BIBLIOGRAPHY DAYAP, ALVIN F. APRIL 2011....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAYAP, ALVIN F. APRIL 2011. Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of Selected Botanical Insecticides. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Eulogio V. Cardona Jr., PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Diadegma Rearing House from December
2010 to March 2011 to record the number of insect pests killed when applied with the
different concentration of botanical insecticides, to evaluate the dead insect as affected by
the botanical insecticides and to determine the mode of actions of botanical insecticides.
The extracts of yellow ginger, garlic, and chili mixed with water at varying rates
were the treatments. The extract and water dilution ratios were as follows: 1:2, 1:4, 1:6,
1:8. Untreated was included as the basis for comparison. The efficacy of the treatments
was evaluated against DBM, cabbage butterfly, cutworm and aphids by following the leaf
dip and topical method of application. The assessment for the effect of the treatments was
done 72 hours after the treatments.
The highest mortality of DBM was 66.67% for the leaf dip method on the dilution
ratio of 1:2 for garlic and a very low mortality on the dilution ratio of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8,
Mortality of DBM was not noted in all the treatments of garlic using the topical method.
A mortality that was small to negligible was noted from the extract treatments of chili
and yellow ginger regardless of the manner of application.
For the control of cabbage butterfly, the treatments of yellow ginger and garlic
applied by leaf dip method showed a relative good control. The highest mortality was
73.33% at the dilution ratio of 1:2, 56.67% and 50% for the dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1:6,
respectively the mortality ranged from 63.33% to 46.67% for the extract treatments of
garlic. Although small, mortality was observed when applied by topical method for chili.
The highest was 30%. A very small mortality was observed when applied by leaf dip
method.
None of the treatments of yellow ginger, garlic and chili either applied by leaf dip
and topical method give a good control of cutworms and aphids.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ……………………………………….……………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………... 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality of DBM Due to Yellow
Ginger, Garlic and Chili………..………….…………………...………...
14
Mortality of Cabbage Butterfly
Larva Due to Yellow ginger, Garlic
and Chili………………………………………………………………….
14
Mortality of Cutworm Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili………………………………………….
16
Mortality of Aphids Due to Yellow
Ginger, Garlic and Chili…………………….......………………………..
17
Description of Dead Insects Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili……………………….......……………..
18
Mode of Action…….…………..…………………………………………
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………………. 25
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 26
Recommendation………………………………………………………… 27
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………... 28
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 29
1
INTRODUCTION
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) is one of the leading crop plants that are
grown in the highland areas of the Philippines particularly in Benguet and Mountain
Province. Cabbage is popularly grown in the place because of their adaptability to
relative cool temperature. Secondly, the demand for cabbage is high and commands a
good price. The income generated from the crop however depends on the quality of
produce which is usually affected by infestation of insect pests (Otculan, 1989).
The most damaging insects that are pestering the cabbage growers in the province
of Benguet are diamondback moth or DBM (Plutella xylostella Linn.), cutworms
(Spodoptera litura Fabr.), aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) and cabbage butterfly (Pieris
rapae). These insect pests are relatively difficult to control because they easily acquire
resistance to insecticides.
At present, the control of insect pests of cabbage and other related plants is still a
problem. Several insecticides were proven effective in controlling the pest of cabbage but
since there are many drawbacks associated with their use, a better control alternative
must be sought.
The importance of the study is to develop locally available botanical insecticides
for the control of insect pests of cabbage. The misuse and excessive use of synthetic
insecticides may cause some undesirable effects not only to the agricultural ecosystem
but to health of humans. Insecticide residue in agricultural products particularly in
vegetables and fruit products is a growing concern for producers, traders, and consumers
in many parts of the world. One of the efforts is the development of botanical
insecticides. Botanical insecticides are safer and are environment friendly.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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The study was conducted to:
1. record the number of insect pests killed when applied with the concentration
of botanical insecticides.
2. evaluate the dead insect as affected by the botanical insecticides.
3. determine the mode of actions of botanical insecticides.
The experiment was conducted at the Benguet State University Diadegma Rearing
House, Balili La Trinidad Benguet from December 2010 to March 2011.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Insect Pests of Cabbage
According to Esguera et al., (1969), there are about 30 species of insects attacking
cruciferous crops like cauliflowers, Chinese cabbage, radish, and cabbage. Among the 30
species, diamondback moth or DBM is the most destructive. In the study of Cardona in
1997, the 5 most destructive insect pests were diamondback moth, cutworms, aphids, flea
beetles, and cabbage butterfly.
DBM Nature of Damage
In 1972, Quebral and Caramancion reported that diamondback moth or DBM
(Plutella xylostella) is known to be the most serious limiting factor for the cultivation of
cabbage. The larva feeds on the undersurface of the leaves reducing them into a network
of veins with only thin membrane of the upper leaf surface are left.
According to Hines and Hutchison (2001), aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) are
small with only 1.6mm to 2.8mm as the biggest, soft bodied having piercing mouthparts
but they are prolific and can severely damage crops. The piercing mouthparts are used for
feeding by inserting it to the surface of the plants and suck the saps. Keizer and Zuubier
(1999) stated that the damage caused by aphids are curling, wrinkling, and stunting of the
host plants. In severe cases, the leaves of the plants turns brown dried in appearance
followed by death.
The cabbage butterfly larvae (Pieris rapae) feed usually on the lower surface of
cabbage. They form holes usually with large irregular shape and sizes in the leaves
(Metcalf and Flint, 1951).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Most cutworms (Spodoptera litura) damage occurs on mostly on early stage
vegetables. The damage caused by cutworms occurs when they chew stems of young
plants at or slightly above or below the soil line.
Botanical Plants
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a tuber that is consumed whole as a delicacy,
medicine, or herb. It lends its name to its genus and family (Zingiberaceae). Other
notable members of this plant family are turmeric, cardamom, and galangal. Ginger
cultivation began in South Asia and has since spread to East Africa and the Caribbean. It
is sometimes called root ginger to distinguish it from other things that share the name
ginger. The oleoresin of ginger is often contained in digestive, antitussive, antiflatulent,
laxative, and antacid compounds (Anonymous, 2010).
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Garlic has been
used throughout history for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The garlic plant's bulb
is the most commonly used part of the plant. Garlic is a very good all-purpose insect
repellent that can be used in several different ways to ward off pests. Garlic in its
simplest form is used to keep insects off of several plants. Companion planting or placing
plants together for a mutual benefit, works especially well with garlic. When crushed,
Allium sativum yields allicin, a powerful antibiotic and antifungal compound. It has been
claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from strep throat or
other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur
containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes,
vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products, which
are non-sulfur containing compounds (Anonymous, 2010).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Chili (Capsicum annum) has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since
at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern
Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago, and is one of the
first cultivated crops in the Americas that is self-pollinating. The substances that give
chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-N-
vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids.
Capsaicin is the primary ingredient in pepper spray (Anonymous, 2010).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were cabbage seedlings, 6 inches diameter clay pots, 8 x 4
plastic container, graduated cylinder, chicken manure, fungicide, shovel, watering can,
socks, knife, juicer, 16 celled tray with cover, digital camera, hair brush, garlic gloves,
ginger rhizome and ripe chili pepper fruit.
Preparation of the Potted Cabbages
The soil was gathered in the field with the use of shovel, and then placed in the
sack. After gathering, the chicken manure was mixed with the soil to enhance the growth
of the plants. The cabbage seedlings were transplanted on the 6 inches diameter clay pots.
The propagation of cabbages was done inside the green house at the back of BSU
Diadegma Rearing House. Except for the application of insecticides, all other cultural
requirements of the cabbage plants were provided.
Rearing of Test Insects
Diamondback moth. Cabbage seedlings were planted on the pots with a diameter
of 6 inches. Except for the application of insecticides, all the necessary horticulture
requirements of the plants were provided. The DBM larvae that was infesting on the
plants were collected and serve as the test insects. Plenty of potted cabbages were
propagated to come up with plenty of DBM larvae as test insects (Figure 1).
Cabbage butterfly. Larvae that are infesting in cabbage plants for the above study
were collected and served as the test insects for the efficacy evaluation of the botanical
insecticides (Figure 2).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Figure 1. Cabbage infested with DBM larvae
Figure 2. Field collected cabbage butterfly larvae
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Cutworms. Eggs of cutworms were collected in the cabbage field at the BSU
Research Station. The eggs that were collected were placed inside the petri dishes. Since
an egg mass of cutworms consists of not less than 200 eggs, upon emergence to larvae,
they were used as the test insects for the research (Figure 3).
Aphids. Part of the potted cabbages propagated above was used for the infestation
of aphids. To enhance aphids buildup, introduction was done by the use of field collected
aphids. Insecticides were not applied to enhance aphids’ buildup (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Field collected cutworm eggs
Figure 4. Potted cabbages for the rearing of DBM and aphids
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Collection and Preparation of the Extracts
The test plants for this research are yellow ginger rhizome, garlic cloves
and ripe fruits of chili. These materials were bought from the local market. Prior the
extraction, the plants undergoes thorough cleaning. With the use of a knife, the different
plants were chopped into smaller pieces. The chopped plants were placed in the juicer for
extraction. After extraction, the extract was placed inside the 4x4 inches plastic
containers. The extract and water ratio which served as the treatments is shown in Table
1. The experimental design was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
3 replications.
Topical Method of Treatment Application
In this method, the test botanical insecticides were applied by brushing the
thorax of the insect by the use of hair’s brush that was dipped on the extract (Figures 5 to
9). After the application, the insects were placed immediately on the 16 celled plastic tray
containers.
Table 1. Plant extract and dilution ratio
PLANT EXTRACTS
DILUTION RATIO
Yellow ginger
Garlic
Chili
Untreated
T1-1:2
/ / /
T2-1:4
/ / /
T3-1:6
/ / /
T4-1:8
/ / /
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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One insect was placed for each cell. Leaf of cabbage was provided as food and it was
covered to prevent the insect to escape. The experiment was stored under laboratory room
temperature. The treatments including the untreated were replicated 3 times.
Figure 5. DBM larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Figure 6. Cabbage butterfly larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
11
Figure 7. Cutworm larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Figure 8. Aphids topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Figure 9. Leaf of cabbage applied with the extract/toxicant by leaf dip method
Leaf Dip Method of Treatment Application
In this leaf dip method, the cabbage leaves were first dipped into the solution of
the treatments and offer to the test insects (Figure 9). The size of the leaves is similar to
the size of the tray container. The trays were covered to prevent the insect to escape and it
was stored under laboratory condition. The treatments were replicated 3 times.
Evaluation of Dead Insect
The dead insect was evaluated by their size and color of and compared with the
live insects.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Mode of Action of the Botanical Insecticides
The mode of action of the botanical insecticides was evaluated as contact and
stomach insecticides.
Contact
insecticide. The botanical insecticides were a contact insecticide when the
insect was found dead after it touches or absorbed the botanical insecticide through the
body wall without feeding on the treated leaves.
Stomach
insecticide. The botanical insecticides were a stomach insecticide when
the insect was found dead after eating the plant that was applied or dipped to the
botanical insecticides.
Data Gathered
1. Number of dead insects. Recording of dead insects was done 72 hours after
treatments.
2. Evaluation of dead insect. The color and texture of the dead insect were
observed.
3. Mode of action. It was evaluated as contact and stomach insecticides.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality of DBM Due to Yellow Ginger,
Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of DBM larvae after exposure to the treatments of yellow
ginger, garlic and chili is shown in Table 2. DBM larvae as affected by the yellow ginger
extract on the leaf dip method shows that the dilution ratio of 1:2 has the highest
percentage of mortality with a mean of 10.00% followed by dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1 :6
with a mortality of 6.67% and 3.33% respectively. Mortality was not noted from the
untreated. A very small to negligible mortality was observed from the treatments of
ginger applied by topical method.
The mortality of DBM was highest equivalent to 66.67% from the treatment of
garlic with the dilution ratio of 1:2 and applied by leaf dip method. The mortality of
DBM significantly declined on the dilution ratio of 1;4, 1:6 and 1:8. Mortality of DBM
was not noted in all the treatments of garlic applied by topical method.
A very small to negligible mortality of DBM comparable with the untreated was
noted in all the treatments of Chili when applied by leaf dip method and a mortality of
30% which was the highest when applied by topical method with the dilution ratio of 1:2.
Mortality of Cabbage Butterfly Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of cabbage butterfly larvae is indicated in Table 3. There
are differences of the treatments based on the analysis of variance. Mortality due to
yellow ginger was noted on the leaf dip method but not in the topical method. As
observed, the highest mortality was 73.33% followed by 56.67% which were due to the
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Table 2. Mortality (%) of DBM larvae in cabbage as affected by the different extracts 72
hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated
0.00
0.00b
0.00d 0.00a
0.00b 0.00b
T1-1:2
10.00a 6.67a
66.67a 0.00a 0.00b 30a
T2-1:4
6.67b 0.00b 16.67bc 0.00a 0.00b 0.00b
T3-1:6
3.33c 0.00b
10bcd 0.00a 0.00b 3.33b
T4-1:8
0.00
0.00b 23.33b 0.00a 3.33a 3.33b
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 respectively. The treatment with the dilution ratio of
1:6 has an equivalent mortality of 50.00% and only 33.33% for the dilution ratio of 1:8.
The mortality in all the treatments of yellow ginger was significantly higher in
comparison with the untreated.
A relatively high level of mortality was noted in all the treatments of garlic when applied
by leaf dip method with a mortality ranging from 63.32 and 46.67% significantly higher
than the untreated. Mortality of cabbage butterfly was not noted in all the treatments
when applied by topical method.
Although small, a mortality of cabbage butterfly was observed on the treatments
of chili for both method of application. In comparison, a relatively higher mortality was
observed from the topical method of application. The highest mortality was caused by the
highest dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Table 3. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae in cabbage as affected by the different
extracts 72 hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated
0.00b 0.00a
0.00
0.00b
0.00d
0.00bcd
T1-1:2
73.33a 0.00a 56.67ab
0.00b
10.00abcd 30.00a
T2-1:4
56.67a 0.00a 63.33a
0.00b
20.00a 30.00a
T3-1:6
50.00a 0.00a 46.67abc
0.00b
13.33ab
13.33abcd
T4-1:8 33.33b 0.00a 56.67ab
3.33a
13.33abc
23.33abc
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality of Cutworm Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of cutworm is presented in Table 4. Although small, a
mortality of cutworm was noted in all the treatments of yellow ginger applied by leaf dip
method. The mortality ranged from 3.33% to 16.67%. Mortality of cutworm was not
noted in all the treatments of yellow ginger by topical method.
Mortality of cutworm was almost none in all the treatments of garlic applied by
leaf dip and topical method. If there were mortality of cutworm, the mortality was
extremely small to negligible.
As for the effect of chili, not any of the treatments have caused a significant
mortality of cutworms. This phenomenon was noted in all the treatments either applied
by leaf dip method or by topical method.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Table 4. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae in cabbage as affected by the different extracts
72 hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00b 0.00b
T1-1:2 3.33b 0.00a 6.67a
0.00a 0.00b 3.33a
T2-1:4
16.67a 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00b 3.33a
T3-1:6 6.67b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 3.33a 3.33a
T4-1:8 6.67b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 3.33a 3.33a
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality of Aphids Due to Yellow Ginger,
Garlic and Chili
The effect of the extracts on aphids is presented in Table 5. It is clearly presented
in the data table the very small to negligible mortality of aphids in all the treatments of
yellow ginger either applied by leaf dip method or by topical method. The mortality was
almost insignificant in comparison with the untreated. A much small level of mortality
was noted in all the treatment of yellow ginger applied by topical method.
Garlic has a better control of aphids than yellow ginger. This was manifested by
the highest mortality of aphids by 40.00% followed by 26.67 and 6.67% due to the
dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6, respectively. The mortality of aphids from the
treatments were significantly higher in comparison with the dilution ratio of 1:8 and the
untreated. Mortality of aphids was not observed in all the treatments of garlic applied by
topical method.
Mortality of aphids was not noted in all the treatments of chili similar with the
untreated applied either by leaf dip method or by topical method.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Table 5. Mortality (%) of aphids in cabbage as affected by the different extracts 72 hours
after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T1-1:2 6.67a 0.00a
40.00a
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T2-1:4 3.33b 0.00a
26.67a
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T3-1:6 0.00b 0.00a 6.67b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T4-1:8 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Description of Dead Insects Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The dead DBM larvae due to yellow ginger have a body which was dark yellow
to brown in color as shown in Figure 10. The texture of the body was soft. For those dead
larva due to garlic and chili, the color of the insect body was yellow to brown as shown in
Figures 13 and 16. The texture of the body was soft.
The color of dead cabbage butterfly due to yellow ginger was dark green similar
with the dead insects due to garlic. As shown in Figures 11 and 14. For those dead larvas
due to chili, discoloration was not noted. Figure 17 shows the body texture of dead larva
caused by yellow ginger, garlic and chili are soft.
Unlike the dead cutworms which are dark brown due to yellow ginger (Figures
12, 15 and 18), discoloration was not noted from the dead insects caused by garlic and
chili. The body texture was soft.
Dead aphids due to garlic and yellow ginger are dark yellow as shown in Figure
19. Description of aphids due to chili could not be described as none of the insects died
after treatment.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
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Figure 10. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to yellow ginger
Figure 11. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to yellow ginger
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
20
Figure 12. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to yellow ginger
Figure 13. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to garlic
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
21
Figure 14. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to garlic
Figure 15. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to garlic
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
22
Figure 16. Appearance of dead aphid due to garlic
Figure 17. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to chili
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
23
Figure 18. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to chili
Figure 19. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to chili
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
24
Mode of Action
Mode of action of yellow ginger. The mode of action of the yellow ginger in
DBM, cabbage butterfly, cutworm and aphids was stomach type. It was observed in the
leaf dip method that there was a high mortality. Secondly, death of insects was observed
in all the treatments but not on the treatments by topical method.
Mode of action of garlic. The mode of action of garlic in DBM, cabbage butterfly
and aphids was stomach type. Almost all of the treatments of ginger showed a high
mortality in DBM, cabbage butterfly and aphids. There was no mortality observed on the
topical method in all of the test insects.
Mode of action of chili. The mode of action of chili against cabbage butterfly was
either stomach or contact type (Anonymous, 2010). Although mortality was noted in
DBM and cutworm, the mortality was small to negligible.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This research was conducted at the BSU Diadegma Rearing House from
December 2010 to March 2011 to record the number of insect pests of cabbage killed
when applied with the different concentrations of botanical insecticides, to evaluate the
dead insect as affected by the botanical insecticides and to determine the mode of actions
of botanical insecticides
Varying dilution ratio of the extracts with water were the treatments. The extract
and water dilutions were as follows: 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8. Untreated was included as the
basis of comparison. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated against DBM, cabbage
butterfly, cutworm and aphids by following the leaf dip and topical method of
application. The assessment for the effect of the treatments was done 72 hours after the
treatments.
The highest mortality of DBM was 66.67% for the leaf dip method on the dilution
rate of 1:2 for garlic and a very low mortality on the dilution rate of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8,
Mortality of DBM was not noted in all the treatments of garlic using the topical method.
A mortality that was small to negligible was noted from the extract treatments of chili
and yellow ginger regardless of the manner of application.
For the control of cabbage butterfly, the treatments of yellow ginger and garlic
applied by leaf dip method showed a relative good control. The highest mortality was
73.33% at the dilution rate of 1:2, 56.67% and 50% for the dilution rate of 1:4 and 1:6.
The mortality ranged from 63.33% to 46.67% for the extract treatments of garlic.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
26
Although small, mortality was observed when applied by topical method for chili. The
highest was 30%. A very small mortality was observed when applied by leaf dip method.
None of the treatments of yellow ginger, garlic and chili either applied by leaf dip
and topical method give a good control of cutworms and aphids.
The dead DBM larvae due to yellow ginger have a body which was dark yellow
to brown in color. The texture of the body was soft. For those dead larvas due to garlic
and chili, the color of the insect body was yellow to brown. The texture of the body was
soft.
The color of dead cabbage butterfly due to yellow ginger was dark green similar
with the dead insects due to garlic. For those dead larva due to chili, discoloration was
not noted. Body texture of dead larva caused by yellow ginger, garlic and chili are soft.
Unlike the dead cutworms which are dark brown due to yellow ginger,
discoloration was not noted from the dead insects caused by garlic and chili. The body
texture was soft.
Dead aphids due to garlic and yellow ginger are dark yellow Description of
aphids due to chili could not be described as none of the insects died after treatment.
Conclusions
It is concluded that garlic at the highest dilution ratio of 1:2 is best in controlling
DBM while the yellow ginger and garlic are least at the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1;4 for
the control of cabbage butterfly. Garlic has the stomach mode of action against DBM.
The yellow ginger and garlic are likewise stomach in mode of action against cabbage
butterfly. The effect of yellow ginger, garlic and hot pepper on DBM, cutworm and
aphids is very small to minimal.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
27
Recommendation
Garlic at the highest dilution ratio of 1:2 is recommended for the control of DBM.
Yellow ginger and garlic are recommended for the control of cabbage butterfly.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2010. GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. Retrieved August 16, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili pepper, Garlic, Ginger
CARDONA, E.V. 1997. Integrated Pest Management of Diamondback moth (Plutella
xylostella) in the Philippines. Biological control with the use of parasitoid
Diadegma semiclausum Hellen. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Ghent. Ghent
Belgium.
P.
117.
ESGUERA, M. 1969. Insect Pests of Vegetables. University of Philippines: Department
of Agricultural Communication in Cooperation with the Department of
Entomology. P. 7.
HEDIN, P.A., R.M. HOLLINGWORTH, E.P. MASLER, J. MIYAMOTO, D.G.
THOMPSON. 1997. Phytochemiclas for Pest Control. American Chemical
Society. Washington. D.C. Pp. 27-29.
HINES, A.F. and W.D. HUTCHISON. 2001. Insect cabbage of aphid. University of
Minnesota Extension Service.
KEIZER and ZUUBIER. 1999. Manual of Integrated Pest Management. Course for
Extension Staff, Mashare Agricultural Department Institute, Rundu, Namibia.
METCALF C.C. and W.D. FLINT. 1951. Destructive and Useful Insects. Their Habits
and Control. 9th ed. McGrawhill Publishing Co. New Delhi. Pp. 662-663.
OTCULAN, A.B. 1989. Field performance and post harvest behavior of Chinese cabbage
as affected by nitrogen fertilizers and coconut water application. MS Thesis. BSU,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-13.
QUEBRAL, F.F. and M.I. CARAMANCION.1972. Survey of pesticide applications in
some selected vegetable farms in the municipality of Atok and Buguias, Benguet
province. Proc. 3rd National Pest Control Council of the Philippines Conference,
Baguio City. P. 9.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
29
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Mortality (%) of DBM larvae as affected by topical method of ginger
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0
20
0b
T1-1:2 10
10
0
0
6.67a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 10
10
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
4.00*
0.0343
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
173.333333
*-significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
30
Appendix Table 2. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by topical
_
method of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
31
Appendix Table 3. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method of
-
ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
32
Appendix Table 4. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of ginger
_
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
33
Appendix Table 5. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of ginger
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 0
10
20
30
10a
T2-1:4 0
20
0
20
6.67b
T3-1:6 0
0
10
10
3.33c
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0d
TOTAL 0
30
30
60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
226.666667
56.6666667
1.06ns
0.4240
Error 10
533.333333
53.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
34
Appendix Table 6. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
_
method of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 70
70
80
220
73.33a
T2-1:4 60
60
50
170
56.67a
T3-1:6 40
60
50
150
50a
T4-1:8 30
40
30
100
33.33b
TOTAL 200
230
210
640
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
9933.33333
2483.33333
62.08**
0.0000
Error
10 400 40
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
35
Appendix Table 7. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method
_
of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 10
0
0
10
3.33b
T2-1:4 10
20
20
50
16.67a
T3-1:6 10
10
0
20
6.67b
T4-1:8 10
10
0
20
6.67b
TOTAL 40
40
20
100
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
533.333333
133.333333
6.67**
0.0070
Error 10 20 20
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
36
Appendix Table 8. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of ginger
_
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 20
0
0
20
6.67a
T2-1:4 10
0
0
10
3.33b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
226.666667
56.6666667
2.13ns
0.1522
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
37
Appendix Table 9. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by topical method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
38
Appendix Table 10. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larva as affected by topical
-
method of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
0a
TOTAL 0
0
10
10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
26.6666667
6.66666667
1.00ns
0.4516
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
39
Appendix Table 11. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method
-
of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
40
Appendix Table 12. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0 a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0 a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0 a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0 a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0 a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
41
Appendix Table 13. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 50
80
70
200
66.67a
T2-1:4 20
10
20
50
16.67bc
T3-1:6 10
10
10
30
10bcd
T4-1:8 0
40
30
70
23.33b
TOTAL 80
140
130
350
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 8040 2010
27.41**
0.0000
Error 10
733.333333
73.3333333
TOTAL
14
**-
highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
42
Appendix Table 14. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
- method of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0c
T1-1:2 50
40
80
170
56.67ab
T2-1:4 50
80
60
190
63.67a
T3-1:6 40
60
40
140
46.67abc
T4-1:8 50
60
60
170
56.67ab
TOTAL 190
240
240
670
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
7906.66667
1976.66667
11.86**
0.0008
Error 10
166.666667
166.666667
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
43
Appendix Table 15. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method
-
of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
20
0
20
6.67a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 0
20
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
1.00ns
0.4516
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
44
Appendix Table 16. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 30
50
40
120
40.00a
T2-1:4 40
10
30
80
26.67a
T3-1:6 10
0
10
20
6.67b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 80
60
80
220
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 3840 960
13.09**
0.0006
Error 10
733.333333
73.3333333
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
45
Appendix Table 17. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by topical method of chili
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 20
30
40
90
30a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
10
0
10
3.33b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
3.33b
TOTAL 20
40
50
110
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 1960 490
14.70ns
0.0003
Error 10
1933.33333
33.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
46
Appendix Table 18. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larva as affected of topical
-
method
in
chili
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0bcd
T1-1:2 0
50
40
90
30a
T2-1:4 30
30
30
90
30ab
T3-1:6 10
30
0
40
13.33abcd
T4-1:8 20
20
30
70
23.33abc
TOTAL 60
130
100
290
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 1960 490 2.53ns
0.1062
Error 10
1933.33333
193.333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
47
Appendix Table 19. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method
-
of chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 10
0
0
10
3.33a
T2-1:4 0
0
10
10
3.33a
T3-1:6 10
0
0
10
3.33a
T4-1:8 0
10
0
10
3.33a
TOTAL 20
10
10
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
26.6666667
6.66666667
0.25ns
0.9032
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
48
Appendix Table 20. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of chili
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
49
Appendix Table 21. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of
- chili
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
3.33a
TOTAL 0
0
10
10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
4* 0.0343
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
*-significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
50
Appendix Table 22. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
-
method of chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 20
0
10
30
10abcd
T2-1:4 20
20
20
60
20a
T3-1:6 10
20
10
40
13.33ab
T4-1:8 10
10
20
40
13.33abc
TOTAL 60
50
60
170
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 640 160 4.80*
0.0202
Error 10
333.333333
33.3333333
TOTAL
14
*- significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
51
Appendix Table 23. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method of
-
chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
10
0
10
3.33a
T4-1:8 10
0
0
10
3.33a
TOTAL 10
10
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 40 10 0.75ns
0.5801
Error 10
133.333333
13.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
52
Appendix Table 24. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of chili
- extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
DAYAP, ALVIN F. APRIL 2011. Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of Selected Botanical Insecticides. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Eulogio V. Cardona Jr., PhD.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the BSU Diadegma Rearing House from December
2010 to March 2011 to record the number of insect pests killed when applied with the
different concentration of botanical insecticides, to evaluate the dead insect as affected by
the botanical insecticides and to determine the mode of actions of botanical insecticides.
The extracts of yellow ginger, garlic, and chili mixed with water at varying rates
were the treatments. The extract and water dilution ratios were as follows: 1:2, 1:4, 1:6,
1:8. Untreated was included as the basis for comparison. The efficacy of the treatments
was evaluated against DBM, cabbage butterfly, cutworm and aphids by following the leaf
dip and topical method of application. The assessment for the effect of the treatments was
done 72 hours after the treatments.
The highest mortality of DBM was 66.67% for the leaf dip method on the dilution
ratio of 1:2 for garlic and a very low mortality on the dilution ratio of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8,
Mortality of DBM was not noted in all the treatments of garlic using the topical method.
A mortality that was small to negligible was noted from the extract treatments of chili
and yellow ginger regardless of the manner of application.
For the control of cabbage butterfly, the treatments of yellow ginger and garlic
applied by leaf dip method showed a relative good control. The highest mortality was
73.33% at the dilution ratio of 1:2, 56.67% and 50% for the dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1:6,
respectively the mortality ranged from 63.33% to 46.67% for the extract treatments of
garlic. Although small, mortality was observed when applied by topical method for chili.
The highest was 30%. A very small mortality was observed when applied by leaf dip
method.
None of the treatments of yellow ginger, garlic and chili either applied by leaf dip
and topical method give a good control of cutworms and aphids.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………
i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents ……………………………………….……………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………... 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality of DBM Due to Yellow
Ginger, Garlic and Chili………..………….…………………...………...
14
Mortality of Cabbage Butterfly
Larva Due to Yellow ginger, Garlic
and Chili………………………………………………………………….
14
Mortality of Cutworm Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili………………………………………….
16
Mortality of Aphids Due to Yellow
Ginger, Garlic and Chili…………………….......………………………..
17
Description of Dead Insects Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili……………………….......……………..
18
Mode of Action…….…………..…………………………………………
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………………. 25
Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 26
Recommendation………………………………………………………… 27
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………... 28
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 29
1
INTRODUCTION
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) is one of the leading crop plants that are
grown in the highland areas of the Philippines particularly in Benguet and Mountain
Province. Cabbage is popularly grown in the place because of their adaptability to
relative cool temperature. Secondly, the demand for cabbage is high and commands a
good price. The income generated from the crop however depends on the quality of
produce which is usually affected by infestation of insect pests (Otculan, 1989).
The most damaging insects that are pestering the cabbage growers in the province
of Benguet are diamondback moth or DBM (Plutella xylostella Linn.), cutworms
(Spodoptera litura Fabr.), aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) and cabbage butterfly (Pieris
rapae). These insect pests are relatively difficult to control because they easily acquire
resistance to insecticides.
At present, the control of insect pests of cabbage and other related plants is still a
problem. Several insecticides were proven effective in controlling the pest of cabbage but
since there are many drawbacks associated with their use, a better control alternative
must be sought.
The importance of the study is to develop locally available botanical insecticides
for the control of insect pests of cabbage. The misuse and excessive use of synthetic
insecticides may cause some undesirable effects not only to the agricultural ecosystem
but to health of humans. Insecticide residue in agricultural products particularly in
vegetables and fruit products is a growing concern for producers, traders, and consumers
in many parts of the world. One of the efforts is the development of botanical
insecticides. Botanical insecticides are safer and are environment friendly.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
2
The study was conducted to:
1. record the number of insect pests killed when applied with the concentration
of botanical insecticides.
2. evaluate the dead insect as affected by the botanical insecticides.
3. determine the mode of actions of botanical insecticides.
The experiment was conducted at the Benguet State University Diadegma Rearing
House, Balili La Trinidad Benguet from December 2010 to March 2011.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Insect Pests of Cabbage
According to Esguera et al., (1969), there are about 30 species of insects attacking
cruciferous crops like cauliflowers, Chinese cabbage, radish, and cabbage. Among the 30
species, diamondback moth or DBM is the most destructive. In the study of Cardona in
1997, the 5 most destructive insect pests were diamondback moth, cutworms, aphids, flea
beetles, and cabbage butterfly.
DBM Nature of Damage
In 1972, Quebral and Caramancion reported that diamondback moth or DBM
(Plutella xylostella) is known to be the most serious limiting factor for the cultivation of
cabbage. The larva feeds on the undersurface of the leaves reducing them into a network
of veins with only thin membrane of the upper leaf surface are left.
According to Hines and Hutchison (2001), aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) are
small with only 1.6mm to 2.8mm as the biggest, soft bodied having piercing mouthparts
but they are prolific and can severely damage crops. The piercing mouthparts are used for
feeding by inserting it to the surface of the plants and suck the saps. Keizer and Zuubier
(1999) stated that the damage caused by aphids are curling, wrinkling, and stunting of the
host plants. In severe cases, the leaves of the plants turns brown dried in appearance
followed by death.
The cabbage butterfly larvae (Pieris rapae) feed usually on the lower surface of
cabbage. They form holes usually with large irregular shape and sizes in the leaves
(Metcalf and Flint, 1951).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
4
Most cutworms (Spodoptera litura) damage occurs on mostly on early stage
vegetables. The damage caused by cutworms occurs when they chew stems of young
plants at or slightly above or below the soil line.
Botanical Plants
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a tuber that is consumed whole as a delicacy,
medicine, or herb. It lends its name to its genus and family (Zingiberaceae). Other
notable members of this plant family are turmeric, cardamom, and galangal. Ginger
cultivation began in South Asia and has since spread to East Africa and the Caribbean. It
is sometimes called root ginger to distinguish it from other things that share the name
ginger. The oleoresin of ginger is often contained in digestive, antitussive, antiflatulent,
laxative, and antacid compounds (Anonymous, 2010).
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Garlic has been
used throughout history for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The garlic plant's bulb
is the most commonly used part of the plant. Garlic is a very good all-purpose insect
repellent that can be used in several different ways to ward off pests. Garlic in its
simplest form is used to keep insects off of several plants. Companion planting or placing
plants together for a mutual benefit, works especially well with garlic. When crushed,
Allium sativum yields allicin, a powerful antibiotic and antifungal compound. It has been
claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from strep throat or
other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur
containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes,
vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products, which
are non-sulfur containing compounds (Anonymous, 2010).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
5
Chili (Capsicum annum) has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since
at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern
Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago, and is one of the
first cultivated crops in the Americas that is self-pollinating. The substances that give
chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-N-
vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids.
Capsaicin is the primary ingredient in pepper spray (Anonymous, 2010).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were cabbage seedlings, 6 inches diameter clay pots, 8 x 4
plastic container, graduated cylinder, chicken manure, fungicide, shovel, watering can,
socks, knife, juicer, 16 celled tray with cover, digital camera, hair brush, garlic gloves,
ginger rhizome and ripe chili pepper fruit.
Preparation of the Potted Cabbages
The soil was gathered in the field with the use of shovel, and then placed in the
sack. After gathering, the chicken manure was mixed with the soil to enhance the growth
of the plants. The cabbage seedlings were transplanted on the 6 inches diameter clay pots.
The propagation of cabbages was done inside the green house at the back of BSU
Diadegma Rearing House. Except for the application of insecticides, all other cultural
requirements of the cabbage plants were provided.
Rearing of Test Insects
Diamondback moth. Cabbage seedlings were planted on the pots with a diameter
of 6 inches. Except for the application of insecticides, all the necessary horticulture
requirements of the plants were provided. The DBM larvae that was infesting on the
plants were collected and serve as the test insects. Plenty of potted cabbages were
propagated to come up with plenty of DBM larvae as test insects (Figure 1).
Cabbage butterfly. Larvae that are infesting in cabbage plants for the above study
were collected and served as the test insects for the efficacy evaluation of the botanical
insecticides (Figure 2).
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
7
Figure 1. Cabbage infested with DBM larvae
Figure 2. Field collected cabbage butterfly larvae
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
8
Cutworms. Eggs of cutworms were collected in the cabbage field at the BSU
Research Station. The eggs that were collected were placed inside the petri dishes. Since
an egg mass of cutworms consists of not less than 200 eggs, upon emergence to larvae,
they were used as the test insects for the research (Figure 3).
Aphids. Part of the potted cabbages propagated above was used for the infestation
of aphids. To enhance aphids buildup, introduction was done by the use of field collected
aphids. Insecticides were not applied to enhance aphids’ buildup (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Field collected cutworm eggs
Figure 4. Potted cabbages for the rearing of DBM and aphids
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
9
Collection and Preparation of the Extracts
The test plants for this research are yellow ginger rhizome, garlic cloves
and ripe fruits of chili. These materials were bought from the local market. Prior the
extraction, the plants undergoes thorough cleaning. With the use of a knife, the different
plants were chopped into smaller pieces. The chopped plants were placed in the juicer for
extraction. After extraction, the extract was placed inside the 4x4 inches plastic
containers. The extract and water ratio which served as the treatments is shown in Table
1. The experimental design was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with
3 replications.
Topical Method of Treatment Application
In this method, the test botanical insecticides were applied by brushing the
thorax of the insect by the use of hair’s brush that was dipped on the extract (Figures 5 to
9). After the application, the insects were placed immediately on the 16 celled plastic tray
containers.
Table 1. Plant extract and dilution ratio
PLANT EXTRACTS
DILUTION RATIO
Yellow ginger
Garlic
Chili
Untreated
T1-1:2
/ / /
T2-1:4
/ / /
T3-1:6
/ / /
T4-1:8
/ / /
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
10
One insect was placed for each cell. Leaf of cabbage was provided as food and it was
covered to prevent the insect to escape. The experiment was stored under laboratory room
temperature. The treatments including the untreated were replicated 3 times.
Figure 5. DBM larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Figure 6. Cabbage butterfly larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
11
Figure 7. Cutworm larva topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Figure 8. Aphids topically applied with the extract/toxicant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
12
Figure 9. Leaf of cabbage applied with the extract/toxicant by leaf dip method
Leaf Dip Method of Treatment Application
In this leaf dip method, the cabbage leaves were first dipped into the solution of
the treatments and offer to the test insects (Figure 9). The size of the leaves is similar to
the size of the tray container. The trays were covered to prevent the insect to escape and it
was stored under laboratory condition. The treatments were replicated 3 times.
Evaluation of Dead Insect
The dead insect was evaluated by their size and color of and compared with the
live insects.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
13
Mode of Action of the Botanical Insecticides
The mode of action of the botanical insecticides was evaluated as contact and
stomach insecticides.
Contact
insecticide. The botanical insecticides were a contact insecticide when the
insect was found dead after it touches or absorbed the botanical insecticide through the
body wall without feeding on the treated leaves.
Stomach
insecticide. The botanical insecticides were a stomach insecticide when
the insect was found dead after eating the plant that was applied or dipped to the
botanical insecticides.
Data Gathered
1. Number of dead insects. Recording of dead insects was done 72 hours after
treatments.
2. Evaluation of dead insect. The color and texture of the dead insect were
observed.
3. Mode of action. It was evaluated as contact and stomach insecticides.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mortality of DBM Due to Yellow Ginger,
Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of DBM larvae after exposure to the treatments of yellow
ginger, garlic and chili is shown in Table 2. DBM larvae as affected by the yellow ginger
extract on the leaf dip method shows that the dilution ratio of 1:2 has the highest
percentage of mortality with a mean of 10.00% followed by dilution ratio of 1:4 and 1 :6
with a mortality of 6.67% and 3.33% respectively. Mortality was not noted from the
untreated. A very small to negligible mortality was observed from the treatments of
ginger applied by topical method.
The mortality of DBM was highest equivalent to 66.67% from the treatment of
garlic with the dilution ratio of 1:2 and applied by leaf dip method. The mortality of
DBM significantly declined on the dilution ratio of 1;4, 1:6 and 1:8. Mortality of DBM
was not noted in all the treatments of garlic applied by topical method.
A very small to negligible mortality of DBM comparable with the untreated was
noted in all the treatments of Chili when applied by leaf dip method and a mortality of
30% which was the highest when applied by topical method with the dilution ratio of 1:2.
Mortality of Cabbage Butterfly Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of cabbage butterfly larvae is indicated in Table 3. There
are differences of the treatments based on the analysis of variance. Mortality due to
yellow ginger was noted on the leaf dip method but not in the topical method. As
observed, the highest mortality was 73.33% followed by 56.67% which were due to the
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
15
Table 2. Mortality (%) of DBM larvae in cabbage as affected by the different extracts 72
hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated
0.00
0.00b
0.00d 0.00a
0.00b 0.00b
T1-1:2
10.00a 6.67a
66.67a 0.00a 0.00b 30a
T2-1:4
6.67b 0.00b 16.67bc 0.00a 0.00b 0.00b
T3-1:6
3.33c 0.00b
10bcd 0.00a 0.00b 3.33b
T4-1:8
0.00
0.00b 23.33b 0.00a 3.33a 3.33b
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4 respectively. The treatment with the dilution ratio of
1:6 has an equivalent mortality of 50.00% and only 33.33% for the dilution ratio of 1:8.
The mortality in all the treatments of yellow ginger was significantly higher in
comparison with the untreated.
A relatively high level of mortality was noted in all the treatments of garlic when applied
by leaf dip method with a mortality ranging from 63.32 and 46.67% significantly higher
than the untreated. Mortality of cabbage butterfly was not noted in all the treatments
when applied by topical method.
Although small, a mortality of cabbage butterfly was observed on the treatments
of chili for both method of application. In comparison, a relatively higher mortality was
observed from the topical method of application. The highest mortality was caused by the
highest dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1:4.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
16
Table 3. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae in cabbage as affected by the different
extracts 72 hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated
0.00b 0.00a
0.00
0.00b
0.00d
0.00bcd
T1-1:2
73.33a 0.00a 56.67ab
0.00b
10.00abcd 30.00a
T2-1:4
56.67a 0.00a 63.33a
0.00b
20.00a 30.00a
T3-1:6
50.00a 0.00a 46.67abc
0.00b
13.33ab
13.33abcd
T4-1:8 33.33b 0.00a 56.67ab
3.33a
13.33abc
23.33abc
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality of Cutworm Larva Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The mortality in percent of cutworm is presented in Table 4. Although small, a
mortality of cutworm was noted in all the treatments of yellow ginger applied by leaf dip
method. The mortality ranged from 3.33% to 16.67%. Mortality of cutworm was not
noted in all the treatments of yellow ginger by topical method.
Mortality of cutworm was almost none in all the treatments of garlic applied by
leaf dip and topical method. If there were mortality of cutworm, the mortality was
extremely small to negligible.
As for the effect of chili, not any of the treatments have caused a significant
mortality of cutworms. This phenomenon was noted in all the treatments either applied
by leaf dip method or by topical method.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
17
Table 4. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae in cabbage as affected by the different extracts
72 hours after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00b 0.00b
T1-1:2 3.33b 0.00a 6.67a
0.00a 0.00b 3.33a
T2-1:4
16.67a 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00b 3.33a
T3-1:6 6.67b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 3.33a 3.33a
T4-1:8 6.67b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 3.33a 3.33a
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Mortality of Aphids Due to Yellow Ginger,
Garlic and Chili
The effect of the extracts on aphids is presented in Table 5. It is clearly presented
in the data table the very small to negligible mortality of aphids in all the treatments of
yellow ginger either applied by leaf dip method or by topical method. The mortality was
almost insignificant in comparison with the untreated. A much small level of mortality
was noted in all the treatment of yellow ginger applied by topical method.
Garlic has a better control of aphids than yellow ginger. This was manifested by
the highest mortality of aphids by 40.00% followed by 26.67 and 6.67% due to the
dilution ratio of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6, respectively. The mortality of aphids from the
treatments were significantly higher in comparison with the dilution ratio of 1:8 and the
untreated. Mortality of aphids was not observed in all the treatments of garlic applied by
topical method.
Mortality of aphids was not noted in all the treatments of chili similar with the
untreated applied either by leaf dip method or by topical method.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
18
Table 5. Mortality (%) of aphids in cabbage as affected by the different extracts 72 hours
after treatment
YELLOW GINGER
GARLIC
CHILI
TREATMENT
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Leaf dip
Topical
Untreated 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T1-1:2 6.67a 0.00a
40.00a
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T2-1:4 3.33b 0.00a
26.67a
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T3-1:6 0.00b 0.00a 6.67b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
T4-1:8 0.00b 0.00a 0.00b
0.00a 0.00a 0.00a
*Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different a 5% level by
DMRT
Description of Dead Insects Due to
Yellow Ginger, Garlic and Chili
The dead DBM larvae due to yellow ginger have a body which was dark yellow
to brown in color as shown in Figure 10. The texture of the body was soft. For those dead
larva due to garlic and chili, the color of the insect body was yellow to brown as shown in
Figures 13 and 16. The texture of the body was soft.
The color of dead cabbage butterfly due to yellow ginger was dark green similar
with the dead insects due to garlic. As shown in Figures 11 and 14. For those dead larvas
due to chili, discoloration was not noted. Figure 17 shows the body texture of dead larva
caused by yellow ginger, garlic and chili are soft.
Unlike the dead cutworms which are dark brown due to yellow ginger (Figures
12, 15 and 18), discoloration was not noted from the dead insects caused by garlic and
chili. The body texture was soft.
Dead aphids due to garlic and yellow ginger are dark yellow as shown in Figure
19. Description of aphids due to chili could not be described as none of the insects died
after treatment.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
19
Figure 10. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to yellow ginger
Figure 11. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to yellow ginger
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
20
Figure 12. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to yellow ginger
Figure 13. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to garlic
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
21
Figure 14. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to garlic
Figure 15. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to garlic
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
22
Figure 16. Appearance of dead aphid due to garlic
Figure 17. Appearance of dead DBM larva due to chili
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
23
Figure 18. Appearance of dead cabbage butterfly larva due to chili
Figure 19. Appearance of dead cutworm larva due to chili
Control of the Major Insect Pests of fCabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
24
Mode of Action
Mode of action of yellow ginger. The mode of action of the yellow ginger in
DBM, cabbage butterfly, cutworm and aphids was stomach type. It was observed in the
leaf dip method that there was a high mortality. Secondly, death of insects was observed
in all the treatments but not on the treatments by topical method.
Mode of action of garlic. The mode of action of garlic in DBM, cabbage butterfly
and aphids was stomach type. Almost all of the treatments of ginger showed a high
mortality in DBM, cabbage butterfly and aphids. There was no mortality observed on the
topical method in all of the test insects.
Mode of action of chili. The mode of action of chili against cabbage butterfly was
either stomach or contact type (Anonymous, 2010). Although mortality was noted in
DBM and cutworm, the mortality was small to negligible.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
25
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This research was conducted at the BSU Diadegma Rearing House from
December 2010 to March 2011 to record the number of insect pests of cabbage killed
when applied with the different concentrations of botanical insecticides, to evaluate the
dead insect as affected by the botanical insecticides and to determine the mode of actions
of botanical insecticides
Varying dilution ratio of the extracts with water were the treatments. The extract
and water dilutions were as follows: 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8. Untreated was included as the
basis of comparison. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated against DBM, cabbage
butterfly, cutworm and aphids by following the leaf dip and topical method of
application. The assessment for the effect of the treatments was done 72 hours after the
treatments.
The highest mortality of DBM was 66.67% for the leaf dip method on the dilution
rate of 1:2 for garlic and a very low mortality on the dilution rate of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8,
Mortality of DBM was not noted in all the treatments of garlic using the topical method.
A mortality that was small to negligible was noted from the extract treatments of chili
and yellow ginger regardless of the manner of application.
For the control of cabbage butterfly, the treatments of yellow ginger and garlic
applied by leaf dip method showed a relative good control. The highest mortality was
73.33% at the dilution rate of 1:2, 56.67% and 50% for the dilution rate of 1:4 and 1:6.
The mortality ranged from 63.33% to 46.67% for the extract treatments of garlic.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
26
Although small, mortality was observed when applied by topical method for chili. The
highest was 30%. A very small mortality was observed when applied by leaf dip method.
None of the treatments of yellow ginger, garlic and chili either applied by leaf dip
and topical method give a good control of cutworms and aphids.
The dead DBM larvae due to yellow ginger have a body which was dark yellow
to brown in color. The texture of the body was soft. For those dead larvas due to garlic
and chili, the color of the insect body was yellow to brown. The texture of the body was
soft.
The color of dead cabbage butterfly due to yellow ginger was dark green similar
with the dead insects due to garlic. For those dead larva due to chili, discoloration was
not noted. Body texture of dead larva caused by yellow ginger, garlic and chili are soft.
Unlike the dead cutworms which are dark brown due to yellow ginger,
discoloration was not noted from the dead insects caused by garlic and chili. The body
texture was soft.
Dead aphids due to garlic and yellow ginger are dark yellow Description of
aphids due to chili could not be described as none of the insects died after treatment.
Conclusions
It is concluded that garlic at the highest dilution ratio of 1:2 is best in controlling
DBM while the yellow ginger and garlic are least at the dilution ratio of 1:2 and 1;4 for
the control of cabbage butterfly. Garlic has the stomach mode of action against DBM.
The yellow ginger and garlic are likewise stomach in mode of action against cabbage
butterfly. The effect of yellow ginger, garlic and hot pepper on DBM, cutworm and
aphids is very small to minimal.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
27
Recommendation
Garlic at the highest dilution ratio of 1:2 is recommended for the control of DBM.
Yellow ginger and garlic are recommended for the control of cabbage butterfly.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
28
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. 2010. GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. Retrieved August 16, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili pepper, Garlic, Ginger
CARDONA, E.V. 1997. Integrated Pest Management of Diamondback moth (Plutella
xylostella) in the Philippines. Biological control with the use of parasitoid
Diadegma semiclausum Hellen. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Ghent. Ghent
Belgium.
P.
117.
ESGUERA, M. 1969. Insect Pests of Vegetables. University of Philippines: Department
of Agricultural Communication in Cooperation with the Department of
Entomology. P. 7.
HEDIN, P.A., R.M. HOLLINGWORTH, E.P. MASLER, J. MIYAMOTO, D.G.
THOMPSON. 1997. Phytochemiclas for Pest Control. American Chemical
Society. Washington. D.C. Pp. 27-29.
HINES, A.F. and W.D. HUTCHISON. 2001. Insect cabbage of aphid. University of
Minnesota Extension Service.
KEIZER and ZUUBIER. 1999. Manual of Integrated Pest Management. Course for
Extension Staff, Mashare Agricultural Department Institute, Rundu, Namibia.
METCALF C.C. and W.D. FLINT. 1951. Destructive and Useful Insects. Their Habits
and Control. 9th ed. McGrawhill Publishing Co. New Delhi. Pp. 662-663.
OTCULAN, A.B. 1989. Field performance and post harvest behavior of Chinese cabbage
as affected by nitrogen fertilizers and coconut water application. MS Thesis. BSU,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-13.
QUEBRAL, F.F. and M.I. CARAMANCION.1972. Survey of pesticide applications in
some selected vegetable farms in the municipality of Atok and Buguias, Benguet
province. Proc. 3rd National Pest Control Council of the Philippines Conference,
Baguio City. P. 9.
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
29
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Mortality (%) of DBM larvae as affected by topical method of ginger
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0
20
0b
T1-1:2 10
10
0
0
6.67a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 10
10
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
4.00*
0.0343
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
173.333333
*-significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
30
Appendix Table 2. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by topical
_
method of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
31
Appendix Table 3. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method of
-
ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
32
Appendix Table 4. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of ginger
_
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
0
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
33
Appendix Table 5. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of ginger
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 0
10
20
30
10a
T2-1:4 0
20
0
20
6.67b
T3-1:6 0
0
10
10
3.33c
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0d
TOTAL 0
30
30
60
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
226.666667
56.6666667
1.06ns
0.4240
Error 10
533.333333
53.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
34
Appendix Table 6. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
_
method of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 70
70
80
220
73.33a
T2-1:4 60
60
50
170
56.67a
T3-1:6 40
60
50
150
50a
T4-1:8 30
40
30
100
33.33b
TOTAL 200
230
210
640
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
9933.33333
2483.33333
62.08**
0.0000
Error
10 400 40
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
35
Appendix Table 7. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method
_
of ginger extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 10
0
0
10
3.33b
T2-1:4 10
20
20
50
16.67a
T3-1:6 10
10
0
20
6.67b
T4-1:8 10
10
0
20
6.67b
TOTAL 40
40
20
100
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
533.333333
133.333333
6.67**
0.0070
Error 10 20 20
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
36
Appendix Table 8. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of ginger
_
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 20
0
0
20
6.67a
T2-1:4 10
0
0
10
3.33b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
226.666667
56.6666667
2.13ns
0.1522
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
37
Appendix Table 9. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by topical method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
38
Appendix Table 10. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larva as affected by topical
-
method of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
0a
TOTAL 0
0
10
10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
26.6666667
6.66666667
1.00ns
0.4516
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
39
Appendix Table 11. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method
-
of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
40
Appendix Table 12. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0 a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0 a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0 a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0 a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0 a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
41
Appendix Table 13. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 50
80
70
200
66.67a
T2-1:4 20
10
20
50
16.67bc
T3-1:6 10
10
10
30
10bcd
T4-1:8 0
40
30
70
23.33b
TOTAL 80
140
130
350
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 8040 2010
27.41**
0.0000
Error 10
733.333333
73.3333333
TOTAL
14
**-
highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
42
Appendix Table 14. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
- method of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0c
T1-1:2 50
40
80
170
56.67ab
T2-1:4 50
80
60
190
63.67a
T3-1:6 40
60
40
140
46.67abc
T4-1:8 50
60
60
170
56.67ab
TOTAL 190
240
240
670
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
7906.66667
1976.66667
11.86**
0.0008
Error 10
166.666667
166.666667
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
43
Appendix Table 15. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method
-
of garlic extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
20
0
20
6.67a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 0
20
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
1.00ns
0.4516
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
44
Appendix Table 16. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of garlic
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 30
50
40
120
40.00a
T2-1:4 40
10
30
80
26.67a
T3-1:6 10
0
10
20
6.67b
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0b
TOTAL 80
60
80
220
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 3840 960
13.09**
0.0006
Error 10
733.333333
73.3333333
TOTAL
14
**-highly
significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
45
Appendix Table 17. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by topical method of chili
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 20
30
40
90
30a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
10
0
10
3.33b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
3.33b
TOTAL 20
40
50
110
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 1960 490
14.70ns
0.0003
Error 10
1933.33333
33.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
46
Appendix Table 18. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larva as affected of topical
-
method
in
chili
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0bcd
T1-1:2 0
50
40
90
30a
T2-1:4 30
30
30
90
30ab
T3-1:6 10
30
0
40
13.33abcd
T4-1:8 20
20
30
70
23.33abc
TOTAL 60
130
100
290
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 1960 490 2.53ns
0.1062
Error 10
1933.33333
193.333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
47
Appendix Table 19. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by topical method
-
of chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 10
0
0
10
3.33a
T2-1:4 0
0
10
10
3.33a
T3-1:6 10
0
0
10
3.33a
T4-1:8 0
10
0
10
3.33a
TOTAL 20
10
10
40
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
26.6666667
6.66666667
0.25ns
0.9032
Error 10
266.666667
26.6666667
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
48
Appendix Table 20. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by topical method of chili
-
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
49
Appendix Table 21. Mortality (%) of DBM larva as affected by leaf dip method of
- chili
extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0b
T4-1:8 0
0
10
10
3.33a
TOTAL 0
0
10
10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4
106.666667
26.6666667
4* 0.0343
Error 10
66.6666667
6.66666667
TOTAL
14
*-significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
50
Appendix Table 22. Mortality (%) of cabbage butterfly larvae as affected by leaf dip
-
method of chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0d
T1-1:2 20
0
10
30
10abcd
T2-1:4 20
20
20
60
20a
T3-1:6 10
20
10
40
13.33ab
T4-1:8 10
10
20
40
13.33abc
TOTAL 60
50
60
170
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 640 160 4.80*
0.0202
Error 10
333.333333
33.3333333
TOTAL
14
*- significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
51
Appendix Table 23. Mortality (%) of cutworm larvae as affected by leaf dip method of
-
chili extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0
0b
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0b
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0b
T3-1:6 0
10
0
10
3.33a
T4-1:8 10
0
0
10
3.33a
TOTAL 10
10
0
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment 4 40 10 0.75ns
0.5801
Error 10
133.333333
13.3333333
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
52
Appendix Table 24. Mortality (%) of aphids as affected by leaf dip method of chili
- extract
REPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
I II
TOTAL
III
MEAN
Untreated 0 0 0 0 0a
T1-1:2 0
0
0
0
0a
T2-1:4 0
0
0
0
0a
T3-1:6 0
0
0
0
0a
T4-1:8 0
0
0
0
0a
TOTAL 0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE
DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF
OF
OF
SQUARE
SQUARES
Fc
P>F
VARIANCE FREEDOM
Treatment
4 0 0 0ns
Error 10
0 0
TOTAL
14
ns-not significant
Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of
Selected Botanical Insecticides / ALVIN F. DAYAP. 2011
Document Outline
- Control of the Major Insect Pests of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea Linn.) with the Use of Selected Botanical Insecticides
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES