BIBLIOGRAPHY ONGICAN, JUPITER B. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ONGICAN, JUPITER B. APRIL 2008. Agronomic and Morphological
Characters of Potential Potato Entries for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Loo, Buguias, Benguet to evaluate the growth and
yield of potato entries, identify the highest yielding and most resistant potato entry to pest
and diseases under organic production.
Potato entries CIP 380251.17, CIP 676089, CIP 13.1.1 and PHIL 5.19.2.2 were
observed to have highly vigorous plants at 45 DAP. PHIL 5.19.2.2 registered the highest
canopy cover at 45 and 60 DAP. CIP 676089 was highly resistant to late blight infection
at 45 DAP while all the entries were moderately resistant at 60 DAP except for Granola.
CIP 13.1.1 produced the highest number of small sized tubers and marketable tubers.
CIP 380251.17 produced the highest total yield (kg/5m2) and computed yield (tons/ha).
In terms of cost and return analysis, potato entry CIP 380251.17 obtained the
highest ROCE. All potato entries except Granola are recommended for organic
production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………..
ii
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………………………….
3
Definition of Organic Farming ………………………………………………
3
Components of Organic Farming ……………………………………………
3
Variety Evaluation in Organic Farming ……………………………………..
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS …………………………………………………
7
Land Preparation …………………………………………………………….
7
Planting
Materials
…………………………………………………………… 7
Cultural Management Practices ……………………………………………..
7
Data Gathered ………………………………………………………………..
8
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………..
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………………….
16
Meteorological Data …………………………………………………………
16
Chemical Properties of the soil ………………………………………………
17
Plant Vigor at 45 and 60 DAP ………………………………………….……
18
Canopy Cover ………………………………………………………………..
18
Late Blight Incidence ………………………………………………………..
20
ii
Leaf Miner Incidence ………………………………………………………..
20
Yield and Yield Components ……………………………………………….
21
Number
of
Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers of Potato Entries …………………………………………………
21
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers of Potato Entries …………………………………………………
22
Total Yield per 5m2 ………………………………………………………
22
Computed Yield per Hectare …………………………………………….
23
Return on Cash Expense …………………………………………………
23
Morphological Characters ……………………………………………………
25
Growth Habit and Branching Habit ……………………………………..
25
Number of Primary Stems and Plant
at Flowering Stage of Potato Entries …………………………………….
25
Leaf Characters ………………………………………………………………
25
Leaf Dissection, Abaxial and Adaxial
Leaf Pubescence of Potato Entries ………………………………………
25
Predominant Stem and Secondary Stem Color
and Distribution of Secondary Stem
Color of Potato Entries …………………………………………………..
25
Stem Color, Cross Section and Wing
of Potato Entries …………………………………………………………
25
Tuber Character ……………………………………………………………...
26
Tuber Size, Defects, Uniformity and Number
of Eyes and Eyes per Tuber ……………………………………………...
26
Predominant Tuber Skin Color, Secondary
Tuber Skin Color, Distribution
of Secondary Tuber Skin
Type of Potato Entries …………………………………………………...
26
Predominant Tuber Flesh Color, Secondary
iii
Tuber Flesh Color, Depth of Eyes
per Tuber and General Shape ……………………………………………
26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION …………………...
28
Summary
……………………………………………………………………. 28
Conclusion
…………………………………………………………………... 28
Recommendation
……………………………………………………………. 28
LITERATURE CITED …………………………………………………………...
29
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………
34
iv
INTRODUCTION
Potato
(Solanum tuberusom) belongs to the family of Solanacious crops
(PCARRD, 1985). It is the major tuber crop grown by farmers in Benguet and its
production is mostly conventional (Ganga, 1996).
The conventional potato production employ the use of chemical pesticides and
synthetic fertilizers. Such practices may bring high profit to farmers but could contribute
to the degradation in the environment. Continuous application of chemicals and
synthetic fertilizers can also affect the health of human beings and cause new strains of
pest and diseases to develop (Donahue, et al, 1971).
Producing potatoes organically might be an alternative practice not only to
increase profit of the farmers but also preserve the quality of our environment.
Organic farming is a production system, which excludes the synthetically
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and others. Instead, it relies in crop
rotation, crop residue and animal manures application and mechanical cultivation to
maintain soil productivity and tilth (Anonymous, 2005).
One of the important practices in organic production is the use of varieties
resistant to pests and diseases. Varieties adapted to organic production may contribute to
enhancing the quality of the environment since no application of pesticides is done.
Thus, evaluation and screening of varieties under organic production sites is
necessary.
The study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of potato entries under organic
production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet and identify the highest yielding and most resistant
potato entry to pest and diseases at Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
2
The study was conducted at Loo, Buguias, Benguet from September to December
2007.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Definition of Organic Farming
Organic farming methods are practical and economical way to increase yield,
conserve the soil, and maintain the water quantity and lower operating costs. Organic
farming procedure has the same amount of yield of same quality for same costs as
conventional farms of the same size. Moreover, organic farms are relatively free from
the possible toxicities to soil, to flora and fauna in general (NPRCRTC, 1998).
According to Broines (1997) organic farming include various forms of sustainable
agriculture such as organic agriculture, biodynamic agriculture and natural way of
farming share a concern for the health and welfare of the farmer in the future. A way of
farming that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizer as well as genetically modified
organism (GMO’s) and usually subscribers to the principles of sustainable agriculture.
Organic management relies on developing biological diversity in the field to disrupt
habitat for pest organism, and replenishment of soil fertility.
Anonymous (2002) defined organic farming as whole system approach that works
to optimize the natural fertility resources of the farm. This is done through traditional
practices of recycling farm-produced livestock manures, composting, crop rotation, green
manuring, and crop residue management. Organic agriculture also looks to local waste
product manures – off leaching and erosion.
Components of Organic Farming
Use of organic fertilizers. According to Balaoing (1995) the nutrient content of
organic fertilizer particularly in rice straw has N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and S. The soil
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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4
reaction with the exception of urea becoming acidic if inorganic fertilizer is used for a
longer period of time. Organic fertilizers stimulate, increase a much greater extent from
confinement feeding food processing waste and to supplement soil fertility economically.
Crop protection in organic farming. Organic farmers apply the soil and build soil
organic matter with cover crops, compost and biologically based soil amendments.
Organic matter in the soil produces healthy plants that are better and able to resist disease
and insects. Organic farmers use cover crops and crop rotations to change the field
ecology, effectively disrupting habitat for weeds, insect and disease organisms. Weeds
are controlled through crop rotation, mechanical tillage, and hand weeding and other
management methods. Organic farming relies on a diverse population of soil organism,
beneficial insects and buds to keep pest in check. When pest population get out of
balance, growers implement a variety of strategies such as the use of insect predators,
mating disruption, traps and barriers (Pawar, 2005).
Diversity in organic farming. Pawar (2005) stated that diverse cropping as crop
production will follow the pattern in time and space. This practice will include
multistory cropping, mixed cropping, crop rotation, strip and relay intercropping, etc. It
enhances ecological benefits simultaneously, which maintains efficiency of production.
The benefits of crop diversification includes; increased yield, reduced pest incidence,
improved weed control, reduced soil erosion, the recycling of nutrients reserves from
depth of soil and transfer of nitrogen from nitrogen fixing species.
Variety Evaluation in Organic Farming
According to Singh (1999), the proposed standard of variety selection in organic
farming was expectedly adapted locally that are common in the area, with the resistance
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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to pests and diseases so that the crop planted have high production. However, the new
revision limit is the use of organic seeds, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, and annual seedlings that
should be transplanted when readily available. All propagation materials used in organic
farming must be organic in origin. Organic farmers need the varieties that are adapted
well to specific soil and fertility conditions. In several circumstances, varieties that do
not perform well in organic system have different yield rankings. In selecting the right
variety, the farmers must also consider the consumer requirement, supermarket
requirement and variety maturity in order to achieve the best production needed.
Montes (2006) found that genotype 676089 is the best potato entry grown under
organic production at Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. The entry was observed to have
vigorous and tall plants, high yield, high dry matter content of tubers and resistant to late
blight. Genotypes IP84007.67, 676070 and 13.1.1 could also be grown under the same
condition.
Potato entries grown under organic production at Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet
showed highly significant differences of percent survival. Potato entries 6573.75 and
Kennebec showed the highest percentage survival, while 676089 had the lowest survival.
The high percentage survival could be due to favorable environmental condition during
the early growth stage of the potato entries (Aguirre, 2006).
It was reported by Panico (2006) that all potato entries at Englandad, Atok,
Benguet are highly vigorous at 30 days after planting. At 65 days after planting, potato
entries 380251.17, Ganza, 573275 and Kennebec showed a decrease in their plant vigor.
The poor vigor of different potato entries grown organically may be due to unfavorable
temperature during the conduct of the study.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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Tabon (2007) reported that leaf miner occurred at 45, 60 and 75 DAP in Loo,
Buguias. At Englandad, there were no leaf miner occurrence observed. The absence of
leaf miner at Englandad might be attributed to the temperature and relative humidity
which inhibited leaf miner infestation. Occurrence of the leaf miner within the farm at
Loo may be due to late season of planting. When most of the conventional farmers had
harvested their potato plants, leaf miner was prevalent in the area during the conduct of
the study. Among the potato accessions planted in Loo, it was observed that Granola is
susceptible to leaf miner.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation
An area of 90 m2 was thoroughly prepared. The area was divided into 18 plots
measuring 1 m x 5 m to accommodate six potato entries and replicated three times. The
distance of planting was 25 cm x 30 cm between hills and rows.
Planting Materials
Sprouted tubers acquired from the Northern Philippine Root Crops Research and
Training Center, Benguet State University (NPRCRTC-BSU) were used as planting
materials.
The treatments were:
Entry
Origin
13.1.1
CIP
380251.17
CIP
676089 CIP
5.1.9.2.2 Philippines
Ganza
(check)
CIP
Granola
(check) Germany
Cultural Management Practices
Organic production practices in the production of the study include hilling-up of
prepared compost such as rice hull, grasses and chicken dung at a rate of 5 kg per 1 m x 5
m plot at 20 days after planting. Irrigation was employed through overhead irrigation,
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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with the use of sprinkler and spraying of marigold extract as botanical insecticide and
baking soda for fungus.
The data gathered were:
A. Vegetative Characters
1. Plant survival (%). This was the percentage of plants that survived taken at 30
days after planting and calculated using the formula:
Number of plants that survived
% = ---------------------------------------- x 100
Total number of plants planted
2. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 35, 40, 60 and 75 days after planting using
the CIP scale (NPRCRTC, 2000).
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves;
Poor Vigor
very pale
2
Plants are weak with few thin stems and leaves;
Less Vigor
pale
3
Better than less vigorous
Moderately
Vigorous
4
Plants that are moderately strong with robust
Vigorous
Stem and leaves; are light green in color
5
Plants are strong with robust stems and leaves;
Highly Vigorous
leaves are light to dark green in color
3. Canopy cover. This was gathered at 30, 40, 60 and 75 days after planting
using a wooden frame using 120 cm x 60 cm with equal sized 12 cm and 6 cm grids
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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holding the grid over the foliage of four plants representatives previously marked; grids
covered with effective leaves were counted.
B. Pest and disease incidence
1. Leaf miner incidence. The occurrence of leaf miner was observed at 45, 60
and 75 days after planting using the rating scale (CIP, 2001).
2. Late blight incidence. Rating was done at 30, 45 and 60 DAP using CIP
(Henfling, 1987) rating scale as follows:
BLIGHT SCALE
DESCRIPTION
0
1
No late blight to be observable
Trace < 5
2
Late blight present. Maximum 10 lesions per plant
5 - < 15
3
Plants look healthy, but lesions are easily seen at closer
distance.
15-< 35
4
Late blight easily seen on most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with lesions or destroyed
35- < 65
5
Plants look green: however, all plants are affected.
Lower leaves are dead. About half of the foliage area is
destroyed.
65 - < 85
6
Plants look green with brown flecks. About 75% of
each plant is affected. Leaves of the lower half of the
plant are destroyed
85 - < 95
7
Plant neither predominantly green or brown. Only
leaves are green. Many stems have large lesions
95 - < 100
8
Plant is black colored. A few top leaves still have green
area. Most stems have lesions are dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Description: 1 = Highly resistant; 2-3 = Resistant; 4-5 = Moderately resistant; 6-7 =
Moderately susceptible; 8-9; Susceptible
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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C. Yield and Yield Components
1. Number and weight of marketable tubers per plot (g). All tubers of
marketable quality were counted and weighed at harvest and classified into sizes: XL,
large, medium, small and marble size.
2. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per plot (g). Tubers damaged
by pests, cracked, deformed, and rotten were counted and weighed at harvest.
3. Total yield per plot (g). This is the sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tuber yield in each plot.
4. Computed yield in tons per hectare. This was computed in a hectare basis
using the formula:
Total yield
Yield (tons/ha) = ------------------------- x 10,000
Plot size (m/1,000)
D. Cost and Return Analysis
Net Income
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE) = ------------------------------- x 100
Total
Cost
of
Production
E. Morphological Characterization
Characterization was done on different potato entries based on agromorphological
characters using the descriptive list for potato by the International Potato Center.
1. Growth habit. This was taken by describing the type of growth habit at the
beginning of flowering using the rating scale as follows:
Scale
Description
1
Erect
2
Semi-erect
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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3
Decumbent
4
Prostrate
5
Semi-rosette
6
Rosette
2. Branching Habit. This was determined by visual observation using the scale
as follows:
Scale
Description
1
Single
2
Branched
3. Number of primary stems. This was obtained by counting the primary stems
using the CIP descriptors list.
Scale
Description
1
Single
2
Few
3
Medium
4
Many
4. Abaxial leaf pubescence. The degree to which the lower surfaces of the
leaves which are covered by hairs (trichomes) was described using the scale as follows:
Scale
Description
0
Glabrous
1
Glabrescent
2
Pubescent
3
Strong pubescent
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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5. Adaxial leaf pubescent. The degree to which the upper surfaces of the leaves
were determined are covered by hairs (trichomes) using the scale as follows:
Scale
Description
0
Glabrous
1
Glabrescent
2
Pubescent
3
Strong pubescent
6. Predominant sprout color. This was determined by visual observation using
the scale as follows:
Scale
Description
1
Single
2
Few
3
Medium
4
Many
7. Secondary stem color. This was observed using the CIP descriptors list:
Scale
Description
0
Absent
1
White green
2
Pink
3
Red
4
Violet
5
Purple
6
Green
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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8. Distribution of secondary color. This was observed using the CIP descriptors
list.
Scale
Description
0
Absent
1
At the base
2
At the apex
3
Lightly scattered throughout
4
Heavily scattered throughout
5
Other
6
Green
9. Tuber skin type. This was recorded using the CIP descriptors list.
Scale
Description
1
Smooth
2
Rough
10. Tuber shape. The shape of the tuber was obtained using the following ratio
scale.
Scale
Description
1
Round
2
Oviate
3
Oblong
11. Tuber size. The tubers were classified into
Scale
Description
1
Small
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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2
Medium
3
Large
12. Depth of eyes. This was described using the descriptors list as follows:
Scale
Description
1
Protruding
2
Shallow
3
Medium
4
Deep
5
Very deep
13. Predominant tuber skin color. The color which covers most of the surface of
the tubers were determined using the rating scale:
Scale
Description
1
White cream
2
Yellow
3
Orange
4
Brownish
5
Pink
6
Red
7
Purple-red
8
Purple
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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Data Analysis
All quantitative data was analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, the significance of
differences among the treatment means will be tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct
of the study. The highest temperature recorded was 220C taken during taken in
September. Highest relative humidity was observed during the months of October and
November. Rainfall of 988 mm occurred in November.
Temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study were favorable
for potato production. The occurrence of rainfall might have contributed to high relative
humidity in November which indirectly caused the occurrence of late blight at the later
stages of growth.
Table 1. Meteorological data during the conduct of the study from September to
December 2007
MEAN
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MONTH
TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
(mm)
(0C)
(%)
September
22
75
0
October
19
82
0
November
19
82
988
December
17
67
0
MEAN 19.25
76.5
247
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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Chemical Properties of the Soil
Soil
pH. Table 2 shows that pH increased. The increase might be due to the
application of compost as claimed by earlier researchers.
According to Motes and Criswell (2000), potatoes grow well in a wide variety of
soils and soil pH ranged from 5.0 to 6.5 with satisfactory production.
Soil
organic
matter. Organic matter decreased from 4.0% to 3.5% (Table 2). The
decline could be due to the fact that the total amount of crop residues returned to the soil
is low when there is continuous production of crops (Motes and Criswell, 2000).
Nitrogen. Nitrogen content of the soil increased (Table 2). Nitrogen is needed for
vegetative growth as claimed by past researchers. It is known that high nitrogen
application may prolong the maturity of the crop.
Phosphorous. There was increase in the phosphorous content of the soil. The
increase in the phosphorous content may be due to the compost incorporated in the soil.
Phosphorous contributed to the early development of the crop and early tuberization. It
may increase the number of tuber per plant. Although organic sources of phosphorous
are slowly available, they are very important since organic phosphorous may account up
to 90% of the total soil phosphorous. Organic phosphorous can be supplied to the soil by
the addition of manure, municipal waste and the accumulation of microbial and plant
residues.
Potassium. There was increase in the total potassium. The increase could be
attributed to more available potassium of the compost fertilizers applied.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
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Table 2. Soil chemical properties before planting and after harvesting
pH
ORGANIC
NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM
MATTER
(%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(%)
Before
6.88 4.0 0.85
90
557
planting
After
6.80 3.5 0.93
95
668
harvesting
Source: Bureau of Soils, Pacdal, Baguio City (2008)
Plant Vigor at 45 and 60 DAP
All potato entries at 45 DAP were highly vigorous except for Ganza which is
vigorous and Granola which had poor vigor (Table 3). On the other hand, potato entries
at 60 DAP were all moderately vigorous except for Granola which has poor vigor.
Highly vigorous plants may be due to amendments incorporated in the soil. The
compost used nutrients that sustained the plants (Montes, 2006). According to Balaoing
(1995), organic fertilizers aid the plants in absorbing more nutrients and the soil is rich in
humus.
Canopy Cover
Significant differences were observed on the canopy cover of the different entries
at 30, 45 and 60 DAP (Table 4). Canopy cover increased from 30 and 45 DAP except for
entries Ganza and Granola. At 60 DAP, canopy cover of all potato entries decreased,
which might be an indication of susceptibility to late blight infection. It was observed
that a potato entry with high canopy cover is also resistant to late blight such as PHIL
5.19.2.2 which registered the highest canopy cover at 30 DAP. At 45 and 60 DAP the
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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Table 3. Plant vigor of potato entries at 45 and 60 DAP
ENTRY
45 DAP
60 DAP
CIP 380251.17
5a
3a
CIP 676089
5a
3a
CIP 13.1.1
5a
3a
PHIL 5.19.2.2
5a
3a
Ganza 4b
3a
Granola 1c
1b
CV (%)
5.58
11.16
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Table 4. Canopy cover of potato entries at 30, 45 and 60 DAP
ENTRY
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
CIP 380251.17
61ab
64ab
50bc
CIP 676089
56b
68ab
53ab
CIP 13.1.1
58ab
70 ab 54a
PHIL 5.19.2.2
64a
73 a 51 abc
Ganza 60ab
54b 49c
Granola 36c
7c
0d
CV
(%)
6.17 16.47 5.35
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Description: 1 = poor vigor; 2 = less vigor; 3 = ,moderately vigorous; 4 = vigorous; 5 =
highly vigorous
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
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same entry registered the highest canopy cover, CIP 13.1.1 and CIP 676089 followed
with comparable canopy covers at 45 and 60 DAP.
The decrease of canopy cover could be due to insect infestation and high late
blight infection during the conduct of the study (Table 4). Potato leaves infected with the
disease slowly senesced and fell-off.
Late Blight Incidence
Consistent trend was observed on late blight occurrence. As early as 45 DAP,
Granola had already a susceptible rating (8). Entry CIP 676089 is highly resistant to late
blight infection at 45 DAP while all entries at 60 DAP were moderately resistant to late
blight infection. At 45 DAP, all the entries were resistant to late blight infection.
Increased in late blight infection at 60 DAP could be due to the continuous rain
that occurred during the conduct of the study.
Leaf Miner Incidence
Visual rating for leaf miner incidence was done at vegetative stage. It was
observed that most of the entries were moderately resistant at 60 DAP except for Granola
which was observed to be very susceptible. Low leafminer incidence could be due to
crop diversity, set-up of sticky yellow traps and spraying of marigold extract.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
21
Yield and Yield Components
Number of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers of Potato Entries
Marketable tubers were classified according to size such as extra large, large,
medium, small and non-marketable size. Statistically, significant differences were noted
on the number of marketable tubers. Entry CIP 380251.17 had significantly produced the
highest number of extra-large and large tubers. Entry PHIL 5.19.2.2 produced the
highest medium-sized tubers while CIP 13.1.1 produced the highest number of small-
sized tubers and marketable tubers. Granola produced only small tubers.
Table 5. Number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of potato entries at harvest
TOTAL
NON-
MARKETABLE YIELD
ENTRIES
NUMBER OF
MARKETABLE
MARKETABLE
TUBERS
XL L M S TUBERS
(g/5m2)
CIP 380251.17
17a
27a
28a
31b
103a
6cd
CIP 676089
15ab
15b
27a
18d
75b
22a
CIP 13.1.1
10c
10c
27a
39a
86d
13b
PHIL 5.19.2.2
14ab
14b
31a
26c
85ab
26a
Ganza 13bc
13bc
21b
33b
80ab
7c
Granola 0c
0d
0c
3c
3c
1d
CV
(%)
20.10 20.36 28.45 29.89
16.39
17.43
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
22
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers of Potato Entries
Presented on Table 6 is the weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers
classified according to size. Entry CIP 13.1.1 produced the heaviest weight of extra-large
tubers. With regards to large and medium tubers, entry CIP 380251.17 produced the
heaviest weight. Lowest weight of marketable tubers were obtained for Granola (Table
6).
Total Yield per 5m2
Table 7 shows the total yield of six potato entries. Potato entry CIP 380251.17
produced the highest yield (5.69 kg/m2) while Granola had the lowest at 0.2 kg/5m2.
Medium to high yield could be attributed to the favorable environment condition that
leads to better growth and yield of the potato entries (Table 7).
Table 6. Weight of marketable, non-marketable tubers of potato entries at harvest
TOTAL
NON-
MARKETABLE YIELD
ENTRY
WIGHT OF
MARKETABLE
(g/5m2)
MARKET-
TUBERS
ABLE YIELD
(g/5m2)
XL L M S (g/5m2)
CIP 380251.17
1316.67b
1666.67a
1300a
453.33ab
4,737a
233.33bc
CIP 676089
1250b
803.33b
783.33b
333.333ab
3,170n
1008.33a
CIP 13.1.1
7750c
1,200ab
1016.67ab
900a
3,892n
458.33abc
PHIL 5.19.2.2
1133.33b
1158.33ab
1183.33ab
783.33a
4,259a
766.67bc
Ganza 1000b
1035ab
808.33b
866.67a
3,710ab
104.67c
Granola 0c
0d
16.67c
83.33b
100c
16.67c
C.V. (%)
20.28
31.90
28.18
31.05
17.76
37.07
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
23
Table 7. Computed yield of the potato entries
ENTRY YIELD
(kg/5m2)
CIP 380251.17
5.69ab
CIP 676089
4.26b
CIP 13.1.1
4.87ab
PHIL 5.19.2.2
5.21a
Ganza 4.23b
Granola 0.200c
CV (%)
15.59
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Computed Yield per Hectare
Total yield per hectare is shown in Table 8. Potato entry CIP 380251.17
registered the highest computed yield of 11 kg/ 5m2. The high yield of PHIL 5.19.2.2
could be attributed to high canopy cover and resistance to late blight.
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Cash expense of potato entries is shown in Table 9. Potato entry CIP 380251.17
had the highest (117.23%) while Granola had a negative ROCE (-92%). These results
indicate that the entries with the highest yield also gained the highest profit.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
24
Table 8. Computed yield of potato entries
ENTRIES
COMPUTED YIELD
(tons/ha)
CIP 380251.17
11b
CIP 676089
9b
CIP 13.1.1
10ab
PHIL 5.19.2.2
10ab
Ganza
8b
Granola
4c
CV (%)
15.60
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P > 0.05)
Table 9. Cost and return analysis in organic potato production (15 m2)
COST OF
MARKETABLE
GROSS
NET
ENTRIES
PRODUCTION
TUBERS
SALE
INCOME
ROCE
(Php)
(kg/5m2)
(Php)
(Php)
CIP 380251.17
275
14.93
597.40
322.40
117.23
CIP 676089
275
12.61
504.40
229.40
83.41
CIP 13.1.1
275
13.27
530.60
225.40
92.94
PHIL 5.19.2.2
275
14.46
578.00
303.00
110.18
Ganza 275
12.39
495.40
202.40
80.14
Granola 275
0.55
22.00
-253.00
-92.00
* Total cost of production includes cost of planting materials, herbal insecticides,
herbicides and labor
*Selling price of potato tubers was based on P 40.00 per kilo regardless of size
(palaspasan) economically produced
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
25
Morphological Characters
Growth Habit and Branching Habit
On the growth habit type, all of the entries are erect except for entries CIP
380251.17 and CIP 676089, which are semi-erect during the growth of the potato. With
regards to branching habit, all the entries are single except again for entries CIP
380251.17 and CIP 676089 which are branched.
Number of Primary Stems and Plant
at Flowering Stage of Potato Entries
All entries had one to three primary stems except for CIP 676089 and CIP 13.1.1
which had four to eight primary stems. Plant height at flowering stage are all medium.
Leaf Characters
Leaf Dissection, Abaxial and Adaxial Leaf
Pubescence of Potato Entries
On leaf dissection, all the potato entries are weakly dissected. All potato entries
had pubescent abaxial leaves. On the adaxial side, only the leaves of CIP 380251.17 and
CIP 676089 are glabrescent.
Predominant Stem and Secondary Stem Color
and Distribution of Secondary Stem
Color of Potato Entries
Entries CIP 676089 and PHIL 5.19.2.2 had green as stem color. Entry CIP 13.1.1
showed white green stem while entry CIP 380251.17 has purple and pink stem for Ganza.
As to secondary stem color, entries CIP 676089 and Ganza are green while 13.1.1 has
pink stem while entry CIP 380251.17 has no secondary stem color. As to distribution of
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
26
secondary stem color, all entries did not show secondary color except for 676089 which
is lightly scattered throughout and Ganza which is heavily scattered above the base of the
sprout.
Tuber Character
Tuber Size, Defects, Uniformity and Number
of Eyes and Eyes per Tuber
Tuber sizes are large except for entries CIP 676089 and CIP 13.1.1 which are
medium. Tuber defects are present in all entries. All tubers have uniform tubers except
for entry PHIL 5.19.2.2. Number of eyes per tuber are all intermediate.
Predominant Tuber Skin Color, Secondary Tuber
Skin Color, Distribution of Secondary Tuber
Skin Type of Potato Entries
All of the entries have yellow predominant skin color except for entry CIP
380251. Secondary tuber skin color is white cream and yellow. Distribution of
secondary tuber color is observed on the eyes except for entry CIP 380251.17 which is on
the eye-brows.
Predominant Tuber Flesh Color, Secondary Flesh
Color, Depth of Eyes per Tuber
and General Shape
Predominant tuber flesh color is yellow while secondary flesh color is yellow
cream. Depth of eyes on the other hand is shallow except for entry CIP 380251.17.
Tuber shapes of the entries are round and oblong.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
27
Table 10. Morphological characterization
NUMBER
ABAXIAL
ADAXIAL
PREDO-
SECON-
DISTRIB-
TUBER
PREDO-
SECON-
SECON-
DEPTH
SHAPE
ENTRIES
GROW-
BRANCH-
OF
LEAF
LEAF
MINANT
DARY
UTION OF
SIZE
MINANT
DARY
DARY
OF EYES
TH
ING HABIT
PRIMA-
PUBES-
PUBES-
STEM
STEM
SECOND-
SKIN
TUBER
FLESH
HABIT
RY STEM
CENCE
CENCE
COLOR
COLOR
ARY
COLOR
SKIN
COLOR
COLOR
COLOR
380251.17 Semi-
Branched Few
Pubes-
Glabres-
Purple
Absent
Absent
Large
Yellow
White
Yellow
Protrud-
Round
erect
cent
cent
cream
cream
ing
676089 Semi-
Branched
Pubes-
Glabres-
Green
Green
Lightly
Medium Yellow
White
Yellow
Shallow
Oblong
erect
Medium
cent
cent
scattered
cream
cream
throughout
13.1.1 Erect
Single
Medium
Pubes-
Pubescent
White green
Green
Absent Medium
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Shallow
Round
cent
cream
5.19.2.2 Erect
Single
Few
Pubes-
Pubescent
Green
Purple
Absent Large
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Shallow
Oblong
cent
cream
Ganza Erect
Single
Few
Pubes-
Pubescent
Green
Green
Heavily
Medium
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Shallow
Round
cent
scattered
cream
above the
base of the
sprout
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted in an organic farm at Loo, Buguias, Benguet to
determine the growth and yield of potato entries and identify the highest yielding and
most resistant potato entry to pests and diseases.
CIP 380251.17, CIP 676089, CIP 13.1.1 and PHIL 5.19.2.2 were observed to
have highly vigorous plants at 45 DAP. PHIL 5.19.2.2 registered the highest canopy
cover at 45 and 60 DAP. CIP 676089 is highly resistant to late blight at 45 DAP. All the
entries were moderately resistant at 60 DAP except for Granola. CIP 13.1.1 produced the
highest number of small sized tubers and marketable tubers and produced the highest
total yield (kg/5 m2).
In terms of cost and return analysis, CIP 38025.17 obtained the highest ROCE.
Conclusion
All potato entries except Granola exhibited good performance in terms of yield
and resistance to late blight.
Among the entries, CIP 380251.17 performed the best as evidenced by its high
yield and resistance to late blight.
Recommendation
Organic production using the entries CIP 13.1.1, CIP 676089, CIP 380251.17,
PHIL 5.19.2.2 and Ganza is recommended in Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
There should be continuous evaluation of potato entries under organic production
until a stable variety could be recommended.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
29
LITERATURE CITED
AGUIRRE, V.B. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato entries in an organic farm
at La Trinidad, Benguet. B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. P. 19
ANONYMOUS, 2002. http:www/attar.org/attar.pub/organic crop.html#principle
ANONYMOUS, 2005. Organic farming research foundation. Retrieved November 11,
2006 from http://www.ess:co.ac/GAIA/AZZI.html
BACOD, P.Q. 2006. Agronomic characters of promising potato accessions applied with
probiotics in an organic farm at Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
BALAOING, J. D. 1995. A Report About Organic Fertilizer and Its Importance to the
Soil Properties. Benguet State University. P. 5.
CAMBONG, R. T. 2007. Response of Organically Grown Potato Entries Intercropped
with Bush Beans and Onion Leeks at the La Trinidad, Benguet. Undergraduate
B.S. Thesis. Benguet State University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 9.
DONAHUE, R. L., J.S. SHICLUNA and A.S. ROBERTSON. 1971. Soil and
Introductory to Soil and Plant Growth.
GANGA, Z. H. 1996. Highland Potato Technoguide. La Trinidad: Highland
Agricultural Research and Development Consortium. P. 11
GAYOMBA, H.C. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato genotypes grown in an
organic farm at Sinipsip, Buguias. Undergraduate B.S. Thesis. Benguet State
University. La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 16.
HENFLING, J.W. 1987. Technical Information. Bulletin for Late Blight of Potato.
1987. UP Press.
MONTES, R.F. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotypes in an organic farm at
Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 4.
PANICO, A.A. 2006. Agronomic characters of potato entries in a transitional organic
farm at Englandad, Atok, Benguet. P. 6.
PCARRD, 1985. The Philippine recommends for fertilizer usage. Technical Bulletin
Series no. 52. Los Banos, Laguna. Pp. 63-71.
NPRCRTC. 1998. Potato Production Guide. Benguet State University. La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 2 – 9.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
30
PAWAR, V. M. and S.N. PURI. 2005. Organic farming. Retrieved from the world wide
web http://www.in/agri/extension.html.
SINGH, G. 1999. Importance of variety evaluation in organic farming. Retrieved from
the world wide web http://www.onefish.organization/archive/sofar/sesindic.ac
TABON, C.S. 2007. Agronomic characters of potato accessions grown organically
under mid and high elevations of Benguet. Undergraduate B.S. Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 20
TOMILAS, M.D. 2006. Response of sweet pea to residual fertilizer from organic
fertilizer application in clay loam soil. Undergraduate B.S. Thesis. BSU, La
Trinidad, Benguet. P. 5.
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
31
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Plant vigor of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 5
5
5
15
5
676089 5
5
5
15
5
13.1.1 5
5
5
15
5
5.19.2.2 5
5
5
15
5
Ganza 4
4
5
13
4.33
Granola
1 1 1 3 1
TOTAL
25 25 26 76
25.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
0.111
0.056
Treatment 6 38.444
7.689
138.4**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
0.556
0.056
TOTAL 20
39.111
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 5.58%
Sx
=
0.14
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
32
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Plant vigor of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
3 3 3 9 3
676089 4
3
3
10
3.33
13.1.1 4
3
3
10
3.33
5.19.2.2
3 3 3 9 3
Ganza 4
3
3
10
3.33
Granola
1 1 1 3 1
TOTAL
19 16 16 51
16.99
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1.000
0.500
Treatment 6 12.500
2.500
25.0**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
1.000
0.100
TOTAL 20
14.500
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 11.16%
Sx
=
0.18
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
33
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Canopy cover of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 59
65
59
183
61
676089 57
57
55
169
56.33
13.1.1 54
60
55
175
58.33
5.19.2.2 60
73
60
193
64.33
Ganza 64
60
56
180
60
Granola 37
35
35
107
35.67
TOTAL 331
356
320
1007
335.66
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
76.778
38.389
Treatment 6
1569.611
313.922
26.63**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
117.889
11.789
TOTAL 20
1764.278
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 6.17%
Sx
=
1.98
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
34
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Canopy cover of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 66
71
56
193
64.33
676089 73
64
67
204
68
13.1.1 68
70
72
210
70
5.19.2.2 68
79
71
218
72.67
Ganza 74
53
36
163
54.33
Granola 4
6
12
22
7.33
TOTAL 353
343
314
1010
336.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
136.778
68.389
Treatment 6
9175.111
1835.022
21.49**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
853.889
85.389
TOTAL 20
10165.778
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 16.47%
Sx
=
5.33
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
35
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Canopy cover of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 51
50
48
149
49.67
676089 56
54
50
160
53.33
13.1.1 58
54
50
162
54.00
5.19.2.2 53
50
49
152
50.67
Ganza 55
49
42
146
48.67
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
273 257 239 769
256.34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
96.444
48.22
Treatment 6
6634.94
1326.989
254.10**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
52.22
5.222
TOTAL 20
6783.611
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 5.35%
Sx
=
1.32
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
36
APPENDIX TABLE 6. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
16 11 1 18 6
676089
1 1 2 4
1.33
13.1.1
4 3 2 9 3
5.19.2.2
2 1 2 5
1.67
Ganza 6
3
3
12
4
Granola 96
99
98
293
97.67
TOTAL
124 118 108 341
113.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
24.333
12.167
Treatment 6
22121.833
4424.367
416.08**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
106.333
10.633
TOTAL 20
22252.500
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 16.72%
Sx
=
1.88
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
37
APPENDIX TABLE 7. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
26 26 28 80
26.67
676089
26 27 27 80
26.67
13.1.1
25 25 27 77
25.67
5.19.2.2
26 26 27 79
26.33
Ganza
26 26 26 78 26
Granola
100 100 100 300 100
TOTAL
229 230 235 694
231.34
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
96.444
48.222
Treatment 6
6634.944
1326.989
254.10**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
52.222
5.222
TOTAL 20
6783.611
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 1.47%
Sx
=
1.32
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
38
APPENDIX TABLE 8. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
2 2 2 6 2.0
676089
1 2 2 5
1.67
13.1.1
1 2 2 5
1.67
5.19.2.2
2 2 2 6 2
Ganza
1 2 2 5
1.67
Granola 5
5
5
15
5
TOTAL
12 15 15 42
14.01
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1.000
0.500
Treatment 6 26.000
0.200
52.0**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
1.000
0.100
TOTAL 20
28.00
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 13.55%
Sx
=
0.18
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
39
APPENDIX TABLE 9. Number of extra-large tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 25
8
17
50
17
676089
23 11 12 46 15
13.1.1
9 13 9 31 10
5.19.2.2
17 15 11 43 14
Ganza
10 19 11 40 13
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 84
60
60
210
69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
52.000
26.000
Treatment 6
555.667
111.733
4.31**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
259.333
25.933
TOTAL 20
870.000
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 20.10%
Sx
=
2.94
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
40
APPENDIX TABLE 10. Number of tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
39 25 17 81 27
676089
23 11 12 46 15
13.1.1
9 13 9 31 10
5.19.2.2
17 15 11 43 14
Ganza
10 19 11 40 13
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 98
83
60
241
79
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
122.75
26.000
Treatment 6
1130.800
111.733
4.31**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
292.414
25.933
TOTAL 20
1545.488
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 20.36%
Sx
=
3.12
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
41
APPENDIX TABLE 11. Number of medium tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
29 25 29 83 28
676089
15 17 50 82 27
13.1.1
23 25 34 82 27
5.19.2.2
23 39 31 93 31
Ganza
20 12 30 62 21
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL
110 118 174 402 134
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
405.333
202.667
Treatment 6
1965.333
393.067
5.33**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
737.333
73.733
TOTAL 20
3100.000
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 28.45%
Sx
=
4.95
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
42
APPENDIX TABLE 12. Number of small tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
29 39 26 94 31
676089
18 12 24 54 18
13.1.1 48
29
39
116
39
5.19.2.2
34 12 33 79 26
Ganza 37
34
29
100
33
Granola 6
0
4
10
3
TOTAL
135 126 151 453 150
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
142.984
71.492
Treatment 6
2688.403
537.681
9.73**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
552.585
55.258
TOTAL 20
3383.971
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 29.89%
Sx
=
4.29
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
43
APPENDIX TABLE 13. Non-marketable tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 5
6
6
17
6
676089
16 34 16 66 22
13.1.1 19
12
9
40
13
5.19.2.2 40
30
7
77
26
Ganza
8 0 12 20 7
Granola
3 0 0 3 1
TOTAL 91
82
50
223
75
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
155.818
77.909
Treatment 6
1422.544
284.509
3.71*
3.00
4.82
Error
12
766.156
76.616
TOTAL 20
2344.518
* - significant
Coefficient of Variation = 17.43%
Sx
=
5.05
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
44
APPENDIX TABLE 14. Weight of extra-large tubers per plot/replication (g)
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 2050
650
1250
3950
1316.67
676089 1900
750
1100
3750
1250
13.1.1
700 1000 625 2325 7750
5.19.2.2 1450
1150
800
3400
1133.33
Ganza 900
900
1200
3000
1000
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 7000
4450
5025
16425
12450
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
604375.03
302187.50
Treatment 6
3555729.17
711145.83
4.98**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
1427708.33
142770.83
TOTAL 20
5587812.50
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 20.28%
Sx = 0.14
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
45
APPENDIX TABLE 15. Weight of large tubers per plot/replication (g)
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
2300 1300 1400 5000
1666.67
676089 810
350
1250
2410
803.33
13.1.1 800
1750
1050
3600
1200.00
5.19.2.2 1000
1500
975
3475
1158.33
Ganza 980
1000
1125
3105
1035.00
Granola
0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 5890
5900
5800
16590
586.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1011.111
505.56
Treatment 6
4638911.11
927782.22
5.51**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
1683488.89
168348.89
TOTAL 20
6323411.11
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 31.91%
Sx
=
117.51
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
46
APPENDIX TABLE 16. Weight of medium tubers per plot/replication
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
1050 1550 1300 3900 1300
676089 550
600
1200
2350
783.33
13.1.1 900
1100
1050
3050
1016.67
5.19.2.2
1200 1250 1100 3550
1183.33
Ganza 900
400
1125
2425
808.33
Granola
0 50 0 50
16.67
TOTAL 4600
4950
5775
15325
5108.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
121319.44
60659.72
Treatment 6
3126006.94
625201.39
10.86**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
575763.89
57576.389
TOTAL 20
3823090.27
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 20.18%
Sx
=
97.96
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
47
APPENDIX TABLE 17. Weight of small tubers per plot/replication (g)
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 110
750
500
1360
453.33
676089 400
250
350
1000
333.33
13.1.1
1400 500 800 2700 900
5.19.2.2
1200 300 850 2350
783.33
Ganza
1150 800 650 2600
866.67
Granola 150
0
100
250
83.33
TOTAL 4410
2600
3250
10260
3419.99
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
280233.33
140116.67
Treatment 6
1646666.67
329333.33
3.60*
3.00
4.82
Error
12
914500.00
91450.00
TOTAL 20
2841400.00
* - significant
Coefficient of Variation = 31.05%
Sx
=
123.46
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
48
APPENDIX TABLE 18. Weight of non-marketable tubers per plot/replication (g)
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17
250 250 200 700
233.33
676089
575 1800 650 3025
1008.33
13.1.1 650
525
200
1325
458.33
5.19.2.2 1150
1150
300
2600
766.67
Ganza 400
0
275
314
104.67
Granola
50 0 0 50
16.67
TOTAL
3075 3725 1625 8014 2588
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
385277.78
192638.89
Treatment 6
2306423.61
461284.72
3.74*
3.00
4.82
Error
12
1234305.56
123430.56
TOTAL 20
3926006.94
* - significant
Coefficient of Variation = 35.07%
Sx
=
143.43
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
49
APPENDIX TABLE 19. Total yield of 1 x 5m2 of potato entries
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 5910
4825
4900
15635
5211.67
676089 4325
3800
4625
12750
4250
13.1.1 4940
4975
4675
14590
4863.33
5.19.2.2 7100
5600
4350
17050
5683.33
Ganza 4425
3550
4725
12699
4233
Granola
300 100 200 600 200
TOTAL
27000 21850 23475 73324
24441.33
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
1667966.78
833983.39
Treatment 6
58714254.4 11742850.9
29.17**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
4025617.22
402561.72
TOTAL 20
64407838.4
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 15.59%
Sx
=
259.02
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
50
APPENDIX TABLE 20. Computed yield of potato entries (tons/ha)
ENTRIES
REPLICATION
TOTAL MEAN
I II III
380251.17 11.82
9.65
9.8
31.27
10
676089 8.65
7.6
9.256
25.506
9
13.1.1 9.88
9.95
9.25
29.08
10
5.19.2.2 14.2
11.2
8.7
34.1
11
Ganza 8.84
7.1
9.45
25.398
8
Granola
0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 0
TOTAL 53.99
45.7
46.856
146.554
48
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN OF COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARES
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Replication
2
6.720
3.360
Treatment 6
234.543
46.909
29.06**
3.00
4.82
Error
12
16.140
1.614
TOTAL 20
257.402
** - highly significant
Coefficient of Variation = 15.60%
Sx
=
0.52
Agronomic and Morphological Characters of Potential Potato Entries
for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet / Jupiter B. Ongican. 2008
Document Outline
- Agronomic and Morphological
Characters of Potential Potato Entries for Organic Production in Loo, Buguias, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES