TABLE OF CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOSE, JOSHUA B. APRIL 2011. Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact
Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang, Sadanga, Mountain Province. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; to determine the socio-economic effects of the peace pact; to determine the
problem regarding peace pact; and to determine the common causes of tribal wars in
Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang Sadanga, Mountain Province.
Both of the respondents were equally distributed, predominantly farmers, farming
is the main source of income, had undergone formal education, catholic, were member of
different civic organization existing in their community and are aware of the forging of
peace pact in the tribe.
Finding shows that the socio-economic effects of peace pact includes effects on
livelihood, education, peace and order and psychological effects.
Majority of the respondents agreed that in the socio-economic effects of peace pact,
it has a very big role in maintaining the peace pact in the tribe thus have a better normal
life.
The
problems
encountered
by
the
respondents regarding peace pact, main problem
is the misunderstanding of peace pact holders and undisciplined members.
On the common cause of tribal wars the main cause is the crime against people,
land and power disputes and theft of animals and properties.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Socio-economic Effects of Peace Pact
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Problems Regarding Peace Pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Common Causes of Tribal Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iii
INTRODUCTION
Peace is the state of being calm, quiet and free of disturbance. From the military
and political point of view, peace means freedom such violent disturbances such as riots
and wars. It does not mean total harmony among people.
Throughout history, most people have wanted lasting peace. Religious and
philosophers have called for the peaceful settlement of disagreements. The bible declares,
“Thou shalt not kill” and “Blessed are the peace makers” (World Book Encyclopedia,
2003). Still in all countries of different levels of socio-economic development have
varying problems in maintaining peace and order. For example, the September 11, 2001
attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.
C. in the United States of America has worsened the problems of peace and order not
only in America but also in most countries of the world (Parillo, 2002).
In the Philippines, peace and order has always been a primary national concern. In
fact, section 5 of article II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies) of the 1987
Philippine constitution provides:
. . . the maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and
property and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all
the people of the blessings of democracy.
With this constitutional mandate, the president of the Philippines can direct the
Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police to quell all forms of
rebellion, insurgency and criminality in order to maintain peace and order throughout the
land (Deaño, 2003).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and
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In other part of the Philippines like Cordillera, there is an ethnic tribe particularly
Mountain Province, Sadanga and Bontoc is one which continuously nurtures and
practices the so called peden or peace pact. This two tribes have their own dialects but
have their similarities in customs and tradition. Peace pact here is a law where nobody
will be excused. It has been observed that peace pact was made due to have peace, unity
or even maintaining a good purpose in one tribe. Like for example, peace pact was made
between Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc to avoid tribal conflict. In this regard, peace and
order will be maintained in the tribe and also the people feel safeguarded of their life,
property and rights. This is so because law defines the terms of the people as well as seals
the unity for peaceful living and more prosperous co-existence (Lamog, 2000).
Statement of the Problems
This study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What is the Socio-economic profile of the respondents?
2. What is the socio-economic effects of the peace pact?
3. What are the problems regarding peace pact?
4. What are the common causes of tribal wars?
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. To determine the socio-economic effects of the peace pact;
3. To determine the problem regarding peace pact; and
4. To determine the common causes of tribal wars.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
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Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic implications of peace
pact between Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
The result of the study served as a guide to the tribe to maintain peace and order.
The study can provide information/knowledge regarding the tribes of Mountain Province,
their attitudes, motives and aspirations. This study also helped clarify some myths and
misconceptions about the tribes most especially from Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc,
Mountain Province and how they maintain their good relationship through forging peace
pacts among tribes.
Scope and Limitation
The researcher focused his study on the socio-economic profile of respondents,
the socio-economic effects of peace pact agreement; and the problem they encountered in
terms of the peace pact agreement.
The respondents of the study were the tribes of Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc
who are involved and aware of the peace pact or peden.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Socio-Economic Profile
Peace Pact, it is not commonly known that major ethno-linguistic groups of the
Philippines have their own version of inter-group patters for peaceful relations. The
Fechen of the Bontoc, Mountain Province is one of these. This amity contract emerged
initially from an interpersonal agreement (aliwid) between two community leaders
(pangollo), one from each village, each of whom acts as the host and guardian for the
other and his friends when they come to visit or to trade (Peralta, 2009).
The increase of population later on made things more complicated when the
interweaving of relationships between groups exacerbated the need for peaceful co-
existence. The aliwid developed into the peace pact – fechen, which, however, is no
longer made between two elis, but between two Bontoc wards (atos, ator). Structurally,
the ward is the male dormitory but operates as the political unit in the village
organization.
When one ato wants to enter into a pact with another ato, the pangollos of an ili
meet in the ato to select who will be the pact holder. Once selected, the elected pact
holder then sends a messenger to the other ato. Usually, the messenger is one who has
filial or other close relationships with other ato. He then eats and drinks, thus becoming
the protected guest of other pangollo. He expresses the proposal for a peace pact and they
meet to discuss the proposal. If the result is positive, the messenger returns and proclaims
the day set for the pact. They prepare a feast of glutinous rice, tenofo (dried meat), and
sugarcane (basi). On the set day, if omens are good, they go to the other ato, bringing
food and drink. They are welcomed with gongs beating.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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The leading pangollo of the visitors makes a speech and asks who among the host
will be the pact holder, the lead pangollo replies in a speech, naming the pact holder, then
turn asks who will be the pact holder (fedohing) of the other ato. He is named and pact
holders exchange spears that he who injures one of the other side will get this spear. The
areas affected by the pact are defined, and people are called upon to help the pact holders
in keeping the peace. In the evening, there is feasting, drinking and dancing.
The next day, pact holders perform the eyag to get the omens. Then gongs are
beaten; chicken is killed; and palis is performed by pact holders, who eat the chicken. On
the third day, couple of pigs is killed and palegpeg is performed. There is general merry-
making each afternoon and evening. Fourth day is the big celebration, 5 to 10 pigs are
killed; and rice and vegetables are cooked. The highlight of the celebration is a colorful
procession of girls bringing in great trays of tenofo, tobacco and tapey (rice beer). During
the evening a tengao (day of rest) is announced for the morrow. This ends the ceremony,
and peace pact is in force (Peralta, 2009).
In some parts of Mountain Province, indigenous socio-political systems are well
and alive like the existing system, the bodong or peace pact. In fact, at least 27 peace pact
with nearby tribes. In here, if the peace pact holder is impaired, his roles as peace pact
holder is sometimes carried by his wife. The peace pact is not only focused on men who
traditionally serve as peace pact holder, but to the entire family, especially the spouses.
Thus, woman needs to take such bigger roles to maintain and strengthen the peace pact.
However, there is still a gender inequality, because the men are still the one recognized as
peace pact holders and women are just the followers, Another is if the peace pact holder
dies or unable to perform his functions, galigad is performed where a process of
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
6
transferring the peace pact holder to others or to a family member. Since 1957, galigad
has never been severed. To strengthen and keep it active, villagers celebrate a dolnat
(literally to warm up) to renew their peace pact. This shows that peace pact covers every
member of the tribe, from those in their ancestral homeland to these outside wherever
they are (Nordis, 2006).
Socio-Economic Effects of Peace Pact
Peace pact is made also in other countries. For example in Britain Africa, wherein,
there is the continued implementation of peace agreement remained overwhelmingly in
the interest of all Sudan and pledged that Britain would work with parties to the pact to
support it. The peace pact agreement was signed in January 2005 by the Sudanese
government and rebels ending a 21-year conflict in the South in which as estimated 2
million people died. The report said that if there is a breakdown in the agreement there
would have devastating effects for all Sudan, that the oil-producing country face a risk of
fragmentation after decade of mismanaged an unequal development (Cooker, 2010).
In Kellog-Briand Pact was signed on August 27, 1928 in Paris by USA, France,
Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan and a number of other states. The Pact renounced
aggressive war, but made no provisions for sanctions if any of signatories broke the pact.
It had number of effects:
Firstly, it was a step on the road toward international rehabilitation for Germany.
Excluded both from the Paris Peace Conference and the League of Nations, the
democratic government of Germany was anxious to show they could be trusted as a full
international participant.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
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Secondly, it confirmed that Britain and France were concerned to avoid another
war at almost any cost. The main effect was a big publicity stunt – it reassured the
populations of the major powers that another general, large scale war was likely to break
out. The pact was one of a number of international attempts in 1920’s and early 1930’s to
try to ensure a long lasting peace (Routhorn, 2003).
In our country, especially in Cordillera, there are incidents also that peace pact
has a very big role in solving problems and in avoiding conflicts. Like the report
happened in Baguio City, April 28, delegates to the 22nd Cordillera Day unveiled a
marker on April 22 in memory of the heroism of Ama Daniel Ngayaan offered the
Cordillera people until his disappearance some 19 years ago. According to Ama Longan,
a peace pact holder and vice chair of the Binodngan People’s Organization (BPO), the
marker would serve as a remainder of the heroic deed of Ama Ngayaan in the defense of
ancestral land from destructive government projects. Ama Ngayaan sacrifice and
contribute to the people’s movement to protect land, life and resources (Cached, 2005).
Another report in Abra, May 1 2000, tribal leaders and community elders in the
Cordillera region have forged a peace pact against the entry of multinational mining
corporations and government projects than endanger their lands and cultural heritage
(Yanzi, 2000).
Lastly, the incident happened in Baguio on August 14, where the Cordillera police
and tribal leaders prevented tribal war in Mountain Province rooted in the killing incident.
The Belwang tribe in Sadanga agreed to pay Php 50,000 as amicable settlement to
members of the Bontoc Ili Tribe, restoring a peace pact between the two tribes
established in 1933. Army 2nd Lt. Segnaben and Afidchao of Belwang tribe gunned down
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
8
Cudiamat and Facullo, both Bontoc Ili tribesmen. in Magsaysay Avenue in Baguio after a
heated argument. Responding policemen killed Segnaben and Afidchao in a gunfight.
Immediately the Cordillera Philippine National Police Command was informed of the
shooting, Task Force Tungtungan was alerted to coordinate with the tribal leaders and
local government officials to solve the case peacefully and prevent a tribal conflict
(Yanzi, 2000).
Problem Regarding Peace Pact
Still gender inequality occurrence when the distribution of power, prestige, and
property are arbitrarily assigned on the basis of sex, not on individual merit. Out of
sexism flow the stereotypes, social expectations, value-laden attributes and presumed
abilities, social stratification and unequal distribution of resources and reward that
constitute socially constructed gender inequality. A patriarchy is a social system which
men dominate women, with higher value on men between women. This is true in
patriarchal society such as United States.
The ideology that supports biased gender identification was invisible and largely
accepted until recent decades. For example supernatural justifications for male
supremacy are easy to find in the sacred books of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The
morning prayer of the Orthodox Jew includes this line, “Blessed art thou, oh Lord our
God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a woman” in the New Testament, Saint
Paul orders, “Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman
to teach, not to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.” And the Koran states,
“Men are superior to women on account of qualities in which God has given them
preeminence” (Chauncey, 1995).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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Among the most difficult problems in race and ethnic relation is institutional
discrimination – differential and unequal treatment of a group or groups that thoroughly
infiltrates a society’s customs and institutions (economic, educational, legal and political).
Prejudice need not drive this differential treatment. Instead it may flow from the
dominant group’s assumptions about the abilities and role of a minority group. Because
such practices are built into the structure of a society, the discrimination is subtle,
informal, and therefore less obvious to the society’s members. Because the actions may
be neither deliberate nor caused by hatred, their discriminatory effects may be difficulty
to recognize. It all seems so normal and “natural”.
For instance, a white child growing up in the South in the firs half of the twentieth
century did not need to be taught prejudice against African Americans. Blacks always
rode in the back of a bus, attended different schools and usually dropped out of school
early. They lived in shanties, tenements or in substandard housing. They worked in low-
status, low-paying jobs and police arrested them frequently for drunkenness, brawling, or
more serious crimes (Mooney, 2002).
This is true also in Cordillera, the rich people are always the one recognized,
respected in one community, and, are the one given special care especially if it talks
about politics. Also in Southern Philippines, the roots of current conflict lie in the sense
among the indigenous Moro Muslims populace of the region that they have been
dispossessed unjustly of their land and resources and suffer related, systematic
discrimination. Alleged corruption and nepotism on the part of local magnates has played
a role in preventing effective economic and services development vital to alleviating
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
10
poverty, feeding the revolt. Many politicians in Central Mindanao have been accused of
grabbing lands from poor Muslims (Llanecca, 2009).
Common Causes of Tribal Wars
The tribal conflict between the pastoral nomads and the settled farmers over
renewable resources (water vegetation and land) in West Sudan is greatly a by product of
climatic and ecological changes resulting in spreading the renewable resources in the area.
Persistent drought, expansion in mechanized farming as a result of structural adjustment
programs by the Bretton Woods Institutions and increase in human and animal population
are all factors that exacer bated conflicts. The conflicts are also fuelled by lack of
education and social services conductive either to peaceful coexistence or to integration
of ethnic groups in the region (Khazin, 2002).
Also in the Western United States, conflicts over water in arid lands are high-
stakes classic distributional conflicts, as well as many other arid regions, water is
extremely valuable, as life cannot exist without it. Because there is not enough water to
go around, endless conflicts arise about who gets what amount of water for what purpose.
In Israel and Palestine, the conflict involves the threatened identity of individuals
as well as groups and nations. A deep-rooted and intractable conflict has grown out of
both group’s unmet need for recognition and security.
Also in some part of Mindanao, many conflicts are spread by violations of human
rights like for example massacre or torture may inflame hatred and strengthen an
adversary’s determination to continue fighting. Violations may also lead to further
violence from the other side, and can contribute to a conflict spiraling out of control.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
11
These conflicts are ones that remain unresolved for long periods of time then
became stuck at a high level of intensity and destructiveness (Maiese, 2003).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
Sadanga is a fifth class municipality and is about 24.5 kilometers north of the town. It has
a 1,628 households and a total population of 9,706 while Bontoc is a third class and has a
5,035 households and 24,798 of total population of entire Bontoc including Tocucan.
Both tribes predominantly farmers with rice and sugarcane as a major crop and
vegetables like beans, legumes, camote and other leafy vegetables for food support.
Farmers plant different varieties of rice and some also observe the traditional rice culture.
Figure 1. Map of Mountain Province showing the location of Sadanga
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
13
Sadanga
Sagada
Barlig
Sabangan
Figure 2. Map of Sadanga showing the location of the study
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were permanent residents of Sadanga and Tocucan,
Bontoc, Mountain Province.
60 respondents were considered. 30 respondents from Sadanga tribe and the other
30 respondents from Tocucan tribe.
Data Collection
A survey questionnaire is the primary instrument in gathering the data and
information from the respondents, which were collected immediately after it is duly
accomplished. Follow up interviews were done to verify missing data.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
14
Data Analysis
The data was consolidated and tabulated for statistical analysis using appropriate
statistical tools. These are frequency counts, percentage and ranking.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Background Information
Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents according to tribe, age, sex, civil
status, occupation, educational attainment, religion, major source of income and the
membership in organization of the respondents.
Tribe. Table 1 show that the tribes where the respondents belong to – thirty were
from Belwang, Sadanga while the other half were from Tocucan, Bontoc.
The finding shows that there is an equal distribution of respondents, therefore,
their response with regards to tribe is well represented. It can therefore be said that the
responses of the two tribes are reliable since they are equally represented.
Sex. In the same table, 53.33% of the respondents from Belwang, Sadanga were
males and the remaining 46.67% were females. On the other hand, 66.67% from Tocucan,
Bontoc tribe were males and only 33.33% were females. This indicates that peace pact is
focused not only to men but also to women.
Age. The age bracket of the respondents is shown in Table 1. Results show that in
Belwang, Sadanga tribe 53.33% belonged to the age bracket of 20 to 30; 20%, from 51 to
60; 16.67%, from 41 to 50; and 10%, from 31 to 40. In Tocucan, Bontoc tribe, 60% from
the age bracket of 20 to 30; 26.67%, from 31 to 40; 10%, from 51 to 60; and only 3.33%,
from 41 to 50.
Civil status. In the civil status of the respondents, majority were married with
70% in Belwang, Sadanga tribe and 30% were single while in Tocucan, Bontoc 66.67%
were married and 33.33% were single.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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Table 1. General information of the respondents
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(%)
Tribe
Belwang, Sadanga
30
50
Tocucan, Bontoc
30
50
TOTAL 60
100
Age
Belwang, Sadanga
Tocucan, Bontoc
Total
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Percentage (%)
20 – 30
16
53.33
18
60
34
56.67
31 – 40
3
10
8
26.67
11
18.33
41 – 50
5
16.67
1
3.33
6
10
51 – 60
6
20
3
10
9
15
TOTAL
30
100
30
100
60
100
Sex
Male
16
53.33
20
66.67
36
60
Female
14
46.67
10
33.33
24
40
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Civil Status
Single
9
30
10
33.33
19
31.67
Married
21
70
20
66.67
41
68.33
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Occupation
Farmer
10
33.33
15
50
25
41.67
Laborer
5
16.67
3
10
8
13.33
Construction
Worker 2
6.67
2
6.67
4
6.67
Driver
3
10
2
6.67
5
8.33
Electrician 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Unemployed 9
30
6
20
15
25
TOTAL
30
100
30
100
60
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
level 9
30
9
30
18
30
High school
Level 13
43.33
11
36.67
24
40
College
Graduate 4
13.33
6
20
10
16.67
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Religion
Roman
25
83.33
15
50
40
66.67
Catholic
Iglesia
2
6.67
6
20
8
13.33
Pentecostal 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Pagan
2
6.67
7
23.33
9
15
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Major source of income
Farming
13
43.33
18 60 31
51.67
Construction
worker 5
16.67
2
6.67
7
11.67
Driving
2
6.67
2
6.67
4
6.67
Electrician 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Unemployed 9
30
6
20
15
25
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Membership in an organization
Farmer’s
15 50 13 43.33 28 46.67
Youth
6
20
5
16.67
11
18.33
Woman’s
5
16.67
6
20
11
18.33
Religious 3 10 4 13.33 7 11.67
Cultural
1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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Occupation. Table 1 presents the occupation of the respondents. 33.33% of the
Belwang, Sadanga tribe were engaged in farming; 20% were unemployed; 16.67%,
laborer; 10%, were drivers; 6.67%, construction workers; and only 3.33%, were
electricians. The table shows that farming was the main occupation of the Tocucan,
Bontoc tribe with 50%. The 20% were unemployed; 10%, laborer and 6.67% were
construction workers, drivers and electricians.
Educational attainment. Table 1 shows that majority of the Belwang, Sadanga
tribe reached the high school level with 43.33%, followed by elementary level with 30%
and college graduate and vocational were 13.33%. In Tocucan, Bontoc, majority were
able to reach high school with 36.67%; 30%, elementary level; 20%, college graduate;
and 13.33%, vocational courses.
Religion. Regarding the religion of the respondents, Belwang, Sadanga tribe were
Roman Catholic (83.33%); Iglesia and pagan with 6.67%; and 3.33% were Pentecostal.
On the other hand, Tocucan, Bontoc had 50% roman catholics, followed by pagan
23.33%, Iglesia ni Kristo, 20%; and 6.67%, Pentecostal.
Major source of income. In the major source of income of the respondents 43.3%
were engaged in farming; unemployed, 30%; construction workers 16.67%, drivers,
6.67%; and 3.33%, electricians in the Belwang, Sadanga tribe. The table also shows that
in Tocucan, Bontoc most of the tribe were engaged in farming with 60%; 20%,
unemployed; and 6.67% were construction workers, drivers and electricians.
Membership in an Organization
Table 1 shows that the both tribes was active members of the different
organizations wherein Belwang, Sadanga 50% were members of farmer’s organization;
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
18
20%, youth organization; 16.67%, women’s organization; 10%, religious organization;
and 3.33%, cultural organization. Whereas in Tocucan, Bontoc Tribe 43.33% were
members of farmer’s organization; 20%, women’s organization; 16.67%, youth
organization; 13.33%, religious organization; and 6.67% cultural organization.
Effects of the Peace Pact on Livelihood
Table 2 shows the effects of the peace pact on livelihood. In the findings, majority
of the respondents of Belwang, Sadanga due to the peace pact they continued to till their
farms without fear (83.33%), the migration of people to other barangays was minimized
(43.33%); there was a better economical growth (30%) and they were able to transact
business with other tribes without any fear (23.3%). On the other hand, majority also of
the respondents of Tocucan tribe said that the people continued to till their farms without
fear (83.33%). They were able to transact business with other tribes without any fear as
claimed by 53.33%. Migration of people to other barangays is minimized (23.33%) and
there was better economical growth with 13.33%.
In the result of the study, it was noted that the peace pact have a very big role in
improving the life and situation of the respondents on the tribe.
Effects of the peace pact on education
Table 2 in the effects of the peace pact on education, most of the respondents
claimed that the students continued their education without fear with 83.33% in Belwang
tribe and Tocucan tribe 76.67%; they continued their education in other places without
fear with 83.33% in Belwang Tribe and Tocucan Tribe 76.66%. The respondents agreed
also that their children were more secured and able to concentrate on their studies with
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
19
Table 2. Socio-economic effects of peace pact
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Effects of the peace pact on livelihood
People continue to till their
25 83.33 25
83.33
50
83.33
farms without fear
Migration of people to other
13 43.33 7 23.22
20
33.33
barangay is minimized
Better economical growth
9 30 4
13.33
13
21.67
Able to transact business with
7 23.33 16
53.33
23
38.33
other tribes without any fear
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Effects on Education
Students continue their education without
25 83.33 23
76.67
48
80
fear
Livelihood is not distorted thus providing
10 33.33 11
36.66
21
35
opportunity for them to finance the
education of their students
Children are more secured and can
15 50 17
56.66
32
53.33
concentrate on their studies
Teachers feel secured to teach in their
8 26.66 13
43.33
21
35
barangay
They can pursue their education in other
25 83.33 23
76.67
48
80
place without fear
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Effects on peace and order
Hostilities among tribes are minimized
11 36.67 10
33.33
21
35
Incidence of crime involving warying
21 70 14
46.66
35
58.33
tribes
Bloodshed among tribes is minimized
15 50 20
66.67
35
58.33
People learn to live together in harmony
24 80 21
70
45
75
Feel more secured
7 23.33 6 20
13
21.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Psychological effects
People learn about other tribes
25 83.33 21 70
46
76.67
There is better communication among
29 96.67 20
66.67
49
81.67
tribes
People become more optimistic
12 40 4
13.33
16
26.67
The fear and anxiety within people is
14 46.67 16
53.33
30
50
lessened
Live a very normal life
7
23.33
9
30
16
26.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
20
50% Belwang tribe and 56.66% Tocucan tribe. Lastly, they said that teachers were felt
secured to teach in their barangay as claimed by 26.66% in Belwang tribe and 43.33% in
Tocucan tribe.
It was noted that it continues forging of peace pact in the tribe, children/students
could finish their education in their barangay or in any place without any fear. Teachers
could also teach in any barangay without fear because they know that they were secured.
Effects of Peace Pact on Peace and Order
In the effects of peace and order, majority of the respondents in Belwang,
Sadanga said that people learn to live together in harmony with 80%; 70%, the incidence
of crime involving warying tribes; 50%, bloodshed among tribes is minimized; 67%,
hostilities among tribes are minimized; lastly 23.33% said that they felt mere secured. In
the Tocucan, Bontoc majority said that people learned to live together in harmony with
70%; 66.67% said that bloodshed among tribes was minimized; 46.66% that incidence of
crime involving warying tribes; 33.33% on hostilities among tribes were minimized; and
20% said that they felt more secured.
This indicates that the peace pact has a role in maintaining peace and order in the
barangay. It helps lessen crime, bloodshed among tribes and also hostilities. Thus, this
indicates that the respondents in the barangay will have a peaceful community with the
help of peace pact and the cooperation of the people is also very important in maintaining
peace and order. Accordingly, there is free from disturbance.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
21
Psychological Effects
Regarding the psychological effects; 96.67% of Belwang tribe said that there was
better communication among tribes; 83.33% said that people learned about other tribes;
46.67% said that the fear and anxiety within the people was lessened; 40% said that
people become more optimistic; and 23.33% live a very normal life. On the other hand,
Tocucan tribe said that people learned about other tribes with 70%; 66.67% said there
was better communication among tribes; 53.33% said that the fear and anxiety within
people was lessened; 30% live a very normal life and 13.33% people learn about other
tribe.
The peace pact played a role in psychological state of a person because according
to them it affects the life of a person like for example if there is better communication
there is no fear and anxiety of the people. They can work and learn well, thus, live a
normal life.
Problems Regarding Peace Pact
According to the findings, majority in Belwang, Sadanga said that the main
problem regarding peace pact were the misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some
members were undisciplined with 80%; secondly were the gender inequality in selection
of leaders, disputes on the selection of leaders and peace pact holders did not do their
duties and responsibilities with 53.33%; and lastly peace pact holders favor their own
fault or either the fault of their kabagian/relatives or family members and the
discrimination of members with 50%. On the other hand, Tocucan, Bontoc said that the
number one problem is some members are still undisciplined with 90%, secondly were
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
22
the gender inequality in selection of leaders (50%), third is the misunderstanding of peace
pact holders (43.33%) followed by discrimination of members (33.33%), then the peace
pact holders favor their own faulty or either the faulty of their kabagian/relative or family
members and disputes on the selection of leaders with 30% and lastly peace pact holders
do not do their duties and responsibilities well with 16.67%.
It was noted that the number one problem regarding peace pact was the
misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some members were still undisciplined.
According to them if there is misunderstanding of peace pact holders they must settle it
immediately to avoid disputes. Regarding members that undisciplined they see to it that
they must cooperate so they do tungtungan/ meeting so that other members will not be
affected.
Table 3. Problems regarding peace pact
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Misunderstanding of peace pact
24 80 13
43.33
37
61.67
holders
Peace pact holders favor their own
15
50
9 30 24 40
fault or either the fault of their
kabagian/relatives or family
members
Peace pact holders do not do their
16 53.33 5 16.67
21
35
duties and responsibilities well
Disputes on the selection of leaders
16 53.33 9 30
25
41.67
Some members are still 24 80 27
90
51
85
undisciplined
Gender inequality in selection of
16 53.33 15 50
31
51.67
leaders
Discrimination of members
15
50
10
33.33
25
41.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
23
Common Causes of Tribal Wars
According to the results, the major cause of tribal wars was the crimes against
people (murder, shooting incident) with 86.67% in Belwang, Sadanga while 90% in
Tocucan, Bontoc. This was followed by land disputes with 66.67% in Belwang, Sadanga
while in Tocucan it was followed by theft of animals with 63.33% while in Tocucan it
was followed also with land disputes and power disputes with 43.33%. Next was the
stealing of animals or properties with 50% in Belwang, Sadanga while Tocucan, Bontoc
was water resources disputes with 40%. Then 43.33% by water resources in Belwang
tribe and lastly both of the tribe said that they suffered from systematic discrimination
where 16.67% in Belwang, 13.33% in Tocucan, Bontoc.
It was noted that crimes against people ranked number one where number of both
tribes were murdered/killed. This was breaking the peace pact between tribes if not
settled immediately between the two tribes. Coordination of tribal leaders and local
government officials is very important to be able to solve the case peacefully and prevent
a tribal conflict.
Table 4. Common causes of tribal wars
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Land and power disputes
19 63.33 14 46.66 33 55
Water resources disputes
13 43.33 12 40 25
41.67
Family fields
20 66.67 14 46.66 34
56.67
Crimes against people (murder, 26 86.67 27 90 53
83.33
shooting incident)
Stealing of animals or properties
15 50 15 50 30
50
Suffer from systematic discrimination
5
16.67
4
13.33
9
15
TOTAL
30 100 30 100 60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; determine the socio-economic effects of peace pact; to determine the
problem regarding peace pact, and to determine the common causes of tribal wars in
Belwang, Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
There was an equal distribution of the respondents. Both tribes were equal
represented. The Belwang, Sadanga tribe with 30 or 50% and Tocucan, Bontoc tribe
composed of 30 or 50%.
Most of the respondents were predominantly farmers on the other hand other
occupation was laborers, construction workers, drivers and electricians, they were
married at middle age. Regarding educational attainment, majority of the respondents
finished high school and some were elementary level, college graduate and vocational.
Majority of the respondents were catholic followed by Iglesia, pagan and Pentecostal.
Their major source of income was farming while others were unemployed. Majority of
the respondents were members of the different civic organization existing in their
community.
Finding shows that socio-economic effect of peace pact includes effects on
livelihood, education, peace and order and psychological effects.
Majority of the respondents said that the main effect on livelihood is that people
continue to till their farms without fear, on education, they said that students continue
their education without fear and they can continue their education in other places without
fear, on peace and order both said that people learn to live together in harmony if there is
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
25
peace pact and on psychological effect majority said that people warn about other tribes
and there is better communication among tribes.
With regard to the problems encountered by the respondents regarding peace pact
misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some members are still undisciplined are the
main problem.
Regarding to the common causes of tribal wars they said that crimes against
people (murder, shooting incident) is the main cause of tribal wars that kills innocent
people and was the reason of breaking peace pact between two tribes and followed by
land and power disputes between the tribes especially if the boundaries were not fully
identified and specified, then the theft for animals.
Conclusions
Based on the summary of findings the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Belwang, Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc are aware of the forging of peace pact
in the tribe and are active in joining different organizations in the community;
2. Peace pact has a very big role in the livelihood, education, peace and order and
psychological effects of the respondents to be able to have a normal life.
3. The most problems encountered of the respondents regarding peace pact are
misunderstanding of peace pact and some members do not honor the peace pact..
4. The common causes of tribal wars are crimes against people (murder, shooting
incident), land and power disputes and the theft of animals
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
26
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are given:
1. There should be full support of members and local governments in the different
organizations existing in the community;
2. There should be continuous full support of members to their peace pact holders
and peace pact holders should do their duties and obligation to be able to maintain peace
and order in the community;
3. Both tribes should respect and honor the peace agreement that they have with
the other tribe; and
4. Peace pact holders selected/voted should always be open minded and
understanding and members should always learn to discipline their self and cooperate.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
27
LITERATURE CITED
CACHED, N. R. 2005. Cordillera: Indigenous Urged to Protect Resources Organization
Article. Pp. 8-19.
CHAUNCEY, G. L. 1995. Gay in New York. Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of
Gay Male World 1995. Pp. 192, 288.
COOKER, M. J. 2010. Sudan President Signs Preliminary Peace Pact with Darful Rebels.
Clipping Volume. Pp. 8-9.
DEAÑO, A. M. 2003. The Peace and Order Situation in the Cordillera. Its Implication for
Rural Development. Graduate School. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
KHAZIN, T. E. 2002. Analysis. Tribal Conflicts in West Sudan and Northern. Pp. 380-
381.
LAMOG, M. T. 2000. Socio-economic implication of tribal conflict between Saclit and
Sadanga, Mountain Province. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
LLANECCA, T. P. 2009. Philippines, MILF Peace Pact on Fast Track. Retrieved January
18, 2011 from http://www.ManilaTimes.net/2009.
MAIESE, M. O. 2003. Insights Into the Underlying Causes of Intractable Conflicts. Pp.
150-151.
MOONEY, K. S. 2002. Understanding Social Problems. Third Edition. Pp. 181-182.
NORDIS, K. Q. 2006. Marker for Abducted Kalinga Peace Pact Holder Unveiled.
Retrieved January 18, 2011 from http://www.nordis.net/news/2006.Ngayaan-
memorial.
PARILLO, V. N. 2002. Contemporary Social Problems. Sixth Edition. Pp. 192-193.
PERALTA, J. T. 2009. Fechen, The Bontoc Peace Pact. Retrieved January 18, 2011 from
http://www.ManilaTimes.net/national/2009/yehey/life.html.
ROUTHORN, C. G. 2003. Ethnic Conflicts in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asia
Studies. P. 141.
WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA. 2003. A Scott Fetzer Company World Book, Inc.
Pp. 290 – 293.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
28
YANZI, J. S. 2000. Copyright 2000 by Philippine Headline. News on Line. Retrieved
January 18, 2011 from http://www.newsflash.org./2000.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
29
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
I. Background information about the respondents:
a. Name (optional): _____________________________________________
b. Barangay: __________________________________________________
c. Age: ______________________
d. Sex: ______________________
e. Civil Status: ________________
f. Occupation: ________________
g. Educational Attainment (pls. check):
_____ Elementary Level
_____ High School Level
_____ College Graduate
_____ Vocational
h. Religion: __________________
i. Major source of income: _______________________
j. Membership in an Organization: ___________________________________________
II. Socio-Economic Effects of Peace Pact of the respondents:
Effects of the peace pact on livelihood
_____ people continue to till their farms without fear
_____ migration of people to other barangays is minimized
_____ better economical growth
_____ able to transact business with other tribes without any fear
Effects on Education
_____ students continue their student without fear
_____ livelihood is not distorted thus providing opportunity for them to finance the
education of their students
_____ children are more secured and can concentrate on their studies
_____ teachers are feel secured to teach in their barangay
_____ they can continue their education in other place without fear
Effects of peace and order
_____ hostilities among tribes are minimized
_____ incidence of crime involving warying tribes
_____ bloodshed among tribes is minimized
_____ people learn to live together in harmony
_____ feel more secured
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
30
Psychological effects
_____ people learn about other tribes
_____ there is better communication among tribes
_____ people become more optimistic
_____ the fear and anxiety within people is lessened
_____ live a very normal life
III. Problems regarding peace pact: (pls. check)
_____ misunderstanding of peace pact holders
_____ peace pact holders favor their own fault or either the fault of their
kabagian/relatives or family members
_____ peace pact holders do not do their duties and responsibilities well
_____ disputes on the selection of leaders
_____ some members are still undisciplined
_____ gender inequality in selection of leaders
_____ discrimination of members
IV. Common Causes of Tribal Wars
_____ land and power disputes
_____ water resources disputes
_____ family fields
_____ crimes against people (murder, shooting incident)
_____ stealing of animals or properties
_____ suffer from systematic discrimination
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
JOSE, JOSHUA B. APRIL 2011. Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact
Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang, Sadanga, Mountain Province. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Hilario C. Perez, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; to determine the socio-economic effects of the peace pact; to determine the
problem regarding peace pact; and to determine the common causes of tribal wars in
Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang Sadanga, Mountain Province.
Both of the respondents were equally distributed, predominantly farmers, farming
is the main source of income, had undergone formal education, catholic, were member of
different civic organization existing in their community and are aware of the forging of
peace pact in the tribe.
Finding shows that the socio-economic effects of peace pact includes effects on
livelihood, education, peace and order and psychological effects.
Majority of the respondents agreed that in the socio-economic effects of peace pact,
it has a very big role in maintaining the peace pact in the tribe thus have a better normal
life.
The
problems
encountered
by
the
respondents regarding peace pact, main problem
is the misunderstanding of peace pact holders and undisciplined members.
On the common cause of tribal wars the main cause is the crime against people,
land and power disputes and theft of animals and properties.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Socio-economic Effects of Peace Pact
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Problems Regarding Peace Pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Common Causes of Tribal Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A. Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iii
INTRODUCTION
Peace is the state of being calm, quiet and free of disturbance. From the military
and political point of view, peace means freedom such violent disturbances such as riots
and wars. It does not mean total harmony among people.
Throughout history, most people have wanted lasting peace. Religious and
philosophers have called for the peaceful settlement of disagreements. The bible declares,
“Thou shalt not kill” and “Blessed are the peace makers” (World Book Encyclopedia,
2003). Still in all countries of different levels of socio-economic development have
varying problems in maintaining peace and order. For example, the September 11, 2001
attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.
C. in the United States of America has worsened the problems of peace and order not
only in America but also in most countries of the world (Parillo, 2002).
In the Philippines, peace and order has always been a primary national concern. In
fact, section 5 of article II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies) of the 1987
Philippine constitution provides:
. . . the maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and
property and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all
the people of the blessings of democracy.
With this constitutional mandate, the president of the Philippines can direct the
Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police to quell all forms of
rebellion, insurgency and criminality in order to maintain peace and order throughout the
land (Deaño, 2003).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and
Belwang, Sadanga, Mountain Province /JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
2
In other part of the Philippines like Cordillera, there is an ethnic tribe particularly
Mountain Province, Sadanga and Bontoc is one which continuously nurtures and
practices the so called peden or peace pact. This two tribes have their own dialects but
have their similarities in customs and tradition. Peace pact here is a law where nobody
will be excused. It has been observed that peace pact was made due to have peace, unity
or even maintaining a good purpose in one tribe. Like for example, peace pact was made
between Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc to avoid tribal conflict. In this regard, peace and
order will be maintained in the tribe and also the people feel safeguarded of their life,
property and rights. This is so because law defines the terms of the people as well as seals
the unity for peaceful living and more prosperous co-existence (Lamog, 2000).
Statement of the Problems
This study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What is the Socio-economic profile of the respondents?
2. What is the socio-economic effects of the peace pact?
3. What are the problems regarding peace pact?
4. What are the common causes of tribal wars?
Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the socio-economic profile of the respondents;
2. To determine the socio-economic effects of the peace pact;
3. To determine the problem regarding peace pact; and
4. To determine the common causes of tribal wars.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
3
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic implications of peace
pact between Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
The result of the study served as a guide to the tribe to maintain peace and order.
The study can provide information/knowledge regarding the tribes of Mountain Province,
their attitudes, motives and aspirations. This study also helped clarify some myths and
misconceptions about the tribes most especially from Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc,
Mountain Province and how they maintain their good relationship through forging peace
pacts among tribes.
Scope and Limitation
The researcher focused his study on the socio-economic profile of respondents,
the socio-economic effects of peace pact agreement; and the problem they encountered in
terms of the peace pact agreement.
The respondents of the study were the tribes of Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc
who are involved and aware of the peace pact or peden.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Socio-Economic Profile
Peace Pact, it is not commonly known that major ethno-linguistic groups of the
Philippines have their own version of inter-group patters for peaceful relations. The
Fechen of the Bontoc, Mountain Province is one of these. This amity contract emerged
initially from an interpersonal agreement (aliwid) between two community leaders
(pangollo), one from each village, each of whom acts as the host and guardian for the
other and his friends when they come to visit or to trade (Peralta, 2009).
The increase of population later on made things more complicated when the
interweaving of relationships between groups exacerbated the need for peaceful co-
existence. The aliwid developed into the peace pact – fechen, which, however, is no
longer made between two elis, but between two Bontoc wards (atos, ator). Structurally,
the ward is the male dormitory but operates as the political unit in the village
organization.
When one ato wants to enter into a pact with another ato, the pangollos of an ili
meet in the ato to select who will be the pact holder. Once selected, the elected pact
holder then sends a messenger to the other ato. Usually, the messenger is one who has
filial or other close relationships with other ato. He then eats and drinks, thus becoming
the protected guest of other pangollo. He expresses the proposal for a peace pact and they
meet to discuss the proposal. If the result is positive, the messenger returns and proclaims
the day set for the pact. They prepare a feast of glutinous rice, tenofo (dried meat), and
sugarcane (basi). On the set day, if omens are good, they go to the other ato, bringing
food and drink. They are welcomed with gongs beating.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
5
The leading pangollo of the visitors makes a speech and asks who among the host
will be the pact holder, the lead pangollo replies in a speech, naming the pact holder, then
turn asks who will be the pact holder (fedohing) of the other ato. He is named and pact
holders exchange spears that he who injures one of the other side will get this spear. The
areas affected by the pact are defined, and people are called upon to help the pact holders
in keeping the peace. In the evening, there is feasting, drinking and dancing.
The next day, pact holders perform the eyag to get the omens. Then gongs are
beaten; chicken is killed; and palis is performed by pact holders, who eat the chicken. On
the third day, couple of pigs is killed and palegpeg is performed. There is general merry-
making each afternoon and evening. Fourth day is the big celebration, 5 to 10 pigs are
killed; and rice and vegetables are cooked. The highlight of the celebration is a colorful
procession of girls bringing in great trays of tenofo, tobacco and tapey (rice beer). During
the evening a tengao (day of rest) is announced for the morrow. This ends the ceremony,
and peace pact is in force (Peralta, 2009).
In some parts of Mountain Province, indigenous socio-political systems are well
and alive like the existing system, the bodong or peace pact. In fact, at least 27 peace pact
with nearby tribes. In here, if the peace pact holder is impaired, his roles as peace pact
holder is sometimes carried by his wife. The peace pact is not only focused on men who
traditionally serve as peace pact holder, but to the entire family, especially the spouses.
Thus, woman needs to take such bigger roles to maintain and strengthen the peace pact.
However, there is still a gender inequality, because the men are still the one recognized as
peace pact holders and women are just the followers, Another is if the peace pact holder
dies or unable to perform his functions, galigad is performed where a process of
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
6
transferring the peace pact holder to others or to a family member. Since 1957, galigad
has never been severed. To strengthen and keep it active, villagers celebrate a dolnat
(literally to warm up) to renew their peace pact. This shows that peace pact covers every
member of the tribe, from those in their ancestral homeland to these outside wherever
they are (Nordis, 2006).
Socio-Economic Effects of Peace Pact
Peace pact is made also in other countries. For example in Britain Africa, wherein,
there is the continued implementation of peace agreement remained overwhelmingly in
the interest of all Sudan and pledged that Britain would work with parties to the pact to
support it. The peace pact agreement was signed in January 2005 by the Sudanese
government and rebels ending a 21-year conflict in the South in which as estimated 2
million people died. The report said that if there is a breakdown in the agreement there
would have devastating effects for all Sudan, that the oil-producing country face a risk of
fragmentation after decade of mismanaged an unequal development (Cooker, 2010).
In Kellog-Briand Pact was signed on August 27, 1928 in Paris by USA, France,
Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan and a number of other states. The Pact renounced
aggressive war, but made no provisions for sanctions if any of signatories broke the pact.
It had number of effects:
Firstly, it was a step on the road toward international rehabilitation for Germany.
Excluded both from the Paris Peace Conference and the League of Nations, the
democratic government of Germany was anxious to show they could be trusted as a full
international participant.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
7
Secondly, it confirmed that Britain and France were concerned to avoid another
war at almost any cost. The main effect was a big publicity stunt – it reassured the
populations of the major powers that another general, large scale war was likely to break
out. The pact was one of a number of international attempts in 1920’s and early 1930’s to
try to ensure a long lasting peace (Routhorn, 2003).
In our country, especially in Cordillera, there are incidents also that peace pact
has a very big role in solving problems and in avoiding conflicts. Like the report
happened in Baguio City, April 28, delegates to the 22nd Cordillera Day unveiled a
marker on April 22 in memory of the heroism of Ama Daniel Ngayaan offered the
Cordillera people until his disappearance some 19 years ago. According to Ama Longan,
a peace pact holder and vice chair of the Binodngan People’s Organization (BPO), the
marker would serve as a remainder of the heroic deed of Ama Ngayaan in the defense of
ancestral land from destructive government projects. Ama Ngayaan sacrifice and
contribute to the people’s movement to protect land, life and resources (Cached, 2005).
Another report in Abra, May 1 2000, tribal leaders and community elders in the
Cordillera region have forged a peace pact against the entry of multinational mining
corporations and government projects than endanger their lands and cultural heritage
(Yanzi, 2000).
Lastly, the incident happened in Baguio on August 14, where the Cordillera police
and tribal leaders prevented tribal war in Mountain Province rooted in the killing incident.
The Belwang tribe in Sadanga agreed to pay Php 50,000 as amicable settlement to
members of the Bontoc Ili Tribe, restoring a peace pact between the two tribes
established in 1933. Army 2nd Lt. Segnaben and Afidchao of Belwang tribe gunned down
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
8
Cudiamat and Facullo, both Bontoc Ili tribesmen. in Magsaysay Avenue in Baguio after a
heated argument. Responding policemen killed Segnaben and Afidchao in a gunfight.
Immediately the Cordillera Philippine National Police Command was informed of the
shooting, Task Force Tungtungan was alerted to coordinate with the tribal leaders and
local government officials to solve the case peacefully and prevent a tribal conflict
(Yanzi, 2000).
Problem Regarding Peace Pact
Still gender inequality occurrence when the distribution of power, prestige, and
property are arbitrarily assigned on the basis of sex, not on individual merit. Out of
sexism flow the stereotypes, social expectations, value-laden attributes and presumed
abilities, social stratification and unequal distribution of resources and reward that
constitute socially constructed gender inequality. A patriarchy is a social system which
men dominate women, with higher value on men between women. This is true in
patriarchal society such as United States.
The ideology that supports biased gender identification was invisible and largely
accepted until recent decades. For example supernatural justifications for male
supremacy are easy to find in the sacred books of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The
morning prayer of the Orthodox Jew includes this line, “Blessed art thou, oh Lord our
God, King of the Universe, that I was not born a woman” in the New Testament, Saint
Paul orders, “Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman
to teach, not to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.” And the Koran states,
“Men are superior to women on account of qualities in which God has given them
preeminence” (Chauncey, 1995).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
9
Among the most difficult problems in race and ethnic relation is institutional
discrimination – differential and unequal treatment of a group or groups that thoroughly
infiltrates a society’s customs and institutions (economic, educational, legal and political).
Prejudice need not drive this differential treatment. Instead it may flow from the
dominant group’s assumptions about the abilities and role of a minority group. Because
such practices are built into the structure of a society, the discrimination is subtle,
informal, and therefore less obvious to the society’s members. Because the actions may
be neither deliberate nor caused by hatred, their discriminatory effects may be difficulty
to recognize. It all seems so normal and “natural”.
For instance, a white child growing up in the South in the firs half of the twentieth
century did not need to be taught prejudice against African Americans. Blacks always
rode in the back of a bus, attended different schools and usually dropped out of school
early. They lived in shanties, tenements or in substandard housing. They worked in low-
status, low-paying jobs and police arrested them frequently for drunkenness, brawling, or
more serious crimes (Mooney, 2002).
This is true also in Cordillera, the rich people are always the one recognized,
respected in one community, and, are the one given special care especially if it talks
about politics. Also in Southern Philippines, the roots of current conflict lie in the sense
among the indigenous Moro Muslims populace of the region that they have been
dispossessed unjustly of their land and resources and suffer related, systematic
discrimination. Alleged corruption and nepotism on the part of local magnates has played
a role in preventing effective economic and services development vital to alleviating
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
10
poverty, feeding the revolt. Many politicians in Central Mindanao have been accused of
grabbing lands from poor Muslims (Llanecca, 2009).
Common Causes of Tribal Wars
The tribal conflict between the pastoral nomads and the settled farmers over
renewable resources (water vegetation and land) in West Sudan is greatly a by product of
climatic and ecological changes resulting in spreading the renewable resources in the area.
Persistent drought, expansion in mechanized farming as a result of structural adjustment
programs by the Bretton Woods Institutions and increase in human and animal population
are all factors that exacer bated conflicts. The conflicts are also fuelled by lack of
education and social services conductive either to peaceful coexistence or to integration
of ethnic groups in the region (Khazin, 2002).
Also in the Western United States, conflicts over water in arid lands are high-
stakes classic distributional conflicts, as well as many other arid regions, water is
extremely valuable, as life cannot exist without it. Because there is not enough water to
go around, endless conflicts arise about who gets what amount of water for what purpose.
In Israel and Palestine, the conflict involves the threatened identity of individuals
as well as groups and nations. A deep-rooted and intractable conflict has grown out of
both group’s unmet need for recognition and security.
Also in some part of Mindanao, many conflicts are spread by violations of human
rights like for example massacre or torture may inflame hatred and strengthen an
adversary’s determination to continue fighting. Violations may also lead to further
violence from the other side, and can contribute to a conflict spiraling out of control.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
11
These conflicts are ones that remain unresolved for long periods of time then
became stuck at a high level of intensity and destructiveness (Maiese, 2003).
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
12
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
Sadanga is a fifth class municipality and is about 24.5 kilometers north of the town. It has
a 1,628 households and a total population of 9,706 while Bontoc is a third class and has a
5,035 households and 24,798 of total population of entire Bontoc including Tocucan.
Both tribes predominantly farmers with rice and sugarcane as a major crop and
vegetables like beans, legumes, camote and other leafy vegetables for food support.
Farmers plant different varieties of rice and some also observe the traditional rice culture.
Figure 1. Map of Mountain Province showing the location of Sadanga
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
13
Sadanga
Sagada
Barlig
Sabangan
Figure 2. Map of Sadanga showing the location of the study
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were permanent residents of Sadanga and Tocucan,
Bontoc, Mountain Province.
60 respondents were considered. 30 respondents from Sadanga tribe and the other
30 respondents from Tocucan tribe.
Data Collection
A survey questionnaire is the primary instrument in gathering the data and
information from the respondents, which were collected immediately after it is duly
accomplished. Follow up interviews were done to verify missing data.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
14
Data Analysis
The data was consolidated and tabulated for statistical analysis using appropriate
statistical tools. These are frequency counts, percentage and ranking.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Background Information
Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents according to tribe, age, sex, civil
status, occupation, educational attainment, religion, major source of income and the
membership in organization of the respondents.
Tribe. Table 1 show that the tribes where the respondents belong to – thirty were
from Belwang, Sadanga while the other half were from Tocucan, Bontoc.
The finding shows that there is an equal distribution of respondents, therefore,
their response with regards to tribe is well represented. It can therefore be said that the
responses of the two tribes are reliable since they are equally represented.
Sex. In the same table, 53.33% of the respondents from Belwang, Sadanga were
males and the remaining 46.67% were females. On the other hand, 66.67% from Tocucan,
Bontoc tribe were males and only 33.33% were females. This indicates that peace pact is
focused not only to men but also to women.
Age. The age bracket of the respondents is shown in Table 1. Results show that in
Belwang, Sadanga tribe 53.33% belonged to the age bracket of 20 to 30; 20%, from 51 to
60; 16.67%, from 41 to 50; and 10%, from 31 to 40. In Tocucan, Bontoc tribe, 60% from
the age bracket of 20 to 30; 26.67%, from 31 to 40; 10%, from 51 to 60; and only 3.33%,
from 41 to 50.
Civil status. In the civil status of the respondents, majority were married with
70% in Belwang, Sadanga tribe and 30% were single while in Tocucan, Bontoc 66.67%
were married and 33.33% were single.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
16
Table 1. General information of the respondents
PARTICULARS FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(%)
Tribe
Belwang, Sadanga
30
50
Tocucan, Bontoc
30
50
TOTAL 60
100
Age
Belwang, Sadanga
Tocucan, Bontoc
Total
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Frequency
Percentage (%)
20 – 30
16
53.33
18
60
34
56.67
31 – 40
3
10
8
26.67
11
18.33
41 – 50
5
16.67
1
3.33
6
10
51 – 60
6
20
3
10
9
15
TOTAL
30
100
30
100
60
100
Sex
Male
16
53.33
20
66.67
36
60
Female
14
46.67
10
33.33
24
40
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Civil Status
Single
9
30
10
33.33
19
31.67
Married
21
70
20
66.67
41
68.33
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Occupation
Farmer
10
33.33
15
50
25
41.67
Laborer
5
16.67
3
10
8
13.33
Construction
Worker 2
6.67
2
6.67
4
6.67
Driver
3
10
2
6.67
5
8.33
Electrician 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Unemployed 9
30
6
20
15
25
TOTAL
30
100
30
100
60
100
Educational Attainment
Elementary
level 9
30
9
30
18
30
High school
Level 13
43.33
11
36.67
24
40
College
Graduate 4
13.33
6
20
10
16.67
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Religion
Roman
25
83.33
15
50
40
66.67
Catholic
Iglesia
2
6.67
6
20
8
13.33
Pentecostal 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Pagan
2
6.67
7
23.33
9
15
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Major source of income
Farming
13
43.33
18 60 31
51.67
Construction
worker 5
16.67
2
6.67
7
11.67
Driving
2
6.67
2
6.67
4
6.67
Electrician 1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
Unemployed 9
30
6
20
15
25
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Membership in an organization
Farmer’s
15 50 13 43.33 28 46.67
Youth
6
20
5
16.67
11
18.33
Woman’s
5
16.67
6
20
11
18.33
Religious 3 10 4 13.33 7 11.67
Cultural
1
3.33
2
6.67
3
5
TOTAL 30 100 30 100 60 100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
17
Occupation. Table 1 presents the occupation of the respondents. 33.33% of the
Belwang, Sadanga tribe were engaged in farming; 20% were unemployed; 16.67%,
laborer; 10%, were drivers; 6.67%, construction workers; and only 3.33%, were
electricians. The table shows that farming was the main occupation of the Tocucan,
Bontoc tribe with 50%. The 20% were unemployed; 10%, laborer and 6.67% were
construction workers, drivers and electricians.
Educational attainment. Table 1 shows that majority of the Belwang, Sadanga
tribe reached the high school level with 43.33%, followed by elementary level with 30%
and college graduate and vocational were 13.33%. In Tocucan, Bontoc, majority were
able to reach high school with 36.67%; 30%, elementary level; 20%, college graduate;
and 13.33%, vocational courses.
Religion. Regarding the religion of the respondents, Belwang, Sadanga tribe were
Roman Catholic (83.33%); Iglesia and pagan with 6.67%; and 3.33% were Pentecostal.
On the other hand, Tocucan, Bontoc had 50% roman catholics, followed by pagan
23.33%, Iglesia ni Kristo, 20%; and 6.67%, Pentecostal.
Major source of income. In the major source of income of the respondents 43.3%
were engaged in farming; unemployed, 30%; construction workers 16.67%, drivers,
6.67%; and 3.33%, electricians in the Belwang, Sadanga tribe. The table also shows that
in Tocucan, Bontoc most of the tribe were engaged in farming with 60%; 20%,
unemployed; and 6.67% were construction workers, drivers and electricians.
Membership in an Organization
Table 1 shows that the both tribes was active members of the different
organizations wherein Belwang, Sadanga 50% were members of farmer’s organization;
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
18
20%, youth organization; 16.67%, women’s organization; 10%, religious organization;
and 3.33%, cultural organization. Whereas in Tocucan, Bontoc Tribe 43.33% were
members of farmer’s organization; 20%, women’s organization; 16.67%, youth
organization; 13.33%, religious organization; and 6.67% cultural organization.
Effects of the Peace Pact on Livelihood
Table 2 shows the effects of the peace pact on livelihood. In the findings, majority
of the respondents of Belwang, Sadanga due to the peace pact they continued to till their
farms without fear (83.33%), the migration of people to other barangays was minimized
(43.33%); there was a better economical growth (30%) and they were able to transact
business with other tribes without any fear (23.3%). On the other hand, majority also of
the respondents of Tocucan tribe said that the people continued to till their farms without
fear (83.33%). They were able to transact business with other tribes without any fear as
claimed by 53.33%. Migration of people to other barangays is minimized (23.33%) and
there was better economical growth with 13.33%.
In the result of the study, it was noted that the peace pact have a very big role in
improving the life and situation of the respondents on the tribe.
Effects of the peace pact on education
Table 2 in the effects of the peace pact on education, most of the respondents
claimed that the students continued their education without fear with 83.33% in Belwang
tribe and Tocucan tribe 76.67%; they continued their education in other places without
fear with 83.33% in Belwang Tribe and Tocucan Tribe 76.66%. The respondents agreed
also that their children were more secured and able to concentrate on their studies with
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
19
Table 2. Socio-economic effects of peace pact
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Effects of the peace pact on livelihood
People continue to till their
25 83.33 25
83.33
50
83.33
farms without fear
Migration of people to other
13 43.33 7 23.22
20
33.33
barangay is minimized
Better economical growth
9 30 4
13.33
13
21.67
Able to transact business with
7 23.33 16
53.33
23
38.33
other tribes without any fear
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Effects on Education
Students continue their education without
25 83.33 23
76.67
48
80
fear
Livelihood is not distorted thus providing
10 33.33 11
36.66
21
35
opportunity for them to finance the
education of their students
Children are more secured and can
15 50 17
56.66
32
53.33
concentrate on their studies
Teachers feel secured to teach in their
8 26.66 13
43.33
21
35
barangay
They can pursue their education in other
25 83.33 23
76.67
48
80
place without fear
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Effects on peace and order
Hostilities among tribes are minimized
11 36.67 10
33.33
21
35
Incidence of crime involving warying
21 70 14
46.66
35
58.33
tribes
Bloodshed among tribes is minimized
15 50 20
66.67
35
58.33
People learn to live together in harmony
24 80 21
70
45
75
Feel more secured
7 23.33 6 20
13
21.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Psychological effects
People learn about other tribes
25 83.33 21 70
46
76.67
There is better communication among
29 96.67 20
66.67
49
81.67
tribes
People become more optimistic
12 40 4
13.33
16
26.67
The fear and anxiety within people is
14 46.67 16
53.33
30
50
lessened
Live a very normal life
7
23.33
9
30
16
26.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
20
50% Belwang tribe and 56.66% Tocucan tribe. Lastly, they said that teachers were felt
secured to teach in their barangay as claimed by 26.66% in Belwang tribe and 43.33% in
Tocucan tribe.
It was noted that it continues forging of peace pact in the tribe, children/students
could finish their education in their barangay or in any place without any fear. Teachers
could also teach in any barangay without fear because they know that they were secured.
Effects of Peace Pact on Peace and Order
In the effects of peace and order, majority of the respondents in Belwang,
Sadanga said that people learn to live together in harmony with 80%; 70%, the incidence
of crime involving warying tribes; 50%, bloodshed among tribes is minimized; 67%,
hostilities among tribes are minimized; lastly 23.33% said that they felt mere secured. In
the Tocucan, Bontoc majority said that people learned to live together in harmony with
70%; 66.67% said that bloodshed among tribes was minimized; 46.66% that incidence of
crime involving warying tribes; 33.33% on hostilities among tribes were minimized; and
20% said that they felt more secured.
This indicates that the peace pact has a role in maintaining peace and order in the
barangay. It helps lessen crime, bloodshed among tribes and also hostilities. Thus, this
indicates that the respondents in the barangay will have a peaceful community with the
help of peace pact and the cooperation of the people is also very important in maintaining
peace and order. Accordingly, there is free from disturbance.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
21
Psychological Effects
Regarding the psychological effects; 96.67% of Belwang tribe said that there was
better communication among tribes; 83.33% said that people learned about other tribes;
46.67% said that the fear and anxiety within the people was lessened; 40% said that
people become more optimistic; and 23.33% live a very normal life. On the other hand,
Tocucan tribe said that people learned about other tribes with 70%; 66.67% said there
was better communication among tribes; 53.33% said that the fear and anxiety within
people was lessened; 30% live a very normal life and 13.33% people learn about other
tribe.
The peace pact played a role in psychological state of a person because according
to them it affects the life of a person like for example if there is better communication
there is no fear and anxiety of the people. They can work and learn well, thus, live a
normal life.
Problems Regarding Peace Pact
According to the findings, majority in Belwang, Sadanga said that the main
problem regarding peace pact were the misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some
members were undisciplined with 80%; secondly were the gender inequality in selection
of leaders, disputes on the selection of leaders and peace pact holders did not do their
duties and responsibilities with 53.33%; and lastly peace pact holders favor their own
fault or either the fault of their kabagian/relatives or family members and the
discrimination of members with 50%. On the other hand, Tocucan, Bontoc said that the
number one problem is some members are still undisciplined with 90%, secondly were
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
22
the gender inequality in selection of leaders (50%), third is the misunderstanding of peace
pact holders (43.33%) followed by discrimination of members (33.33%), then the peace
pact holders favor their own faulty or either the faulty of their kabagian/relative or family
members and disputes on the selection of leaders with 30% and lastly peace pact holders
do not do their duties and responsibilities well with 16.67%.
It was noted that the number one problem regarding peace pact was the
misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some members were still undisciplined.
According to them if there is misunderstanding of peace pact holders they must settle it
immediately to avoid disputes. Regarding members that undisciplined they see to it that
they must cooperate so they do tungtungan/ meeting so that other members will not be
affected.
Table 3. Problems regarding peace pact
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Misunderstanding of peace pact
24 80 13
43.33
37
61.67
holders
Peace pact holders favor their own
15
50
9 30 24 40
fault or either the fault of their
kabagian/relatives or family
members
Peace pact holders do not do their
16 53.33 5 16.67
21
35
duties and responsibilities well
Disputes on the selection of leaders
16 53.33 9 30
25
41.67
Some members are still 24 80 27
90
51
85
undisciplined
Gender inequality in selection of
16 53.33 15 50
31
51.67
leaders
Discrimination of members
15
50
10
33.33
25
41.67
TOTAL 30
100
30
100
60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
23
Common Causes of Tribal Wars
According to the results, the major cause of tribal wars was the crimes against
people (murder, shooting incident) with 86.67% in Belwang, Sadanga while 90% in
Tocucan, Bontoc. This was followed by land disputes with 66.67% in Belwang, Sadanga
while in Tocucan it was followed by theft of animals with 63.33% while in Tocucan it
was followed also with land disputes and power disputes with 43.33%. Next was the
stealing of animals or properties with 50% in Belwang, Sadanga while Tocucan, Bontoc
was water resources disputes with 40%. Then 43.33% by water resources in Belwang
tribe and lastly both of the tribe said that they suffered from systematic discrimination
where 16.67% in Belwang, 13.33% in Tocucan, Bontoc.
It was noted that crimes against people ranked number one where number of both
tribes were murdered/killed. This was breaking the peace pact between tribes if not
settled immediately between the two tribes. Coordination of tribal leaders and local
government officials is very important to be able to solve the case peacefully and prevent
a tribal conflict.
Table 4. Common causes of tribal wars
BELWANG,
TOCUCAN,
TOTAL
SADANGA
BONTOC
F
P
F
P
F
P
Land and power disputes
19 63.33 14 46.66 33 55
Water resources disputes
13 43.33 12 40 25
41.67
Family fields
20 66.67 14 46.66 34
56.67
Crimes against people (murder, 26 86.67 27 90 53
83.33
shooting incident)
Stealing of animals or properties
15 50 15 50 30
50
Suffer from systematic discrimination
5
16.67
4
13.33
9
15
TOTAL
30 100 30 100 60
100
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the socio-economic profile of the
respondents; determine the socio-economic effects of peace pact; to determine the
problem regarding peace pact, and to determine the common causes of tribal wars in
Belwang, Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc, Mountain Province.
There was an equal distribution of the respondents. Both tribes were equal
represented. The Belwang, Sadanga tribe with 30 or 50% and Tocucan, Bontoc tribe
composed of 30 or 50%.
Most of the respondents were predominantly farmers on the other hand other
occupation was laborers, construction workers, drivers and electricians, they were
married at middle age. Regarding educational attainment, majority of the respondents
finished high school and some were elementary level, college graduate and vocational.
Majority of the respondents were catholic followed by Iglesia, pagan and Pentecostal.
Their major source of income was farming while others were unemployed. Majority of
the respondents were members of the different civic organization existing in their
community.
Finding shows that socio-economic effect of peace pact includes effects on
livelihood, education, peace and order and psychological effects.
Majority of the respondents said that the main effect on livelihood is that people
continue to till their farms without fear, on education, they said that students continue
their education without fear and they can continue their education in other places without
fear, on peace and order both said that people learn to live together in harmony if there is
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
25
peace pact and on psychological effect majority said that people warn about other tribes
and there is better communication among tribes.
With regard to the problems encountered by the respondents regarding peace pact
misunderstanding of peace pact holders and some members are still undisciplined are the
main problem.
Regarding to the common causes of tribal wars they said that crimes against
people (murder, shooting incident) is the main cause of tribal wars that kills innocent
people and was the reason of breaking peace pact between two tribes and followed by
land and power disputes between the tribes especially if the boundaries were not fully
identified and specified, then the theft for animals.
Conclusions
Based on the summary of findings the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Belwang, Sadanga and Tocucan, Bontoc are aware of the forging of peace pact
in the tribe and are active in joining different organizations in the community;
2. Peace pact has a very big role in the livelihood, education, peace and order and
psychological effects of the respondents to be able to have a normal life.
3. The most problems encountered of the respondents regarding peace pact are
misunderstanding of peace pact and some members do not honor the peace pact..
4. The common causes of tribal wars are crimes against people (murder, shooting
incident), land and power disputes and the theft of animals
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
26
Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are given:
1. There should be full support of members and local governments in the different
organizations existing in the community;
2. There should be continuous full support of members to their peace pact holders
and peace pact holders should do their duties and obligation to be able to maintain peace
and order in the community;
3. Both tribes should respect and honor the peace agreement that they have with
the other tribe; and
4. Peace pact holders selected/voted should always be open minded and
understanding and members should always learn to discipline their self and cooperate.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
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LITERATURE CITED
CACHED, N. R. 2005. Cordillera: Indigenous Urged to Protect Resources Organization
Article. Pp. 8-19.
CHAUNCEY, G. L. 1995. Gay in New York. Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of
Gay Male World 1995. Pp. 192, 288.
COOKER, M. J. 2010. Sudan President Signs Preliminary Peace Pact with Darful Rebels.
Clipping Volume. Pp. 8-9.
DEAÑO, A. M. 2003. The Peace and Order Situation in the Cordillera. Its Implication for
Rural Development. Graduate School. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
KHAZIN, T. E. 2002. Analysis. Tribal Conflicts in West Sudan and Northern. Pp. 380-
381.
LAMOG, M. T. 2000. Socio-economic implication of tribal conflict between Saclit and
Sadanga, Mountain Province. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
Benguet.
LLANECCA, T. P. 2009. Philippines, MILF Peace Pact on Fast Track. Retrieved January
18, 2011 from http://www.ManilaTimes.net/2009.
MAIESE, M. O. 2003. Insights Into the Underlying Causes of Intractable Conflicts. Pp.
150-151.
MOONEY, K. S. 2002. Understanding Social Problems. Third Edition. Pp. 181-182.
NORDIS, K. Q. 2006. Marker for Abducted Kalinga Peace Pact Holder Unveiled.
Retrieved January 18, 2011 from http://www.nordis.net/news/2006.Ngayaan-
memorial.
PARILLO, V. N. 2002. Contemporary Social Problems. Sixth Edition. Pp. 192-193.
PERALTA, J. T. 2009. Fechen, The Bontoc Peace Pact. Retrieved January 18, 2011 from
http://www.ManilaTimes.net/national/2009/yehey/life.html.
ROUTHORN, C. G. 2003. Ethnic Conflicts in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asia
Studies. P. 141.
WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA. 2003. A Scott Fetzer Company World Book, Inc.
Pp. 290 – 293.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
28
YANZI, J. S. 2000. Copyright 2000 by Philippine Headline. News on Line. Retrieved
January 18, 2011 from http://www.newsflash.org./2000.
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
I. Background information about the respondents:
a. Name (optional): _____________________________________________
b. Barangay: __________________________________________________
c. Age: ______________________
d. Sex: ______________________
e. Civil Status: ________________
f. Occupation: ________________
g. Educational Attainment (pls. check):
_____ Elementary Level
_____ High School Level
_____ College Graduate
_____ Vocational
h. Religion: __________________
i. Major source of income: _______________________
j. Membership in an Organization: ___________________________________________
II. Socio-Economic Effects of Peace Pact of the respondents:
Effects of the peace pact on livelihood
_____ people continue to till their farms without fear
_____ migration of people to other barangays is minimized
_____ better economical growth
_____ able to transact business with other tribes without any fear
Effects on Education
_____ students continue their student without fear
_____ livelihood is not distorted thus providing opportunity for them to finance the
education of their students
_____ children are more secured and can concentrate on their studies
_____ teachers are feel secured to teach in their barangay
_____ they can continue their education in other place without fear
Effects of peace and order
_____ hostilities among tribes are minimized
_____ incidence of crime involving warying tribes
_____ bloodshed among tribes is minimized
_____ people learn to live together in harmony
_____ feel more secured
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
30
Psychological effects
_____ people learn about other tribes
_____ there is better communication among tribes
_____ people become more optimistic
_____ the fear and anxiety within people is lessened
_____ live a very normal life
III. Problems regarding peace pact: (pls. check)
_____ misunderstanding of peace pact holders
_____ peace pact holders favor their own fault or either the fault of their
kabagian/relatives or family members
_____ peace pact holders do not do their duties and responsibilities well
_____ disputes on the selection of leaders
_____ some members are still undisciplined
_____ gender inequality in selection of leaders
_____ discrimination of members
IV. Common Causes of Tribal Wars
_____ land and power disputes
_____ water resources disputes
_____ family fields
_____ crimes against people (murder, shooting incident)
_____ stealing of animals or properties
_____ suffer from systematic discrimination
Socio-Economic Implication of Peace Pact Between Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang,
Sadanga, Mountain Province / JOSHUA B. JOSE. 2011
Document Outline
- Socio-Economic Implication of Peace PactBetween Bontoc, Tocucan and Belwang, Sadanga, Mountain Province
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES