BIBLIOGRAPHY CARAMTO, MARTINA C. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011. Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as
Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat, Mdc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Baguio City to characterized the respondents of the study,
identified the courses preferred by radio station managers and other qualifications required for
applicants, determined the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents, what are
the skills needed for a broadcaster, sources of skills acquisition of the respondents, what are the
respondent’s relevant experiences before employment on their current job, and enumerated some
of the problems they encountered in broadcasting.
Interview schedule was used to gather needed information from the 17 respondents who
came from the four AM radio stations in Baguio City. Purposively quota sampling was used in
choosing the respondents.
Most of the respondents belonged to the age bracket 41-50, majority of them were male
and had their own families. All the respondents had finished a degree and majority of them were
a graduate of AB Mass Communication. Most of the respondents were already in the service for
2-10 years. AB Mass Communication, BS Development Communication, AB English and AB
Political Science were the most preferred courses by the radio station managers. News casting is
the common radio performance that was usually assigned to the respondents. Good in delivering
and knowledgeable on the issue are the common characteristics of a radio broadcaster. The study
reveals that majority of the respondents acquired their skills through their experience and others
acquired their skills in school and the trainings and seminar they have attended. Internship is the
common relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on their current job. The
leading problem that was encountered by the respondents is news sources who refuse to be
interviewed.
It is recommended by the researcher that the radio broadcaster should continue seeking
for a solution to the problems they are encountering and aspiring broadcasters should involve
themselves in any related experiences as early as they can.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
Rationale ………………………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………... 3
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………….. 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study …………………………………...... 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………. 5
AM Radio stations in Baguio City …………………………………….. 5
Qualifications for Broadcasting ………………………………………... 6
Types of Radio Performance …………………………………………... 8
Broadcasting Skills ……………………………………………………. 10
Skills Acquisition for Radio Broadcasting ……………………………. 11
Problems in Broadcasting ……………………………………………… 12
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………. 12
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………. 13
Time and Locale of the Study …………………………………………. 13
Respondents of the Study ……………………………………………… 13
Data Collection ………………………………………………………... 16
Data Gathered ………………………………………………………….. 16
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….. 16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………. 17
Socio-demographic Profile of the
Respondents …………………………………………………………… 17
Qualifications Required by Radio
Station Managers for Applications …………………………………….. 19
Radio Performances commonly
Assigned to the Respondents …………………………………………... 20
Characteristics Needed for a
Broadcaster …………………………………………………………….. 21
Sources of Skills Acquisition of
the Respondents ………………………………………………………... 27
Relevant Experiences before
Employment n their Current Job ………………………………………. 28
Problems Encountered in
Broadcasting …………………………………………………………… 29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION S ……………… 31
Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 31
Conclusions …………………………………………………………….. 32
Recommendations ……………………………………………………… 33
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 34
APPENDIX
A. Interview Schedule ………………………………………………… 35
B. Communication Letters ……………………………………………. 38
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In the beginning, radio broadcasting was treated as a commercial enterprise when
it was introduced to us by the Americans. When people had realized that the broadcasting
industry was a good commercial investment, more radio stations were set up and
scattered in the whole Philippines. In Baguio City, there are four AM radio stations
actively operating at present. These are the DZWX – Bombo Radyo, DZWT – Radyo
Totoo, DZEQ – Radyo ng Bayan, and DZBS – Radyo Ronda.
Songco (1988) said that radio broadcasting had expanded quite fast that small
scale training of personnel could not cope with the rapid change. As keenly observed by
veteran broadcaster Francisco “Koko” Trinidad said that the training of most of the
people engaged in the various phases of broadcasting has remained incomplete.
Competition is tight in radio broadcasting. Without the proper broadcasting skills,
the chance of landing any broadcasting job is slim. With that, one should have a
background of intensive training and specialized broadcasting education.
A broadcaster must realize that radio is only a tool that it is only useful to the
extent that the user knows how to use it. This means that a broadcaster will have to
combine mastery of the tool and the basic knowledge of communication to really be more
effective in extending relevant information to the listeners.
According to The Community Broadcasting Staff (1979), there are several types
of radio performances such as News casting, Narrating, Radio Interviewing, Acting,
Disc- Jockeying and Straight Announcing. All of these radio performances require
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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special skills and skills do not just appear out of thin air. People are born with talent, but
we all need to acquire our skills.
In Baguio City, four AM radio stations and numerous broadcasters compete with
each other for audience listenership. Many factors affect the radio preferences of the
listeners, maybe the programs, clarity of signal and or the qualification of the broadcaster
in delivering the information.
Realizing the significant role and influences of broadcaster when it comes on
information, this study was conducted to determine the skills, characteristics and
qualifications of the broadcasters in AM stations in Baguio City.
Thus, studying this is important in serving as a reference for the aspiring
broadcaster on how and where to acquire skills and qualifications appropriate for
broadcasting activities.
Statement of the Problem
The study attempted to determine the skills, characteristics and qualifications of
the broadcasters in Baguio City and their sources of skills acquisition. Especially it tried
to answer the following:
1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents?
2. What are the courses preferred by radio station managers and other
qualifications required for applicants?
3. What are the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents?
4. What are the skills and characteristics needed for the specific radio
performances as perceived by the broadcaster?
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AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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5. What are the sources of skills acquisition of the respondents?
6. What are the relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on
their current job?
7. What are the problems did they encounter in broadcasting?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the objective of the study was to determine what are the skills,
characteristics and qualifications of the broadcasters in Baguio City and their sources of
skills acquisition. Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Characterize the respondents of the study;
2. Identify the courses preferred by radio station managers and other
qualifications required for applicants;
3. Determine the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents;
4. Determine the skills and characteristics needed for the specific radio
performances as perceived by the broadcaster;
5. Determine the sources of skills acquisition of the respondents;
6. Determine the relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on
their current job; and
7. Enumerate some of the problems they encounter in broadcasting.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study can serve as a basis for aspiring broadcasters on where to
acquire skills and to improve their qualifications. Also, it could provide the needed
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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information to further improve known strengths and address the weaknesses of
broadcasters and to improve pre-service training of future broadcasters.
It can also provide information for schools offering broadcasting courses like AB
Mass Communication or BS Development Communication on how they can enrich their
course to prepare their students.
Furthermore, the result may also be used by researchers as reference in
conducting further studies related to this.
Scope and Limitation
The study dealt only on the analysis of responses coming from the respondents.
Respondents came from the four AM radio stations namely: DZWT, DZWX, DZEQ and
DZBS. There were a total of 17 respondents from the four AM radio stations including
the four station managers. The respondents were at least 2 years in service.
The study was conducted on January 2011 to February 2011.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City
DZWX. DZWX is an AM commercial radio station owned and managed by
Consolidated Broadcasting system, Inc., under Bombo Radio Philippines. It existed in
1965 as a part of small network, News Sounds Broadcasting Network. The station’s
studio and transmitter are located at Bombo radio broadcast center, No. 87 Lourdes
Subdivision Road, Baguio City (Bombo Radyo Philippines, 2009).
DZWT. DZWT is under the Mountain Province Broadcasting Corporation that
was put up in 1966 by the Missionaries of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) upon
the request of the late MSGR. William Brasseur, then Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate
of Montanosa. The MPBC or DZWT studios were at first located at the Diego Silang
building of Saints Louis University. In 1972, it constructed its own building along
Bonifacio Street. Its transmitter complex is located in Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet
(Catholic Media Network, n.d.).
DZEQ. DZEQ Radyo ng Bayan was established in 1962, it is four years older than
DZWT and it is the oldest radio station in the city. This government radio station is under
the Philippine Broadcasting Service (PBS). Its station and transmitter are located at Polo
Field, Pacdal, Baguio City (Antero, 2003).
DZBS. DZBS Radyo Ronda is an AM radio station, owned by the Government
Communications Group with programming managed by the Solar Entertainment
Corporation, a Filipino Media Company. The Network was previously known as the
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Radio Philippines Network, which remains the legal name of the Network. It started
airing on 1975. The station studios are located at session road, Baguio City (RPN, 2008).
The increasing number of radio station sets and radio stations in developing
countries indicates that radio broadcasting can play a strong role in community
development. The effectiveness of this medium can be further enhanced if radio stations
are localized and geared to programming that meets the specific interests and needs of
special audiences (Gomez, 1975).
Qualifications for Broadcasting
Most employers prefer individuals with a bachelor's degree in journalism or mass
communications, but some hire graduates with other majors. They look for experience at
school newspapers or broadcasting stations, and internships with news organizations.
Large-city newspapers and stations also may prefer candidates with a degree in a subject-
matter specialty such as economics, political science, or business. Some large
broadcasting industry may hire only experienced reporters (United States Department of
Labor, 2010).
More than 1,500 institutions offer programs in communications, journalism, and
related programs. In 2008, more than 100 of these were accredited by the Accrediting
Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. Most of the courses in a
typical curriculum are in liberal arts; the remaining courses are in journalism. The most
important skills for journalism students to learn are writing and communication. Students
planning a career in broadcasting take courses in radio and television news and
production. Those planning newspaper or magazine careers usually specialize in more
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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specific forms of writing. To create stories for online media, they need to learn to use
computer software to combine online story text with audio and video elements and
graphics. High school courses in English, journalism, and social studies provide a good
foundation for college programs. Useful college liberal arts courses include English, with
an emphasis on writing; sociology; political science; economics; history; and psychology.
Courses in computer science, business, and speech are useful as well. Fluency in a
foreign language is necessary in some jobs (United States Department of Labor, 2010).
Employers report that practical experience is the most important part of education
and training. Upon graduation, many students already have gained much practical
experience through part-time or summer jobs or through internships with news
organizations. Most newspapers, magazines, and broadcast news organizations offer
reporting and editing internships. Work on high school and college newspapers, at
broadcasting stations, or on community papers also provides practical training. In
addition, journalism scholarships, fellowships, and assistantships awarded to college
journalism students by universities, newspapers, foundations, and professional
organizations are helpful. Experience as a freelancer or stringer—a part-time reporter
who is paid only for stories printed—is advantageous (United States Department of
Labor, 2010).
However, the KBP implements an accreditation program for announcers as a
means of rais.ing the standard of professionalism in the industry. Unaccredited
announcers may not go on the air in KBP member stations. To be accredited, an
announcer must pass an exam and must be endorsed by a KBP station. Accreditation
entitles an announcer to accident insurance and death benefits. An announcer’s
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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accreditation can be suspended or revoked for violation of the Broadcast Code (KPB,
2007)
Types of Radio Performance
According to the Manual on Radio Broadcasting by the Community Broadcasting
Staff of UPLB (1979), there are several types of radio performance, these are as follows:
The newscaster. In the press news reports, the radio news items should be written
to suit the radio listeners. A newscaster, in addition to his vocal talents should know how
to edit the news with a disciplined knowledge of what is newsworthy. He/she must
prepare the newscast; edit it when necessary; read it for meaning; rehearse it aloud for
proper phrasing and tempo; and determine the correct pronunciation for any unfamiliar
words and names of persons and places. In delivering news, the newscaster should
communicate with vitality, warmth, ease and authority.
The commentator/anchor. Also in the News Commentary, the commentator takes
the news of the day, relates it to past events or to those of the probable future, and
analysis its significance. These broadcasts are given in a less formal manner by the
speaker, who puts a great deal of his personality into such presentations.
The narrator. The narrator is a combination of both announcer and actor, he must
make his listeners “see’ and feel. He describes the actual event or scene and sets the
mood. His voice must be vital, varied and highly sensitive to the emotional implications
of his material.
The moderator. The moderator introduces the subject and the participants often
identifying the viewpoint of each panel member. During the program, the moderator
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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guides the pace of the discussion, avoiding serious digressions from the central them, and
working for a balanced presentation of the material. A good moderator must be well
informed on the subject; adept in asking appropriate questions; gifted in expressing
himself extemporaneously’ witty and diplomatic.
The radio interviewer. An interviewer must be at ease, knowledgeable, vitally
interested in the work of the interviewee, and professional in conducting the interview.
He must be natural, straight-forward and conversational.
The actor. Whatever role is assigned to you, experiment on the voice quality and
pitch all throughout the play and the best thing to do is to understand how the character
thinks feels and reacts. Radio acting requires quick judgment, ability to respond instantly
to direction, and firm control of body, feeling and voice which can be achieved only from
experience and intensive practice.
The disc-jockey. The disc-jockey program requires special talents. It is a one man
program which introduces and talks about and plays popular music recordings, gives
announcements, occasional interviews and commercials or public service
announcements.
The straight announcer. This performer may be required from time to time to
handle almost every radio-speech assignment at a station. Straight-announcer must be
prepared to introduce speakers; announce classical and popular music programs; read
commercials of all types; prepare and conduct interviews; present the news; make station
breaks; and report on the weather. The straight-announcer must be versatile, adaptable, a
quick thinker and indefatigable.
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AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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The news reporter. A news reporter is someone goes out into his community,
finds out what is going on and then brings that back to the station where it is processed
for dissemination to the public. Some reporters specialize in fields such as health, social
events, science business, or religion. Reporters often compose stories and report live from
the scene (United States Department of Labor, 2010 ).
Broadcasting Skills
Competition is tight in radio broadcasting but thousands of young people find jobs
in radio every year. Without the proper skills in broadcasting, landing a job is slim. One
should have a background of intensive training and specialized broadcasting education.
To have an experience is another way of gaining skills. Internship in a local radio station
is a best example. The internship program (Songco, 1988) will be designed to provide the
students adequate exposure to broadcast operations and to provide them with
opportunities to train in as many areas, such as writing, programming, research,
performance, production and merchandising.
In addition to a sound education, there are some important skills a broadcaster
should possess to succeed in radio. First and foremost is the skill to communicate.
Without this ability, an announcer will almost certainly struggle to inform and entertain.
Secondly, the announcer must be able to multi-task, that is, talk and operate equipment at
the same time. There are microphone levels to maintain, the computer play out system to
monitor, station ID’s to fire off, CDs to load, etc. all of which require skill and co-
ordination. The burning desire to be in radio is not exactly a skill but is an attribute one
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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should possess. One must have the burning desire if he/she wants to succeed in radio
(The Ian MacRae Radio School, 2003).
Skills Acquisition for Radio Broadcasting
Experience is said to be the best teacher. More often than not, experience is
equated to age or the length of time one had spent doing a particular task. The longer
people have been in the job, the better they become in performing their tasks. Likewise,
the more knowledgeable they are in a particular task, the better their performance
(Pagaduan, 2003).
In radio broadcasting, it requires also skills and a competence in every
broadcasting activity. As one radio executive said, “an announcer should be such a
friendly voice in a house that the listener is tempted to answer him back”. An announcer
should have a background of intensive training and specialized education which must
become so much a part of him that he and the listeners would be both unconscious of it.
In a formal training is not possible, however, the announcer can, through constant
practice and self-training improve his performance (The Community Broadcasting Staff,
1979).
Unless efforts are taken to train those who are seriously self motivated and have
the initiative to pursue such options as a serious career move, any investment and effort
on this front will be a waste. At the end of the day, the availability of locally skilled
people is a key and efforts in this direction must be well-guided to ensure success
(Cherian, 2010).
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Problems in Broadcasting
As stated by Antero (2003) according to Songco one problem of community
broadcasting is the lack of trained manpower. Songco (1988) also claimed that there is a
need to organize training programs because majority of the available expertise in radio
broadcasting in the country is in national networks. Radio broadcasting had expanded
quite rapidly that small-scale training of personnel could not cope with the rapid change.
But to the credit of Filipino ingenuity, imagination, patience, and industry can give
modest contributions, in spite of the broadcasters’ inadequate training.
In addition, because the broadcasting industry lacked competent manpower, KBP
(Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas) and BMC (Broadcasting Media Council)
started training radio personnel in 1975. BMC’s manpower development program was
done through workshops and seminars, and was intended to upgrade competence in
broadcast operations, management, and writing (Songco, 1988).
Definition of Terms
Skill. The acquired ability of the respondents in practicing or doing the radio
performances. Also means competent excellence in performing broadcasting activities.
Qualification. A condition or circumstance that must be met or complied by the
respondents, qualifying criteria such as completion of require schooling or training, or
acquisition of a degree or diploma. Qualification does not necessarily imply competence.
Characteristics. A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe
recognizably the respondents.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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METHODOLOGY
Time and Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Baguio City (Figures 1 and 2) particularly the four
areas where the four AM radio stations were located. These are the area such as Lourdes
Subdivision where DZWX houses its studios, Bonifacio Street for DZWT, DZEQ at
Pacdal and DZBS at Session Road.
Baguio City is located some 1,500 meters above sea level, nestled within the
Cordillera Central mountain range in Northern Luzon. The City is enclosed by the
province of Benguet. It is known for its mild climate and is nicknamed the “Summer
Capital of the Philippines”.
The study was conducted from January 2011 to February 2011
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the broadcasters of the four Am radio stations
in Baguio City. These were DZEQ at Polo Field, Pacdal; DZBS at Session road; DZWT
at Bonifacio Street; and DZWX at Lourdes Subdivision. There were five respondents
from each station except for DZBS which had only two broadcasters, thus a total of 17
respondents including the station managers.
There was a total of 42 broadcasters in Baguio City during the time of study and
the respondents were chosen through purposive quota sampling. The respondents were
broadcasters for at least two years.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Figure 1. Map of Cordillera showing the locale of the study
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Data Collection
The data collection was done through an interview schedule and with a key
informant interview. The questions were in English and so in conducting the interview,
the researcher tried to use English or Tagalog but some respondents preferred that the
conversation should be in Ilocano.
Data Gathered
The data that were gathered were the following: the socio-demographic
characteristics of the respondents; qualifications required by radio station managers for
the applicants; radio performances assigned to the respondents; skills and characteristics
needed for the specific radio performances as perceived by the broadcaster; sources of
skills acquisition of the respondents; relevant experiences of the respondents before
employment on their current job; and the problems the respondents encountered in
broadcasting.
Data Analysis
The data that was gathered were tabulated, consolidated and analyzed using
frequency and percentage according to the objectives of the study.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
The study had 17 respondents coming from the four AM radio stations in Baguio
City who were purposively chosen.
Table 1 presents the socio-demographic profile characteristics of the respondents
according to age, civil status, sex, degree finished and the number of years in the service.
Age. Among the 17 respondents, 35.29% belonged to the age bracket 41-50. Age
brackets 21-30 and 31-40 had the same number of respondents (29.41%) while 5.88%
belonged to the age bracket 51-60. The youngest was 21 years old and the oldest was 53
years old.
Civil status and sex. In terms of sex, 56.82% of the respondents were male while
41.18% were female. In terms of civil status, majority (76.47%) of the respondents were
married while the rest were single.
Degree. Findings show that all of the respondents had graduated from college.
Majority were graduates of AB Mass Communication, 11.76% finished AB Political
Science and the remaining respondents were graduates of AB English, BS Commerce and
BS Agriculture.
Number of years in service. Majority of the respondents were already in the
service for 2-10 years, 29.41% stayed for 11-20 years, 11.76% make it for 21-30 years
and 5.88% stayed long for 31-40 years. Among the 17 respondents, one was in the
service for 30 years.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Age
21-30
5
29.41
31-40
5
29.41
41-50
6
35.29
51-60
1
5.88%
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Sex
Female
7
41.18
Male
10
58.82
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Civil status
Single
4
23.53
Married
13
76.47
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Degree
AB Mass Communication
12
70.59
AB Political Science
2
11.76
AB English
1
5.88
BS Commerce
1
5.88
BS Agriculture
1
5.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Length in service
2-10
9
52.94
11-20
5
29.41
21-30
2
11.76
31-40
1
5.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Results show that the radio broadcasters from Baguio City were from different
ages, either male or female, were either married or single and had finished different
degrees related to broadcasting.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Qualifications Required by Radio
Station Managers for Applicants
The study shows that all of the four AM radio station managers in Baguio City
require an applicant that must be a college graduate.
Table 2 presents the courses or degree preferred by the station managers. AB
Mass Communication was ranked number one preferred course of an applicant by the
radio station managers. This was followed by BS Development Communication, AB
English and BS Political Science.
The station managers said that trainings and experiences was not necessary
because they will train their applicants at their stations. Amadeo (2011), station manager
of DZEQ added that they welcome fresh graduates to apply. They did not require any
license except for DZEQ which is a government station that required civil service
eligibility. Regarding the age requirement, Carta (2011), station manager of DZWX said
that it is a case to case bases but not more than thirty years old and as long as the
credentials of the applicant is good. Applicants must be in good health, hardworking and
with pleasing personality or work ethics.
Table 2. Station manager’s preferred courses
COURSES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
N=4
AB Mass Communication
4
100
BS Development Communication
3
75
AB English
2
50
AB Political Science
1
25
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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The radio stations required clearances such as NBI, police and barangay
clearances. They also require medical certificates and other essential documents like
official transcript of records, resume and certificates.
Radio Performances Commonly Assigned
to the Respondents
Table 3 shows the radio performances that were usually assigned to the
respondents. Majority (82.35%) of the respondents were performing newscasting;
52.94% were anchoring; others were on to news writing, radio interviewing and field
reporting and moderating.
The result shows that newscasting and anchoring were the commonly assigned
radio performance to the respondents.
Table 3. Radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents
PERFORMANCES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
N=17
News casting
14
82.94
Anchoring
9
52.94
News writing
6
35.29
Radio interviewing
6
35.29
News reporting
6
35.29
Radio moderating
3
17.64
*Multiple responses
Characteristics Needed for a Broadcaster
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
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Newscasting. Table 4 presents the characteristics of a newscaster. Majority
(70.59) of the respondents claimed that a newscaster must be good in delivery which
means having appropriate pronunciations, diction and intonation, 41.18% said must have
a knowledge on the issue, and 35.29% said must have a modulated voice. A modulated
voice means that the voice is not too low and not too high pitched. A newscaster aside
from having those characteristics is expected to write news (29.41%) because sometimes
a news writer can also be the newscaster. Based on the results, a newscaster must also be
credible to the listening public (29.41%), always prepared to newscast when he/she is
needed, responsible to verify facts (23.53%) and well versed in Ilocano (17.65%), the
local dialect in the City and neighboring provinces.
Table 4. Ideal characteristics of a newscaster as perceived by the broadcaster
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Good in delivery
12
70.59
Knowledgeable on the issue
7
41.18
Has a modulated voice
6
35.29
Can write news
5
29.41
Credible
5
29.41
Always prepared to newscast
5
29.4
Responsible to verify facts
4
23.53
Well versed in local dialect
3
17.65
(ilocano)
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
22
Anchoring. Table 5 presents the characteristics of an anchor as enumerated by the
respondents. Most (64.71%) of the respondents said that an anchor/commentator must
have knowledge on the issue and can analyze it. The respondents also claimed that an
anchor must always be prepared to anchor a program in the absence of the other anchor
(35.29%), must be credible (23.53%) enough so that the listeners would believe what
he/she is saying on air. In case of emergency like a part of the script is missing or the
computer bogged down, an anchor/commentator should make an intelligent adlib
(29.41%) that is related to the topic. In addition, an anchor/commentator must well-
versed in Ilocano dialect which is the local dialect (23.53%) of the area and must be
open-minded (17.65%) because usually a commentary program opens comments and
suggestions from the listening public via texting it to their portal numbers.
Table 5. Ideal characteristics of an anchor/commentator as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Knowledge on the issue
11
64.71
Can analyze the issue
11
64.71
Always prepared to anchor
6
35.29
Intelligent adlib
5
29.41
Credible
4
23.53
Well-versed in Ilocano dialect
4
23.53
Open minded
3
17.65
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
23
News reporting. Table 6 presents the characteristics of a news reporter as
enumerated by the respondents. Majority (70.59%)of the respondents claimed that a news
reporter must have a nose for news, he/she must know where to gather news so that
he/she has something to bring back to the station. 52.94% said that a reporter must have
knowledge on the report and in reporting he/she should deliver the news clearly with the
proper pronunciations of words and intonation (41.18%). News reporter often report live
from the scene and being so, he/she should be a fast thinker (35.29%) and keen observant
(29.41%), meaning he/she should be very attentive and ready to construct in his/her mind.
The results corroborates the United States Department of Labor (2010) that states
a nose for news, persistence initiative, poise, resourcefulness, a good memory, and
physical stamina are important for a news reporter, as is the emotional stability to deal
with pressing deadlines, irregular hours, and dangerous assignments.
Table 6. Ideal characteristics of a news reporter as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Has a nose for news
12
70.59
Knowledgeable on the report
9
52.94
Good delivery
7
41.18
Fast thinker
6
35.29
Keen observant
5
29.41
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
24
News writer. Table 7 presents the characteristics of a news writer as mentioned by
the respondents, 41.18% said that a news writer must have good writing skills so that he
can write the details clearly and he/she should have a knowledge on the issue (35.29%)
and as well as updated to write the details clearly and appropriately. Moreover, the
respondents said that a news writer should be flexible (29.41%) and alert (23.53%)
because from time to time they are required to write news as events continuously happens
and they also need to meet the deadlines, he/she must be computer literate (23.53%)
because sometimes according to the respondents, they also need to gather news from the
internet. In addition, a news writer should also has a good choice of word (23.53%) or
can distinguished proper terminologies to avoid confusing the audience listening public,
he/she also must be fluent in Ilocano (23.53%) which is the local dialect of the area.
Table 7. Ideal characteristics of a news writer as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Good writing skills
7
41.18
Knowledgeable on the issue
6
35.29
Updated
6
35.29
Flexible
5
29.41
Alert
4
23.53
Has a good choice of words
4
23.53
Computer literate
4
23.53
Fluent in Ilocano
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
25
Radio interviewer. Table 8 presents the characteristics of a radio interviewer as
pointed out by the respondents. Most (52.94%) of the respondents claimed that a radio
interviewer must have knowledge on the issue so that he/she can prepare appropriate
questions for the interview and 47.06% he/she should be alert to discover leads to
substantiate the information. Meanwhile, 29.41% of the respondents also said that a
radio interviewer also should have knowledge on the background of the interviewee and
credible enough to do the interview. In addition, before the interview, he/she should have
a conditioned mind (23.53%) or his/her mind is set to the interview activity and he/she
can put the interviewee at ease for better flow of the conversation.
This finding substantiates the idea that an interviewer should find out as much as
he can about the interviewee and must be knowledgeable about the issue as mentioned by
the Community Broadcasting Staff (1979).
Table 8. Ideal characteristics of a radio interviewer as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Knowledgeable on the issue
9
52.94
Alert to discover leads
8
47.06
Credible
5
29.41
Knowledgeable on the background
5
29.41
of the interviewee
Can put the interviewee at ease
5
29.41
Conditioned mind
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
26
Radio moderator. Table 9 presents the characteristics of a moderator as
mentioned by the respondents. Majority (64.71%) of the respondents claimed that a radio
moderator must guide the pace of discussion and 52.94% said that a moderator should
know how and when to interfere to avoid moving away from the main track. According
to the respondents, 41.18% of the said that to be better in guiding the pace of discussion a
radio moderator must have knowledge on the issue and also must be adept or proficient in
asking questions and he/she must be polite in speaking to both sides.
This result supports the idea of the Community Broadcasting Staff (1979) that a
good moderator must be well informed on the subject and adept in asking appropriate
questions. During the program, the moderator guides the pace of the discussion and
should know when and how to interfere to avoid serious digressions from the central
them.
Table 9. Ideal characteristics of a radio moderator as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Can guide the pace of discussion
11
64.71
Know how and when to interfere
9
52.94
Knowledgeable on the issue
7
41.18
Adept in asking questions
7
41.18
Good in speaking
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Sources of Skills Acquisition of the
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
27
Respondents
Table 10 shows where the respondents acquired their skills in doing the
broadcasting activities. Majority (76.47) claimed they acquired their skills through their
experiences while 52.94% said they acquired through studying in school. Others said they
acquired it through the seminars and trainings they had attended, self-practice and
through their co-workers.
Results go with what Pagaduan (2003) said that experience is the best teacher.
The longer people have been in the job, the better they become in performing their tasks.
The Community Broadcasting Staff (1979) also stated that if a formal training is not
possible, however, the announcer can, through constant practice and self-training
improve his performance.
In addition, while majority of the respondents acquired their skills through their
experiences and schooling, some of them acquired skills through seminars and trainings
they have attended. According to the respondents, every year the Kapisanan ng mga
Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) and Philippine National Police (PNP) conduct seminars.
These are the KBP Media Seminar and the PNP Press conference and others had attended
seminars like Broadcast management; Investigative journalism; Journalism and
Broadcasting writing; Latest Radio Broadcasting; Agriculture, Environment, Judicial
reporting enhancement for the media and others. Result also shows that self practice is
one way of acquiring skills, as the respondents mentioned that reading the script before
the actual broadcast helps them a lot in delivering the message. Moreover, working and
mingling with others is one way of acquiring skills as claimed by the two respondents.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
28
Table 10. Sources of skills acquisition among the broadcasters
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
Experience
13
76.47
School
9
52.94
Seminars/ Trainings
3
17.64
Self-practice
2
11.76
Co-workers
2
11.76
*Multiple responses
Relevant Experiences before Employment
on their Current Job
Table 11 presents the relevant experiences of the respondent before employment
on their current job. Among the 17 respondents, 70.59% had their internship as one of
their relevant experiences before employment on their current job. According to the
respondents, internship was a requirement in their course. The respondent who had
internship was AB Mass Communication. Moreover, 17.64% said that being a journalist
was their relevant experience. Their experiences included being a disc- jockey and
broadcasters from other station were at the same range of percentage (11.76%). Others
became a TV reporter/host, radio actress and information officer as their relevant
experiences. On the other hand, three respondents had no relevant experiences and were
employed after graduation.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
29
Table 11.Radio broadcasters’ relevant experiences before employment on the current job
EXPERIENCE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
Internship
12
70.59
Journalist
3
17.64
Disc-jockey
2
11.76
Broadcaster (other station)
2
11.76
TV reporter/host
1
5.88
Radio actress
1
5.88
Information officer
1
5.88
*Multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Broadcasting
Problems being encountered by the respondents in relation to broadcasting
activities are shown in Table 12. The leading problem as said by respondents was news
sources refused to be interviewed (41.78%). Some of the respondents claimed they were
threatened to be sued with libel while the same percentage (23.53%) said that there was
no problem. Other problems were lack in resources and some minor problems like the
behavior of their co-workers, harassments, pressure and assigned in far places.
The result shows that the leading problem of the broadcasters was news sources
refused to be interviewed followed by the threats of being sued with libel.
The result of the study shows that some respondents must be flexible and
adaptable to meet up with his or her co-workers and be able to handle pressure and the
problem of being assigned in far places corroborates what the Community Broadcasting
Staff stated that flexibility and adaptability that many young announcers fail.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
30
Table 12. Problems encountered by the respondents
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
News sources refused to
7
41.78
be interviewed
Threats (libel)
4
23.53
None
4
23.53
Lack of resources
3
17.64
Behavior of co-workers
1
5.88
Harassment
1
5.88
Pressure
1
5.88
Assigned in far places
1
5.88
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
31
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted in Baguio City to characterize the respondents of the
study, to identify the courses preferred by radio station managers and other qualifications
required for applicants, to determine the radio performances commonly assigned to the
respondents, determine what are the skills needed for a broadcaster, to determine sources
of skills acquisition of the respondents, to determine what are the respondent’s relevant
experiences before employment on their current job, and to enumerate some of the
problems they encountered in broadcasting.
Interview schedule was used to gather needed information from the 17
respondents who came from the four AM radio stations in Baguio City. Purposively
quota sampling was used in choosing the respondents.
Most of the respondents belonged to the age bracket 41-50, majority of them were
male and had their own families. All the respondents had finished a degree and 70% of
them were a graduate of AB Mass Communication. Most of the respondents were already
in the service for 2-10 years and the longest year a respondent has stayed in the service
was thirty three years.
The four AM radio station managers in Baguio City required an applicant who
had finished at least four year course in college. AB Mass Communication was the most
preferred course, followed by BS Development Communication, AB English and AB
Political Science.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
32
The top five radio performances that usually assigned to the respondents were
News casting, Anchoring, News reporting, News writing and Radio interviewing. Finding
shows that good in delivering the news and knowledgeable on the issue were the most
preferred characteristics of the newscaster. Most of the respondents also pointed out that
an anchor should have knowledge on the issue and can analyze the issue and the
respondents said that a news reporter should also have a nose for news and have
knowledge on the report. Study also shows that a news writer must be good in writing
skills and have knowledge on the issue while a radio interviewer must have knowledge
on the issue and alert to discover leads.
The study reveals that majority of the respondents acquired their skills through
their experience and others acquired their skills in school and the trainings and seminar
they have attended. It reflects here in the study that those who graduated AB Mass
Communication had their internship as one of their relevant experiences before
employment on their current job.
About the problems that the respondents encountered, news sources who refuse to
be interviewed ranked number one followed by the threats they receive such as libel
cases. Meanwhile, some of the respondents mentioned that they had a problem regarding
the behavior of their co-workers, harassments, pressure and being assigned in far places.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived;
1. The broadcasters were considered qualified based on their profile.
2. Applicants who finished communication-related courses are still preferred by
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
33
radio station managers in Baguio City.
3. Newscasters were usually assigned to different radio performances.
4. Mastery of the topic and good delivery are still the ideal characteristics that a
radio broadcaster should have.
5. Experience and internship related to radio broadcasting contribute a lot to
the development and enhancement of the respondents.
6. Issues on news sources refusing to be interviewed is still common to radio
broadcasting practice.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended.
1. Broadcasters should continue seeking for a solution to the problems they are
encountering.
2. Aspiring broadcasters should involve themselves in any related experiences as
early as they can.
3. Schools offering broadcasting subjects should integrate training of students so
their students can acquire the skills needed for broadcaster.
4. Study on qualifications acquisition of the radio broadcaster is recommended.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
34
LITERATURE CITED
AMADEO, A. 2011. Qualifications Required by the Radio Station Managers.
(personal interview).
ANTERO, I.W. 2003. Development Plugs Aired over the Three Am stations in Baguio
City. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-20.
BOMBO RADIO PHILIPPINES. 2009. DZWX Profile. Retrieved December 2, 2010
from http://www.bomboradyo.com/index.php/stations/am/baguio
CARTA, E. O. 2011. Qualifications Required by the radio Station Managers.
(personal interview).
CATHOLIC MEDIA NETWORK. n.d. DZWT Profile. Retrieved on August 27, 2010
from http://www.catholicmedianetwork.org/radio/DZWTprofile.htm
CHERIAN, V. 2010. Local broadcasters must invest in skills. Retrieved February 22,
2010 from http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-2338-arab-world-lacks-
operational-skills/
GOMEZ, E.D. 1975. Using Local Radio Stations in Community Development in
Readings in Development Communication. Department of Development
Communication, CA, UPLB College, Laguna, Philippines. Pp.9
KAPISANAN NA MGA BROKASTER NG PILIPINAS. 2007. Announcers’
Accreditation. Retrieved on December 13, 2010 from http://www.kbp.org.ph
PAGADUAN, C. P. 2003. Professional Competence of Supervising Teachers and Their
Effectiveness in Clinical Supervision Activities. MS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.13.
RADIO PHILIPPINES NETWORK. 2008. DZBS Profile. Retrieved on December 2,
2010 http://www.rpn9.com/about_us.htm
SONGCO, E. I. 1988. Fundamentals of Radio Broadcasting in the Philippine
Communication: An Introduction. Philippine Association of Communication
Educators. New day Publishers. Quezon City. Pp. 199-210
THE COMMUNITY BROADCASTING STAFF. 1979. A Manual on Radio
Broadcasting, Laguna, UPLB. Pp. 213-220
THE IAN MACRAE RADIO SCHOOL. 2003. Skills. Retrieved March 10, 2010 from
http://www.radioschool.biz
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
35
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 2010. Occupational Outlook
handbook, 2010-11 Edition. Retrieved on march 15, 2011 from
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos088.htm
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
36
APPENDIX A
Interview Schedule
Station: ______________
I Socio-Demographic Profile
Name: (Optional) ______________________
Age: ___________
Sex:
___female
___male
Civil Status: ___single
___married
Educational Attainment: _________________
Degree: _________________
No. of years in service: _____________
II Radio Performances
1. What are the radio performances commonly assigned to you?
___newscaster
___news reporter
___anchor/commentator
___news writer
___radio moderator
___others (pls. specify)
___radio interviewer
III Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster
1. What are the characteristics needed for the following?
Newscaster
News writer
___has a modulated voice
___can edit news
___good in delivery
___write detail clearly
___knowledgeable
___updated
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Anchor/Commentator
News reporter
___knowledgeable
___good in delivery
___can analyze the issue
___good voice
___updated
___good communication skills
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Radio interviewer
Radio moderator
___alert to discover leads
___can guide the pace of
___can put interviewee at ease
discussion
___knowledgeable about the
___adept in asking questions
interviewee
___know when to interfere
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
37
IV Sources of Skills Acquisition
1. Where did you acquire your skills?
___Experiences
___School
___Training/Seminars
___others (pls. specify)
2. Could you enumerate some of the seminars you have attended?
TITLE OF SEMINARS
YEAR
PLACE
SPONSOR
V Relevant Experiences
1. What are your relevant experiences before employment on your current job?
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
VI Problems Encountered
1. What are the problems you encounter related to broadcasting activities?
___hard time in gathering information
___hard time in delivering information
___hard time in ad lib
___dealing with other people
___others (pls. specify
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
38
For Station Managers
Station: ___________________
Name: (optional) ________________________
I Qualification Required by the Radio Station Managers
1. What must be the educational attainment of the applicant?
___high school graduate
___college undergraduate
___college graduate
2. What are your preferred courses?
___Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication
___Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
___others (pls. specify)
3. Do you require an applicant who have undergone training and has past
experiences?
___ Yes
___ No
4. Do you require any license? What kind of license?
5. What clearances do you require?
___ NBI
___ Police
___ Barangay
6. Is there an age limit for the applicant?
7. What are the other qualifications?
___good health
___hardworking
___pleasing personality
___others (pls. specify)
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
39
APPENDIX B
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 26, 2011
Malou Laxamana Pascual
Station Manager
RPN DZBS Radyo Ronda
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
40
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 28, 2011
Alejandrino Amadeo
Station Manager
DZEQ - Baguio
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
41
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
February 2, 2011
Rev Fr. Paul C. Basilio
Station Manager
DZWT Radyo Totoo
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
42
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 28, 2011
Eddie O. Carta
Station Manager
Bombo Radio Baguio
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011. Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as
Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Anna Liza B. Wakat, Mdc
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in Baguio City to characterized the respondents of the study,
identified the courses preferred by radio station managers and other qualifications required for
applicants, determined the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents, what are
the skills needed for a broadcaster, sources of skills acquisition of the respondents, what are the
respondent’s relevant experiences before employment on their current job, and enumerated some
of the problems they encountered in broadcasting.
Interview schedule was used to gather needed information from the 17 respondents who
came from the four AM radio stations in Baguio City. Purposively quota sampling was used in
choosing the respondents.
Most of the respondents belonged to the age bracket 41-50, majority of them were male
and had their own families. All the respondents had finished a degree and majority of them were
a graduate of AB Mass Communication. Most of the respondents were already in the service for
2-10 years. AB Mass Communication, BS Development Communication, AB English and AB
Political Science were the most preferred courses by the radio station managers. News casting is
the common radio performance that was usually assigned to the respondents. Good in delivering
and knowledgeable on the issue are the common characteristics of a radio broadcaster. The study
reveals that majority of the respondents acquired their skills through their experience and others
acquired their skills in school and the trainings and seminar they have attended. Internship is the
common relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on their current job. The
leading problem that was encountered by the respondents is news sources who refuse to be
interviewed.
It is recommended by the researcher that the radio broadcaster should continue seeking
for a solution to the problems they are encountering and aspiring broadcasters should involve
themselves in any related experiences as early as they can.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………… iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
Rationale ………………………………………………………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 2
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………... 3
Importance of the Study ……………………………………………….. 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study …………………………………...... 4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………. 5
AM Radio stations in Baguio City …………………………………….. 5
Qualifications for Broadcasting ………………………………………... 6
Types of Radio Performance …………………………………………... 8
Broadcasting Skills ……………………………………………………. 10
Skills Acquisition for Radio Broadcasting ……………………………. 11
Problems in Broadcasting ……………………………………………… 12
Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………. 12
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………. 13
Time and Locale of the Study …………………………………………. 13
Respondents of the Study ……………………………………………… 13
Data Collection ………………………………………………………... 16
Data Gathered ………………………………………………………….. 16
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….. 16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………. 17
Socio-demographic Profile of the
Respondents …………………………………………………………… 17
Qualifications Required by Radio
Station Managers for Applications …………………………………….. 19
Radio Performances commonly
Assigned to the Respondents …………………………………………... 20
Characteristics Needed for a
Broadcaster …………………………………………………………….. 21
Sources of Skills Acquisition of
the Respondents ………………………………………………………... 27
Relevant Experiences before
Employment n their Current Job ………………………………………. 28
Problems Encountered in
Broadcasting …………………………………………………………… 29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION S ……………… 31
Summary ……………………………………………………………….. 31
Conclusions …………………………………………………………….. 32
Recommendations ……………………………………………………… 33
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………………… 34
APPENDIX
A. Interview Schedule ………………………………………………… 35
B. Communication Letters ……………………………………………. 38
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
In the beginning, radio broadcasting was treated as a commercial enterprise when
it was introduced to us by the Americans. When people had realized that the broadcasting
industry was a good commercial investment, more radio stations were set up and
scattered in the whole Philippines. In Baguio City, there are four AM radio stations
actively operating at present. These are the DZWX – Bombo Radyo, DZWT – Radyo
Totoo, DZEQ – Radyo ng Bayan, and DZBS – Radyo Ronda.
Songco (1988) said that radio broadcasting had expanded quite fast that small
scale training of personnel could not cope with the rapid change. As keenly observed by
veteran broadcaster Francisco “Koko” Trinidad said that the training of most of the
people engaged in the various phases of broadcasting has remained incomplete.
Competition is tight in radio broadcasting. Without the proper broadcasting skills,
the chance of landing any broadcasting job is slim. With that, one should have a
background of intensive training and specialized broadcasting education.
A broadcaster must realize that radio is only a tool that it is only useful to the
extent that the user knows how to use it. This means that a broadcaster will have to
combine mastery of the tool and the basic knowledge of communication to really be more
effective in extending relevant information to the listeners.
According to The Community Broadcasting Staff (1979), there are several types
of radio performances such as News casting, Narrating, Radio Interviewing, Acting,
Disc- Jockeying and Straight Announcing. All of these radio performances require
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special skills and skills do not just appear out of thin air. People are born with talent, but
we all need to acquire our skills.
In Baguio City, four AM radio stations and numerous broadcasters compete with
each other for audience listenership. Many factors affect the radio preferences of the
listeners, maybe the programs, clarity of signal and or the qualification of the broadcaster
in delivering the information.
Realizing the significant role and influences of broadcaster when it comes on
information, this study was conducted to determine the skills, characteristics and
qualifications of the broadcasters in AM stations in Baguio City.
Thus, studying this is important in serving as a reference for the aspiring
broadcaster on how and where to acquire skills and qualifications appropriate for
broadcasting activities.
Statement of the Problem
The study attempted to determine the skills, characteristics and qualifications of
the broadcasters in Baguio City and their sources of skills acquisition. Especially it tried
to answer the following:
1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents?
2. What are the courses preferred by radio station managers and other
qualifications required for applicants?
3. What are the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents?
4. What are the skills and characteristics needed for the specific radio
performances as perceived by the broadcaster?
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5. What are the sources of skills acquisition of the respondents?
6. What are the relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on
their current job?
7. What are the problems did they encounter in broadcasting?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the objective of the study was to determine what are the skills,
characteristics and qualifications of the broadcasters in Baguio City and their sources of
skills acquisition. Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Characterize the respondents of the study;
2. Identify the courses preferred by radio station managers and other
qualifications required for applicants;
3. Determine the radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents;
4. Determine the skills and characteristics needed for the specific radio
performances as perceived by the broadcaster;
5. Determine the sources of skills acquisition of the respondents;
6. Determine the relevant experiences of the respondents before employment on
their current job; and
7. Enumerate some of the problems they encounter in broadcasting.
Importance of the Study
The result of the study can serve as a basis for aspiring broadcasters on where to
acquire skills and to improve their qualifications. Also, it could provide the needed
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information to further improve known strengths and address the weaknesses of
broadcasters and to improve pre-service training of future broadcasters.
It can also provide information for schools offering broadcasting courses like AB
Mass Communication or BS Development Communication on how they can enrich their
course to prepare their students.
Furthermore, the result may also be used by researchers as reference in
conducting further studies related to this.
Scope and Limitation
The study dealt only on the analysis of responses coming from the respondents.
Respondents came from the four AM radio stations namely: DZWT, DZWX, DZEQ and
DZBS. There were a total of 17 respondents from the four AM radio stations including
the four station managers. The respondents were at least 2 years in service.
The study was conducted on January 2011 to February 2011.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City
DZWX. DZWX is an AM commercial radio station owned and managed by
Consolidated Broadcasting system, Inc., under Bombo Radio Philippines. It existed in
1965 as a part of small network, News Sounds Broadcasting Network. The station’s
studio and transmitter are located at Bombo radio broadcast center, No. 87 Lourdes
Subdivision Road, Baguio City (Bombo Radyo Philippines, 2009).
DZWT. DZWT is under the Mountain Province Broadcasting Corporation that
was put up in 1966 by the Missionaries of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) upon
the request of the late MSGR. William Brasseur, then Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate
of Montanosa. The MPBC or DZWT studios were at first located at the Diego Silang
building of Saints Louis University. In 1972, it constructed its own building along
Bonifacio Street. Its transmitter complex is located in Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet
(Catholic Media Network, n.d.).
DZEQ. DZEQ Radyo ng Bayan was established in 1962, it is four years older than
DZWT and it is the oldest radio station in the city. This government radio station is under
the Philippine Broadcasting Service (PBS). Its station and transmitter are located at Polo
Field, Pacdal, Baguio City (Antero, 2003).
DZBS. DZBS Radyo Ronda is an AM radio station, owned by the Government
Communications Group with programming managed by the Solar Entertainment
Corporation, a Filipino Media Company. The Network was previously known as the
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Radio Philippines Network, which remains the legal name of the Network. It started
airing on 1975. The station studios are located at session road, Baguio City (RPN, 2008).
The increasing number of radio station sets and radio stations in developing
countries indicates that radio broadcasting can play a strong role in community
development. The effectiveness of this medium can be further enhanced if radio stations
are localized and geared to programming that meets the specific interests and needs of
special audiences (Gomez, 1975).
Qualifications for Broadcasting
Most employers prefer individuals with a bachelor's degree in journalism or mass
communications, but some hire graduates with other majors. They look for experience at
school newspapers or broadcasting stations, and internships with news organizations.
Large-city newspapers and stations also may prefer candidates with a degree in a subject-
matter specialty such as economics, political science, or business. Some large
broadcasting industry may hire only experienced reporters (United States Department of
Labor, 2010).
More than 1,500 institutions offer programs in communications, journalism, and
related programs. In 2008, more than 100 of these were accredited by the Accrediting
Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. Most of the courses in a
typical curriculum are in liberal arts; the remaining courses are in journalism. The most
important skills for journalism students to learn are writing and communication. Students
planning a career in broadcasting take courses in radio and television news and
production. Those planning newspaper or magazine careers usually specialize in more
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specific forms of writing. To create stories for online media, they need to learn to use
computer software to combine online story text with audio and video elements and
graphics. High school courses in English, journalism, and social studies provide a good
foundation for college programs. Useful college liberal arts courses include English, with
an emphasis on writing; sociology; political science; economics; history; and psychology.
Courses in computer science, business, and speech are useful as well. Fluency in a
foreign language is necessary in some jobs (United States Department of Labor, 2010).
Employers report that practical experience is the most important part of education
and training. Upon graduation, many students already have gained much practical
experience through part-time or summer jobs or through internships with news
organizations. Most newspapers, magazines, and broadcast news organizations offer
reporting and editing internships. Work on high school and college newspapers, at
broadcasting stations, or on community papers also provides practical training. In
addition, journalism scholarships, fellowships, and assistantships awarded to college
journalism students by universities, newspapers, foundations, and professional
organizations are helpful. Experience as a freelancer or stringer—a part-time reporter
who is paid only for stories printed—is advantageous (United States Department of
Labor, 2010).
However, the KBP implements an accreditation program for announcers as a
means of rais.ing the standard of professionalism in the industry. Unaccredited
announcers may not go on the air in KBP member stations. To be accredited, an
announcer must pass an exam and must be endorsed by a KBP station. Accreditation
entitles an announcer to accident insurance and death benefits. An announcer’s
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accreditation can be suspended or revoked for violation of the Broadcast Code (KPB,
2007)
Types of Radio Performance
According to the Manual on Radio Broadcasting by the Community Broadcasting
Staff of UPLB (1979), there are several types of radio performance, these are as follows:
The newscaster. In the press news reports, the radio news items should be written
to suit the radio listeners. A newscaster, in addition to his vocal talents should know how
to edit the news with a disciplined knowledge of what is newsworthy. He/she must
prepare the newscast; edit it when necessary; read it for meaning; rehearse it aloud for
proper phrasing and tempo; and determine the correct pronunciation for any unfamiliar
words and names of persons and places. In delivering news, the newscaster should
communicate with vitality, warmth, ease and authority.
The commentator/anchor. Also in the News Commentary, the commentator takes
the news of the day, relates it to past events or to those of the probable future, and
analysis its significance. These broadcasts are given in a less formal manner by the
speaker, who puts a great deal of his personality into such presentations.
The narrator. The narrator is a combination of both announcer and actor, he must
make his listeners “see’ and feel. He describes the actual event or scene and sets the
mood. His voice must be vital, varied and highly sensitive to the emotional implications
of his material.
The moderator. The moderator introduces the subject and the participants often
identifying the viewpoint of each panel member. During the program, the moderator
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guides the pace of the discussion, avoiding serious digressions from the central them, and
working for a balanced presentation of the material. A good moderator must be well
informed on the subject; adept in asking appropriate questions; gifted in expressing
himself extemporaneously’ witty and diplomatic.
The radio interviewer. An interviewer must be at ease, knowledgeable, vitally
interested in the work of the interviewee, and professional in conducting the interview.
He must be natural, straight-forward and conversational.
The actor. Whatever role is assigned to you, experiment on the voice quality and
pitch all throughout the play and the best thing to do is to understand how the character
thinks feels and reacts. Radio acting requires quick judgment, ability to respond instantly
to direction, and firm control of body, feeling and voice which can be achieved only from
experience and intensive practice.
The disc-jockey. The disc-jockey program requires special talents. It is a one man
program which introduces and talks about and plays popular music recordings, gives
announcements, occasional interviews and commercials or public service
announcements.
The straight announcer. This performer may be required from time to time to
handle almost every radio-speech assignment at a station. Straight-announcer must be
prepared to introduce speakers; announce classical and popular music programs; read
commercials of all types; prepare and conduct interviews; present the news; make station
breaks; and report on the weather. The straight-announcer must be versatile, adaptable, a
quick thinker and indefatigable.
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The news reporter. A news reporter is someone goes out into his community,
finds out what is going on and then brings that back to the station where it is processed
for dissemination to the public. Some reporters specialize in fields such as health, social
events, science business, or religion. Reporters often compose stories and report live from
the scene (United States Department of Labor, 2010 ).
Broadcasting Skills
Competition is tight in radio broadcasting but thousands of young people find jobs
in radio every year. Without the proper skills in broadcasting, landing a job is slim. One
should have a background of intensive training and specialized broadcasting education.
To have an experience is another way of gaining skills. Internship in a local radio station
is a best example. The internship program (Songco, 1988) will be designed to provide the
students adequate exposure to broadcast operations and to provide them with
opportunities to train in as many areas, such as writing, programming, research,
performance, production and merchandising.
In addition to a sound education, there are some important skills a broadcaster
should possess to succeed in radio. First and foremost is the skill to communicate.
Without this ability, an announcer will almost certainly struggle to inform and entertain.
Secondly, the announcer must be able to multi-task, that is, talk and operate equipment at
the same time. There are microphone levels to maintain, the computer play out system to
monitor, station ID’s to fire off, CDs to load, etc. all of which require skill and co-
ordination. The burning desire to be in radio is not exactly a skill but is an attribute one
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should possess. One must have the burning desire if he/she wants to succeed in radio
(The Ian MacRae Radio School, 2003).
Skills Acquisition for Radio Broadcasting
Experience is said to be the best teacher. More often than not, experience is
equated to age or the length of time one had spent doing a particular task. The longer
people have been in the job, the better they become in performing their tasks. Likewise,
the more knowledgeable they are in a particular task, the better their performance
(Pagaduan, 2003).
In radio broadcasting, it requires also skills and a competence in every
broadcasting activity. As one radio executive said, “an announcer should be such a
friendly voice in a house that the listener is tempted to answer him back”. An announcer
should have a background of intensive training and specialized education which must
become so much a part of him that he and the listeners would be both unconscious of it.
In a formal training is not possible, however, the announcer can, through constant
practice and self-training improve his performance (The Community Broadcasting Staff,
1979).
Unless efforts are taken to train those who are seriously self motivated and have
the initiative to pursue such options as a serious career move, any investment and effort
on this front will be a waste. At the end of the day, the availability of locally skilled
people is a key and efforts in this direction must be well-guided to ensure success
(Cherian, 2010).
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Problems in Broadcasting
As stated by Antero (2003) according to Songco one problem of community
broadcasting is the lack of trained manpower. Songco (1988) also claimed that there is a
need to organize training programs because majority of the available expertise in radio
broadcasting in the country is in national networks. Radio broadcasting had expanded
quite rapidly that small-scale training of personnel could not cope with the rapid change.
But to the credit of Filipino ingenuity, imagination, patience, and industry can give
modest contributions, in spite of the broadcasters’ inadequate training.
In addition, because the broadcasting industry lacked competent manpower, KBP
(Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas) and BMC (Broadcasting Media Council)
started training radio personnel in 1975. BMC’s manpower development program was
done through workshops and seminars, and was intended to upgrade competence in
broadcast operations, management, and writing (Songco, 1988).
Definition of Terms
Skill. The acquired ability of the respondents in practicing or doing the radio
performances. Also means competent excellence in performing broadcasting activities.
Qualification. A condition or circumstance that must be met or complied by the
respondents, qualifying criteria such as completion of require schooling or training, or
acquisition of a degree or diploma. Qualification does not necessarily imply competence.
Characteristics. A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe
recognizably the respondents.
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METHODOLOGY
Time and Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in Baguio City (Figures 1 and 2) particularly the four
areas where the four AM radio stations were located. These are the area such as Lourdes
Subdivision where DZWX houses its studios, Bonifacio Street for DZWT, DZEQ at
Pacdal and DZBS at Session Road.
Baguio City is located some 1,500 meters above sea level, nestled within the
Cordillera Central mountain range in Northern Luzon. The City is enclosed by the
province of Benguet. It is known for its mild climate and is nicknamed the “Summer
Capital of the Philippines”.
The study was conducted from January 2011 to February 2011
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the broadcasters of the four Am radio stations
in Baguio City. These were DZEQ at Polo Field, Pacdal; DZBS at Session road; DZWT
at Bonifacio Street; and DZWX at Lourdes Subdivision. There were five respondents
from each station except for DZBS which had only two broadcasters, thus a total of 17
respondents including the station managers.
There was a total of 42 broadcasters in Baguio City during the time of study and
the respondents were chosen through purposive quota sampling. The respondents were
broadcasters for at least two years.
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Figure 1. Map of Cordillera showing the locale of the study
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Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
16
Data Collection
The data collection was done through an interview schedule and with a key
informant interview. The questions were in English and so in conducting the interview,
the researcher tried to use English or Tagalog but some respondents preferred that the
conversation should be in Ilocano.
Data Gathered
The data that were gathered were the following: the socio-demographic
characteristics of the respondents; qualifications required by radio station managers for
the applicants; radio performances assigned to the respondents; skills and characteristics
needed for the specific radio performances as perceived by the broadcaster; sources of
skills acquisition of the respondents; relevant experiences of the respondents before
employment on their current job; and the problems the respondents encountered in
broadcasting.
Data Analysis
The data that was gathered were tabulated, consolidated and analyzed using
frequency and percentage according to the objectives of the study.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents
The study had 17 respondents coming from the four AM radio stations in Baguio
City who were purposively chosen.
Table 1 presents the socio-demographic profile characteristics of the respondents
according to age, civil status, sex, degree finished and the number of years in the service.
Age. Among the 17 respondents, 35.29% belonged to the age bracket 41-50. Age
brackets 21-30 and 31-40 had the same number of respondents (29.41%) while 5.88%
belonged to the age bracket 51-60. The youngest was 21 years old and the oldest was 53
years old.
Civil status and sex. In terms of sex, 56.82% of the respondents were male while
41.18% were female. In terms of civil status, majority (76.47%) of the respondents were
married while the rest were single.
Degree. Findings show that all of the respondents had graduated from college.
Majority were graduates of AB Mass Communication, 11.76% finished AB Political
Science and the remaining respondents were graduates of AB English, BS Commerce and
BS Agriculture.
Number of years in service. Majority of the respondents were already in the
service for 2-10 years, 29.41% stayed for 11-20 years, 11.76% make it for 21-30 years
and 5.88% stayed long for 31-40 years. Among the 17 respondents, one was in the
service for 30 years.
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Table 1. Profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Age
21-30
5
29.41
31-40
5
29.41
41-50
6
35.29
51-60
1
5.88%
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Sex
Female
7
41.18
Male
10
58.82
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Civil status
Single
4
23.53
Married
13
76.47
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Degree
AB Mass Communication
12
70.59
AB Political Science
2
11.76
AB English
1
5.88
BS Commerce
1
5.88
BS Agriculture
1
5.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Length in service
2-10
9
52.94
11-20
5
29.41
21-30
2
11.76
31-40
1
5.88
________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
17
100
Results show that the radio broadcasters from Baguio City were from different
ages, either male or female, were either married or single and had finished different
degrees related to broadcasting.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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Qualifications Required by Radio
Station Managers for Applicants
The study shows that all of the four AM radio station managers in Baguio City
require an applicant that must be a college graduate.
Table 2 presents the courses or degree preferred by the station managers. AB
Mass Communication was ranked number one preferred course of an applicant by the
radio station managers. This was followed by BS Development Communication, AB
English and BS Political Science.
The station managers said that trainings and experiences was not necessary
because they will train their applicants at their stations. Amadeo (2011), station manager
of DZEQ added that they welcome fresh graduates to apply. They did not require any
license except for DZEQ which is a government station that required civil service
eligibility. Regarding the age requirement, Carta (2011), station manager of DZWX said
that it is a case to case bases but not more than thirty years old and as long as the
credentials of the applicant is good. Applicants must be in good health, hardworking and
with pleasing personality or work ethics.
Table 2. Station manager’s preferred courses
COURSES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
N=4
AB Mass Communication
4
100
BS Development Communication
3
75
AB English
2
50
AB Political Science
1
25
*Multiple responses
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The radio stations required clearances such as NBI, police and barangay
clearances. They also require medical certificates and other essential documents like
official transcript of records, resume and certificates.
Radio Performances Commonly Assigned
to the Respondents
Table 3 shows the radio performances that were usually assigned to the
respondents. Majority (82.35%) of the respondents were performing newscasting;
52.94% were anchoring; others were on to news writing, radio interviewing and field
reporting and moderating.
The result shows that newscasting and anchoring were the commonly assigned
radio performance to the respondents.
Table 3. Radio performances commonly assigned to the respondents
PERFORMANCES
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
N=17
News casting
14
82.94
Anchoring
9
52.94
News writing
6
35.29
Radio interviewing
6
35.29
News reporting
6
35.29
Radio moderating
3
17.64
*Multiple responses
Characteristics Needed for a Broadcaster
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Newscasting. Table 4 presents the characteristics of a newscaster. Majority
(70.59) of the respondents claimed that a newscaster must be good in delivery which
means having appropriate pronunciations, diction and intonation, 41.18% said must have
a knowledge on the issue, and 35.29% said must have a modulated voice. A modulated
voice means that the voice is not too low and not too high pitched. A newscaster aside
from having those characteristics is expected to write news (29.41%) because sometimes
a news writer can also be the newscaster. Based on the results, a newscaster must also be
credible to the listening public (29.41%), always prepared to newscast when he/she is
needed, responsible to verify facts (23.53%) and well versed in Ilocano (17.65%), the
local dialect in the City and neighboring provinces.
Table 4. Ideal characteristics of a newscaster as perceived by the broadcaster
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Good in delivery
12
70.59
Knowledgeable on the issue
7
41.18
Has a modulated voice
6
35.29
Can write news
5
29.41
Credible
5
29.41
Always prepared to newscast
5
29.4
Responsible to verify facts
4
23.53
Well versed in local dialect
3
17.65
(ilocano)
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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Anchoring. Table 5 presents the characteristics of an anchor as enumerated by the
respondents. Most (64.71%) of the respondents said that an anchor/commentator must
have knowledge on the issue and can analyze it. The respondents also claimed that an
anchor must always be prepared to anchor a program in the absence of the other anchor
(35.29%), must be credible (23.53%) enough so that the listeners would believe what
he/she is saying on air. In case of emergency like a part of the script is missing or the
computer bogged down, an anchor/commentator should make an intelligent adlib
(29.41%) that is related to the topic. In addition, an anchor/commentator must well-
versed in Ilocano dialect which is the local dialect (23.53%) of the area and must be
open-minded (17.65%) because usually a commentary program opens comments and
suggestions from the listening public via texting it to their portal numbers.
Table 5. Ideal characteristics of an anchor/commentator as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Knowledge on the issue
11
64.71
Can analyze the issue
11
64.71
Always prepared to anchor
6
35.29
Intelligent adlib
5
29.41
Credible
4
23.53
Well-versed in Ilocano dialect
4
23.53
Open minded
3
17.65
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
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News reporting. Table 6 presents the characteristics of a news reporter as
enumerated by the respondents. Majority (70.59%)of the respondents claimed that a news
reporter must have a nose for news, he/she must know where to gather news so that
he/she has something to bring back to the station. 52.94% said that a reporter must have
knowledge on the report and in reporting he/she should deliver the news clearly with the
proper pronunciations of words and intonation (41.18%). News reporter often report live
from the scene and being so, he/she should be a fast thinker (35.29%) and keen observant
(29.41%), meaning he/she should be very attentive and ready to construct in his/her mind.
The results corroborates the United States Department of Labor (2010) that states
a nose for news, persistence initiative, poise, resourcefulness, a good memory, and
physical stamina are important for a news reporter, as is the emotional stability to deal
with pressing deadlines, irregular hours, and dangerous assignments.
Table 6. Ideal characteristics of a news reporter as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Has a nose for news
12
70.59
Knowledgeable on the report
9
52.94
Good delivery
7
41.18
Fast thinker
6
35.29
Keen observant
5
29.41
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
24
News writer. Table 7 presents the characteristics of a news writer as mentioned by
the respondents, 41.18% said that a news writer must have good writing skills so that he
can write the details clearly and he/she should have a knowledge on the issue (35.29%)
and as well as updated to write the details clearly and appropriately. Moreover, the
respondents said that a news writer should be flexible (29.41%) and alert (23.53%)
because from time to time they are required to write news as events continuously happens
and they also need to meet the deadlines, he/she must be computer literate (23.53%)
because sometimes according to the respondents, they also need to gather news from the
internet. In addition, a news writer should also has a good choice of word (23.53%) or
can distinguished proper terminologies to avoid confusing the audience listening public,
he/she also must be fluent in Ilocano (23.53%) which is the local dialect of the area.
Table 7. Ideal characteristics of a news writer as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Good writing skills
7
41.18
Knowledgeable on the issue
6
35.29
Updated
6
35.29
Flexible
5
29.41
Alert
4
23.53
Has a good choice of words
4
23.53
Computer literate
4
23.53
Fluent in Ilocano
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
25
Radio interviewer. Table 8 presents the characteristics of a radio interviewer as
pointed out by the respondents. Most (52.94%) of the respondents claimed that a radio
interviewer must have knowledge on the issue so that he/she can prepare appropriate
questions for the interview and 47.06% he/she should be alert to discover leads to
substantiate the information. Meanwhile, 29.41% of the respondents also said that a
radio interviewer also should have knowledge on the background of the interviewee and
credible enough to do the interview. In addition, before the interview, he/she should have
a conditioned mind (23.53%) or his/her mind is set to the interview activity and he/she
can put the interviewee at ease for better flow of the conversation.
This finding substantiates the idea that an interviewer should find out as much as
he can about the interviewee and must be knowledgeable about the issue as mentioned by
the Community Broadcasting Staff (1979).
Table 8. Ideal characteristics of a radio interviewer as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Knowledgeable on the issue
9
52.94
Alert to discover leads
8
47.06
Credible
5
29.41
Knowledgeable on the background
5
29.41
of the interviewee
Can put the interviewee at ease
5
29.41
Conditioned mind
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
26
Radio moderator. Table 9 presents the characteristics of a moderator as
mentioned by the respondents. Majority (64.71%) of the respondents claimed that a radio
moderator must guide the pace of discussion and 52.94% said that a moderator should
know how and when to interfere to avoid moving away from the main track. According
to the respondents, 41.18% of the said that to be better in guiding the pace of discussion a
radio moderator must have knowledge on the issue and also must be adept or proficient in
asking questions and he/she must be polite in speaking to both sides.
This result supports the idea of the Community Broadcasting Staff (1979) that a
good moderator must be well informed on the subject and adept in asking appropriate
questions. During the program, the moderator guides the pace of the discussion and
should know when and how to interfere to avoid serious digressions from the central
them.
Table 9. Ideal characteristics of a radio moderator as perceived by the broadcasters
CHARACTERISTICS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Can guide the pace of discussion
11
64.71
Know how and when to interfere
9
52.94
Knowledgeable on the issue
7
41.18
Adept in asking questions
7
41.18
Good in speaking
4
23.53
*Multiple responses
Sources of Skills Acquisition of the
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
27
Respondents
Table 10 shows where the respondents acquired their skills in doing the
broadcasting activities. Majority (76.47) claimed they acquired their skills through their
experiences while 52.94% said they acquired through studying in school. Others said they
acquired it through the seminars and trainings they had attended, self-practice and
through their co-workers.
Results go with what Pagaduan (2003) said that experience is the best teacher.
The longer people have been in the job, the better they become in performing their tasks.
The Community Broadcasting Staff (1979) also stated that if a formal training is not
possible, however, the announcer can, through constant practice and self-training
improve his performance.
In addition, while majority of the respondents acquired their skills through their
experiences and schooling, some of them acquired skills through seminars and trainings
they have attended. According to the respondents, every year the Kapisanan ng mga
Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) and Philippine National Police (PNP) conduct seminars.
These are the KBP Media Seminar and the PNP Press conference and others had attended
seminars like Broadcast management; Investigative journalism; Journalism and
Broadcasting writing; Latest Radio Broadcasting; Agriculture, Environment, Judicial
reporting enhancement for the media and others. Result also shows that self practice is
one way of acquiring skills, as the respondents mentioned that reading the script before
the actual broadcast helps them a lot in delivering the message. Moreover, working and
mingling with others is one way of acquiring skills as claimed by the two respondents.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
28
Table 10. Sources of skills acquisition among the broadcasters
SOURCES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
Experience
13
76.47
School
9
52.94
Seminars/ Trainings
3
17.64
Self-practice
2
11.76
Co-workers
2
11.76
*Multiple responses
Relevant Experiences before Employment
on their Current Job
Table 11 presents the relevant experiences of the respondent before employment
on their current job. Among the 17 respondents, 70.59% had their internship as one of
their relevant experiences before employment on their current job. According to the
respondents, internship was a requirement in their course. The respondent who had
internship was AB Mass Communication. Moreover, 17.64% said that being a journalist
was their relevant experience. Their experiences included being a disc- jockey and
broadcasters from other station were at the same range of percentage (11.76%). Others
became a TV reporter/host, radio actress and information officer as their relevant
experiences. On the other hand, three respondents had no relevant experiences and were
employed after graduation.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
29
Table 11.Radio broadcasters’ relevant experiences before employment on the current job
EXPERIENCE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
Internship
12
70.59
Journalist
3
17.64
Disc-jockey
2
11.76
Broadcaster (other station)
2
11.76
TV reporter/host
1
5.88
Radio actress
1
5.88
Information officer
1
5.88
*Multiple responses
Problems Encountered in Broadcasting
Problems being encountered by the respondents in relation to broadcasting
activities are shown in Table 12. The leading problem as said by respondents was news
sources refused to be interviewed (41.78%). Some of the respondents claimed they were
threatened to be sued with libel while the same percentage (23.53%) said that there was
no problem. Other problems were lack in resources and some minor problems like the
behavior of their co-workers, harassments, pressure and assigned in far places.
The result shows that the leading problem of the broadcasters was news sources
refused to be interviewed followed by the threats of being sued with libel.
The result of the study shows that some respondents must be flexible and
adaptable to meet up with his or her co-workers and be able to handle pressure and the
problem of being assigned in far places corroborates what the Community Broadcasting
Staff stated that flexibility and adaptability that many young announcers fail.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
30
Table 12. Problems encountered by the respondents
PROBLEMS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
N=17
News sources refused to
7
41.78
be interviewed
Threats (libel)
4
23.53
None
4
23.53
Lack of resources
3
17.64
Behavior of co-workers
1
5.88
Harassment
1
5.88
Pressure
1
5.88
Assigned in far places
1
5.88
*Multiple responses
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
31
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted in Baguio City to characterize the respondents of the
study, to identify the courses preferred by radio station managers and other qualifications
required for applicants, to determine the radio performances commonly assigned to the
respondents, determine what are the skills needed for a broadcaster, to determine sources
of skills acquisition of the respondents, to determine what are the respondent’s relevant
experiences before employment on their current job, and to enumerate some of the
problems they encountered in broadcasting.
Interview schedule was used to gather needed information from the 17
respondents who came from the four AM radio stations in Baguio City. Purposively
quota sampling was used in choosing the respondents.
Most of the respondents belonged to the age bracket 41-50, majority of them were
male and had their own families. All the respondents had finished a degree and 70% of
them were a graduate of AB Mass Communication. Most of the respondents were already
in the service for 2-10 years and the longest year a respondent has stayed in the service
was thirty three years.
The four AM radio station managers in Baguio City required an applicant who
had finished at least four year course in college. AB Mass Communication was the most
preferred course, followed by BS Development Communication, AB English and AB
Political Science.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
32
The top five radio performances that usually assigned to the respondents were
News casting, Anchoring, News reporting, News writing and Radio interviewing. Finding
shows that good in delivering the news and knowledgeable on the issue were the most
preferred characteristics of the newscaster. Most of the respondents also pointed out that
an anchor should have knowledge on the issue and can analyze the issue and the
respondents said that a news reporter should also have a nose for news and have
knowledge on the report. Study also shows that a news writer must be good in writing
skills and have knowledge on the issue while a radio interviewer must have knowledge
on the issue and alert to discover leads.
The study reveals that majority of the respondents acquired their skills through
their experience and others acquired their skills in school and the trainings and seminar
they have attended. It reflects here in the study that those who graduated AB Mass
Communication had their internship as one of their relevant experiences before
employment on their current job.
About the problems that the respondents encountered, news sources who refuse to
be interviewed ranked number one followed by the threats they receive such as libel
cases. Meanwhile, some of the respondents mentioned that they had a problem regarding
the behavior of their co-workers, harassments, pressure and being assigned in far places.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived;
1. The broadcasters were considered qualified based on their profile.
2. Applicants who finished communication-related courses are still preferred by
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
33
radio station managers in Baguio City.
3. Newscasters were usually assigned to different radio performances.
4. Mastery of the topic and good delivery are still the ideal characteristics that a
radio broadcaster should have.
5. Experience and internship related to radio broadcasting contribute a lot to
the development and enhancement of the respondents.
6. Issues on news sources refusing to be interviewed is still common to radio
broadcasting practice.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended.
1. Broadcasters should continue seeking for a solution to the problems they are
encountering.
2. Aspiring broadcasters should involve themselves in any related experiences as
early as they can.
3. Schools offering broadcasting subjects should integrate training of students so
their students can acquire the skills needed for broadcaster.
4. Study on qualifications acquisition of the radio broadcaster is recommended.
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
34
LITERATURE CITED
AMADEO, A. 2011. Qualifications Required by the Radio Station Managers.
(personal interview).
ANTERO, I.W. 2003. Development Plugs Aired over the Three Am stations in Baguio
City. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 16-20.
BOMBO RADIO PHILIPPINES. 2009. DZWX Profile. Retrieved December 2, 2010
from http://www.bomboradyo.com/index.php/stations/am/baguio
CARTA, E. O. 2011. Qualifications Required by the radio Station Managers.
(personal interview).
CATHOLIC MEDIA NETWORK. n.d. DZWT Profile. Retrieved on August 27, 2010
from http://www.catholicmedianetwork.org/radio/DZWTprofile.htm
CHERIAN, V. 2010. Local broadcasters must invest in skills. Retrieved February 22,
2010 from http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-2338-arab-world-lacks-
operational-skills/
GOMEZ, E.D. 1975. Using Local Radio Stations in Community Development in
Readings in Development Communication. Department of Development
Communication, CA, UPLB College, Laguna, Philippines. Pp.9
KAPISANAN NA MGA BROKASTER NG PILIPINAS. 2007. Announcers’
Accreditation. Retrieved on December 13, 2010 from http://www.kbp.org.ph
PAGADUAN, C. P. 2003. Professional Competence of Supervising Teachers and Their
Effectiveness in Clinical Supervision Activities. MS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad,
Benguet. P.13.
RADIO PHILIPPINES NETWORK. 2008. DZBS Profile. Retrieved on December 2,
2010 http://www.rpn9.com/about_us.htm
SONGCO, E. I. 1988. Fundamentals of Radio Broadcasting in the Philippine
Communication: An Introduction. Philippine Association of Communication
Educators. New day Publishers. Quezon City. Pp. 199-210
THE COMMUNITY BROADCASTING STAFF. 1979. A Manual on Radio
Broadcasting, Laguna, UPLB. Pp. 213-220
THE IAN MACRAE RADIO SCHOOL. 2003. Skills. Retrieved March 10, 2010 from
http://www.radioschool.biz
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
35
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 2010. Occupational Outlook
handbook, 2010-11 Edition. Retrieved on march 15, 2011 from
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos088.htm
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
36
APPENDIX A
Interview Schedule
Station: ______________
I Socio-Demographic Profile
Name: (Optional) ______________________
Age: ___________
Sex:
___female
___male
Civil Status: ___single
___married
Educational Attainment: _________________
Degree: _________________
No. of years in service: _____________
II Radio Performances
1. What are the radio performances commonly assigned to you?
___newscaster
___news reporter
___anchor/commentator
___news writer
___radio moderator
___others (pls. specify)
___radio interviewer
III Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster
1. What are the characteristics needed for the following?
Newscaster
News writer
___has a modulated voice
___can edit news
___good in delivery
___write detail clearly
___knowledgeable
___updated
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Anchor/Commentator
News reporter
___knowledgeable
___good in delivery
___can analyze the issue
___good voice
___updated
___good communication skills
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Radio interviewer
Radio moderator
___alert to discover leads
___can guide the pace of
___can put interviewee at ease
discussion
___knowledgeable about the
___adept in asking questions
interviewee
___know when to interfere
___others (pls. specify)
___others (pls. specify)
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
37
IV Sources of Skills Acquisition
1. Where did you acquire your skills?
___Experiences
___School
___Training/Seminars
___others (pls. specify)
2. Could you enumerate some of the seminars you have attended?
TITLE OF SEMINARS
YEAR
PLACE
SPONSOR
V Relevant Experiences
1. What are your relevant experiences before employment on your current job?
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
VI Problems Encountered
1. What are the problems you encounter related to broadcasting activities?
___hard time in gathering information
___hard time in delivering information
___hard time in ad lib
___dealing with other people
___others (pls. specify
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
38
For Station Managers
Station: ___________________
Name: (optional) ________________________
I Qualification Required by the Radio Station Managers
1. What must be the educational attainment of the applicant?
___high school graduate
___college undergraduate
___college graduate
2. What are your preferred courses?
___Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication
___Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
___others (pls. specify)
3. Do you require an applicant who have undergone training and has past
experiences?
___ Yes
___ No
4. Do you require any license? What kind of license?
5. What clearances do you require?
___ NBI
___ Police
___ Barangay
6. Is there an age limit for the applicant?
7. What are the other qualifications?
___good health
___hardworking
___pleasing personality
___others (pls. specify)
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
39
APPENDIX B
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 26, 2011
Malou Laxamana Pascual
Station Manager
RPN DZBS Radyo Ronda
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
40
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 28, 2011
Alejandrino Amadeo
Station Manager
DZEQ - Baguio
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
41
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
February 2, 2011
Rev Fr. Paul C. Basilio
Station Manager
DZWT Radyo Totoo
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
42
Benguet State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Department of Development Communication
La Trinidad, Benguet
January 28, 2011
Eddie O. Carta
Station Manager
Bombo Radio Baguio
Warm greetings:
I am a fourth year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
major in Community Broadcasting at Benguet State University. I am conducting my
undergraduate thesis entitled “Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived
by Radio Broadcasters from the four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City.”
In this connection, please allow me to interview you and five of your station’s
announcers. Rest assured that the data will be for research purpose only.
Thank you very much for your kind consideration.
Truly yours,
MARTINA C. CARAMTO
Student Researcher
Noted:
Anna Liza B. Wakat
Adviser
Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster as Perceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four
AM Radio Stations in Baguio City. CARAMTO, MARTINA C. 2011
Document Outline
- Ideal Characteristics of a Radio Broadcaster asPerceived by Radio Broadcasters of the Four AM Radio Stations in Baguio City
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED