
TREATMENT REPLICATION
I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 94.00
76.00 63.00 75.00 308.00 77.00a
IPBHy449 63.00
64.00 57.00 90.00 274.00
68.40ab
IPBHy546 81.00
60.00 50.00 63.00 254.00
63.50ab
IPBHy6411 57.00 66.00 62.00 46.00 231.00 57.75b
IPBHW60B 46.00 39.00 36.00 46.00 167.00 41.75c
IPBHW10W16 55.00 55.00 55.00 69.00 234.00 58.50b
IPBvar6 37.00
37.00
39.00
31.00
144.00
36.00c
REP TOTAL
433.00
397.00
362.00
420.00
GRAND TOTAL
1612.00
GRAND MEAN
57.57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV DF SS MS Fc 5% 1%
Replication 3 415.1429
138.381
Treatment 6
4994.357
832.3929
8.785885**
2.6613 40.146
Error 18
170.357
94.74206
TOTAL 27
7114.857
**- Highly significant
CV = 16.91%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
47
Appendix Table 18. Gross income of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446
535.00 326.00 270.00 390.00 1621.00 405.25a
IPBHy449
355.00 350.00 358.00 480.00 1543.00 385.75ab
IPBHy546
410.00 320.00 290.00 352.00 1372.00 343.00abc
IPBHy6411
310.00 381.00 352.00 229.00 1272.40 318.10abc
IPBHW60B
282.00 261.60 256.00 350.00 1149.60 287.40bc
IPBHW10W16
338.00 352.00 318.00 398.00 1406.00 351.50ab
IPBvar6
210.00 278.00 300.00 176.00 964.00 241.00c
REP
TOTAL
2440.00 2268.60 2244.00 23375.40
GRAND
TOTAL
9328.00
GRAND
MEAN
333.14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
3615.874
1205.291
Treatment 6 76840.41
12806.73
3.16211*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
72901.07
4050.059
TOTAL 27
153357.3
*- Significant Cv = 19.10%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
48
Appendix Table 19. Net profit of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 345.75
136.75
180.75
200.75
864.00
216.00a
IPBHy449 165.75
160.75
168.75
290.75
786.00
196.50ab
IPBHy546 220.75
130.75
100.75
162.75
615.00
153.75abc
IPBHy6411 120.75
191.75
162.75
40.15
515.40
128.85abc
IPBHW60B 92.75
72.35
66.75
160.75
392.60
98.15bc
IPBHW10W16 148.75
162.75
128..75
208.75
649.00
162.25ab
IPBvar6 20.75
88.75
110.75
13.25
207.00
51.75c
REP TOTAL
1115.25
943.85
919.25
1050.65
GRAND TOTAL
4029.00
GRAND MEAN
143.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
3615.874
1205.291
Treatment 6 76840.41
12806.73
3.162111ns
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
72901.07
4050.059
TOTAL 27
153357.3
ns – Not significant Cv = 44.23%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
49
Table 20. Return on cash expense of seven high lysine corn varieties
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I
II
III
IV
TOTAL
MEAN
IPBHy446 182.69
72.26
95.51
106.08
456.54
114.14
IPBHy449 87.58
84.94
89.17
153.63
415.32
103.83
IPBHy546
116.64 69.09 53.24 86.00 324.97 81.24
IPBHy6411 63.80
101.32
86.00
21.22
272.34
68.09
IPBHW60B
49.01 38.23 35.27 84.94 207.45 51.86
IPBHW10W16 78.60
86.00
68.03
110.30
342.93
85.73
IPBvar6
10.96 46.90 58.52 -7.00 109.38 27.35
REP
TOTAL
589.28 498.74 485.74 555.17
GRAND
TOTAL
2128.93
GRAND
MEAN
76.03
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
FTAB
SV
DF
SS
MS
FC
5% 1%
Replication
3
1009.121
336.3736
Treatment 6 21454.24
3575.707
3.16231*
2.6613 4.0146
Error 18
20353.07
1130.726
TOTAL 27
42816.43
*- Significant Cv = 44.23%
Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties Under La Trinidad,
Benguet Condition / Charles B. Bay-an 2011
Document Outline
- Evaluation of High Lysine Corn Varieties UnderLa Trinidad, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES