BIBLIOGRAPHY CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012. Growth and Yield of Potato Entries
Grown in Two Locations of Benguet. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Esther Josephine D. Sagalla
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to determine the highest yielding and resistant potato
entries determine the effect of location on the growth and yield of the potato entries;
determine the interaction of potato entries and location; and determine the profitability of
growing potatoes at Mankayan and Atok, Benguet.
Based on the results, Bonglo, Atok is the best site for potato production due to the
high yield and positive ROCE obtained from the potato entries. Among the potato entries,
Tawid, 676070, 2.21.6.2 and Igorota (check) were the best performing entries due to high
yield, wide canopy and ROCE.
On other hand, potatoes harvested at Cada, Mankayan had the lowest yield and
negative ROCE except entry 2.21.6.2 that obtained high yield and ROCE. Further
evaluation of the potato entries should be conducted in different planting months to
determine the stability and adaptability of the plants to different production sites.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
INTRODUCTION
Potato (
Solanum tuberusum L.) is one of the primary crops grown in Northern
Luzon Provinces and serves as a major source of income among farmers in Benguet and in
some municipalities of Mountain Province (NPRCRTC, 1998).
At present, farmers in Benguet commonly grow one variety of potato namely
“granola” every year. As a result, the variety becomes more prone to pest and diseases such
as late blight and leaf miner (Perez
et al., 2006) leading to much economic loss.
This scenario necessitates selection of other potato varieties which are high
yielding, early maturing and provides higher profit to farmers. Furthermore, evaluation of
different potato varieties may provide a wide range of traits which could guide farmers to
select their preferred varieties (Baidu-Forson, 1997).
Evaluation and introduction of suitable potato varieties for a particular locality is
also an important aspect in increasing yield. Varietal evaluation in multi-elevations is one
way of assessing the performance of different varieties suited to a particular place (Baidu-
Forson, 1997).
The study was conducted to:
1. identify the highest yielding and resistant potato entries at Atok and Mankayan,
Benguet;
2. determine the effect of location on the growth and yield of the potato entries;
3. determine the interaction of potato entries and location; and
4. determine the profitability of growing potatoes at Mankayan and Atok, Benguet.
This study was conducted at Atok and Mankayan, Benguet from November 2010 until
February 2011.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Plant
Potato (
Solanum tuberusum L.) is usually grown at higher elevations such as
northern Luzon provinces and cultivated by planting tubers. Purity of the cultivars, healthy
seed tubers, selection of resistant varieties and a good crop performance over a wide
geographic region under variable climatic and environmental conditions are the primary
requirements for a successful crop (Singh, 1999).
Varietal Evaluation
Varietal evaluation is ultimately measured in terms of variety that passed the
evaluation process by the end users. Varietal trial can be done indirectly by assessing
available the product and characteristics perceived to be relevant evaluation objective
(Gonzales
et al., 2004).
Many of the agricultural experiment station conducting varietal evaluation of
economical crops recommended those that appears to be the best ,but the farmers needs to
test those recommended varieties in order to determine if they are adaptable in the
particular area or condition (Bay an, 2001).
Importance of Elevation in Potato Production
Production system in temperate and high elevations, particularly over 2,000 meters,
is more common with each other than with lowland production systems. For example,
temperate and high elevation areas have cold winters, so farmers usually grow potatoes in
summer. Lowland zones have hot summers, so farmers usually grow potatoes in the winter.
In mid-elevation and Mediterranean zones, farmers grow potatoes at various time of the
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
year, depending on the climate and market conditions. Storage is easier in temperate and
highland zones, where potatoes are harvested at the beginning of the season (Horton, 1987).
Fertilizer Application and Hilling Up
New selected varieties have greater yield compared to a variety that reached fourth
generation. Using chicken dung and complete fertilizers like 14-14-14 increase yield in
new varieties than the old ones. To maintain new varieties to produce higher yield, proper
fertilization should be based on soil analysis. Too much nutrient application delays
maturity, promotes skinning and black spot bruising. In an area where bacterial wilt is a
problem, early hilling up is necessary to prevent root injury (Vergara, 1991).
Soil and Climate Requirements
Potato can be grown to almost any type of soil except saline soil and alkaline soil.
The most preferred are loose soils which offer least resistance to the enlargement of the
tubers; loamy and sandy loam soils high in organic matter with good drainage and aeration
are most suitable for cultivation. The soil ph range of 5.2 to 6.4 is ideal .Although a
temperate crop, potato can also be grown in a wide range of climatic conditions depending
on the variety. It grows best with an average relative humidity of 86%.The vegetative
growth of the plant is best at temperature of 20 to 24 degrees Celsius while tuber
development is favored at 20 degree Celsius (NPRCRTC, 1998).
In areas such as Benguet, the months of March to April and October to November
are the best month for planting time but from June to September are not preferable because
its rainy season where that due to the presence of too much moisture and high relative
humidity occurrence of late blight is favorable (Perez, 2008).
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Multi-LocationTrials
The climate which involves temperature, moisture, and light is the summation of
condition in a location. These can determine when, where, and what plants will grow. Some
varieties of potato are adaptable and thus profitable and other varieties, which are non-
adaptable to the area’s conditions, are relatively unprofitable to the needs of the farmers
(Bang-as, 1999).
At present, most farmers in Benguet commonly grow the Granola cultivar. The
farmers prefer this variety because it is adaptable to wet and dry cropping seasons and
warm and cold weather conditions (Ayangdan, 1998).
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Land Preparation
An area of 150 m² in Atok and Mankayan was thoroughly prepared before planting
and divided into three blocks which corresponds to eight plots (Figure 1). Each block was
divided into eight plots measuring 1m x 5m each.
The following treatments were:
LOCATION (L)
Code
LOCATION
L1
Atok
L2
Mankayan
POTATO ENTRY (E)
Code
ENTRY (E)
E1
Tawid
E2
Watwat
E3
676070
E4
2.21.6.2
E5
Omega
E6
Jelly
E7
Eurotango
E8
Igorota(Check)
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Experiment Layout
The experiment was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications in each location.
Planting Materials and Management Practices
The potato seed tubers with equal length of sprouts were planted at a distance of
30cm x 30cm between hills and rows at a depth of 2 inches. Other cultural management
practices such as hilling-up (Figure 2), fertilizer application, pest control, etc. were equally
done on both sites.
Data Gathered
1. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. This data was taken every two weeks
after planting. Temperature and relative humidity was taken using a digital psychrometer.
Rainfall amount was taken by placing three cans within the field to collect water when
precipitations occur. The volume of water collected was measured using a graduated
cylinder. Rainfall was recorded getting the average volume of water from the three cans.
2. Percentage survival. This was taken by counting the numbers of plants that
survived 30 and75 days after planting using the following formula:
Total Number of Plants Survived
%survival =
x100
Total Number of Tubers Planted
Per Plot
3. Initial plant height (cm). Initial plant height was taken by measuring ten samples
from the base to the tip of the longest shoots one week after hilling up.
4. Plant vigor. This was recorded at 30 and 75 days after planting using the CIP
rating scale (Gonzales
et al., 2004):
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Rating
Description
1
Very poor vigor
2
Poor vigorous
3
Moderate vigorous
4
Vigorous
5
Highly vigorous
5. Final height (cm).Ten sample plants per plot were measured from the base to the
tip of the plant one week before harvest.
6. Canopy cover. This was gathered 30 days after planting and one week before
harvesting using a wooden frame which measured 120cm x 60cm with equal-sized
grids of 12cm x 6cm (CIP, 2000).
7. Leaf miner infestation. This was observed at 30, 45 and 60 DAP using the
following scale (CIP, 2000).
Scale
Description
Remarks
1
less infested (1-20 %)
highly resistant
2
infested
moderately resistant
3
moderately infested (41-60%) intermediate
4
severely infested
moderate susceptibility
5
most serious
susceptible
8
. Late blight infection. Rating was done at30, 45 and 60 DAP using the CIP rating
scale (Henfling, 1987):
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Late Blight (%)
CIP
sc ale
Desc
ription of corresponding symptoms
0
1
No late blight observed.
Trace -<5
2
Late blight present. Maximum 10 lesions per plant.
5-<25
3
Plants look healthy, but lesions are easily seen at a closer
distance. Maximum foliage area is affected by lesions or
destroyed. It corresponds to no more than 20 leaflets.
15-<35
4
Late blight is easily seen on most plants. About 25% of
foliage is covered with lesions
35-<65
5
Treatments look green; however all plants are affected
leaves are dead. About half the foliage is destroyed.
65-<85
6
Treatments look green with brown flecks. About 75% of
each plant is affected. Leaves of the lower half of the
plants are destroyed.
85-<95
7
Treatments are neither predominantly green nor brown.
Only top leaves are green. Many have large lesions.
95-, 100
8
Treatments are brown-colored. A few top leaves still have
green areas. Most stems have lesions or are dead.
100
9
All leaves and stems are dead.
Descriptions: 1= highly resistant; 2-3 = resistant; 4-5 = moderately resistant; 6-7 =
moderately susceptible; 8-9 = susceptible
9. Number and weight of marketable tubers (kg/ 5m2). The tubers that were extra large to
marble sized, not malformed and free from natural cracks and with no more than 10%
greening of the total surface at harvest was counted and weighed.
10. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers (kg/ 5m2). This was obtained by counting
and weighing all tubers that had natural cracks, malformed and damaged by pest and
diseases.
11. Total yield per plot (kg/ 5m2).. This was the sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tubers per plot.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
12. Dry matter content (DMC). This was obtained by slicing each sample tubers of every
entry weighing 30g (fresh weight) and oven dried in 24 hours at 80 degrees Celsius. This
dry matter content was computed using the formula:
Fresh Weight- Oven Dry Weight
% Moisture content (MC) =
x 100
Fresh Weight
% Dry matter content=100% - MC
13. Computed yield (ton/ha).This was obtained by using the formula:
Total yield per plot
Yield (ton/ha) =
x 100
10,000 m square/Plot Size (5 m2)
14. Return on Cash Expense (ROCE). This was computed using the formula:
Net Income
ROCE
=
x100
Total Cost of Production
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance for Randomized
Complete Block Design with three replications. The significance of differences among the
treatment means was determined using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%
level of significance.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
a. Bonglo, Atok
b. Cada, Mankayan
Figure 1. Overview of potato entries at 75 DAP
Figure 2. Hilling up of plots at 30 DAP
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Meteorological Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall at Bonglo, Atok and
Cada, Mankayan from November to February 2011. The temperature in Bonglo, Atok
ranged from 18 0C to 22 0C while the temperature at Cada, Mankayan was 16 0C to 21 0C.
Relative humidity was observed to be at 64% to 82% at Bonglo, Atok and 65% to 85% at
Cada, Mankayan. Rainfall amount of 11 ml to 293 ml was recorded at Bonglo, Atok in the
months of November to February while at Cada, Mankayan rainfall amount was 3 ml to
99ml.
The temperature and relative humidity during the conduct of the study was
observed to be favorable for the growth and development of potatoes in Cada, Mankayan
and Bonglo, Atok but not during the months of December and January. The best
temperature for potato production is from 20 to 24 0C with an average relative humidity of
86% (NPRCTC, 1998). Large volume of rainfall was gathered in Bonglo, Atok during the
months of December and January. Too much rainfall is not preferable for potatoes because
of the occurrence of late blight (Perez, 2008).
Plant Survival
Effect of location. No significant differences were observed on the plant survival
of the potato plants grown at Cada, Mankayan and Bonglo, Atok due to the prevailing
favorable climatic condition during the first two months of growth. However at 75 DAP,
plant survival decreased in both locations (Table 2).
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 1. Air temperature (T○), relative humidity (RH) and rainfall (RF) at Bonglo, Atok
and Cada, Mankayan, Benguet during the conduct of the study
BONGLO, ATOK
CADA, MANKAYAN
MONTH
T○
RH
RF
T○
RH
RF
(○C)
(%)
(ml)
(○C)
(%)
(ml)
November
21
82
138
21
65
83
December
19
80
225
20
85
87
January
18
64
293
16
68
99
February
22
65
11
20
67
3
Effect of entry. There were significant differences observed on the plant survival
of the eight potato entries grown (Table 2). Most of the entries had 100% plant survival
except Jelly and Eurotango at 30 DAP. At 75 DAP, entries 2.21.6.2, Igorota and 676070
had the highest survival while Eurotango had the lowest. The differences in plant survival
of the different entries might be attributed to its genetic characteristics.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the potato
entries and locations on plant survival at 30 DAP. Significant interaction, however was
observed on plant survival at 75 DAP (Figure 3). Entries, Omega, Jelly, and Eurotango
planted at Bonglo, Atok and Cada Mankayan have the lowest plant survival. This result
may be attributed to the high amount of rainfall in the sites. Entry 2.21.6.2 grown in either
location had the highest plant survival which may translate to high yield.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 2. Plant survival at 30 and 75 days after planting (DAP) of the different potato entries
grown in two locations of Benguet
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
TREATMENT
30 DAP
75 DAP
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
99
66
Cada, Mankayan
100
66
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
100 a
69bc
WATWAT
100a
74bc
676070
100a
85abc
2.21.6.2
100a
93a
OMEGA
100a
67c
JELLY
99b
32d
EUROTANGGO
98b
25d
IGOROTA
100a
86ab
A X B
ns
**
CV (%)
1.43
14.71
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
120
TAWID
100
WATWAT
80
676070
2.21.6.2
60
OMEGA
40
JELLY
20
EUROTANGO
0
IGOROTA(CHECK)
ATOK, BONGLO
MANKAYAN, CADA
Figure 3. Plant survival at 75 days after planting (DAP) of the different potato entries grown
in two locations of Benguet
Plant Height
Effect of locations. Table 3 shows the height of potato entries grown across
locations at 30 and 75 DAP. Highly significant differences were observed on the height of
potato plants grown in Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan at 30 DAP. Potatoes grown at
Cada, Mankayan were the shortest at 5.64 cm at 30 DAP and the tallest plants at 47.94 cm
at 75 DAP. The result may be due to favorable conditions in the area.
Effect of entries. No significant differences were observed on the plant height of
the entries at 30 DAP but highly significant differences were observed at 75 DAP. Potato
entries at 30 DAP had varying heights ranging from 5 to 6 cm. At 75 DAP, entry 2.21.6.2
were the tallest plants. This result may indicate adaptability to the environmental conditions
in the area.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the entries and
locations on plant height at 30 and 75 DAP. The potato entries 2.21.6.2 and Igorota planted
in Cada, Mankayan at 75 DAP were the tallest among all the entries.
Plant Vigor
Effect of locations. There were no significant differences observed on the plant
vigor of potato plants grown at Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan at 30 and 75 DAP
(Table 4). The potato entries evaluated at Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan had moderate
to highly vigorous growth.
Effect of entries. Most of the potato entries remained vigorous to highly vigorous
except Jelly and Eurotango at 30 and 75 DAP (Table 4). The highly significant differences
observed on plant vigor might be attributed to the genetic characteristics of the entries and
may indicate resistance to pest.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed on plant vigor at 30 to
75 DAP of potato entries grown in two locations of Benguet.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 3. Initial and final height of different potato entries grown into two locations of
Benguet
HEIGHT (cm)
TREATMENT
30 DAP
75 DAP
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
6.33 a
46.85
Cada, Mankayan
5.64b
47.94
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
5.70
49.55
WATWAT
5.73
48.47
676070
6.28
52.63
2.21.6.2
6.40
56.64
OMEGA
5.67
45.13
JELLY
6.14
36.68
EUROTANGGO
5.75
35.29
IGOROTA
6.22
54.77
A X B
ns
ns
CV (%)
8.34
10.56
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Canopy Cover
Effect of locations. There were highly significant differences observed on the
canopy cover of potato plants at Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan at 30 to 75 days after
planting (Table 5). The potato entries grown at Bonglo, Atok had a wider canopy cover
than those that were evaluated at Cada, Mankayan. This wider canopy cover may be due
to the favorable temperature at Bonglo, Atok which was within the required temperature
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
of 17oC to 22oC for growing potatoes. Canopy cover is usually correlated to resistance to
disease and high yield.
Table 4. Plant vigor at 30 and 75 days after planting of different potato entries grown in
two locations of Benguet
PLANT VIGOR
TREATMENT
30 DAP
75 DAP
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
5
3
Cada, Mankayan
4
4
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
4ab
4ab
WATWAT
4ab
3bc
676070
5a
4ab
2.21.6.2
5a
5a
OMEGA
4ab
4ab
JELLY
3c
2c
EUROTANGGO
4ab
3c
IGOROTA
5a
4ab
A X B
ns
ns
CV (%)
17.41
20.90
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Rating Scale: 1=very poor vigor, 2=poor vigor, 3=moderate vigor, 4=vigorous, 5=highly
vigor
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entries. Highly significant differences were observed among the eight
potato entries at 30 and 75 DAP (Table 5). Entry Igorota significantly had the widest
canopy of 40 and 64 at 30 and 75 DAP, respectively. Eurotango had the lowest canopy
cover. The wide canopy cover of the plant might be attributed to its genetic characteristics
and may indicate its resistance to pest and disease infection.
Interaction effects. Highly significant interactions of the canopy cover of the entries
grown across locations at 30 to 75 DAP were observed (Figures 4 and 5). Entry Igorota
significantly obtained the widest canopy of 64. Wide canopy among the potato entries may
indicate adaptability to the location.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 5. Canopy cover at 30 and 75 days after planting of different potato entries grown
in two locations of Benguet
CANOPY COVER
TREATMENT
30 DAP
75 DAP
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
41a
69a
Cada, Mankayan
22b
31b
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
28b
55a
WATWAT
36ab
56a
676070
35ab
62a
2.21.6.2
43a
56a
OMEGA
36ab
55a
JELLY
17c
30b
EUROTANGGO
19c
22b
IGOROTA
40a
64a
A X B
**
**
CV (%)
17.63
23.62
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
60
TAWID
50
WATWAT
40
676070
2.21.6.2
30
OMEGA
20
JELLY
10
EUROTANGO
IGOROTA(CHECK)
0
ATOK, BONGLO
MANKAYAN, CADA
Figure 4. Canopy cover at 30 days after planting of different potato entries grown in two
locations of Benguet
100
TAWID
90
80
WATWAT
70
676070
60
2.21.6.2
50
40
OMEGA
30
JELLY
20
EUROTANGO
10
IGOROTA(CHECK)
0
ATOK, BONGLO
MANKAYAN, CADA
Figure 5. Canopy cover at 75 days after planting of the different potato entries grown in
two locations of Benguet
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Response to Late Blight
Effect of location. Potato entries evaluated in Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan
had greater resistance to late blight at 30 and 45 DAP. Lower resistance of plant in Bonglo,
Atok might be due to higher incidence of rainfall in the site. No differences were observed
on the response of plants to late blight infection at 60 DAP.
Effect of entries. Most of the entries except Eurotango were resistant to late blight
at 30 to 60 DAP. Eurotango was moderately resistant at 60 DAP. This result might be due
to the genetic characteristics of the entries.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 6. Response to late blight at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting of different potato
entries grown in two locations of Benguet.
LATE BLIGHT
TREATMENT
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
1
2
3
Cada, Mankayan
1
1
3
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
1
2
2
WATWAT
1
2
3
676070
1
1
3
2.21.6.2
1
1
2
OMEGA
1
2
3
JELLY
2
3
3
2
3
4
EUROTANGGO
IGOROTA
1
1
2
Rating scale: 1= highly resistant; 2-3 = resistant; 4-5 = moderately resistant; 6-7 =
moderately susceptible; 8-9 = susceptible
Number of Marketable Tubers
Effect of location. Highly significant differences were observed on the number of
medium and extra-large marketable tubers harvested in both locations (Table 7). More
medium and extra-large tubers were harvested at Bonglo, Atok which might be due to the
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
high percentage of plant survival, wide plant canopy, and favorable condition prevailing
during the conduct of study.
Effect of entries. Significant differences were observed on the number of extra-
large, large, medium, small and marble tubers harvested in both locations (Table 7). Entry
2.21.6.2 produced the highest number of marketable tubers (in all sizes) while Eurotango
produced the lowest number of tubers. The result might be attributed to the high percentage
of plant survival, wide canopy, high vigor and late blight resistance of entry 2.21.6.2.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the entries and
location on the number of marketable tubers.
Weight of Marketable Tubers
Effect of locations. Highly significant differences were observed on the weight of
medium marketable tubers in Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan. Potato entries evaluated
in Bonglo, Atok produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers.
High volume of marketable tubers produced might be attributed to more number of medium
tubers, high percentage of plant survival, wide canopy and favorable climatic condition
prevailing in the site during the conduct of the study.
Effect of entries. A significant difference was observed on the weight of marketable
tubers of the potato entries evaluated. Entry 2.21.6.2 produced the heaviest marketable
tubers. The weight of marketable tubers obtained from this entry might be attributed to
more tubers produced, wide canopy, vigorous growth, and high percentage of plant
survival. Most of the entries except Tawid, Watwat, Omega, Jelly and Eurotango
significantly out yielded the check variety Igorota.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 7. Number of marble, small, medium, large and extra large potato tubers grown in
two locations of Benguet
NUMBER OF TUBER (per 5m2)
TREATMENT
MARBLE SMALL MEDIUM LARGE
EXTRA
LARGE
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
35
49
46a
23
12a
Cada, Mankayan
40
50
26b
18
8b
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
26b
28bc
44b
31ab
13ab
WATWAT
16b
23bc
27b
13bc
9ab
676070
45ab
48bc
34b
23bc
14ab
2.21.6.2
80a
91a
82a
47 a
19a
OMEGA
55ab
68ab
27b
22bc
10ab
JELLY
22b
27bc
21b
9c
4b
EUROTANGGO
15b
14c
15b
3c
1b
IGOROTA
43ab
58abc
40b
19bc
12ab
A X B
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
26.67
21.64
19.07
25.39
25.88
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Interaction effect. No significant interaction was observed between the entries and
location on the weight of marketable tubers. However, plants grown in Bonglo, Atok
produced the highest volume of marketable tubers.
Table 8. Weight of marble, small, medium, large and extra-large potato tubers grown in
two locations of Benguet
WEIGHT OF TUBER (kg/5m2)
TREATMENT
SMALL MARBLE MEDIUM LARGE
EXTRA
LARGE
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
0.75
0.23
1.29a
1.23
1.23
Cada, Mankayan
0.57
0.19
0.75b
0.98
0.84
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
0.49b
0.13ab
1.35abc
1.59a
1.42a
WATWAT
0.39b
0.13ab
0.95abcd
1.05ab
1.10ab
676070
0.82b
0.25ab
1.13abc
1.34ab
1.54a
2.21.6.2
1.29a
0.53ab
1.70a
1.92a
1.45a
OMEGA
0.95b
0.20ab
0.84bcd
1.07b
0.95ab
JELLY
0.28b
0.18ab
0.52cd
0.42bc
0.31ab
EUROTANGGO
0.18b
0.11ab
0.24d
0.15c
0.08b
IGOROTA
0.90b
0.19ab
1.45ab
1.30ab
1.44a
A X B
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
CV (%)
17.94
10.33
13.02
14.91
21.83
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Number and Weight of Non-marketable Tubers
Effect of location. Plants grown in Bonglo, Atok significantly produced more
number and weight of non-marketable tubers. High number and weight of non-marketable
tubers might be due to the high total yield obtained and higher volume of rainfall in the
site.
Effect of entries. No significant differences were observed on the number and
weight of non-marketable tubers of the potato entries. Entries 2.21.6.2 produced highest
number but lowest weight of non-marketable tubers. The lowest number of non-marketable
tubers was produced by Eurotango which was affected early by late blight.
Interaction effect. No significant interaction between entries and location was
observed in terms of weight and number of non-marketable tubers. Potato entries grown in
Bonglo, Atok produced the highest number and weight of non-marketable tubers. This
might be due to the high incidence of rainfall in the site.
Response to Leaf Miner
All of the potato entries at 30, 45 and 60 DAP grown in Bonglo, Atok and Cada,
Mankayan Benguet were moderately resistant to leaf miner.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 9. Number and weight of non-marketable potato tubers grown in two locations of
Benguet
NON-MARKETABLE TUBER
TREATMENT
NUMBER (per 5m2)
WEIGHT (kg/5m2)
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
30a
0.40a
Cada, Mankayan
9b
0.08b
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
12
0.27
WATWAT
20
0.46
676070
26
0.48
2.21.6.2
40
0.09
OMEGA
19
0.18
JELLY
16
0.15
EUROTANGGO
9
0.11
IGOROTA
16
0.20
A X B
ns
ns
CV (%)
27.65
15.14
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Total and Computed Yield
Effect of location. Potatoes grown in Bonglo, Atok significantly produced the
highest total and computed yield of 4.75 kg/5m2 and 9.51 tons/ha, respectively (Table 10).
Entries grown at Cada Mankayan produced a lower total and computed yield. This result
might be attributed to the differences in temperature and rainfall of the production sites. In
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
addition, potatoes harvested from Bonglo, Atok had higher number and weight of
marketable and non-marketable tubers.
Effect of entries. There were highly significant differences observed on the total
and computed yield of the eight potato entries evaluated. Entry 2.21.6.2 produced the
highest total yield of 6.97 kg/5m2 and highest computed yield of 13.93 tons/ha (Table 10).
The high yield might be attributed to the high number and weight of marketable and non-
marketable tubers harvested.
Interaction effect. Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction between
location and the entries in terms total and computed yield.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 10. Total and computed yield of potato entries grown in two locations of Benguet
TOTAL YIELD
COMPUTED YIELD
TREATMENT
(kg/5m2)
(tons/ha)
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
4.75a
9.51a
Cada, Mankayan
3.43b
6.87b
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
5.17a
10.33a
WATWAT
4.03ab
8.07ab
676070
5.53a
11.05a
2.21.6.2
6.97a
13.93a
OMEGA
4.28ab
5.75ab
JELLY
1.84bc
3.67ab
EUROTANGGO
0.86c
1.69c
IGOROTA
5.49a
10.97a
A X B
ns
ns
CV (%)
17.34
19.46
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Dry Matter Content
Effect of location. Highly significant differences were observed on dry matter
content of the tubers harvested from Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan (Table 11). Tubers
harvested from Bonglo, Atok gave the highest dry matter which may be due to the low
relative humidity in the site. All the potato tubers harvested from the two locations are
suitable for processing due to their high dry matter content.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Effect of entries. The tuber dry matter content of the different entries ranged from
18% to 22% (Table 11). The highest dry matter content of 24% was obtained from entry
Omega. All the potato entries are suitable for processing.
Interaction effect. A high significant interaction was observed between entries and
location on tuber dry matter content (Figure 6). Entries evaluated in Bonglo, Atok
gained the highest dry matter content (figure 6). This result indicates that both location and
entries must be considered in selecting potato entries for high dry matter content.
Sugar Content
Effect of location. No significant differences were observed on the sugar content of
potato tubers harvested from Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan (Table 11). However,
potatoes harvested from Cada, Mankayan gave the lowest tuber sugar content.
Effect of entries. No significant differences were observed on the sugar content of
the eight potato entries. Entries Jelly and Eurotango obtained the lowest tuber sugar content
(Table 11) which might be attributed to the cultivar, growing season, fertilizer application,
disease infusion and other practices during the growth of the plant. Low sugar content is
preferable for processing.
Interaction effect. No interaction existed between the entries and locations in terms
of tuber sugar content. Entries Jelly and Eurotango harvested in Cada, Mankayan gained
the lowest sugar content.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 11. Dry matter and sugar content of potato tubers grown in two locations of Benguet
DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
TREATMENT
(%)
(○Brix)
LOCATION (A)
Bonglo, Atok
21.75a
6.13
Cada, Mankayan
21.00b
5.69
ENTRY (B)
TAWID
21.00bcd
5.50
WATWAT
20.00cd
5.50
676070
19.00d
6.50
2.21.6.2
22.50ab
6.50
OMEGA
24.00a
6.00
JELLY
18.00d
5.00
EUROTANGGO
21.50abc
5.00
IGOROTA
21.50abc
5.50
A X B
**
ns
CV (%)
6.59
14.28
*Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level of DMRT
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
30
TAWID
25
WATWAT
676070
20
2.21.6.2
15
OMEGA
10
JELLY
5
EUROTANGO
IGOROTA(CHECK)
0
ATOK, BONGLO
MANKAYAN, CADA
Figure 6. Dry matter content of potato entries grown in two locations of Benguet
Return on Cash Expense (ROCE)
Entries Tawid, Watwat, 676070, 2.21.6.2 and Igorota obtained positive ROCE in
Bonglo, Atok Benguet while only entry 2.21.6.2 obtained a positive ROCE at Cada,
Mankayan. The negative ROCE of the entries may be due to the low canopy cover and
yield of the plants. Entry 676070 gained the highest ROCE at Bonglo, Atok while entry
2.21.6.2 gained the highest ROCE at Cada, Mankayan due to high total and computed yield.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Table 12. Return on cash expense of the eight potato entries grown in two locations of
Benguet.
COST OF
MARKETABLE GROSS
NET
ROCE
TREATMENT
PRODUCTI
TUBERS YIELD SALES
INCOM
(%)
ON (Php)
(kg/15m2)
(Php)
E (Php)
BONGLO, ATOK
TAWID
570.00
19
760.00
640.00
33.33
WATWAT
570.00
16
640.00
70.00
12.28
676070
570.00
21
840.00
270.00
47.37
2.21.6.2
570.00
19
760.00
190.00
33.33
OMEGA
570.00
10
400.00
-170.00
-29.82
JELLY
570.00
7
280.00
-290.00
-50.88
EUROTANGO
570.00
3
120.00
-450.00
-78.95
IGOROTA
570.00
19
760.00
184.00
32.28
CADA, MANKAYAN
TAWID
550.00
12.35
494.00
-56.00
-10.18
WATWAT
550.00
8.05
326.00
-228.00
-41.45
676070
550.00
12.55
502.00
-48.00
-8.73
2.21.6.2
550.00
22.31
892.40
342.00
62.18
OMEGA
550.00
7
280.00
-270.00
-49.10
JELLY
550.00
4.01
192.48
-357.52
-65.00
EUROTANGO
550.00
2.61
104.80
-445.20
-80.90
IGOROTA
550.00
13.50
540.00
-10.00
-1.82
*Total cost of production includes cost of planting materials, insecticides, fertilizers and
labor, and selling price of potato tubers is based in Php 40.00 per kilo.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to identify the highest yielding and resistant potato entries
at Atok and Mankayan, determine the effect of location on the growth and yield of the
potato entries, determine the interaction of potato entries and location, and determine the
profitability of growing the potato entries in Bonglo, Atok and Cada, Mankayan.
The potato entries grown in Bonglo, Atok significantly attained the highest plant
survival, highest initial and final height and widest canopy. The entries in Bonglo, Atok
also attained positive return on cash expenses due to higher total and computed yield.
The potato entries 2.21.6.2, 676070, Tawid and Igorota significantly produced high
yield of marketable tubers. Most of the potato entries produced high yield of marketable
tubers resulting to positive ROCE except for entries Jelly and Eurotango that had low yield
resulting to negative ROCE.
Entries 2.21.6.2, 676070 and Tawid were highly resistant to late blight while the
rest of the entries were moderately resistant to the disease.
There were no significant interaction effect between location and entries on plant
survival at 30 DAP, plant height, plant vigor, number of marketable tubers, weight of
marketable tubers, number and weight of non marketable tubers, total and computed yield
and sugar content of potato tubers grown.
High significant interaction effect was observed on plant survival at 75 DAP,
canopy cover at 30 and 75 DAP, and tuber dry matter content.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
Conclusions
Based on the results, Tawid, 676070, 2.21.6.2, and Igorota were the best performing
potato entries due to their high yielding capacity and resistance to pest. Among the
locations, Bonglo, Atok was the best site for growing the potato entries due to favorable
environmental factors that resulted to the high percentage of plant survival, high plant
vigor, wider canopy and high yield of the plants.
For wider canopy cover and higher tuber dry matter content, the potato entries may
be grown at Bonglo, Atok. In addition, for higher profit (positive ROCE), entries 2.21.6.2
and 676070 may be grown in Cada, Mankayan and Bonglo, Atok, respectively.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, Bonglo, Atok is recommended for potato
production. Entries 2.21.6.2, Tawid, 676070 and Igorota are recommended for a more
profitable potato production.
Production of potatoes at Cada, Mankayan is less profitable due to its unfavorable
environmental condition.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012
LITERATURE CITED
AYANGDAN, N.S.1998.Indexing of Virus infections on Benguet State University and
farmers potato cultivars using stem cutting.BS Thesis, Benguet State University, La
Trinidad Benguet.Pp.1-2.
BAIDU-FORSON, J.1997.On station farmer Participatory varietal evaluation: a strategy
for client-oriented breeding. Retrieved March 25, 2009 f
rom Http://journals.cam-
bridge. Tom cat 1? From page =online/aid = 2711.
BANG-AS, N. B. 1999.Evaluation of the performance of different cultivars above
ground potato production. BS.Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad
Benguet.Pp.30-31.
BAY-AN, J.D.2001.Advanced yield trial potato clone in Enlangdad, Paoay, Atok,
Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University, LaTrinidad, Benguet. P.1.
GONZALES,I.C.,E.O.BADOL.,D.K.SIMONGO.,T.P.MASANGKAY.,A.T.BOTONGE
N., E.T.BOTANGEN and F.S. BALOG-AS. 2004 Potato clone IP 84004.7: A Variety
Release in the Philippine Highland. BSU JOURNAL. Pp. 69-70.
HENFLING, J.W.1987.Field screening procedures to evaluate resistance to late blight.
Technology evaluation series no. 1982-05. [Lima, Peru]: International Potato
Center (CIP).P.11.
HORTON, D.1987.Potatoes: Production Marketing and Programs for Developing
countries. Winrock International, West View Press. Pp.113-115.
NORTHERN
PHILIPPINE
ROOT
CROP
RESEARCH
and
TRAINING
CENTER.1998.Highland techno-guide. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet. P.
24.
PEREZ, J.C, P.A., C.G DALANG, W.L. MARQUEZ, L.M.DACUS, AND G.S.
BACKIAN. 2006. Improvement of potato seeds production technology in
the
Philippines. NPRCTC working series. La Trinidad Benguet. P. 20.
PEREZ, J.C. 2008. Promising control of Bacterial wilt in potato found. The
Mountain Collegian Officials Organization of the Student Body of Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet. P. 1.
SINGH, D.B.1999. Organic Potato Production in India Dr. J.S. Central Potato
Research Institute,Shimlai/7400/ HP, India . Pp. 1-2.
VERGARA, 1991. Raising the Yield potential of rice. Philippines Journal
Technology. Retrieved
July
25,
2009
from
http://books.geogle.com.ph/book.id/fulltext.
Growth and Yield of Potato Entries Grown in Two Locations of Benguet
CUARISMA, RUDY JR T. OCTOBER 2012