BIBLIOGRAPHY CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007. Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in
Alaminos City, Pangasinan. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Myrna B Walsiyen, Msc
ABSTRACT
The study on the Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City,
Pangasinan was conducted to find out the profile of the respondents, the species and
breeds/strains of livestock and poultry raised by the respondents in the area, the number of years
in raising, number of animals raised, the purpose of raising those animals, source of initial and
replacement stocks; and also to determine and document the breeds and breeding, feeds and
feeding, herd health and herd management practices employed in the locality; determine the
source of capital used by the respondents, determine their marketing system; to find out the
support system offered by the government to livestock and poultry raisers and to know the
common problems encountered by the respondents including the remedies that they are doing.
Informations were gathered through actual informal interviews of the researcher to the
respondents during the scheduled time of interview.
A total of 318 respondents from 15 selected barangays represented the whole
municipality. Among those 318 respondents, 189 of them are males and most of them are
married (67.29%). The range of the age of the respondents who have the highest number is from
41 to 50 years old (29.56%) and most of the respondents have finished high school level and
among the 318 respondents, 185 stated that their main source of their livelihood is farming.
There are 5 species of animals that the respondents are commonly raising which include
swine, goats, cattle, carabaos and chickens. The most common breed of swine raised in the area
are crossbred and upgrades, only few are raising hybrids and no one among the respondents is
raising native pigs. For the goats, cattle, carabaos, and chickens, the common breed raised is
native. Most of the respondents have been raising cattle, carabao, and chicken for more than 20
years while most swine raisers have been raising for less than 20 years.
The most common number of cattle and carabaos maintained by the respondents is 1 to 4
heads; 1-3 heads for swine. But for the chicken, more than 11 heads of pullets/hens are
maintained and 1 to 5 heads for the rooster. For goat, the usual number of goat kept is 4 to 6
heads.
The main reason of the respondents of raising swine, cattle, and goat is mainly as
supplementary source of income, as draft animals (carabaos) and for family consumption for the
chicken respondents.
The usual source of initial and replacement stock of the respondents are from their
neighbors particularly for swine (34.88%) and chicken (33.33%), most goat respondents acquired
their animals from government dispersals (46.86%) and for the cattle and carabao respondents,
they claimed that they inherited their stocks from their elders.
The system of breeding employed in multiplying the number of the animals are
crossbreeding, upgrading, and inbreeding. Crossbreeding is common for swine, upgrading for
goats and the other systems for the unmentioned species raised. As for mating system, natural
mating dominates the area in breeding/mating system regardless of the specie of the animal.
Usually, swine respondents hire their breeding boars used in breeding gilts and sows and the
breeding services are commonly paid in terms of cash or piglet. For the goat, cattle and carabao
as well as chicken respondents, they claimed that they have their own breeding males that is why
they do not have problems in relation to breeding services.
As for feeding system, majority of the swine respondents provide combination of
conventional and indigenous feed stuffs and feeding is usually done twice a day, during morning
and afternoon as the same with the chicken. For the goats, cattle, and carabaos, the respondents
are providing indigenous feedstuff to their animals.
Some practices on the methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases and parasites
are employed by the respondents like bathing, cleaning of pens, isolation, culling of sick animals
as well as vaccination and deworming and this is true to all the animal species covered in the
study.
All the swine respondents claimed that they completely confined their animals regardless
of breeds. The pens of the swine are usually made of G.I. sheets roofings, concrete floorings and
bamboo wallings. The common practices for chicken are free ranging and only few practice
semi-confinements. For the cattle, carabaos, and goats, these species are commonly tethered, if
not, they are let loosed on pastureland. Almost all the respondents are using their own money
financing their project (98.43%).
As for marketing, different systems are practiced by the respondents such as producer to
consumer, producer to retailer to consumer and producer to wholesaler to consumer. Producer to
consumer dominates in swine marketing while for the goat, cattle and carabaos, the prevailing
marketing system is producer to consumer system as well as for the chickens.
Free seminars, trainings and demonstrations related to animal raising and government
dispersals of animals like goats and swine are the support services being extended by the city
veterinarian office to the animal raisers as well as free consultation services and free medication
for the respondents who acquired their animals from the government dispersals.
Problems commonly encountered by the respondents in animal raising are high cost of
commercial feeds, lack of capital, low selling price of animal products, slow growth rate, animal
diseases and parasites, lack of technical knowledge and limited grazing area for the ruminants.
Based on the results of the study, it is therefore concluded that the livestock and poultry
production in the City is controlled by the backyard animal raisers. The respondents have
improved their management practices and are no longer observing most of the traditional
practices but still they need to upgrade their knowledge and skills on animal raising most
especially so that the efficiency or success of the animal raising industry is dependent on the
management practices conducted by the animal raisers to their animals.
Creation of animal raisers association, creation of lending /financing institutions or
cooperatives, continuous conduction of seminars, trainings and demonstrations about animal
raising technologies, conductions of regular follow-ups and assessment to the animal raisers,
regular conduction of sanitation practices and safety measures to the area, upgrading of native
stocks, dispersals of hybrid animals as well as strict inspection of animal brought to the locality
to ensure legal transactions are then suggested help solve the problems being encountered by the
respondents in animal raising industry of the City.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Profile of the Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Species of Farm Animals Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Species
Swine
Years in Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Number of Swine Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Purpose of Swine Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Herd Health Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Herd Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Housing Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Marketing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ruminants
Goat
Years in Goat Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Number of Goats Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Purpose of Goat Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Cattle
Years in Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Number of Cattle Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Purpose of Cattle Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Carabao
Years in Carabao Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Purpose of Carabao Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Herd Health Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
System of Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Marketing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chicken
Years in Chicken Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Number of Chickens Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Purpose of Chicken Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Breeds/ Strain of Chicken Raised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Breeding Management Practices for Chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Flock Health Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Housing Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Marketing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Source of Capital by the Raisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Problems Encountered in Animal Raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Suggested Remedies to the Problems Encountered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 97
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural production is one of the main concerns of the city officials of
Alaminos City. Livestock and poultry production as one aspect of agricultural production
has been given primary attention since this is one of the major sources of income of the
people living in the city and it also serves as food source for them and for their visitors.
The city has high population that demands high volume of animal products in order to
meet the requirement for a proper diet or for them to have a healthy lifestyle.
Backyard raising of livestock and poultry is the most common operation in the
area. Some raisers are engaged in semi-commercial raising but still the production is low
that cannot meet the demand of the population and the raisers lack proper management
practices and knowledge that must be applied to attain high production.
For this reason, the office of the city veterinarians, assigned in animal production,
is looking for remedies or better ways which could aid in developing the animal industry
in the City. The office is trying to introduce and develop new techniques that would
improve the existing management practices employed by the raisers in the area for them
to maximize the potential of animal raising. It is also providing extension services even
dispersal animals to help the farmers but despite of these services, the demands of the
consumer in the city is still not met. Thus, there is a need to evaluate and asses the animal
industry status and the management practices employed by the animal raisers since it is a
great determinant of the success of animal production.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
It aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the species of farm animals commonly raised per household in
Alaminos City, Pangasinan?
2. How many heads per specie do they raise?
3. What are the reasons of raising farm animals?
4. How many animals per pen do they raised?
5. Where do the raisers buy or get their initial and replacement stocks?
6. How do the raisers finance their projects?
7. What are the breeds or strains of these farm animals commonly raised in
Alaminos City?
8. What kind of feeds do they give and how do they feed the different species?
9. What kind of housing management do they provide?
10. How do they breed their animals?
11. What are the herd health management do they provide?
12. How do they manage their new born, young and breeding animals?
13. What technical support or services do the raisers receive from the
government?
14. What are the problems do the raisers encounter and how do they solve it?
The general objectives of the study were to document and assess the animal
industry status in Alaminos City.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the profile of the raisers;
2. Determine the species, breed and status of livestock and poultry raised in
Alaminos City, Pangasinan;
3. Determine the number of animals per specie, class, breed or strain raised by
the animal raisers;
4. Determine the purpose of the raisers in raising those animals;
5. Determine the sources of breeding animals, initial and replacement stocks of
the different specie and determine the source of capital of the raisers;
6. Determine and document the different housing, feeds and feeding, breeds and
breeding, and herd health management employed in the area;
7. Determine the marketing system, market outlets and consumption of their
animal and animal products;
8. Determine the support system available to livestock and poultry raisers; and to
9. Determine the common constraints/problems faced by the raisers and the
remedies that they are employing.
The result of this study would be of great help to researchers and
especially to the farmers who are engaged in animal production. It will give further
information for them to be able to improve their skills and knowledge in livestock and
poultry production and also for them to appreciate the importance of farm animal raising
as one major source of income and food.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Furthermore, results will serve as reference material to students, and as guide to
concerned local agencies/officials in making plans leading to the improvement of the
livestock and poultry production in the locality.
This study was conducted at Alaminos City, Pangasinan from April to May, 2007.
The respondents were 318 randomly selected actual animal raisers from 15 chosen
barangays of the said city.
The study focused on the profile of the raisers, the practices that the raisers are
employing in terms of breeds and breeding, feeds and feeding, housing, herd, health,
management, marketing of their animals, and the problems or constraints being
encountered in animal raising as well as the suggested solutions to minimize/solve the
problems.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Poultry raising is carried on all over the Philippines as a home industry. From the
southernmost island of the Sulu archipelago to the Batanes Islands in the north, it has its
place in agriculture especially in thickly populated places. There are several agencies
both in public and private that help promote the poultry industry such as: DA,
publications on poultry raising, poultry clubs, poultry shows with display of improved
stocks, DILG etc. (Dagoon, 1993).
De los Reyes (1986) mentioned that pig constitutes the household livestock in
most of the villages of Cordillera. Since time immemorial, animals were primarily raised
for social and religious purposes. A family position in the community is measured and
recognized through the animals which tribesman own.
According to Galasgas (1996), rural swine raisers have a big problem on feeds as
one of the inputs for its high cost. For this reason, pigs are not fed with pure commercial
feeds but are just added to their rations. They depend more on crops by products and
other feedstuff for substitute feed.
According to Gillispie (2002), ruminants are important because they have the
ability to convert large quantities of materials that cannot be used directly for human food
into human food. Almost half of the chemical energy in the major cereal crops such as
corn, wheat, and rice is found on the part of the plant such as stems, which are not used
by human for food. This crop residue can be converted into human food by ruminants.
About 80% of the human population of the world gets most of its protein, fats (lipids),
niacin, and some vitamins (including vitamin B13) from the meat produced by ruminant
animals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Some of the functions of livestock benefit all of the society, other functions are
important mainly to individual farms. Taken together, the functions of livestock are a
vital part of agriculture of the nation. It is useful to understand the functions of livestock
when selecting enterprise or farm. Selecting enterprise involves the choice of what kind
of livestock to be raised. Some functions of livestock such as the conversion of roughage
into food are factors in this management decision (Gillespie 2002).
Animals especially ruminants are efficient farm by-products. The Philippine is a
country that produces plenty of farm waste products like rice straws, corn stovers, peanut
hays and the like. The common forages/roughages available and commonly given as
feeds for ruminants in the Philippines are African star grass, carabao grass, para grass,
ipi-ipil leaves , napier grass, and rice straw (Luis, 2006).
Intensive methods for producing animal products include the confinement of
poultry in small cages, pigs in small pens, and sheep and cattle in small lots. Confinement
leads to saving in labor, feed and other production cost. Confinement in individual may
also afford savings from improved disease control and better protection from predators.
Such practice has been condemned as being cruel to the animals and protective legislators
has been advocated. Livestock and poultry farmers, on the other hand, argue that animals
are probably both under much stress because disturbed animals usually show sharp
decrease in productive capacity (Microsoft International, 2005).
Ranjhan (1973) stated that buffaloes are multipurpose animals. They are used for
draft power in southeast Asian countries, as a source of livelihood, milk in India
subcontinent like in Middle East, Egypt, etc and meat in Pakistan, Malaysia, Philippines
and other countries.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
In addition to this, he mentioned that buffalo production system is closely
integrated with farming activities in Asia. This system is common in highly populated
areas with considerable land used intensively. Animals are the main source of draft power
for cultivation. Buffaloes are fed with crops residues and weeds. They have herd on
marginal or fallow land and occupied by agricultural crop.
PCCARD (2004) stated that goat farming forms an important and integral part of
the small holder agriculture in the Philippines. This is shown by the fact that 99% of the
goats in the country are in the hands of the small farmers in rural and rural fringe areas to
supplement household income. The pattern of ownership and the number of goats raised
are generally secondary and in small scale. Goats have several advantages over other
ruminants such as, they mature early, have high fertility, capable of multiple births and
undergo shorter gestation period. They can be bred as early as 8 months old. Goats in the
foundation herd could yield milk five months after conception. The first carcass or kid
crop can be sold on less than a year. Furthermore, due to their small size (hence
commonly known as “poor man’s cow” both women and children can conveniently look
after them.
The swine industry is the most important among the local animal industries in the
country. It tops all other local livestock industries in terms of production and its
contribution to the national economy. It contributes about 98% of the country’s total pork
supply. Pork represents more than 50% of the total animal meat consumed by Filipinos.
Over the past few decades, the swine industry contributed more than 70% of the total
animal meat of local animal industries. In addition, the local swine industry also provide
income to entrepreneurs who are actively involved in large scale commercial swine
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
production and employment to farm laborers, dealers and retailers of swine production
inputs and products. It also provides employment to workers in slaughterhouses and
storage processing plants. Similarly, small farmers in rural, urban and semi-urban areas
benefit from swine raising through the additional income to corn, rice, root crops, and
coconut farmers, as it is one of the major markets of their products (PCARRD 2005).
Walsiyen (2005) stated that domestic animals vary in their average gestation
lengths, 282 days (9 months and 47 days) for cows, 335 days for mares, 114 days (3
months, 3 weeks and 3 days) for sows. She also added that the maximum farrowing index
of sow is 2.5 x a year.
Conceptual Framework
Animal production has a high contribution in the development of the City of
Alaminos. The city veterinarian office is giving much consideration to this aspect of
production. Since the population in this city is high, animal products must also be high in
order to meet the needs of the consumers in this place.
For this reason, this study was conducted primarily to document and evaluate the
animal status and the management practices being employed by the raisers in this city
since these practices are the greatest determinants of efficiency of animal raising. This
study aimed also to determine the common problems being encountered in the farm level
which is one of the hindrances for any possible development and finally to determine
possible remedies towards these problems. It aimed to increase knowledge on managing
their farm in order for them to have high and good production and produce high quality
animal products.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
The study was conducted in the 15 selected barangays of Alaminos City,
Pangasinan which includes Amandiego, Amangbangan, Balangobong, Bisocol, Cabatuan,
Dulacac, Inerangan, Limansangan, Magsaysay, Mona, Palamis, Pandan, Polo, San
Vicente, and Telbang from April to May 2007.
Alaminos City, Home of the World Famous Hundred Islands, is one of the known
major cities in the Philippines. It has an approximate land area of about 166.23 km2 as
indicated in the socio economic profile.
Alaminos City is located in the western part of Pangasinan. It is bounded by the
other municipalities of the province of Pangasinan. On the northwest by Bani, on the east
by Sual, on the southeast by Mabini and on the North by Lingayen Gulf, Taytay Bay,
Tanbay Bay, Lucap Bay and Baques Gulf (Fig.1). The approximate distance and travel
time via land from Alaminos City to the neighbor major cities in the Philippines are 257
km or 5 hours to Manila, 136 km or 2 hours to Baguio City, 200 km or 4 hours to
Olongapo City, 63 km or 1 hour to Dagupan City, 123 km or 2 hours to San Fernando
City, La Union and 45 km or 0.75 hours to Lingayen, Pangasinan.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 1. Map showing the City of Alaminos
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were people engaged in animal raising in the
selected barangays of Alaminos City. Selection of these barangays was based on their
respective animal population. The first 15 barangays with the most number of animals
being raised were chosen. Table 1 shows the livestock and poultry population of each
barangay.
Number of respondents in each barangay was determined by getting the 10% of
the total number of the households in that particular barangay. Random sampling was
used in choosing the said respondents. Table 2 shows the distribution of the respondents
in each barangay.
Table 1. Livestock and poultry population of the selected barangays in the City
BARANGAY
CATTLE CARABAO SWINE GOAT POULTRY TOTAL
1. Amandiego
297
294
407
297
697
1,992
2. Amangbangan
50
310
200
50
1,000
1,610
3. Balangobong
300
310
500
250
200
1,560
4. Bisocol
153
450
325
209
1,930
3,067
5. Cabatuan
27
104
1,091
152
1,602
2,976
6. Dulacac
300
450
850
500
200
2,300
8. Limansangan
25
140
200
50
1,700
2,115
7. Inerangan
75
201
100
85
10.000
10,461
9. Magsaysay
35
62
1,500
100
1,000
2,697
11. Palamis
100
40
800
100
500
1,540
10. Mona
250
304
705
254
3,002
4,515
12. Pandan
36
94
690
73
850
1,743
13. Polo
100
200
1,152
250
1,500
3,202
14. San Vicente
314
300
365
38
273
1,290
15. Telbang
148
72
657
92
1,020
2,007
TOTAL
2,210
3,331
4,560
2,500 25,474
43, 075
Source: Office of the City Veterinarian, Alaminos, Pangasinan (2006)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 2. Respondents of the study
NO. OF
NO. OF
BARANGAY
HOUSEHOLD
RESPONDENTS
1. Amandiego
203
20
2. Amangbangan
103
10
3. Balangobong
137
13
4. Bisocol
144
14
5. Cabatuan
231
23
6. Dulacac
207
20
7. Inerangan
208
20
8. Limansangan
109
10
9. Magsaysay
260
26
10. Mona
141
14
11. Palamis
411
41
12. Pandan
110
110
13. Polo
310
31
14. San Vicente
515
51
15. Telbang
149
14
TOTAL
318
Source: Office of the City Veterinarian, Alaminos, Pangasinan (2006)
Data Collection
The study used an interview schedule prepared before hand and a camera for
documentation. Actual informal interviews were carried out based on the prepared
schedule to gather information from the respondents. Home visits were conducted in
order to get better pictures on the data that the respondents had given. A sample picture
of the researcher with some of the respondents during the interview is shown in Figure 2.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 2. The researcher with some of the respondents during the actual interview at the
office of the city veterinarian
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Data Gathered
Data gathered were the following:
1. Socio-economic profile. This included information on the respondents’ name,
sex, occupation, address, civil status and the highest educational attainment.
2. Years in raising animals. Refers to the length of time the respondents have
been raising livestock and poultry.
3. Classification and number of animals being raised. It included the class, age,
breed or strain, purpose which the animal are raised in numbers.
4. Source of animals. Included the source of initial and replacement stocks.
5. Source of capital. It stated how the project is financed.
6. Housing management practices. This included the kind of housing and rearing
provided to the animals, housing materials used, number of animals per house /pen and
facilities used in the farm.
7. Feeding management practices. This includes the type and the source of feeds
and frequency of feeding, identification and processing of indigenous feeds, preparation
of indigenous feeds, and the systems of feeding the animals.
8. Breeding management practices. This include s the breeding system, source of
male breeding animals, terms of payment for breeding services, birth rate, length of
gestation and lactation, number of services before conception and other reproductive data
such as litter size at birth, litter size at weaning, number of eggs incubated, number of
eggs hatched and number of unhatched eggs.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
9. Herd health management practices. It included sanitation practices,
vaccination practices, management of sick animals, control of internal and external
parasites, and non-conventional remedies.
10. Other herd management practices. This included the care of young pigs,
breeding animals, young calves and young chicken as well.
11. Marketing management. This shows the animal products and the marketing
strategies and pricing schemes of respondents.
12. Support system. This includes only technical services or financial support
extended to the raisers such as those from LGU, and other non-government
units/organizations.
13. Problems/constraints. This covered all of the problems encountered in raising
the animals and the solutions employed by the raisers to solve it.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were consolidated and tabulated. Statistical tools such as
percentage and frequency distribution were used to analyze and interpret the data
gathered.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Profile of the Respondents
The profile of the respondents which includes age, gender, civil status,
educational attainment and occupation is presented in Table 3.
Age. It was found out that most (29.56%) or 94 of the respondents had ages
ranging from 41 to 50 years old, followed by 61-70 years old with percentage of 22.01
(70 out of 318 respondents). Fifty two or 16.35% of the respondents had ages ranging
from 31-40 years old; 42 had ages ranging from 21-30 years old and 10 had ages ranging
from 71-80 years old The results showed that not only the young people are raising
animals but also the older generations particularly chicken, goat and swine because these
are easier to care compared to cattle and carabaos.
Sex. Based on the findings, there are more male respondents 59.43% (189 of 318
respondents) compared to females with a percentage of 40.57 (129 of the 318
respondents) involved in animal raising most especially in raising ruminants and also
swine. However for poultry, most of the respondents are females since poultry are easily
handled. Most respondents are males because it is the belief in the lowlands that males
are the ones who should search for income for the family.
Civil status. The result showed that majority (67.29%) or 214 of the respondents
are married; 60 (18.87 %) of the respondents are widower and only 44 (13.84%) of the
respondents are single. The married individuals posses the greatest number of the
respondents because they have their own families depending on them so they need to
look for additional source of income to meet the needs of their dependents and be able to
achieve their goals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 3. Personal profile of the respondents
NO. OF
PROFILE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Age
21-30
42
13.21
31-40
52
16.35
41-50
94
29.56
51-60
50
15.72
61-70
70
22.01
71-80
10
3.15
TOTAL
318
100.00
Gender
Female
129
40.57
Male
189
59.43
TOTAL
318
100.00
Civil Status
Married
214
67.29
Single
44
13.84
Widower
60
18.87
TOTAL
318
100.00
Highest educational attainment
Elementary
58
18.24
High school
155
48.74
College
35
11.01
Vocational
70
22.01
TOTAL
318
100.00
Occupation
Government employee
55
17.30
Farming/animal raiser
185
58.30
Housekeeper/housewife
48
15.09
Vendor
30
9.43
TOTAL
318
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Highest educational attainment. Based on the results, majority or 155 of the
respondents reached high school, seventy (70) reached college level, fifty eight (58)
reached elementary and there are 35 out of the318 respondents who finished vocational
courses. The findings show that majority of the respondents did not finish formal course
on animal raising. Though lesser in number, the respondents who have reached higher
level of education, at least there are people like them who are engaged in animal raising
so it is not true that only those people who did not finish their studies are the only farmers
in the area or farming is not limited to people with low educational attainment only
because even degree holder people are still engaged to such occupation.
Occupation. As shown in Table 3, majority (58.30%) or 185 of the respondents
are farmers, fifty five (55) are government employees, forty eight (48) are housekeepers
or housewives and thirty (30) are vendors. The results showed that even the government
employees who receive fixed salaries are still involved in animal raising. Because of
economic crisis, they still need to find other sources of additional income in order for
them to meet their demands for survival.
Species of Farm Animals Raised and Number of Respondents Per Specie
Table 4 and Fig.3 show the different species of livestock and poultry raised by the
respondents from the 15 chosen barangays of Alaminos City, Pangasinan. It is shown in
the table that from the 318 total respondents, most or 258 (81.04%) of the respondents are
raising swine. 143 (44.97%) are raising goats, 93 (29.24%) are raising chicken, 86
(27.04%) are raising cattle, and there are only 22 (6.92 %) raising carabaos.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 4. Species of farm animals raised and number of respondents per specie
NO. OF
SPECIES
RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Swine
258
81.13
Goat
143
44.97
Cattle
86
27.04
Carabao
22
6.92
Chicken
93
29.24
*Multiple responses
n = 318
350
300
258
s
nt 250
200
e
s
ponde
R
143
150
r
of
be
93
um 100
86
N
50
22
0
t
n
i
ne
oa
a
t
t
l
e
S
w
G
t
C
e
c
ke
a
r
a
b
a
o
hi
n
C
o
C
Species of Farm Animals Raised
Figure 3. Species of farm animals raised and the number of respondents per specie
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Swine
Years in Swine Raising
It is shown in Table 5 that most or 112 (43.40%) out of 258 respondents have
been raising swine for 1 to 5 years; 60(23.25%) have been raising swine for 6 to 10 years;
43 (16.66%) have been raising swine for 21 years or more; 26 (10.10%) have been
raising swine for 15 years and 17 (6.59%) have been raising for 1 to 20 years. The result
shows that most of the respondents have just started in raising swine.
Number of Swine Raised
Table 6 shows the number of pigs raised by the respondents. It is shown in the
table that of the 258 respondents, 153 (59.30%) are raising 1 to 3 pigs; 50 (19.38%) are
raising 4 to 6 pigs; 33 (12.79%) are raising 7 to 9 pigs and there are only 22 (8.53%)
raising 10 or more number of pigs. These findings show that all of the swine respondents
in Alaminos City are on backyard scale production.
Table 5. Number of years in swine raising
NO. OF
NO. OF YEARS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-5
112
43.40
6-10
60
23.25
11-15
26
10.10
16-20
17
6.59
21-above
43
16.66
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 6. Number of swine raised by the respondents
NO. OF
NO. OF SWINE RAISED
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-3
153
59.30
4-6
50
19.38
7-9
33
12.79
10-above
22
8.53
TOTAL
258
100.00
Purpose of Swine Raising
Table 7 presents the main reasons why the respondents are raising swine.
Majority (78.88%) or 203 of the respondents are raising swine mainly as supplementary
source of income regardless of the breed that they are raising; forty four (44) said that
they are raising swine for family consumption and there are only eleven (11) respondents
who said that they are raising swine to have available animals to offer as gift to special
people in their lives.
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock
The source of initial/replacement stocks of the respondents is shown in Table 8.
As presented, of the 258 respondents, 90 claimed that they acquired their stocks from
their neighbors; 72 (27.91%) bought their stocks from other barangays within the
municipality, 51 (19.77%) said that their swine were purchased from external sources or
outside the municipality, and the 45 respondents claimed that they acquired their animals
from government dispersals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 7. Reasons for swine raising
NO. OF
PURPOSE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
For family use/
consumption
44
17.06
For gift
11
4.26
As supplementary
source of income
203
78.68
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 8. Source of stocks (initial and replacement)
NO. OF
SOURCE OF STOCKS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbors(same barangay)
90
34.88
Government dispersal
45
17.44
Outside the municipality
72
27.91
Other barangays within the
51
19.77
municipality
TOTAL
258
100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
These include the classification and breeds/strains raised, system of breeding,
methods of mating, source of male breeding animals, terms of payment for breeding
services, age at first breeding, frequency of breeding to conception, length of gestation
and other reproductive data in swine.
Breeds/Strains of swine raised. The breeds/strains of swine raised by the
respondents are shown in Table 9. The table shows that 131 of the 258 respondents are
raising crossbreed, 120 are raising upgrades and there are 7 raising hybrids. Most of the
respondents are raising crossbreds for the reason that crossbreds have faster growth rate,
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
have good mothering ability, litter size and more prolific compared to upgrades. The
common breeds used to produce the crossbreds are large white, landrace and durocs. The
common hybrid raised by some of the respondents is hypor. Sample pictures of crossbred
and hybrid pigs raised in Alaminos are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Breeding system. Table 10 presents the system of breeding observed by the
respondents. It is shown in the table that 118 respondents are practicing crossbreeding.
They are actually those raising crossbreed swine; 98 are practicing upgrading and 42
respondents are employing inbreeding. Most respondents are practicing crossbreeding
because they want to combine the desirable traits that each breed possesses.
Table 9. Breeds/strains of swine raised by the respondents
NO. OF
BREED
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Upgrade
120
46.51
Crossbreed
131
50.78
Hybrid
7
2.71
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 10. System of breeding in swine
NO. OF
BREEDING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inbreeding
42
16.28
Upgrading
98
37.98
Crossbreeding
118
45.74
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 4. Crossbred sow with her twelve (12) newly born piglets
Figure 5. Hybrid sow (hypor) with her fifteen (15) suckling piglets
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Methods of mating. Table 11 shows that almost all the respondents are practicing
natural mating. There are only 8 employing artificial insemination (A.I.). The
respondents said that they prefer to practice natural mating because artificial insemination
(A.I) is not common in their area. Besides their boars are not trained for semen collection.
Source of boars. Table 12 presents the sources of boars used by the respondents in
breeding their gilts and sows. It is shown in the table that 202 of the respondents are
hiring boars to breed their gilts and sows which is practical because they are raising few
heads of sows and keeping a boar for breeding would be an additional cost. Forty eight
(48) of the respondents have their own boars for breeding their gilts and sows and their
boars are also hired by other raisers so it would not be too expensive for the owners in
keeping these boars. Eight (8) respondents claimed that they do not have problem about
boars because they are observing A.I.
Terms of payment. As shown in Table 13, 128 of the 258 respondents are paying
the breeding services of boars they used in terms of cash because this is cheaper
compared to the one piglet or weanling given to the owner of the boar at weaning. One
hundred two (102) respondents are paying their breeding services the traditional way
which is in terms of piglets; these are the raisers who have arrangement with the owner of
the boar that paying would be in terms of piglets or weanlings. There are 28 respondents
who claimed that payment of breeding services is not their problem because they have
their own boars to use.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 11. Methods of mating swine
NO. OF
METHODS OF MATING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Artificial insemination
8
3.10
Natural mating
250
96.90
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 12. Source of boars
NO. OF
SOURCE OF BOAR
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
48
18.60
Hired
202
78.29
Others (A.I.)
8
3.11
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 13. Terms of payment for breeding services
NO. OF
TERMS OF PAYMENT
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cash
128
49.66
In terms of piglet
102
39.54
Owned
28
10.85
TOTAL
258
100.00
Age at first breeding. Table 14 shows the age of gilts at first breeding as observed
by the respondents. Majority or 212 of the respondents claimed that they breed their gilts
at the age of 8 to 9 months. Twenty one (21) respondents claimed that they breed their
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
gilts at the age of 10 to 11 months, and there are 7 respondents who claimed that they
breed their gilts at the age of 12 to 13 months.
Number of services before conception. Table 15 shows the number of services
before conception as observed by the respondents. It is shown in the table that majority or
246 of the respondents claimed that they are breeding their sows once. Nine claimed that
they are breeding their sows twice and there are three (3) respondents who claimed that
they are breeding their sows thrice before conception. The respondents are breeding their
animals during the morning when it is not yet hot and late in the afternoon.
Table 14. Age at first breeding
NO. OF
AGE (MONTH)
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6-7
21
8.14
8-9
213
82.56
10-11
17
6.59
12-13
7
2.71
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 15. Number of services before conception in swine
NUMBER OF SERVICES NO. OF
BEFORE CONCEPTION
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once
246
93.35
Twice
9
3.49
Thrice
3
1.16
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Length of gestation. Table 16 presents the lengths of gestation observed by the
respondents in their gilts and sows. It is shown in the table that majority (204 or 79.07%)
of the respondents said that their sows and gilts had gestation lengths of 113 to 114 days,
the later of which is the average gestation length as stated by Walsiyen (2005). It was
found out that those respondents raising crossbreds and hybrids are the ones claiming that
their gilts/sows gave birth after a gestation length of as early as 110 days. No one among
the respondents raising upgrades observed this in their sows. The shortest gestation
length observed by some of the respondents raising upgrade was 112 days and most of
those who claimed that their gilts/sows gave birth after a gestation length of 115 days or
over are those raising upgrades.
Litter size at birth and at weaning. Table 17 presents the litter size at birth and at
weaning as observed by the respondents from their sows and gilts. As shown in the table,
most (121 or 46.90%) of the respondents said that their sows gave birth to a litter size of
11 to 12 particularly the respondents raising crossbreds. Sixty five (65) said that their
sows gave birth to a litter size of 9 to 10 particularly those raising upgrades. Fifty four
(54) said that their sows gave birth to a litter size of 7 to 8; sixteen (16) said 13 to 14
particularly the respondents raising hybrids and there are only 2 respondents who said
that their sows gave birth to more than 15 and these 2 are raising hybrid swine As for the
litter size at weaning, most or 98 of the respondents are observing 9 to 10 litter size at
weaning particularly the respondents raising upgrades; ninety five (95) said that they are
observing 11 to 12 litter size particularly the respondents raising crossbreds; fifty (50)
said that they are observing 7 to 8 litter size at weaning; fourteen (14) said that they are
observing 13 to 14 litter size at weaning particularly the crossbred and hybrid swine
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 16. Length of gestation in swine
GESTATION
NO. OF
LENGTH
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
110 days
8
3.10
112
20
7.75
113
112
43.41
114
92
35.66
115 and above
26
10.08
TOTAL
258
100.00
respondents and there was only 1 respondent raising hybrid who said that he is observing
more than 15 litter size at weaning.
Number of farrowing per year. Table 18 shows the number of farrowings per
year. As shown in the table, majority of the crossbreed swine respondents (73.28%)
claimed that their sows reached the maximum farrowing index of swine which is 2.5/
year and fourteen (14) respondents said that their sows are giving birth once a year. For
those raising upgrades, most (57 or 47.50%) of the 120 respondents claimed that their
sows reached also the maximum farrowing index of swine. Forty nine respondents
claimed that their sows are giving birth twice a year while the fourteen (14) respondents
claimed that their sows give birth only once a year. As for the hybrids, still most of the
respondents claimed that their sows reached the maximum farrowing index of swine also.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 17. Litter size at birth and weaning
NO. OF
PARTICULAR
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Litter size at Birth
7-8
54
20.93
9-10
65
25.19
11-12
121
46.90
13-14
16
6.20
15 - above
2
0.78
TOTAL
258
100.00
Litter Size at Weaning
7-8
50
19.38
9-10
98
37.98
11-12
95
36.82
13-14
14
5.43
15-above
1
0.39
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 18. Number of farrowings per year
BIRTH RATE
UPGRADE
CROSSBREED
HYBRID
F %
F % F %
Once a year
14 11.67 21
16.03
2.5 x 1 year
57 47.50 96
73.28
6
85.71
Twice a year
49 40.83 14
10.69
1
14.29
TOTAL
120 100.00 131 100.00 7 100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
The feeding management practices include the type of feeds, conventional feeds,
identification of indigenous feedstuffs, preparation if indigenous feedstuffs and systems
of feeding the animals as well as the frequency of feeding the animals.
Types of feeds provided to swine. Table 19 presents the types of feed provided to
pigs by the respondents .It is shown in the table that majority (178 of the 258
respondents) are giving combinations of indigenous and commercial feeds to their pigs
.Seventy three of the respondents are feeding their pigs with pure commercial feeds and
only 7 of the respondents claimed that they are feeding their pigs with indigenous feeds
only.
Indigenous feedstuff. The common indigenous feedstuffs fed by the respondents
to their swine are kitchen refuse and papaya fruits. These are the only common
indigenous feedstuff that the respondents are giving to their animals particularly to the
upgrade swine.
Kitchen refuse. Kitchen refuse are the food leftovers in the kitchen such as
rice, viands, fruits and others. These are the products that cannot be eaten by human.
Kitchen refuse are given free and always available at any time of the year. The
respondents collect these kitchen refuses from their neighbors and add to their own
kitchen refuse, cook it before giving to their pigs.
Papaya (
Carica papaya). This plant is abundant in Alaminos City
Pangasinan. It can thrive throughout the year and is always found abundant. It
continuously bears fruit the whole year round so that the availability of this feedstuff is
not problem for the respondents who are providing it as feeds for their animals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 19. Types of feeds provided to the swine
NO. OF
TYPES OF FEEDS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Commercial feeds
73
28.29
Indigenous feeds (Non-
conventional)
7
2.72
Combination (commercial
and Indigenous)
178
68.99
TOTAL
258
100.00
Methods of preparation. Table 20 presents the methods of preparing the
indigenous feedstuff as practiced by the respondents. Majority of the respondents (73 of
77 respondents) chopped and cooked papaya fruits most especially young or unripe once
before they feed to their animals. There are only 64respondents who are chopping and
giving the papaya fruit raw to their animals. For the kitchen refuse, majority or 82.41 %
of the respondents are cooking the kitchen refuse before feeding to their animals while
17.59% respondents are giving it raw to their swine.
Frequency of feeding. The frequency of feeding swine as practiced by the
respondents is presented in Table 21. With the exception of weanlings and growers, all
the 258 respondents said that they are feeding their adult pigs namely the finishers, boars
and sows twice a day i.e. in the morning and in the afternoon. For weanlings and growers,
majority(more or less 95%) of the respondents are feeding these pigs twice a day also,
however, few respondents (14 for weanlings and 9 for growers) are feeding their
weanlings and growers thrice a day i.e. in the morning, noon and in the afternoon. All the
258 respondents are feeding their sucklings twice a day but feeding is done to supplement
the main food of the sucklings which is the milk.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 20. Preparation of indigenous feeds for swine
METHODS OF
KITCHEN REFUSE
PAPAYA
PREPARATION
F %
F %
Cooked
89
82.41
Raw
19
17.59
Chopped-cooked
73
94.81
Chopped-raw
4
5.19
TOTAL
108
100.00
77
100.00
Table 21. Frequency of feeding swine
SUCKLING WEANLING GROWER FINISHER SOW/BOAR
FREQUENCY F % F % F % F % F %
Twice a day
258 100.00 244 94.57 249 96.51 258 100.00 258 100.00
Thrice a day
14 5.43 9 3.49
TOTAL
258 100.00 258 100.00 258 100.00 258 100.00 258 100.00
Systems of feeding. Table 22 presents the systems of feeding swine by class
practiced by the respondents. For the sucklings, all the respondents are practicing dry
feeding. For the weanlings, majority (97.29%) of the 258 respondents are practicing dry
feeding and 43 respondents are practicing wet feeding. For the growing pigs, 251 of the
258 respondents are practicing wet feeding and 7 respondents for dry feeding. For the
finishers, 253 of the 258 respondents are practicing wet feeding and only 5 respondents
are practicing dry feeding. All the respondents are feeding their sucklings, weanlings and
the growing/finishing pigs in groups (Fig. 6). For the breeding swine, the respondents are
practicing individual feeding and majority (256 or 99.22%) are practicing wet feeding.
Only 2 are practicing dry feeding.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 22. System of feeding swine
NO. OF
FEEDING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Weanling
Wet group feeding
43
16.67
Dry group feeding
215
83.33
TOTAL
258
100.00
Grower
Wet group feeding
251
97.29
Dry group feeding
7
2.71
TOTAL
258
100.00
Finisher
Dry group feeding
253
98.06
Wet group feeding
5
1.94
TOTAL
258
100.00
Breeding swine
Wet individual feeding
256
99.22
Dry individual feeding
2
0.78
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 6. Dry group feeding of grower crossbred swine
Herd Health Management Practices
The common practices and methods that the respondents employ to prevent and
control diseases and parasites of their swine include isolation, culling of sick animals,
prevention of external/internal parasites, deworming, vaccination, seeking veterinary
assistance, bathing of animals and cleaning of the pens.
As shown in Table 23, majority of the respondents who are raising upgrades
practice isolation of sick animals. There are only few of the respondents who do not
isolate their sick pigs. For those raising crossbreds and hybrids, almost all the
respondents claimed that they are practicing isolation to their sick pigs. Regardless of the
breeds of the swine raised, almost all of the interviewed raisers cull their sick animals,
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
only few are not culling their sick animals especially when it is not contagious disease
like hernia (Fig. 7).Their are some respondents who claimed that they seek for veterinary
assistance especially when their animals are seriously ill, some of the assistance provided
by the veterinarians were free consultation and medication of sick animals. But some also
claimed that they do not need veterinary assistance like in cases that their animals only
suffer minor diseases. Deworming and vaccination are also employed by some of the
respondents especially when they hear or learn from news that there is an outbreak of any
contagious diseases and others do not. All they have to do is just to keep their animals
safe and clean. Some of the brands of dewormers used by the respondents to their pigs
are alvendazole, levamisole, latigo and agmectin. Vaccine brands used are hemosypt and
anti hog cholera vaccines. Vaccination of piglets and sows is shown in Figures 8 and 9.
All the respondents claimed that they are bathing their animals. For the upgrades,
majority of the respondents claimed that they are bathing their pigs twice a day ; some of
the respondents have no regular schedule in bathing their animals and there are
respondents claimed that they bath their animals once a day. For the crossbred and
hybrid, almost all the respondents claimed that they bath their animals twice a day or
thrice a day because the weather is very hot especially during summer in Alaminos City
so there is a need to bath the animals as long as water supply is available. In terms of
cleaning pens, almost all the respondents raising upgrade, crossbreds and hybrid animals
clean the pens twice a day since their animals are completely confined.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 23. Methods of preventing and controlling swine diseases
NO. OF
PARTICULAR
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Isolation
Yes
249
96.51
No
9
3.49
TOTAL
258
100.00
Culling of sick animals
Yes
244
94.57
No
14
5.43
TOTAL
258
100.00
Veterinary assistance
Yes
90
34.88
No
168
65.12
TOTAL
258
100.00
Deworming
Yes
158
61.24
No
100
38.76
TOTAL
258
100.00
Vaccination
Yes
243
94.19
No
15
5.81
TOTAL
258
100.00
Figure 7. A grower with umbilical hernia (not contagious disease)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 8. Vaccination of piglet against hog cholera
Figure 9. Vaccination of newly farrowed sow with anti agalactia
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Other Herd Management Practices
Table 24 presents the other herd management practices observed by the
respondents in raising swine. Majority of the respondents practice providing of brooder
(97.67%), feeding of piglets on fifth day (99.61%) and castration (98.84%) while only
few respondents do not employ the said practices. Regardless of the breed of pigs that
the respondents are raising, all the respondents claimed that they are observing removal
of fetal membrane, cutting of navel cord, iron injection, cutting of needle teeth, and
weaning. Iron administration (iron D, jectran, and iron vite) is done on the third/ fourth
day of the piglets after birth to prevent anemia according to the respondents and weaning
is done at 40 to 45 days old. For the males which are not intended for breeding, the
respondents are castrating them on their third/fourth week of age.
Table 24. Other herd management practices
MANAGEMENT
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
PRACTICES
RESPONDENTS
Provide brooder
Yes
252
97.67
No
6
2.33
TOTAL
258
100.00
Feeding piglets on
the fifth day
Yes
257
99.61
No
1
0.39
TOTAL
258
100.00
Castration
Yes
255
98.84
No
3
1.16
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Housing Management Practices
This includes the kinds of housing provided to swine, the housing materials used,
number of pen in one house and the number of animals per pen/house.
Kind of housing. All the respondents claimed that they confine their pigs in pen.
The pigs are totally confined, however, there are portion of their swine houses that are
not shaded where the pigs can stay to receive the sunlight. The sides also are not totally
enclosed to allow fresh air to enter inside the house to help remove odor and excess
moisture. Figure 10 shows the sow in a complete confinement house with 8 pens in one
house.
Figure 10. Crossbred sows confined individually in a house with 8 pens
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Housing materials used. Table 25 presents the types of materials used for roofing,
flooring and walling/fencing the confinement pens.
Roofings. All the respondents have made use of G.I. sheets as roofings of
their swine houses. According to the respondents, they prefer to use G.I. sheets for
roofing because of their durability and are much stronger to protect the animals from
strong winds and rains compared to cogon and other types of roofings.
Floorings. All the respondents said that they provided concrete floorings
to their swine. They claimed that concrete flooring is good because it is easy to clean and
it would not cause any harm to their pigs.
Wallings/Pen division. Majority or 134 of the 258 respondents claimed
that they are utilizing concrete wallings or pen divisions because these are permanent.
There are 107 respondents who claimed that they are utilizing bamboo wallings since
these are free and abundant in their municipality while only 17 respondents claimed that
they are utilizing wood wallings/pen divisions. Figure 11 shows a housing of swine with
bamboo fencing/walling.
Table 25. Housing material used for walling
NO. OF
TYPES OF MATERIALS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Walling/Pen division
Wood
17
6.59
Bamboo walls
107
41.47
Concrete
134
51.94
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 11. Swine housing with bamboo walls and a brooder beside the house
Number of pen in one house. As shown in Table 26, majority (52.72% or 136) of
the respondents have swine houses with 1-2 pens. Fifty three (20.54%) said their swine
houses have 7-8 pens; 49 (18.99%) said 5-6 pens and 20 said their swine houses have 3-4
pens. Generally, their swine houses have few pens and this is expected because majority
of them are backyard raisers.
Number of animals per pen. Table 27 presents that majority (88.76% or 229) of
the respondents are confining 1-2 weaners in a pen and this is because their pens are wide
enough for 1-2 pigs also. Similarly for growing-finishing pigs, majority (93.41% or 241)
of the respondents also are confining 1-2 pigs and only 17 are confining 3-4 pigs in a
pen..
However, for breeding swine like boars, gilts and sows, all of the respondents said
that their pigs are confined individually by them (Fig. 12)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 26. Number of pens/corrals in one house
NO.OF
NO. OF PEN
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-2
136
52.72
3-4
20
7.75
5-6
49
18.99
7-8
53
20.54
TOTAL
258
100.00
Table 27. Number of swine per pen
NO. OF ANIMALS
NO.OF
(HEAD/PEN)
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Weanling
1-2
229
88.76
3-4
23
8.91
5-above
6
2.33
TOTAL
258
100.00
Finisher/Grower
1-2
241
93.41
3-4
17
6.59
5-above
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 12. Sow confined in an individual pen
Marketing
This includes the marketing system and method of marketing swine that the
respondents are practicing in their municipality.
Marketing system. As shown in Table 28, the systems of marketing that the
respondents are practicing are producer to consumer, producer to retailer to consumer and
producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. One hundred twenty one (121) out of 258
respondents raising swine are practicing producer to retailer to consumer system. The
respondents practicing this system are the ones who are selling their swine to the known
meat vendors and the later will sell the dressed carcasses to the consumers in the market.
One hundred six (106) respondents claimed that the system that they are practicing is
producer to consumer. Some of the respondents have meat stalls in the market where they
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
sell their meat products directly to the consumers so that they will be free from abusive
middle men. Some of the respondents are also selling their piglets/weanlings directly to
the consumers. Only 31 respondents claimed that they are practicing producer to
wholesaler to retailer to consumer system. In this system of marketing, the respondents
are selling their pigs to the wholesalers then the wholesalers will sell it to the retailers
then the retailers will sell it to the consumers.
Method of marketing. Table 29 shows the method of marketing that the
respondents are practicing in selling swine which include per head “bultohan” system,
per kilogram live weight, and per kilogram of butchered meat. Most or 43.41% of the
respondents raising swine claimed that they are selling their pigs per kilogram live
weight; one hundred four (40.31%) of the respondents are selling their pigs per head
“bultohan” system and the price depends on the age of the pig, the price at the time of the
study as for weanling was (1,500.00 Php) per head while only forty two (16.28%) of the
respondents are selling per kilogram of butchered meat (135.00 Php).
Table 28. System of marketing
NO. OF
MARKETING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Producer to consumer
106
41.09
Producer to retailer to
consumer
121
46.90
Producer to wholesaler to
retailer to consumer
31
12.01
TOTAL
258
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 29. Method of marketing
NO. OF
MARKETING METHOD
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Per head “bultohan”
104
40.31
Per kilogram (live weight)
112
43.41
Per kilogram (butchered)
42
16.28
TOTAL
258
100.00
Ruminants
The ruminant term includes goats, cattle and carabaos. For the discussions of
these species, topics such as the number of years in raising each specie, number of each
specie raised, purpose of raising, breeds and breeding management are discussed
separately by species. However for the feeds and feeding management, herd health
management, system of raising and marketing of these species, these are discussed as a
whole.
Goat
Years in Goat Raising
Out of the 318 respondents, 143 are engaged in goat raising. The high number of
goat raisers is due to the fact that the goat is easy to raise. The raisers do not have
problem on capital in maintaining such species as long as they have pasture areas with
abundant grasses. As shown in Table 30, majority or 107 of the respondents have been
raising goats for 1-5 years, 28 have been raising for 6-10 years and 8 have been raising
for 11 years and above. The results reveals that majority of the respondents have just
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
started to raise goats. This maybe because the government of Alaminos has just
implemented goat dispersal in which many of the respondents are beneficiaries.
Number of Goats Raised
Table 31 presents the number of goats raised by the respondents. Most of the
raisers or 58 out of the 143 respondents are raising 4-6 heads of goats, 43 are raising 10
or more, 28 are raising 1-3 heads and 14 are raising 7-9 heads of goats. This result reveals
that goat raising in Alaminos is dominated by backyard raisers. This corroborates the
report of PCCARD (2004) that goats in our country are in the hands of the small farmers
in rural and rural fringe areas.
Table 30. Number of years in goat raising
YEARS IN GOAT
NO. OF
RAISING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-5
107
74.83
6-10
28
19.58
11-above
8
5.59
TOTAL
143
100.00
Table 31. Number of goat raised by the respondents
NO. OF
NO. OF GOAT (HEAD)
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-3
28
19.58
4-6
58
40.56
7-9
14
9.79
10-above
43
30.07
TOTAL
143
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Purpose of Goat Raising
The main reason of the respondents in raising goat is presented in Table 32. Out
of the 143 respondents, majority (123) or 86.02% are raising goats mainly as
supplementary source of income that supports again the report of PCCARD (2004) that
goat farmer in the Philippines uses goat farming to supplement household income. Eleven
(11) of them said that they are raising goats for family consumption, there are 9, however
who said that they are raising goats to have available goats to serve as gift to their friends,
relatives, visitors and special people in their lives, that proves the hospitality of Filipino
people.
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock
As shown in Table 33, most (67 of the 143 respondents) acquired their goats from
the government dispersals; 37 said that they bought their stocks from their neighbors
within the barangay; 29 of them said that they bought from goat raisers within the
municipality while the other 10 respondents said that they procured their goats from
external sources i.e. outside the municipality.
Table 32. Purpose of raising goat
NO. OF
PURPOSE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
For family use/consumption
11
7.69
As supplementary source of
income
123
86.02
For gift
9
6.29
TOTAL
143
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 33. Source of initial and replacement stock
NO. OF
SOURCE OF STOCK
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbors (same barangay)
37
25.87
Government
67
46.86
Farms within the locality
29
20.28
External sources
10
6.99
TOTAL
143
100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breeds of goat raised. Table 32 shows the breeds of goats raised by the
respondents. It is shown in the table that 99 (69.23%) of the respondents are raising
native goats and 44 respondents are raising upgrades (Fig.13).
System of breeding. Table 33 presents the system of breeding goat practiced by
the respondents. Majority (65.73%) or 94 of the respondents are practicing inbreeding
while 49 (34.27%) of them are practicing upgrading. Inbreeding is commonly practiced
because most of the respondents make use of their own bucks which have relations to
their does. Also most of the respondents have acquired their stocks from the same source,
so even if they make use of their neighbors’ bucks, these have relations to their does.
Methods of mating. As to the method of mating, all the respondents claimed to be
employing natural mating. No one among the respondents is practicing artificial
insemination.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 34. Breeds of goat raised
NO. OF
BREED
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
99
69.23
Upgrade
44
30.77
TOTAL
143
100.00
Table 35. Breeding System
NO. OF
SYSTEM OF BREEDING RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inbreeding
94
65.73
Upgrading
49
34.27
TOTAL
143
100.00
Figure 13. Some breeds of goat raised in Dulacac, Alaminos City
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Source of buck. As shown in Table 36, majority or 119 out of the 143 respondents
said that they have their own buck for breeding while only 24 said that they are hiring the
bucks they are using in breeding their does.
Term of payment. Term of payment for breeding services as practiced by the
respondents is presented in Table 37. It is shown in the table that 119 of the 143
respondents do not have problem in breeding services because they have their own bucks.
Fifteen respondents claimed that they are paying the breeding services in terms of cash
because this is cheaper and practical than the traditional way of paying which is in terms
of kids. Only 9 respondents said that they are paying the breeding services in terms of
kids and it is because they do not have money/cash to pay the breeding services so,
instead, they make use of arrangement with the buck owner that they will pay in terms of
kids when the does give birth. This arrangement, however, is only case to case basis like
when the doe gives birth to twins.
Age at first breeding. Table 38 presents that 62 out of the 143 respondents said
that they start to breed their does at the age of 10 to 11 months; 43 said at 8 to 9 months;
31 at 12 to 13 months and 7 respondents said at the age of 1 year and 2 months.
Table 36. Source of buck
NO. OF
SOURCE OF BUCK
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
119
83.22
Hired
24
16.78
TOTAL
143
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 37. Terms of payment for breeding services
NO. OF
TERMS OF PAYMENT RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cash
15
10.49
In terms of kid
9
6.29
Owned (free)
119
83.22
TOTAL
143
100.00
Table 38. Age at first breeding
NO. OF
AGE (MONTH)
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
8-9
43
30.07
10-11
62
43.36
12-13
31
21.68
14-above
7
4.89
TOTAL
143
100.00
Number of services before conception. As shown in Table 39, majority or 117 of
the respondents said that they just breed their animals once; 21 respondents breed their
animals twice and only 5 respondents claimed that they breed their animal thrice.
Length of gestation. Table 40 shows the gestation lengths observed by the
respondents in their does. It is shown that native goats have a gestation length that ranged
from 147 days to 150 days while the upgrades have a gestation length that ranged 145 to
148 days. The result reveals that the native goats have longer gestation periods than the
upgrades. A sample picture of pregnant upgrade doe is shown in Figure 14.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 39. Number of services before conception in goat
NO. OF SERVICES
NO. OF
BEFORE CONCEPTION
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once
117
81.82
Twice
21
14.68
Thrice
5
3.50
TOTAL
143
100.00
Table 40. Length of gestation in goat
NATIVE
UPGRADE
LENGTH OF GESTATION
F %
F %
145 days
21
47.73
146
15
34.09
147
17
17.17
5
11.36
148
29
29.29
3
6.82
149
34
34.34
150-above
19
19.19
TOTAL
99
100.00
44 100.00
Number of kids per birth. Table 41 presents the litter size at birth of native and
upgrade goats raised by the respondents. Goats are known to be giving single births so
that majority (63 or 63.64%) of the respondents particularly those raising native goats
said that their does gave birth to only one per kindling and 36 said to have encountered
twins from their does that kindled. However, for those raising upgrades, majority (42 out
of 44 respondents) said that their does had given birth to twins. Only 2 of the respondents
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
said that their does gave birth to 1 kid per kidding. Figure 15 shows an example of
upgrade goat with her two kids in one kindling period raised by one of the respondents.
Figure 14. Pregnant (2 months) upgrade doe while grazing
Birth rate. Table 42 presents the birth rate of goats. Majority or 116 of the
respondents claimed that their does gave birth only once a year while there are 27
respondents who claimed that their does gave birth twice a year.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 41. Number of kids per birth
NATIVE
UPGRADE
NUMBER OF KIDS
F %
F %
1
63
63.64
2
4.55
2
36
36.36
42
95.55
TOTAL
99 100.00
44 100.00
Table 42. Birth rate
NO. OF
BIRTH RATE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a year
116
81.12
Twice a year
27
18.88
TOTAL
143
100.00
Figure 15. Upgraded doe with her twin (2 days old) raised by one of the
respondents in Polo, Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Cattle
Years in Cattle Raising
Out of the 318 respondents, 86 are raising cattle. As shown in Table 43, 32
claimed that they have been raising cattle for more than 20 years. Twenty nine (29) said
that they have been raising cattle for 6 to 10 years; 12 said 12 to 15 years; 9 said 1 to 5
years and only 4 respondents said that they have been raising cattle for 16 to 20 years
already.
Number of Cattle Raised
As shown in Table 44, out of 58 native cattle respondents, 37 are raising 1-2
cattle; 35 are raising 3-4 cattle and 14 are raising 5 heads or more number of cattle and
they are the respondents who have wide pasture land.
Purpose of Cattle Raising
Table 45 presents that majority (78 out of 86) of the respondents are raising cattle
as supplementary source of income; 6 respondents claimed that they are raising cattle as
draft animal while only 2 respondents claimed that they are raising cattle for family
consumption i.e. to have cattle to slaughter during weddings and other special occasions.
There is no problem in marketing of cattle in Alaminos City because it has its own
auction market for livestock that is why the respondents prefer raising cattle as
supplementary source of income.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 43. Number of years in raising cattle
NO. OF
NO. OF YEARS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-5
9
10.47
6-10
29
33.72
11-15
12
13.95
16-20
4
4.65
21-above
32
37.21
TOTAL
86
100.00
Table 44. Number of cattle raised by the respondents
NO. OF
NO. OF CATTLE (HEAD) RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
1-2
37
43.02
3-4
35
40.70
5-above
14
16.30
TOTAL
86
100.00
Table 45. Pupose of cattle raising
NO. OF
PURPOSE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
For family consumption
2
2.32
As supplementary source of
income
78
90.70
As draft animal
6
6.98
TOTAL
86
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Source of Stock
As shown in Table 46, most or 37 of the 86 respondents inherited their cattle from
their ancestors; 22 claimed that they have acquired their cattle from other raisers within
their locality; 20 said that they bought from external sources or outside their municipality
and only 7 respondents claimed that they have acquired their cattle from their neighbors
within the barangay.
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
Breed of cattle raised. Out of 86 respondents, majority or 58 are raising native
cattle, while 28 are raising upgrades. The respondents said that they prefer the native
cattle because they are already adapted to the locality like its warm weather. This data is
presented in Table 47.
Breeding system. For the breeding system, most of the respondents claimed that
they are practicing inbreeding and some are practicing upgrading.
Table 46. Source of stock (initial and replacement)
NO. OF
SOURCE OF STOCK
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbors (same barangay)
7
8.14
Farms within the locality
22
25.58
External source
20
23.26
Inherited
37
43.02
TOTAL
86
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Methods of mating. Table 48 presents that almost all of the respondents are
observing natural mating. Only 1 respondent claimed to have employed artificial
insemination and this was done by the City veterinarian.
Source of bull. For the source of bulls, 63 of the 86 respondents claimed that they
have their own bulls for breeding while 23 of the respondents are hiring the bulls they
used in breeding their cows and mostly these are the improved breeds (Figure 16). This
data is presented in Table 49.
Terms of payment for breeding purposes. Table 50 shows that majority (63 or
73.26%) of the respondents have no problem in breeding their cows because they have
their own bulls. Only 23 of them do not own a bull and they are the ones hiring the bulls
of others and pay the breeding services in cash.
Table 47. Breeds of cattle raised
NO. OF
BREED
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native
58
67.44
Upgrade
28
32.56
TOTAL
86
100.00
Table 48. Methods of mating
NO. OF
MATING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Artificial insemination
1
1.16
Natural system
85
98.84
TOTAL
86
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 16. Breeding bull (Brahman) tethered on vacant lot at San Vicente, Alaminos City
Table 49. Source of bull
NO. OF
SOURCE OF BULL
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Hired
23
26.74
Owned
63
73.26
TOTAL
86
100.00
Table 50. Terms of payment for breeding services
NO. OF
TERMS OF PAYMENT
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cash
23
26.74
Owned
63
73.26
TOTAL
86
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Age at first breeding. As shown in Table 51, almost all or 79 of the 86
respondents said that their heifers are usually bred at 2 to 2 ½ years old while the
remaining 7 respondents claimed that their cattle are bred at the age of 2 ½ to 3 years old.
Length of gestation Majority of the respondents said that they do not know the
exact date when their cows are bred that is why they also do not know the length of
gestation. What they do is just rely on the symptoms/signs to determine if their cows are
about to give birth.
Birth rate. According to the respondents, 81 said that their cows give birth once a
year; 3 claimed that their cows gave birth every other year while 2 said that their animals
gave birth every after 2 years (Table 52). The birth rates maybe depend on the
management that the respondents employ especially on the type of feeds they offer to
their cows and detection of heat period.
Table 51. Age at first breeding
NO. OF
AGE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
2-2.5 Years
79
91.86
2.6-3.0
7
8.14
TOTAL
86
100.00
Table 52. Birth rate
NO. OF
BIRTH RATE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a year
81
94.19
Every other year
3
3.49
Every after 2 years
2
2.32
TOTAL
86
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Carabao
Years in Carabao Raising
The number of years that the respondents have been raising carabao is presented
in table 53. As shown in the table, out of the 318 respondents, only 22 are raising
carabaos. Majority or 12 out of the 22 respondents have been raising carabaos for 6 to 10
years; 4 said that they had been raising for 16 to 20 years, 3 claimed that they have been
raising for 6 to 10 years; and 2 said that they had been raising for only 1 to 5 years. The
results revealed that carabao raising in Alaminos City had started for a long time and this
maybe due to the fact that carabao is a great help to farmers in cultivating their farms
most especially when tractors are not available.
Table 54 shows that majority or 19 of the 22 carabao respondents are raising 1 to
2 heads of carabao and only 3 respondents said that they are raising 3 to 4 heads of
carabao. This reveals that even though carabao raising have started a long time in the
locality, still there is no one who have gone into commercial carabao raising.
Purpose of Carabao Raising
As shown in Table 55, the purpose of raising carabao is mainly used for draft
purposes according to the respondents. There are 7 respondents who said that they are
raising carabao as a supplementary source of income while 3 respondents claimed that
they are raising carabao for family consumption like during weddings. The result
corroborates to the statement of Ranjhan (1973) that buffaloes are multipurpose animals
as draft animal and source of livelihood.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 53. Number of years in carabao raising
NO. OF
NO. OF YEARS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-5
1
4.54
6-10
3
13.64
11-15
12
9.09
16-20
4
18.18
21-above
12
54.55
TOTAL
22
100.00
Table 54. Number of carabao raised by the respondents
NO. OF
NO. OF CARABAO
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-2
19
86.36
3-4
3
13.64
TOTAL
22
100.00
Source of Stocks (initial and replacement)
The source of initial and replacement stock of carabao is shown in Table 56.
Majority (16 out of the 22 respondents) said that they inherited their carabaos from their
elders; three bought their carabaos from other raisers within the locality; two said that
they bought from other raisers within the barangay, and only 1 said that he bought his
carabao from neighboring towns.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 55. Purpose of raising carabao
NO. OF
PURPOSE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
For family consumption
3
13.64
As supplementary
7
31.82
source of income
As draft animal
12
54.54
TOTAL
22
100.00
Table 56. Source of stocks (initial and replacement)
SOURCE OF
NO. OF
STOCK
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (same barangay)
2
9.09
Farms within the locality
3
13.74
External sources
1
4.54
Inherited
16
72.73
TOTAL
22
100.00
Breeds and Breeding Management Practices
This includes the breeds of carabaos raised by the respondents, breeding system,
and methods of mating, source of bull, age at first breeding, terms of payment for
breeding services, birth rate and length of gestation, and the litter size at birth.
Breeds of carabao raised. All of the respondents are raising native carabao (Fig.17
and 18).
Breeding system and method of mating. All the respondents said that they are
practicing inbreeding and natural mating.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 17. Native caraballa with two calves raised at San Vicente
Figure 18. Tethered native carraballa taking rest under the mango tree
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Source of bull. The source of bull is presented in Table 57. Among the 22
respondents, there are 19 who claimed that they have their own bull while only 3
respondents said that they are paying the breeding services in terms of cash.
Table 57. Source of bull
NO. OF
SOURCE OF BULL
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned
19
86.36
Others
3
13.64
TOTAL
22
100.00
Terms of payment for breeding purposes. As shown in Table 58, 19 of the 22
respondents have their own bull for breeding so they do not have problem in terms of
payment while the rest pay the breeding services in terms of cash.
Age at first breeding. Out of the 22 carabao respondents, majority (18) claimed
that their heifers are bred at the age of 2 and ½ years to 3 years of age while 4 said that
their heifers are bred at the age of 3 years and above. This data is presented in Table 59.
Length of gestation. Like in cattle, the raisers do not know or do not count the
exact length or number of days of gestation because they always failed to know the
particular dates that their carabao cows have been bred.
Birth rate. As shown in Table 60, 18 of the 22 respondents said that their carabaos
are giving birth once a year. There are 3 respondents who said that their caraballa gave
birth every other year while only 1 said that his caraballa gave birth every after 2 years.
The birth rate of the caraballa may dependent on the management practices employed by
the respondents such as in the heat detection or also the dry period of the caraballa.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 58. Terms of payment for breeding services
NO. OF
TERM OF PAYMENT
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cash
3
13.64
Owned (free)
19
86.36
TOTAL
22
100.00
Table 59. Age at first breeding
AGE AT FIRST
NO. OF
BREEDING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
2.5-3 years
18
81.82
Above 3 years
4
18.18
TOTAL
22
100.00
Table 60. Birth rate
NO. OF
BIRTH RATE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Once a year
18
81.82
Every other year
3
13.64
Every after 2 years
1
4.54
TOTAL
22
100.00
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
These include the type of feeds that the respondents are providing and the system
of feeding that the respondents are employing to their cattles, carabaos and goats.
Type of feeds provided to ruminants. All the respondents raising livestock are
providing indigenous forages/roughages alone to their animals. Most of their animals are
tethered in pasture lands where there are abundant grasses/ forages for them to eat. Some
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
are kept loose in pasturelands/areas and fed themselves with grasses/ forages available in
that area where they are pastured. However, in cases where there is limited supply of
grasses, some of the respondents are providing their ruminant animals with rice straw
(Fig. 19 and 20).
Indigenous feed. As shown in Table 61, the common forages/roughages that the
respondents are providing to their ruminant animals especially the tethered ones are
African star grass, carabao grass, para grass, ipil-ipil leaves, napier grass and rice straw,
this findings supports Dr. Luis (2006) for saying that the above mentioned
forages/roughages are commonly given as feeds for ruminants in the Philippines.
System of feeding. Table 62 presents the system of feeding the ruminants as
observed by the respondents. True to all the cattle, carabaos and goats, majority of the
respondents tether their animals on pasturelands/areas with abundant grasses/forages and
let them graze on the available grasses/forages growing in the pasturelands/area then
transferred to another area when the grasses growing in the area where they are tethered
are depleted. Though the animals are tethered, they are still free to graze on the grasses.
Some of the respondents keep their animals loose on pasturelands so that their animals
are free to graze on the different grasses growing on such pasturelands (Fig. 21). There
are respondents however, who are employing the “cut and carry” systems of feeding i.e.
they cut the grasses after which, they feed to their animals. The “cut and carry” system is
especially true to the respondents who do not have pasturelands and also to those who
have animals that had just given birth (Fig. 22 and 23)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 19. Rice straw dried on pastureland at Inerangan, Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Figure 20. Reserved rice straw placed on a (impokan) under bamboo tree
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 61. Indigenous feeds provided to ruminants.
INDIGENOUS
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
FEEDS
F %
F %
F %
African star grass
12
13.95
7
31.82
23
16.08
Carabao grass
25
29.07
17
72.27
28
19.58
Napier grass
21
24.42
9
40.91
35
24.47
Para grass
29
33.72
6
27.27
10
6.99
Rice straw
27
31.39
15
68.18
15
1 0.49
Ipil-ipil leaves
18
20.93
10
45.45
97
67.83
Others
10
11.63
8
36.636
15
10.49
*Multiple responses
Table 62. System of feeding ruminants
NO. OF
SYSTEM OF FEEDING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cattle
“Cut and carry”
7
91.86
Grazing
79
8.14
TOTAL
86
100.00
Carabao
“Cut and carry”
1
4.54
Grazing
21
95.45
TOTAL
22
100.00
Goat
“Cut and carry”
12
91.61
Grazing
131
8.39
TOTAL
143
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 21. Upgrade doe with her 2 kids pastured on vacant lot
Figure 22.Tethered cow in the vacant lot while grazing on the grasses
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 23. Tethered 3 legged doe with her 1 kid on the pastureland
Herd Health Management Practices
The health management practices include the management practices employed by
the respondents to their cattle, carabaos and goats and the measures that they are
observing to prevent diseases and parasites as shown in Table 63.
As shown in the table, majority of the respondents raising cattle and carabaos are
employing vaccination while the respondents raising goats claimed that they do not
employ vaccination. As for deworming, majority also (54.65%) of the respondents raising
cattle claimed that they are employing deworming while 45.35% of the respondents
claimed that they are not employing deworming. For the respondents raising carabaos,
majority (54.55%) claimed that they are not also employing deworming. No one among
the respondents raising goats claimed to be practicing deworming. With regards to
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
veterinary assistance, 33 of the cattle respondents are seeking veterinary assistance, for
carabao, 12 respondents for the goats; only 32 out of 143 respondents said that they are
seeking for veterinary assistance. As for isolation and culling of sick animals, all the
respondents raising ruminants claimed that they are employing isolation and culling of
sick animals.
System of Animal Raising
The system of raising cattles, carabaos, and goats is shown in Table 64. As shown
in the table, majority or 77 (89.53%) of the cattle raisers tether their animals on vacant
lots where there are abundant grasses while only 9 (10.47%) let their animals loose in a
range and these are the raisers who have wide pasturelands. For the carabao respondents,
majority or 19 (86.3%) tether their animals on vacant lots/ backyards and only 3 of the
respondents practice range system. As for the goat respondents, majority or 87 of the 143
respondents kept their animals loosed in the pasturelands, particularly the kids, where the
animals are free to graze on the abundant grasses/forage growing on the said pastureland.
Thirty eight (38) or 26.57% of the respondents tether their goats near their houses or on
vacant lots especially planting season when the fields are already planted with crops. In
this case, the animals need to be tethered so that they will not become enemy of crop
farmers. Eighteen of the 143 respondents said that they practice semi-ranging wherein
they pasture their goats early in the morning and late in the afternoon and when it is hot
and at night time, they bring their animals in their houses (Fig. 24 and 25).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 63. Methods of preventing and controlling diseases and parasites.
CATTLE
CARABAO
GOAT
METHODS
F %
F %
F %
Vaccination
Yes
49 56.98
13 59.09
No
37 43.02
9 40.91
TOTAL
86
100.00 22
100.00
Deworming
Yes
47
54.65
10
45.45
No
39
45.35
12
54.55
TOTAL
86
100.00
22
100.00
Veterinary assistance
Yes
33 38.37
12 54.54 32 22.38
No
52 61.63
10 45.46 111 77.62
TOTAL
86
100.00
22
100.00 143
100.00
Table 64. System of animal raising
NO. OF
SYSTEMS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Cattle
Tethering
77
89.53
Range
9
10.47
TOTAL
86
100.00
Carabao
Tethering
19
96.36
Range
3
13.36
TOTAL
22
100.00
Goat
Tethering
38
26.57
Range
87
60.84
Semi- confinement
18
12.54
TOTAL
143
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 24. Elevated housing of goats made of bamboo flooring and G.I. sheets roofing
Figure 25. Bungalow type goat housing made of bamboo fencing, concrete flooring and
G.I.sheets roofing
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Marketing
This includes the marketing system and the methods of marketing goats, cattle
and carabaos that the respondents are practicing.
Marketing system. As shown in Table 65, the systems of marketing that the
respondents are practicing are producer to consumer, producer to retailer to consumer,
and producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. For the goats, cattle and carabaos,
majority of the respondents are practicing producer to consumer system of marketing; the
respondents practicing this system are selling their animals directly to the consumers
during the scheduled livestock auction market. They have no problem in selling because
they have their own auction market in the municipality. Some of the respondents raising
ruminants are practicing producer to retailer to consumer system of marketing their
animals while only few respondents are practicing producer to wholesaler to retailer to
consumer system of marketing.
Method of marketing. Table 66 shows the method of marketing ruminant species
that the respondents are practicing which include per head “bultohan” system, per
kilogram live weight, and per kilogram for butchered meat. For the goats, majority or
69.23% of the respondents are selling their goats per head “bultohan” system, there are
29 respondents raising goats who said that they are practicing per kilogram live weight
(110.00 Php) at the time of the study while 15 respondents are selling their goats per
kilogram for butchered meat. As for the cattle and carabaos, 89.81% of the respondents
are practicing per head “bultohan” system in selling their cattle and carabaos i.e. bull/cow
(20,000.00 Php) per head and 11.19% respondents claimed that they are selling their
cattle and carabaos per kilogram liveweight (150.00 Php) at the time of the study.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 65. Marketing systems
CATTLE/CARABAO
GOAT
MARKETING SYSTEM
F %
F %
Producer to consumer
63
58.83
91 63.64
Producer to retailer to
consumer
31 28.71
39 27.37
Producer to wholesaler to
retailer to consumer
14 12.46
13 9.09
TOTAL
108 100.00
143 100.00
Table 66. Methods of marketing
CATTLE/CARABAO
GOAT
MARKETING METHOD
F %
F %
Per head “bultohan”
97 89.81
99 69.23
Per kilogram (live weight)
11 11.19
29 20.28
Per kilogram (butchered)
0 0
15 10.49
TOTAL
143 100.00
93 100.00
Chicken
Years in Chicken Raising
Out of the 318 total respondents, 93 of them are raising chickens. From the 93
respondents, 29 or 31.18% said that they have been raising chicken for more than 21
years, 21 or 22.58% of the respondents said that they have been raising for 11 to 15 years,
16 or 17.21% of the respondents said that they have been raising chickens for 6 to 10
years, 15 or 16.23% of the respondents said that they have been raising chickens for 16 to
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
20 years and 12 or 12.90% said that they have been raising chicken for less than 6
years(Table 67).
Number of Chickens Raised
The number of chickens raised by the respondents is shown in Table 68. As
shown in the table, majority of the respondents said that they are raising 11 or more
chicks and pullets/hens and 1 to 5 roosters. The result reveals that majority of the
respondents are raising the more number of chicks, pullets and hens than rooster.
Purpose of Raising Chicken
Table 69 shows the purpose/reasons of the respondents in raising chicken. It is
shown in the table that majority (72 or 77.42%) of the respondents are raising chickens
mainly for family consumption; 11 or 11.83% said that they are raising chickens to
supplement their income; 7 or 7.53% said that they are raising chickens to serve as gift to
their relatives and other special people in their lives, and 3.22% are raising chicken for
pleasure where they participate in competitions such as search for the most colorful or
biggest chicken of the year (Figure 26).
Table 67. Years in raising chicken
NO. OF
NO. OF YEARS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
1-5
12
12.90
6-10
16
17.21
11-15
21
22.58
16-20
15
16.23
21-above
29
31.18
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 68. Number of chickens raised by the respondents
NO. OF CHICKEN
NO. OF
RAISED
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Chicks
1-5
19
20.43
6-10
29
31.18
11-above
45
48.39
TOTAL
93
100.00
Pullet/hens
1-5
14
15.05
6-10
28
30.11
11- above
51
54.84
TOTAL
93
100.00
Rooster
1-5
27
55.10
5-10
14
28.57
11-above
8
16.33
TOTAL
49
100.00
Table 69. Purpose of raising chicken
NO. OF
PURPOSE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
For family consumption
72
77.42
As supplementary source of
income
11
11.83
For gift
7
7.53
For pleasure
3
3.22
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Figure 26. Sasso rooster (7 kgs) awarded as the most colorful and biggest chicken during
the annual Agricultural trade in Alaminos City, used for pleasure and breeding purposes
Breeds or Strains of Chicken Raised
The breeds/ strains of chicken raised by the respondents are presented in Table 70.
As presented in the table, majority (72) or 77.42% of the respondents are raising native/
upgrade chickens while only 21 or 22.88% of the respondents are raising sasso.
According to the respondents, during the past years, most of them are raising sasso but
there are only few consumers of sasso that is why most of them stop raising sasso and
reverted to raise the native ones.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Source of stock (Initial and replacement)
Table 71 shows that most (31 or 33.33%) of the respondent acquired their initial/
replacement stocks from their neighbors (same barangay), 27 (29.03%) said that they
inherited their stocks from their elders; 18 (19.36%) said that they bought from external
sources or other municipalities; and 17 (18.28) acquired their stocks from other raisers
within the municipality.
Breeding Management Practices for Chickens
Breeding system. The breeding system practiced by the respondents to their
chicken is shown in Table 72. Almost all the respondents claimed that the common
system of breeding practiced is inbreeding and only 8 of the 93 respondents are
employing upgrading, usually native mated to sasso.
Method of mating. All the respondents said that they are practicing natural
mating.
Table 70. Breed/ strain of chicken raised
NO. OF
BREED/STRAIN
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Native/upgrade
72
77.42
Sasso
21
22.58
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 71. Source of stock (initial and replacement)
NO. OF
SOURCE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Neighbor (same barangay)
31
33.33
Raisers within the locality
17
18.28
1
External sources (other
municipalities
18
9.36
Inherited
27
29.03
TOTAL
93
100.00
Table 72. Systems of breeding in chicken
NO. OF
BREEDING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Inbreeding
85
91.40
Upgrading
8
8.60
TOTAL
93
100.00
Source of rooster. Table 73 presents the source of rooster used by the raiser to
breed their hens and pullets. Almost all or 96.77% of the respondents claimed that the
roosters they use in breeding their hens are free because most of the roosters are on free
range and these just mate hens or pullets that are free range also. Others have their own
roosters. Only 3.23% said that they borrow the rooster of their neighbors particularly
those respondents raising natives who want to breed their hens/pullets with sasso rooster
(Figure 27).
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 73. Source of male breeding animals
NO. OF
SOURCE OF ROOSTER
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Owned/free
90
96.97
Borrowed
3
3.23
TOTAL
93
100.00
Figure 27. Breeding rooster (free range}
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Age at first laying of egg. Most or 29 out of 93 respondents claimed that their
pullets most especially the native started to lay eggs at the age of 7 months; 27 said that
their pullets started to lay eggs at 8 months; 20 said their pullets most especially the sasso
started to lay eggs at 6 months old and 17said their pullets started to lay eggs at 9 months
old (Table 74).
Number of eggs laid per clutch, number of eggs incubated and number of eggs
hatched. Table 75 presents that most of the respondents (38 out of 93 respondents)
claimed that their hens are laying 8 to 10 eggs per clutch. Twenty five (27.96%) said that
their hens are laying 5 to 7 eggs per clutch, sixteen said 11 to 13 eggs per clutch and
thirteen respondents said that their hens are laying 14 or more eggs per clutch. As for
hatchability, almost all of the respondents said that, generally, their hens are hatching all
their eggs although there are some instances wherein the hens leave 1 to 3 eggs
unhatched particularly the hens that have laid higher number of eggs per clutch. Sample
picture of native chicken laying eggs on her nest beside the cooking area is shown in
Figure 28.
Table 74. Age at first laying of eggs
NO. OF
AGE (MONTH)
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
6
20
21.51
7
29
31.18
8
27
29.03
9
17
18.28
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 75. Number of eggs laid per clutch
NO. OF EGGS
NO. OF
LAID PER CLUTCH
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
5-7
25
27.96
8-10
38
40.86
11-13
16
17.20
14-above
13
13.98
TOTAL
93
100.00
Figure 28. Native chicken while laying eggs at her nest (hay) beside the cooking area of
one of the respondents in Balangobong, Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Feeds and Feeding Management Practices
Type of feeds provided to chicken. Table 76 presents the type of feeds provided
by the respondents to their chickens. Majority (65) or 69.89% of the respondents are
giving combination of conventional and indigenous feedstuff to their chicken; 21 or
22.58% claimed that they give indigenous feedstuffs to chickens and only 7 (7.53%) said
that they gave pure conventional feedstuff to their animals particularly to the chicks and
to the rooster and sometimes to the hens laying eggs. The conventional feedstuffs given
to chicken include chick booster, which are given to chicks, rice bran, and yellow corn
and the indigenous feeds include cooked rice leftovers, vegetable trimmings and rice
grains.
System of feeding. The system of feeding is presented in Table 77, almost all or
93.55% of the chicken respondents employ dry group feeding (Figure 29), only few or
6.55% of the respondents practice individual feeding to their chickens.
Table 76. Types of feeds provided to chicken
NO. OF
TYPES OF FEEDS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Conventional feeds
7
7.53
Indigenous feeds
21
22.58
Combination
65
69.89
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 77. Systems of feeding chicken
NO. OF
FEEDING SYSTEM
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Dry group feeding
87
93.55
Dry individual feeding
6
6.45
TOTAL
93
100.00
Figure 29. Dry group feeding of mixed native and sasso chicken
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Frequency of Feeding. As shown in Table 78, 89 (95.70%) out of 93 respondents
raising chicken fed their animals twice a day and feeding is done in the morning and
afternoon. Only 4 (4.30%) said that they feed their chicken thrice a day. However, for the
unconfined chicken, they have all the rest of the day to search or find whatever feed that
are available in the area of their destiny.
Flock Health Management
This includes the sanitation practices and the ways employed by the raisers on
how to manage their sick animals.
Sanitation practices. The preventive and control measures employed by the raiser
against diseases and parasites is shown in Table 79. Majority or 9 of the 12 respondents
clean their pens of their confined chickens once a day while the rest have no regular
schedule in cleaning the pens.
Care of sick animals. As shown in the table, majority of the respondents isolate
their sick birds while the rest do not isolate their sick animals. For veterinary assistance,
only 28 (30.11%) of the respondents claimed that they seek veterinary assistance when
they observed that their chickens do not perform well. The remaining 65 (69.89%)
respondents do not consult veterinarians when their chickens get sick. Instead, they are
going to butcher them. No one among the respondents claimed that he is employing
vaccination and deworming.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Table 78. Frequency of feeding chicken
NO. OF
FREQUENCY
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Twice a day
89
95.70
Thrice a day
4
4.30
TOTAL
93
100.00
Table 79. Preventive and control measures against diseases and parasites
PARTICULAR
NO. OF PENS
PERCENTAGE
Cleaning of pen
Once a day
67
72.04
No regular schedule
26
27.96
TOTAL
93
100.00
Isolation
No
31
33.33
Yes
62
66.67
TOTAL
93
100.00
Veterinary assistance
Yes
28
30.11
No
65
69.89
TOTAL
93
100.00
Housing Management Practices
Kind of housing. Table 80 shows the kind of housing provided to chicken. As
shown in the table, 81 out of the 93 respondents practice free ranging to their chickens in
which their chickens are kept loose on their backyard and other areas to search for food
and at night time they on branches, stay under trees (Fig.30) or places where they feel
safe. The remaining 12 respondents claimed that they practice “semi-confinement’ type
where their chickens are kept loose on their backyards and other areas at they time but are
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
confined in pens at night time until dawn to protect them from harm/predators. No one
among the raisers claimed to be practicing complete confinement.
Figure 30. Sasso chicken enjoying the ambiance in the mango tree
Table 80. Kind of housing in chicken
NO. OF
KIND OF HOUSING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Free range
81
87.10
Complete confinement
0
0
Semi-confinement
12
12.90
TOTAL
93
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Housing materials used. The housing materials used as roofings, floorings and
wallings of the chicken house by the 12 respondents who are confining their chickens are
presented in Table 81.
Roofings. Table 81 shows that majority or 7 out of the 12 respondents
used G.I. sheets as roofings; three only made use of cogon and 2 made use of woods as
roofing materials.
Floorings. As shown in the table, 5 of the 12 respondents used bamboo as
flooring since it is easy to clean, 4 made use of wood and 3 utilized the soil as flooring
materials.
Wallings/fencing. The materials that the raisers used as walling are
bamboo stick, wood and screen. Among the respondents, 6 utilized bamboo stick; 4
utilized wood and the remaining 2 utilized screen as wallings.
Table 81. Housing materials used
NO. OF
TYPE OF MATERIALS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Roofing
G.I. sheets
7
58.33
Cogon
3
25.00
Wood
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100.00
Flooring
Soil
3
25.00
Bamboo
5
41.67
Wood
4
33.33
TOTAL
12
100.00
Walling/fencing
Bamboo stick
6
50.00
Wood
4
33.33
Screen
2
16.67
TOTAL
12
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Marketing
This includes the marketing system and the method of marketing chickens that the
respondents are practicing.
Marketing system. All the respondents claimed that the marketing system that
they are practicing in marketing their chicken is producer to consumer system.
Method of marketing. All the respondents said that they are practicing per head
“bultohan” system in selling their chickens.
Source of Capital by the Raisers
Table 82 presents the sources of capital of the respondents in raising livestock and
poultry in Alaminos City, Pangasinan. Out of the 318 respondents, 313 (98.43%) are
using their own money in financing their expenses in raising their animals. Only 5 or
(1.57%) claimed that they do not own the money that they used as capital, they claimed
that they just loaned it from their relatives, friends and other private individuals who have
and willing to lend money for them to be able to start raising such animals as additional
source of livelihood.
Table 82. Source of capital by the respondents
NO. OF
SOURCE OF CAPITAL
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Own/ personal money
313
98.43
Loan from private
individuals
5
1.57
TOTAL
318
100.00
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Support Systems
Some of the respondents said that they have availed of the government dispersals
on swine and goats and free consultation and medication. Some also said that they have
attended free seminars, trainings with demo in relation to livestock and poultry
production. Although some of the respondents said that they have availed of the
government dispersals of animals like goats and swine and had the advantage of having
free consultation and medication in raising such animals, still most of the respondents
said that they have not yet availed any technical or financial support from the local
government or any private sector.
Problems Encountered in Animal Raising
The problems encountered by the respondents in animal raising is shown in Table
83. The problems are as follows:
Swine. According to majority (96.51%) of the swine respondents they commented
that the high cost of commercial feed is their main problem in raising swine. This
corroborates with the finding of Galasgas (1996) that rural swine raisers have big
problem on feeds for their high cost. They said that they do not have sufficient money to
purchase such feed so they look for remedies to minimize their feed expenses like mixing
the commercial feeds into indigenous feeds. 117 or 45.35% of the swine respondents
claimed that lack of capital is another problem, followed by lack of technological
knowledge (40.31%). Some of them also said that animal diseases and parasites is
another problem particularly the piglets (39.92%) and the slow growth rate of the animals
are also included as a problem particularly those raising upgrades. The bad smell of
wastes of swine is also included because it creates misunderstanding with their neighbors.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Cattle/Carabao and goat. As shown in the table, the common problems of the
ruminant respondents were limited grazing area (63.64%), lack of technical knowledge
(60.84%), low selling price of the animal’s products (57.75%), and slow growth rate of
the animals (32.87%) as stated by the respondents.
Chicken. The respondents raising chicken claimed that their common problem in
raising chickens were the avian diseases (23.65%), parasites (35.48%) and predators i.e.
dogs, cats and human included (86.02%).
Table 83. Problems encountered in animal raising
NO. OF
PROBLEMS
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Swine
High cost of feed
249
96.51
Lack of capital
117
45.35
Slow growth rate
52
20.15
Low selling price of
of animal product
78
30.23
Animal diseases and
parasites
103
39.92
Lack of technical
knowledge
104
40.31
Cattle/carabao and goat
Low selling price of
animal products
82
57.75
Slow growth rate
53
37.06
Animal diseases and
parasites
47
32.87
Limited grazing area
91
63.64
Lack of technical
knowledge
87
60.84
Poultry
Avian diseases
22
23.65
Parasites
33
35.48
Predators
80
88.02
*Multiple responses
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Suggested Remedies to Help Solve the Problems
Being Encountered in Animal Raising
Table 84 shows the suggested remedies to help solve the problems encountered by
the respondents in animal raising. This include creation of animal raisers association so
that they will have cooperation in everything that they do for the success of their projects,
creation of financing/lending institutions or cooperatives that could help them in their
financial problems, conduct continuous seminars/ trainings and demonstrations about
animal raising because in this manner, the technical knowledge of the farmers will be
widened and enhanced in order for them to understand and learn to adopt the new
technologies being introduced to them so that they will not just depend on their
traditional management practices, conduction of free medication services from the local
government unit (city veterinarians office) so that the farmers who are not capable or who
do not have enough money for the medication of their sick animals will have hope for
success, conduction of regular follow-ups and assessment to the animal raisers so that it
will be properly checked if the raisers are doing safe management practice to their
animals. Regular conduction of sanitation and safety measures to ensure the good health
of the raisers and their neighbors particularly to the swine raisers who stated that the bad
smell of the manures/feces of their animals is one of their problems, upgrading of native
stocks. Then the animals can perform better than the natives, dispersal of hybrid animals
could help also for the improvement of the animal raising industry because when hybrid
animals will increase, then the performance would be much more better, and additional
suggested section to the problems encountered by the animal raisers is the strict
inspection of animals entering to their locality from other neighboring municipalities to
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
ensure safe and legal transactions done by some of the middlemen buyer or wholesaler
just to have a high profit or income in selling and buying animals and animal products.
Generally, the solutions to the problems being encountered in animal raising is dependent
on the cooperation, performance of the animal raiser and their interactions between the
local government unit engaged in animal raising such as to the city veterinarians office
and other agencies/ unit that has a great help or contribution for successful animal
production industry.
Table 84. Suggested remedies to help solve the problems encountered in animal raising
NO. OF
SOLUTIONS
RESPONDENTS*
PERCENTAGE
Create animal raisers association
303
95.28
Create financing/lending
institutions/ cooperative
296
93.08
Continuous conduct of seminars,
training, demonstrations about
animal raising
291
91.51
Regular conduct of sanitation
services and safety programs
241
75.79
Conduct regular follow-ups and
assessment to the animal raisers
300
94.34
Free medication services from
concerned local government
unit
293
92.14
Dispersals of hybrid animals
203
63.84
Upgrading of native stocks
179
56.29
Strict inspection of incoming and
outgoing animals for legal and
safe transactions
313
98.43
* Multiple responses
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at Alaminos City, Pangasinan primarily to evaluate the
status of livestock and poultry production in the city and to provide information on the
existing management practices that the respondents are employing to their animals as
well as the socio-economic profile of the respondents of the study.
The whole municipality was represented by a total of 318 respondents from 15
selected barangays. Majority or 189 out of the 318 respondents are males and most of the
respondents are married (67.29%). The range of age that has the highest number of
respondents is from 41 to 50 years old (29.56%) and most of the respondents are from 41
to 50 years old (29.56%) and most of the respondents have finished high school level and
among the 318 respondents, 185 stated that their main source of survival is farming.
The species of animals mostly raised by the respondents include swine, goats,
cattle, carabaos and chickens. Swine and goats have the highest number of respondents
among the stated species. Two hundred fifty eight (258) out of the 318 respondents are
raising swine; 143 are raising goats; 93 are raising chicken; 86 are raising cattle and
carabao posses the least number of respondents which is only 22 respondents may be
because of the presence of tractors used in farming in placed of the carabaos.
The informations about the different farm animals raised by the respondents are as
follows:
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Swine
Out of the 258 respondents, 60 said that they have been raising swine for about 6
to 10 years ago and most of the respondents said that they usually keep a maximum of 1
to 3 heads of swine, particularly the breeding swine. Majority of the respondents stated
that they are raising swine mainly as supplementary source of income either
upgrades/crossbreeds or hybrids. Other reasons are for family consumption and for gift.
As for the source of initial and replacement stocks, most of the respondents
acquired their swine from their neighbors within the barangay. Others bought their stocks
from farms within the locality, external source and some procured them from government
dispersals.131 out of the 258 respondents are raising crossbreeds; 120 are raising
upgrades and only 7 are raising hybrids. The breeding systems that the respondents are
employing are crossbreeding (45.74%), upgrading (37.98%) and only 16.28% for
inbreeding. Almost all the respondents said that they are employing natural mating
regardless of the breed and only few are practicing artificial insemination and these are
the respondents who are raising hybrids and some crossbreeds. The breeding boars that
the respondents used are usually hired but there are some who said that they have their
own boars. For the respondents who are hiring boars, most of them said that they are
paying the breeding services in terms of cash (400 to 500 Php). Almost all the
respondents claimed that they breed their gilts at the age of 8 to 9 months and most of the
sows are bred once before conceiving. The length of gestation that the respondents
observed ranged from 110 to 115 days and based on the result, it was revealed that the
crossbred/hybrid sows and gilts have shorter gestation lengths compared to the upgrades.
As for the litter size at birth, the most common is 9 to 12 piglets per farrowing
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
particularly the crossbreds and upgrades but for the hybrids, there are 13 to 14 piglets per
farrowing, and in terms of litter size at weaning, the most common observed number of
piglet is 10 to 12 piglets. Regardless of the breed of the swine, the usual number of
farrowing per year is twice a year.
Types of feeds provided to swine include commercial feeds, indigenous feeds and
combination of the said feedstuffs. Majority of the respondents are combining the
commercial feeds and indigenous feeds that they provide to their animals. Only few are
feeding their animals with pure commercial feeds or pure indigenous feeds. The
indigenous feeds provided are kitchen slops either cooked or raw, and papaya fruits given
chopped raw or chopped and cooked. Swine are usually fed twice a day. The most
commonly practiced system of feeding for sucklings and weaners is dry feeding while for
the grower/finisher and breeding swine is wet feeding.
For the health management, all the respondents are bathing their animals at least
twice a day. Cleaning of pens is done at least once a day. Most of the respondents are
isolating and culling their sick animals. Some of the respondents seek veterinary when
their pigs show symptoms of illness. The respondents are also employing vaccination and
deworming.
As for the care of baby pigs, practices such as, removal of fetal membrane, cutting
of navel cord, cutting of needle teeth, providing brooder, fostering of orphaned pigs, iron
injection, feeding piglets on the fifth day, castration, weaning and gradual shifting of feed
are all conducted by the respondents, only few are not doing some of the above
mentioned practices.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
All the respondents are confining their pigs completely, regardless of the breed.
Their swine houses are usually made up of GI sheets roofings, concrete floorings and
bamboo wallings. The usual number of pens/corals in one house is 1 for the upgrade, 5
to 6 for the crossbreds and 1 to 4 for the hybrids. Generally, the respondents are confining
1 to 3 heads of pigs/per pen regardless of class and breed of animal.
Goat, Cattle and Carabao
Among the 143 goat respondents, 107 claimed that they have been raising goats
for less than 6 years. According to them, they just started raising when the government
have dispersals of this specie. The usual number of goats that the respondents are
keeping ranged from 4 to 6 heads and the goats raised are used mainly as supplementary
source of income, but there are some who used it for family consumption and for gift.
The initial and replacement stocks are acquired by the respondents from
government dispersals, neighbors, raisers within the locality and other external sources.
Native and upgrade goats are breeds commonly raised by the respondents and the
usual breeding system are inbreeding and upgrading. All the respondents are observing
natural mating as the method of mating for the goats.
Majority of the goat raisers have their own bucks that is the reason why they do
not have problem in breeding services. Only few are hiring their breeding bucks. The
most common observed age of goats at first breeding is 10 to 11 months and goats are
bred only once before conception. The observed length of gestation of goat ranges from
145 to 150 days.
As for the number of kids, most of the native goat respondents said that their
goats gave birth to only 1 kid per kidding while the upgrade goat raisers said that most of
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
their goats gave birth to twin per kidding. With regards to birth rate, most of the
respondents claimed that their goats gave birth only once a year, regardless of the breed.
Most of the cattle and carabao respondents claimed that they have been raising for
more than 21 years and they usually maintain a number of 1 to 4 heads particularly the
cattle. For the cattle respondents, the main reason for raising is as supplementary source
of income while the carabao, they are raised mainly as draft animals. Most of the
respondents of cattle and carabao inherited their initial stock form their ancestors.
The breeds usually raised are native and upgrades and the methods of mating
practiced is natural mating. Majority of the respondents have their own bull for breeding,
only a few are borrowing or hiring the bulls they used in breeding their cows and heifers.
In terms of age at first breeding of cattle and carabao, the usual observation of the
respondents is at 2 to 3 years of age. The exact length of gestation of cow and carabao
are not observed by the respondents.
Indigenous forages or roughages like African star grass, carabao grass, nappier
grass, para grass, rice straw and ipil-ipil leaves are the common indigenous feedstuffs that
the respondents are providing to their animals. As for the goats, cattle and carabaos, free
range/choice feeding is observed by the respondents, the animals tethered on the pasture
land have their own choice of the forages/roughages available in the area and this is also
for the animals that they kept loose in pasture lands, there are times, however, like during
summer, rice straws are given as substitute when forages/roughages are not sufficient
enough for the animals.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
For herd health management, practices like isolation, culling of sick animals,
vaccination and deworming are conducted and seeking of veterinary assistance are
observed by the respondents.
Goats, cattle and carabaos are either tethered or left loosed on the areas where
abundant/sufficient forages/roughages are found.
Chicken
Out of the 93 respondents raising chicken, most or 31.18% have been raising for
more than 21 years like in cattle and carabaos. The raisers maintain more than 11 chicks,
pullets and hens combined and 1 to 5 heads for rooster. Majority of the respondents
claimed that they are raising chicken purposely for family consumption, some as
supplementary source of income, for gift and pleasure.
Native/upgrades and sasso are the breeds/strains of chicken that the respondents
are raising. Most of the respondents said that they inherited their chicken from their
ancestors and some said that they acquired from their neighbors and other external
sources. The systems of breeding employed are inbreeding/outbreeding and upgrading.
As for the method of mating practiced, only natural mating is the claimed practiced for
chicken and almost all the raisers have their own rooster. The pullets are observed to
have started laying eggs at the age ranging from 6 to 9 months.
The maximum number of eggs laid per clutch is 12 to 13 eggs. Almost all the
hens are incubating their eggs and hatched their eggs except for some instances that some
eggs are left unhatched.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
The types of feeds provided to chickens are conventional feeds, indigenous feeds
and combination of conventional and indigenous feeds, among the three types, the
combination of conventional and indigenous feedstuff is the usual feed provided of the
respondents in feeding their chicken. The conventional feeds include chick booster, rice
bran and yellow corn while the indigenous feedstuff include cooked rice leftovers,
vegetable trimmings and rice grains provided either raw or cooked. Dry feeding is the
feeding practiced by the respondents to their chicken and feeding is done twice a day or
more.
Preventive and control measures against diseases and parasites include cleaning of
pens, isolation, culling of sick animals. Vaccination and deworming are not practiced by
the respondents
Almost all the respondents practice free ranging or their chickens kept loose but
some are practicing semi-confinement wherein chicken are confined during the night
until dawn then left loose during the daytime. The materials used in building the chicken
pens include G.I. sheets as roofing, bamboo stick/wood as walling/fencing and bamboo
sticks, screen, and soil for flooring.
As for marketing, different systems are practiced by the respondents such as
producer to consumer, producer to retailer to consumer and producer to wholesaler to
retailer to consumer. For the swine, producer to retailer to consumer is the common
system of marketing practiced, while for the goat, cattle and carabao respondents, the
most common system of marketing that the respondents practice is producer to consumer
and also for the chicken respondents. Pricing is determined by the producer but it is based
on the general market price.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
The office of the veterinarian have started conducting seminars, trainings and
demonstrations that are relevant to animal raising. The government also have animal
dispersals such as goats and swine. These are the services/supports provided by the
government to the respondents in the locality.
The problems that are commonly encountered in animal raising as stated by the
respondents are high cost of commercial feeds, lock of capital, low selling price of animal
products, slow growth rate of animal, animal diseases and parasites, lack of technical
knowledge and limited grazing area for the ruminants.
The suggested remedies to help solve the problems being encountered in animal
raising include creation of animal raisers association, creation of financing/lending
institutions or cooperatives, conduct continuous seminars, trainings and demonstrations
related to animal production, conduction of free medication by the city veterinarian’s
office, conduction of regular follow-ups and assessment to the animal raisers, regular
conduction of sanitation and safety measures to the area, upgrading of native stocks,
dispersal of hybrid animals and also strict inspection of animals brought to the locality.
Generally, the solutions to the problems encountered in animal raising is dependent on
the cooperation, performance of the animal raisers and their interaction between them and
the local government unit of the municipality who are engaged in animal raising such as
the city veterinarians office.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, it is therefore concluded that the livestock and poultry
production in the city is controlled by the backyard animal raisers. The respondents have
improved their management practices and are no longer observing most of the traditional
practices but still they need to upgrade/enhance their knowledge and skills on animal
raising most especially so that the efficiency or success of animal raising industry is
dependent on the management practices conducted by the raisers to their animals.
Recommendations
Some recommendations are formulated that could be of great help in the
continuous improvement and success of animal raising industry in the area which are
based on the finding of the study are as follows.
1. The animal raisers in the locality should organize or form their own
association to have cooperation, unity and to have a better bargaining power when united.
2. The animal raisers should form also cooperatives or other forms of institutions
that help them to have sufficient or enough financial assistance in times of need.
3. The animal raisers should consult veterinarians or animal technicians in case of
animal diseases to prevent and control the outbreaks of the diseases.
4. The local government unit assigned in the animal industry should conduct
regular sanitation and other safety measures to ensure clean and safe environment and it
is on part of the animal raisers to always practice proper hygiene.
5. Regular and continuous conduction of seminars, trainings and demonstration
related to animal production is of great help to the raisers in adopting the new
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
technologies introduced to them by learning the advantages and it improves their
technical knowledge on the management practices that they employ.
6. The assigned authorities should always ensure legal transactions and conduct
strict inspection for fair and legal operations in animal raising industry.
Further study or research to the barangays of the city that are not taken in the
study with the same concept is recommended to show the whole status of livestock and
poultry production in the area.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
LITERATURE CITED
DAGOON, J.D. 1993. Poultry, Swine and Goat Production. Florentino St. Quezon City.
Rex Printing company, Inc. Pp. 128, 93-94, 101-102.
DE LOS REYES, A.J. and A.N. DE LOS REYES. 1986. A people who really touch the
earth and sky. CSG. Vol. 2: Cordillera History. Baguio City. Rev: Animal Prod
(2)45-49
GALASGAS, M.K. 1996. Input and output in Swine Production and Marketing in
selected Barangays of Bokod, Benguet. Unpublished BS thesis. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20
GILLESPIE, JR., 2002. Modern Livestock and poultry. Delmar: 6th edition. P. 2.6.10
LUIS, B. 2006. Lecture Manual on Ruminant Production. Department of Animal Science,
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
MICROSOFT INTERNATIONAL. 2005. Encarta Encyclopedia computer pile: on
compact disc (millenium ed), (CD-ROM) Microsoft Corporation. Available:
Microsoft Corp. Premium Suite 2003.
RANJHAN, K. 1973. Progress and Program of Water Buffalo Development in Asia.
Buffalo Bull. 4(3): P. 56
THE 2003 GOAT FARMING COMMITTEE, 2004. The Philippine Recommends for
Goat Farming. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST, PARRII, and DA-LDC
(Philippine Recommends Series No. 24-0). Pp. 1-2.
THE PORK PRODUCTION COMMITTEE. 2004-2005. The Philippine Recommends
for Pork Production. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD/DOST-FEIZER, Inc.
(Philippine Recommends Series No. 13-B) Pp. iii, 1-2.
WALSIYEN, M. 2005. Lecture Manual on Animal Production. Department of Animal
Science, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Appendix
The Research Instrument
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Name: ________________________
Gender:
Address: _______________________
Age: _______
Civil Status: ____________________
Occupation: __________________
Educational Attainment: ___________________________________________________
Years in Raising Animals: _________________________________________________
Number
Farm Animal/species/breed/strain
native
hybrid
upgrade
of years
Swine
________ ________ __________ ________
Cattle
________ ________ __________ ________
Chicken
________ ________ __________ ________
Carabao
________ ________ __________ ________
Goat
________ ________ __________ ________
Classification and Number of Animals Being Raised
Number of
Animal
Class/Age/Weight Breed/Strain
Purpose
Animals
Swine
Suckling
___________ ___________ ___________
Weanling
___________ ___________ ___________
Grower
___________ ___________ ___________
Finisher
___________ ___________ ___________
Sow
___________ ___________ ___________
Boar
___________ ___________ ___________
Cattle
Cow
___________ ___________ ___________
Bull
___________ ___________ ___________
Calf
___________ ___________ ___________
Chicken
Chicks
___________ ___________ ___________
Pullets
___________ ___________ ___________
Hen/rooster
___________ ___________ ___________
Goat
Doe
___________ ___________ ___________
Buck
___________ ___________ ___________
Kids
___________ ___________ ___________
Carabao
Caraballa
___________ ___________ ___________
Bull
___________ ___________ ___________
Calf
___________ ___________ ___________
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Source of Stock
Animal
Source of Initial and Replacement Stock
Swine
Cattle
Carabao
Goat
Chicken
Source of Capital (How is the project financed?)
____own money
____ contract grower
____loan from cooperative
____ other sources of capital (specify)
____loan from private individuals
II. HOUSING
A. Kind of Housing
Poultry
_____ Free range
_____ other types of rearing (specify)
_____ Complete confinement
_____ Semi-confinement
Livestock
_____tethering
_____range
_______others
_____confinement
_____feedlot
B. Housing Materials Used
Roofing ____________
Walling ____________
Flooring ____________
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Number of Animals per House/Pen
Animal
Number of Pens/corral in One
Number of Animals per
House
Pen/corral
Swine
__________
__________
Suckling
__________
__________
Weanling
__________
__________
Grower
__________
__________
Finisher
__________
__________
Sow
__________
__________
Boar
__________
__________
III. FEEDING
Type and Source of Feeds and Frequency of Feeding
Animal Class/Age/
Type of
Source of
Type of Non-
Combination
Weight
Convention
Conventional Conventional of feedstuffs
al Feeds
Feeds
Feeds
(conventional
and or non-
conventional)
Swine
Suckling
__________ __________
__________
__________
Weanling
__________ __________
__________
__________
Grower
__________ __________
__________
__________
Finisher
__________ __________
__________
__________
Sow
__________ __________
__________
__________
Boar
__________ __________
__________
__________
Goat
Buck
__________ __________
__________
__________
Doe
__________ __________
__________
__________
Kids
__________ __________
__________
__________
Cattle
Cow
__________ __________
__________
__________
Bull
__________ __________
__________
__________
Calf
__________ __________
__________
__________
Carabao Caraballa
__________ __________
__________
__________
Bull
__________ __________
__________
__________
Calf
__________ __________
__________
__________
Chicken Rooster
__________ __________
__________
__________
Chicks
__________ __________
__________
__________
Pullets
__________ __________
__________
__________
Hen
__________ __________
__________
__________
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Identification and Processing of Indigenous / Non-conventional Feeds
Non-conventional
Source/place of
Season of
Source of
Feed, Specie,
Greater Abundance
Abundance
Information on the
scientific name, local
Use of Non-
name
Conventional Feeds
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
Preparation of Non-Conventional Feeds
Type of Non-
Method of
Amount in Ration
Frequency of
conventional Feed
Preparation/Process
feeding
ing
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
System of Feeding
(1) wet group feeding
(4) dry individual feeding
(2) wet individual feeding
(5) free range / choice feeding
(3) dry group feeding
(6) others (specify)
Animal
Class/Age/Weight
System of Feeding
Frequency of Feeding
Swine
Suckling
_______________
_______________
Weanling
_______________
_______________
Grower-Finisher
_______________
_______________
Breeding swine
_______________
_______________
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Goat
Buck
_______________ _______________
Doe
_______________
_______________
Kids
_______________
_______________
Cattle
Cow
_______________
_______________
Bull
_______________
_______________
Calf
_______________
_______________
Chicken
Chicks
_______________
_______________
Pullets
_______________
_______________
Hen
_______________
_______________
Rooster
_______________
_______________
IV. BREEDING
Breeding Systems:
a. Out breeding
b. Inbreeding
c. Up grading/grading up
Pure breeding
close breeding
Out crossing
line breeding
Crossbreeding
Animal
Breeding
Mating
System
Age of Animals at
System
A.I
Natural
First Breeding
Swine
________
________
________
________
Cattle
________
________
________
________
Chicken
________
________
________
________
Carabao
________
________
________
________
Goat
________ ________ ________
________
Source of Male Breeding Animals
(1) owned
(3) hired
(2) borrowed
(4) other arrangements (specify)
Animal
Source of Breeding Animal
Terms of Payment for
Breeding Service
Swine
______________________
_______________________
Native
______________________
_______________________
Upgrade
______________________
_______________________
Crossbred
______________________
_______________________
Cattle
______________________
_______________________
Carabao
______________________
_______________________
Goat
______________________
_______________________
Chicken
______________________
______________________
Native/Sasso
______________________
_______________________
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Terms of Payment for Breeding Service
(1) Cash (how much?)
(3) In terms of calves
(2) In terms of piglets
(4) other terms (specify)
Other Reproductive Data
Animal
Litter Size at
Litter
Number Number
Number of
Number of
Birth
Size at
of Eggs
of Eggs
Eggs Hatched
Unhatched
Weaning
per
Incubated
Eggs
Clutch
Swine
Alive Dead
Alive Dead inferti Embr
le
yonic
Death
Native
____ ____ ______ _____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____
Upgrade
____ ____ ______ _____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____
Crossbred
____ ____ _____ _____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____
Cattle
____ ____ ______ _____ ______ ____ ____ ____ ____
Chicken
Native/
Sasso
____ ____ ______ _____ _______ ____ ____ ____ ____
V. HERD HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Sanitation practices
Bathing
Cleaning Pens
Do they
Do they
Animal
Animals
deworm?
disinfect?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Swine
Upgrade
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Crossbred
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Hybrid
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Goat
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Cattle
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ _____
Carabao
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Chicken
Native/Sasso _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____
_____
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Vaccination practices
Class/Age/
Do they
Source of
Type of
Frequency
Animal
Weight
vaccinate
Vaccine
vaccine
(brand)
Yes No
Swine
Suckling
Weanling
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Grower
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Finisher
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Sow
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Boar
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Goat
Buck
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Doe
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Kids
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Cattle
Cow
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Bull
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Calf
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Carabao
Caraballa
___ ___ _________ _________ _________
Bull
___ ___ _________ _________ _________
Calf
___ ___ _________ _________ _________
Chicken
Chicks
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Pullets
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Hen
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Rooster
___ ___ __________ __________ __________
Care of sick animals
Animal Class/Age/ Isolation Medication Culling Source of Veterinary
Weight
or Remedies of Sick Information assistance
Animals on
(yes?
Remedies
how)
Swine
Suckling
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Weanling
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Grower
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Finisher
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Sow
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Boar
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Cattle
Cow
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Bull
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Calf
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
Goat
Doe
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
Buck
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
Kid
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
Carabao Caraballa
_______ _______
_______ _______ _______
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Calf
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Bull
_______ _______
_______ _______
_______
Disposal
Source of
Veterinary
Animal Class/Age/ Isolation Medication of Sick Information assistance
Weight
or Remedies
/dead
on
(yes?
Animals
Remedies
how)
Chicken Chick
_______ _______
_______ _______
_______
Rooster
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Hen/Pullet
VI. HERD MANAGEMENT
Care for Young Pigs
Standard Practice
Yes
No
1. Removal of transplacental
membrane upon expulsion
of piglet
_________
_________
2. Cutting of the navel
cord
_________
_________
3. Cutting of the needle
teeth
_________
_________
5. Provide brooder box
6. Allow pigs to suckle
colostrums as soon as
possible
_________
_________
7. Fostering for orphaned
_________
_________
pigs
8. Iron injection
_________
_________
9. Feeding the piglets
starting on the fifth day
_________
_________
10. Castration of young
male pigs
_________
_________
11. Weaning
_________
_________
12. Gradual change of feed
_________
_________
13. Provide guard rails to
protect the piglets
_________
_________
Care for Young Calves (enumerate)
Care for Young Chicks (enumerate)
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
VI. MARKETING SYSTEM
How do they sell their product?
a. Per kilogram LW? c. per kilogram for butchered meat
b. Per head?
Who determines the price?
a. Producer
d. wholesaler
b. Consumer
e. meat packer
c. retailer
f. others (specify)
Marketing system
a. producer to consumer c. producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer
b. producer to retailer
d. other schemes (specify)
to consumer
VII. SUPPORT SYSTEM
Are their technical services or financial support being extended to the farmers
from any agency be it private or government?
How often do they avail of these services?
VII. PROBLEMS/CONSTRAINTS
What are the most common problems encountered in raising animals?
What possible solutions could they suggest to solve these constraints?
Status of Livestock and Poultry Production in Alaminos City, Pangasinan.
CAYAT, NORALYN B. MAY 2007.
Document Outline
- Status of Livestock and Poultry Production inAlaminos City, Pangasinan
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED