BIBLIOGRAPHY SAWAC, BRADENBURG P. APRIL 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAWAC, BRADENBURG P. APRIL 2010. On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries
for Organic Production Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009 to
March 2010 to evaluate potato entries for organic production; determine the best
performing potato entries in terms of yield, and resistance to pests; determine the
profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic production and document the
practices on organic potato production.
Ganza obtained the highest percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest
canopy cover, and highly vigorous plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza
were rated moderately resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Ganza was rated highly resistant
and MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were moderately resistant to frost injury at 60 and 75
DAP. All of the entries were moderately resistant to leaf miner. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers and had the highest return on cash
expense (ROCE).
Potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced marketable tubers were
resistant to late blight and had a positive ROCE under organic production.
Under the condition of the study MULSA 5 and MLUSA 8 can be recommended
for organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
TABLES OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………… ………………………………………………………….…... i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………….….……..
ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………….…………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………..……………………………..…..
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………...
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………...…….….
13
Agro-climatic Data …………………………………………..……………
13
Chemical Soil Properties …………………………………….……….....
14
Percent Survival…………………………………..………………..……
15
Plant Height …………………………………………………................
16
Canopy Cover ……………………………………………………….…….
17
Plant Vigor ……………………………..……………………………….
18
Leaf Miner Incidence ………………….………………………….….…
20
Late Blight Incidence …………………...…………………….……...… 21
Frost Injury Rating …………………………………………………………....
22
Number of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tubers per Hill…………………………………….………....
23
Weight of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tubers per Hill………………………………………....
24
ii
Yield per Hill and
Yield per 5m2…………………………………………………………
25
Dry Matter and Sugar Content ….…….…………………..…………………..
27
Return on Cash Expense ………………………………………………………
28
Documentation of Cultural
Practices on Organic Production …………………………....………..……………
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………
39
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………..……….....
40
APPENDICES …………………………………………………….….……………… 41
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
The
potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tuberous-rooted tropical and subtropical
plant grown in temperate countries as an annual. It is mostly used as a vegetable, a source
of starch, and for other commercial purpose. Though not widely grown in home gardens,
it can be a most satisfying producer (Mosley, 2003). Potato is one of the most planted
crops in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mt. Province. The production of this
crop is more profitable, thus, gives farmers a higher income compared with other crops in
the highlands.
Organic production practices maximize the use and recycling of on-farm nutrient
sources, including animal and green manures. Techniques such as accurate soil analysis
and nutrient crediting help producers avoid excess fertilizer applications. Sustainable
farming methods also include soil-building and conserving practices such as adding
organic matter and minimum tillage approaches. Biointensive integrated pest
management is also a sustainable farming method (NSAI, 2005).
Organic potato production needs a variety that is suitable to the environment,
resistant against insects and diseases and high yielding. In addition, resistant varieties can
help farmers minimize the use of synthetic fungicides and insecticides. It is, therefore,
important to evaluate varieties for organic production.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate potato entries for organic production under Loo, Buguias, Benguet;
2. determine the best performing potato entries for organic production in terms of
yield, and resistance to pests under Loo, Buguias condition;
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
2
3. determine the profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic
production at Loo, Buguias; and
4. document the practices employed in organic potato production in Loo, Buguias,
Benguet.
The study was conducted at Ludeg, Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009
to March 2010.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Farming Defined
Organic agriculture encompasses all agricultural systems that promote
environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These
systems take soil fertility as a key to successful production. It aims to optimize quality in
all aspects of agriculture and the environment. Organic agriculture dramatically reduces
external inputs by avoiding from the use of chemo-synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and
pharmaceuticals. Instead, it allows the powerful laws of nature to increase both
agricultural yields and disease resistance (PCARRD, 2006).
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes
and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including bio-diversity, biological cycle and soil
biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the
use of off-farm inputs. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic,
biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any
specific function within the system (PCARRD, 2006).
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers add the nutrients to the soil that plants need to be more
productive. These vital nutrients include phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium. These
nutrients allow for the plant to grow larger blooming flowers and larger fruits. Not only
does the quality increase, but so do the quantity, allowing the grower to harvest more and
better fruits and flowers. Plants receiving the proper amounts of the nutrient potassium
grow tougher cell walls and coarser vegetation. This makes them much more resistant to
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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pests and diseases. Plants receiving enough phosphorous also use water more efficiently,
which allows them to survive cold and dry spells. Organic fertilizers have positive effects
on all types of soil. Looser soils, such as sand, are held together better by a strong root
system that nitrogen promotes. In this case, the fertilizer helps plants grow stronger and
also helps slow erosion. Soils that are denser and harder to penetrate, such as clay, may
be loosened up by a similar root structure. In this case, the soil becomes more easily
workable for farming and also more oxygenated to promote photosynthesis. Organic
fertilizers release their nutrients slowly and consistently. It is this slow release that keeps
plants growing healthy for longer periods of time. The slow absorption rate of nutrients
from organic fertilizers means that there will not be a period of extreme bloom followed
by a period of plant dormancy. Organic fertilizers keep plants growing healthy and
productive longer into the season despite changing weather and soil temperatures.
Organic fertilizers break down slowly, which means they need to be applied much less
frequently than other types of fertilizers (Newsome, 2009).
Organic farming produced either the same yield or lower but consume less energy
crops yield may be lower in 20% in organic system, but inputs and of fertilizer and
energy is reduced by 34% to 53% and pesticides inputs by 77% (Madder and Fliebach,
2002).
Varietal Evaluation for Organic Potato Production
Aguirre (2006) found out that potato entries from NPRCRTC could be
recommended for organic production in La Trinidad, Benguet since no significant
differences were observed in terms of their yield. However CIP 13.1.1 is highly
recommended due to its high yield and resistance to late blight. In addition, entries CIP
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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575003 and CIP 676089 can be also recommended for processing due to their high dry
matter content.
Gayomba (2006) found that CIP 13.1.1 is the best genotype for organic
production at Sinipsip, Buguias due to its high canopy cover, high resistance to late blight
and high total yield. Genotype 13.1.1 also had the highest ROCE (return on cash
expense) for both seed and end table potato production.
Imarga (2009) found that CIP 380241.17, MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Igorota are
adapted under organic production at Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. Igorota and MLUSA
3 were highly resistant to late blight while the other entries were rated moderately
resistant to leaf miner at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5 produced the highest number of marketable
tuber while CIP 380241.17 produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers, high yield
and highest ROCE.
Lem-ew (2007) found that CIP 13.1.1 and CIP 5.119.2.2 are the best potato
entries under organic production at Bakun, Benguet exhibiting resistance to late blight
and high yield.
Montes (2006) also found that potato genotype CIP 676089 is the best under
organic production at Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet as evidenced by highly vigorous and
tall plants, high yield, high dry matter content of tubers and resistance to late blight.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Organic Farm
The organic farm is located at Ludeg, Loo, Buguias, Benguet with an elevation of
1,636 masl. The farm was conventional for a long time but was transformed to organic
farming in 2004.
The owner of the farm is Mr. Pio Toyaoan, 67 years old and an organic
practitioner for 5 years.
Land Preparation
An area of 60 m2 in Mr. Pion Toyaoan’s farm was thoroughly prepared before
planting and, divided into three blocks, which corresponds to three replications. Each
block was divided into five plots measuring 1m x 5 m each.
Organic Fertilizer Preparation and Application
Bio-organic fertilizer was equally applied at the rate of 5 kg/plot two weeks
before planting. Fermented sunflower was mixed with bio-organic fertilizer with the aid
of effective microorganisms within 15 days. The ratio of fermented plant juice was; 5 kg
sunflower per 16 liters of water and 2 kg of bio-organic fertilizer applied 2 weeks after
planting.
Planting Materials and Treatments
Rooted stem cuttings were planted at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills
and rows.
The treatments were the following:
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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Code
Entry
Source
E1
MLUSA
5
Maine,
USA
E2
MLUSA 8
Maine, USA
E3
Granola (check)
CIP, Lima, Peru
E4
Ganza
(check)
CIP,
Lima,
Peru
Experimental Lay-out
The experiment was laid-out following the randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications.
Cultural Management Practices
Cultural practices such as hilling up, weeding, and irrigation were uniformly done
in all entries. All practices were considered organic, that is , no application of synthetic
chemicals and fertilizers.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
difference among the treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Data Gathered
A. Agro-Climatic Data. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall were recorded during
the conduct of study.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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B. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken from the experimental area
before and right after harvest. The organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium
content of the soil and pH were analyzed at the Department of Agriculture, Soils
Laboratory, Pacdal, Baguio City.
C. Vegetative Characters
1. Plant survival (%). The number of plants that survived were counted at 30, 45,
60, and 75 days after planting (DAP) and calculated using the formula:
Number of Plants Survived
% Plant Survival =
x
100
Total Number of Plants Planted
2. Plant Height. Plant height was taken at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP using a meter
stick.
3. Canopy cover. Canopy cover was gathered at 30, 45, 60, and 75 DAP using a
wooden frame which measures 120 cm x 60 cm having equal size grid of 12 cm x 6 cm.
4. Plant vigor. Plants were rated at 30, 45, 50, 60, and 75 days DAP based on a
rating scale by CIP (Gonzales et al., 2004):
Scale
Description
Reaction
5
Plants are strong with robust stem and
highly vigorous
leaves, light color to dark green in color.
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust
moderately vigorous
stem and leaves were light green in color.
3
Better than less vigorous
vigorous
2
Plants are weak with few thin stems and
less vigorous
leaves, pale.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves, poor vigor
very pale.
D. Reaction to Pest and Disease
1. Reaction to leaf miner. The reaction to leaf miner was recorded at 30, 45, 60,
and 75 DAP using the following rating scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Leaf infected (1-20%)
Highly Resistant
2
Infected (20-40%)
Moderately
Resistant
3
Moderately infected (41-60%)
Susceptible
4
Severely infected (61-80%)
Moderately
Susceptible
5
Most Serious (81-100%)
Very Susceptible
2. Reaction to late blight. Ratings was done at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP using a CIP
(Henfling, 1987) rating scale as follows:
Blight
Scale
Description
1
1
No blight to be seen
01-1 2
Very few plants in larger treatment with lesions
not more than 2 lesions 10m or row (+/-30 plants).
1.1-2
2
Up to 10 lesions per plant.
3.1-10 3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant or up to 1 inch
leaflets
attacked.
10.1-24 4
Most plants are visibly attacked and 1 m 3leaflets
infected. Multiple infections per leaflets.
5-4 5
Nearly every leaflets with lesion. Multiple
infections per leaflets are common. Field or plot
look green, but all plants are pots blighted.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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50-74 6
Every plant blighted and half the leaf area destroyed
by blight fields look green, flecked, and brown,
blight is very obvious.
75-90 7
As previous but ¾ of each plant blighted. Lower
branches may be overwhelmingly killed off, and the
only green leaves, if any, are spindly due to
extensive foliage loss, field looks neither brown nor
green.
91-97 8
Some leaves and most stems are green, filed looks
brown with some leaves patches.
97.1-99.9 9
Few green leaves almost all with blight lesions
remain. Many stems lesions field look brown.
100
9
All leaves and stem dead.
Description: 1- highly resistant, 2-3- resistant, 4-5- moderately resistant, 6-7-
moderately susceptible, 8-9- susceptible.
3. Frost Injury. This was recorded at 30, 45, 60, and 75 DAP using the following
scale (CIP, 2003):
Scale Description
Reaction
1
No apparent injury
Highly Resistant
2
Injury confined to youngest leaves Moderately Resistant
3
Some older leaves exhibiting injury Susceptible
4
Over 50% of the leaves injured
Moderately Susceptible
5
Over 90% of the leaves injured
Very Susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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E. Yield and Yield Components
1. Number and weight of marketable tubers per hill (g). All tubers that were of
marketable size, not malformed, free from cuts, cracks and with out more than 10%
greening of the total surface was counted and weighed at harvest.
2. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per hill (g). This was obtained by
counting and weighing all tubers that are malformed, damaged by pests and diseases and
those with more than 10% greening.
3. Total yield per hill (g). This was the sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tubers per hill.
4. Total yield per 5m2 (kg). This was the sum of the weight of marketable and
non-marketable tubers per plot.
F. ROCE. This was computed using the formula:
Net Income
ROCE
=
x
100
Total Cost of Production
G. Post Harvest Characteristics
1. Dry matter content of tubers. Twenty gram tubers were weighed and
sliced into cubes and oven dried at 80oC for 24 hours. This was recorded and computed
using the following formula:
Dry Matter = 100% - % moisture content
Fresh Weight - Oven Dry Weight
Where: % moisture content =
x 100
Fresh Weight
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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2. Sugar Content (°Brix). This was taken by extracting the juice of 20 g potato
tubers and read on a digital refractometer.
H. Documentation of Practices. All cultural management practices done on
organic potato production such as fertilizer application, crop protection, hilling-up,
harvesting and other practices were documented. Documentation was done through the
use of digicam.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agroclimatic Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct
of the study. Result shows that temperature ranged from 11 °C to 22.6 °C. The lowest
temperature was recorded in January while the highest was recorded in March. High
relative humidity was observed in March. The average temperature of 17°C to 22 °C is
best for potato production (HARRDEC, 1996).
Maximum yield are normally obtained when the average temperature throughout
the growing season ranges between 15-18 °C (NPRCRTC, 1998).
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct of the study
MONTH
TEMPERATURE (°C)
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MIN MAX
HUMIDITY (%)
(mm)
November
12.1 21.3
56
0.6
December
11.9 21.4
55
1.8
January
11.0 20.8
53
3.1
February
12.4 22.6
53
4.8
March
15.1 23.8
58
4.5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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Chemical Soil Properties
Table 2 shows that there was a decrease of soil pH after planting showing that the
place where the study was conducted may favor in the growth of potato since the
optimum pH for potato production ranged from 5.6 to 6.5.
The organic matter present in the soil had increased after planting which might be
due to the compost application during the conduct of study. Both potassium and
phosphorus decreased after planting which might indicate the high nutritive requirements
of the potato plants.
Table 2. Chemical properties of the soil taken before and after planting
SAMPLING
PH
ORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
TIME
MATTER (%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
6.39
2.5
380
472
After planting
5.99
4.0
330
234
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
15
Percent Survival
Table 3 shows the percent survival of the potato entries taken at 30, 45, 60 and 75
DAP. Highly significant differences among the entries were observed. Ganza obtained
the highest percent survival at 30 DAP followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8. Granola
obtained the lowest percent survival. Generally, results show that there was a decrease in
percent survival at 45 DAP up to 75 DAP except for Ganza which maintained its
survival.
The survival percentage of the entries could be attributed to cutworm infestation
and unfavorable weather conditions such as low temperature during the conduct of the
study. Cutworms were observed to cause damage by cutting the stems of the plants.
Table 3. Plant survival of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
64b
50bc
48bc
39bc
MLUSA 8
67b
62ab
63ab
19ab
Ganza (check)
96a
93a
91a
91a
Granola (check)
43c
23c
14c
7c
CV (%)
11.03
9.30
26.89
25.73
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
16
Plant Height
Table 4 shows significant differences on the plant height of the potato entries at
30 and 45 DAP. Ganza produced the tallest plants followed by MLUSA 5. Significant
differences were also observed at 60 and 75 DAP and still Ganza was the tallest. Granola
produced the shortest plants at 60 and 75 DAP.
The differences on the height of potato entries could be attributed to their
genotypic traits and might also be affected by the environmental conditions during the
conduct of the study.
Table 4. Plant height of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
4.0b
5.7c
8.3ab
11.7a
MLUSA 8
3.0c
5.3b
7.3b
12.0a
Ganza (check)
5.0a
8.7a
11.7a
15.3a
Granola (check)
3.3c
5.7c
4.7b
6.0b
CV (%)
7.53
10.19
28.26
24.77
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
17
Canopy Cover
Table 5 shows the canopy cover of the potato entries. Ganza had the widest
canopy followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 at 30 DAP. There was an increase in
canopy cover of all entries at 45 DAP. At 60 DAP, all of the entries except Granola had
decreased in canopy.
The decrease of canopy cover of the entries might due to the occurrence of late
blight incidence, frost injury and the aging of the plants.
Table5. Canopy cover of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
CANOPY COVER
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
10b
21b
27b
18b
MLUSA 8
9b
20b
26b
20b
Ganza (check)
20a
41a
56a
63a
Granola (check)
8b
11b
6c
2c
CV (%)
13.82
26.36
24.99
24.29
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
18
Plant Vigor
Table 6 shows the plant vigor of the potato entries at 30, 45 60 and 75 DAP.
Ganza, MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were found to be moderately vigorous while Granola
was found to be vigorous. The same result was found by Imarga (2009) that MLUSA 5
was moderately vigorous at 30 DAP. Figure 1-4 shows the different entries at 30 DAP.
Ganza was found to be highly vigorous at 45 to 75 DAP. MLUSA 8 and MLUSA
5 were moderately vigorous at 45 DAP and vigorous at 60 and 75 DAP.
The higher vigor of Ganza might due to its characteristic of bigger leaves than
that of the other entries. There was a decreased vigor on the other entries which might be
due to the occurrence of late blight and frost causing early senescence of the plants.
Table 6. Plant vigor of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT VIGOR
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
4a
3bc
3b
3b
MLUSA 8
4a
4ab
3b
3b
Ganza- (check)
4a
5a
5a
5a
Granola-(check)
3b
2c
1c
1c
CV (%)
7.53
19.63
21.70
26.19
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
Legend: 5- Highly vigorous, 4- moderately vigorous, 3- vigorous, 2- less vigorous, 1-
poor vigor
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
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Figure 1 Ganza at 30 DAP
Figure 2 Granola at 30 DAP
Figure 3 MLUSA 5 at 30 DAP
Figure 4 MLUSA 8 at 30 DAP
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
20
Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 7 shows the leaf miner incidence of the four potato entries at 30, 45, 60, and
75 DAP. All the potato entries were found to be highly resistant at 30 and 45 DAP except
for MLUSA 8 which was found to be moderately resistant at 45 DAP. MLUSA 5 was
found to be susceptible while the other entries were found to be moderately resistant at 75
DAP. Simongo et al., (2006) also found that Ganza was resistant to leaf miner.
Table 7. Leaf miner incidence of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after
planting planting
ENTRY
LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Highly
Highly
Moderately
Susceptible
resistant
resistant
resistant
MLUSA 8
Highly
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Highly
Highly
Highly
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Granola (check) Highly
Highly
Highly
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
21
Late Blight Incidence
Table 8 shows the late blight ratings of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75
DAP. Ganza, MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were moderately resistant at 30, 45 and 60 DAP.
Granola was observed to be moderately susceptible at 30 and 45 DAP and susceptible at
60 and 75 DAP.
The resistance of the entries could be due to their genotypic characteristics that
can tolerate late blight incidence. Granola is susceptible to late blight as reported in past
studies by Tad-awan et al.,(2008) .
Tad-awan
et al.,(2008) also found out that Ganza was moderately resistant in
different locations in the highlands.
Table 8. Late blight incidence of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after
planting planting
ENTRY
LATE BLIGHT RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
MLUSA 8
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Granola (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
22
Frost Injury Rating
Table 9 shows the frost injury rating of the four potato entries. Ganza was found
to be highly resistant to frost at 30 to 75 DAP. MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were found to
be moderately resistant at 45 to 75 DAP. Granola was found to be moderately susceptible
at 30 and 45 DAP and susceptible at 60 and 75 DAP.
The occurrence of frost injury could be due to low temperature.
Table 9. Frost injury of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
FROST INJURY RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Susceptible
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
Resistant
MLUSA 8
Susceptible
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Highly
Highly
Highly
Highly
resistant
resistant resistant
Resistant
Granola (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Susceptible
Susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
23
Number of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers per Hill
Table 10 shows the total number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the
potato entries. There were significant differences among the potato entries on marketable
tubers. It was observed that Ganza produced the highest number of marketable tubers
followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 while Granola produced the lowest.
There were no significant differences among the entries of potato on the non-
marketable tubers. It was observed that MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced the highest
number of non-marketable tubers followed by Ganza while Granola produced the lowest
number.
The high number of tubers produced by Ganza could be due to high percent
survival, highly vigorous plants at vegetative stage and resistance to late blight. Low
yield of some entries could be due to low percent survival, low vigor of plants and
susceptibility to late blight.
Table 10. Number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries
NUMBER OF TUBERS PER HILL
ENTRY
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
MLUSA 5
3b
4a
MLUSA 8
3b
4a
Ganza (check)
4a
2c
Granola (check)
2c
3b
CV (%)
18.18
14.50
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
24
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers per Hill
Table 11 shows the total weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the
four potato entries. Highly significant differences among the entries were observed on
both marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers followed by MLUSA 8 and MLUSA 5.
The high yield obtained from Ganza could be due to the fact that the check
variety was recommended for organic production by Tad-awan et al. (2008).
Table 11. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries
YIELD/HILL
ENTRY MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
(g)
(g)
MLUSA 5
87b
12b
MLUSA 8
79bc
10b
Ganza (check)
118a
22a
Granola (check)
59c
10b
CV (%)
14.54
24.03
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
25
Yield per Hill and Yield per 5m2
Table 12 shows highly significant differences among the four potato entries in
terms of yield per hill. Ganza produced the highest yield of 140 g followed by MLUSA 5
and MLUSA 8 (100 g and 89 g, respectively). Granola produced the lowest yield which
might be due to the effect of low temperature during the conduct of study.
The four potato entries significantly differed on the total yield per 5m2 with
Ganza producing the highest. Figures 5-8 show the harvested tubers of the different
potato entries.
Table 12. Yield per hill and yield per 5m2 of the potato entries
ENTRY
AVERAGE YIELD
TOTAL YIELD
(g/hill)
(kg/5m2)
MLUSA 5
100b
2.00b
MLUSA 8
89bc
1.78bc
Ganza (check)
140a
2.80a
Granola (check)
69c
1.37c
CV (%)
15.22
15.22
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
26
Figure 5 Harvested Ganza tubers
Figure 6 Harvested Granola tubers
Figure 7 Harvested MLUSA 5 tubers
Figure 8 Harvested MLUSA 8 tubers
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
27
Dry Matter and Sugar Content
Table 13 shows the dry matter and sugar content of the four potato entries. There
were no significant differences for both parameters of the four entries. However, Ganza
obtained the highest dry matter content followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8. All the
entries had the same sugar content of 3.6 °Brix.
Table 13. Dry matter and sugar content of the potato entries
ENTRY
DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
(%)
(°Brix)
MLUSA 5
20
3.6
MLUSA 8
20
3.6
Ganza (check)
22
3.6
Granola (check)
17
3.6
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
28
Return on Cash Expense
Positive ROCE was obtained from Ganza followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8.
Granola obtained a negative ROCE.
Table 14. Return on cash expense of the potato entries
ENTRY
COST OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION
INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
MLUSA 5
125.17
159.2
33.5
26.8
MLUSA 8
125.17
142.4
17.2
13.8
Ganza (check)
125.17
224
1.8
78.9
Granola (check)
125.17
109.6
-15.6
-12.5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
29
Documentation of Cultural Practices on
Organic Potato Production at Loo, Buguias
Preparation
of
Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The materials for making compost are
sunflower leaves, 2 kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 16 liters of water with the aid of
effective microorganisms. The sunflower leaves are chopped and mixed thoroughly in 16
liters of water then added with effective microorganism (Figures 9-12).
Figure 9 Chopping of sunflower leaves and mixing in water
Figure 10 Mixing the sunflower leaves and water with effective microorganism
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
30
Figure 11 Stirring and proper covering of compost
Figure 12 Liquid fertilizer ready for application
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
31
Land Preparation and Application of Bio-organic Fertilizer. Land preparation and
application of bio-organic fertilizer is done 15 days before planting at a rate of 5 kg per
5m2 (Figure 13).
Figure 13 Land preparation and application of bio-organic fertilizer
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
32
Figure 14 Mixing of compost and lay-outing
Planting.
Planting of stem cuttings is at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills
and rows (Figure 15).
Figure 15 Planting of potato rooted stem cuttings
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
33
Irrigation. Irrigation is done with the use of sprinkler three times a week at 4
hours per station (Figure 16).
Figure 16 Irrigation with the use of sprinkler
Application of Liquid Fertilizer. Application of liquid fertilizer is at 15 days after
planting. The application is 100 ml per hill at 15 days after planting and 22 DAP (Figure
17).
Figure 17 Application of liquid fertilizer
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
34
Crop
Protection. Crop protection against insect pest is done by spraying once a
month with 2 cups of wood vinegar mixed with 16 liters of water and use of traps
(Figures 18-21). Wood vinegar is a liquid substance that is obtained when organic
materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass, and other plants are placed in a
heating chamber. Wood vinegar contains organic substances such as organic acids,
phenol substances, carbon substances, alcohol, neutral materials, and base acidic
substances.
Insect traps are made up of yellow plastic applied with grease and installed at the
end of each plot (Figure 20).
Figure 18 Materials used in spraying (2 cups of wood vinegar per 16 liters of water)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
35
Figure 19 Spraying
Figure 20 Applying of grease to plastic
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
36
Figure 21 Insect traps installed at the end of the plot
Hilling-up. Hilling-up is done at 30 and 45 days after planting using a grab hoe
(Figures 22-23).
Figure 22 Hilling-up at 30 days after planting
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
37
Figure 23 Hilling-up at 45 days after planting
Harvesting. Harvesting of the potato tubers is done using pointed stick as a
digging material (Figure 24).
Figure 24 Harvesting using a pointed stick
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
38
Figure 25 Gathering of harvested tubers
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at, Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009 to
March 2010 to evaluate potato entries for organic production; determine the best
performing potato entries in terms of yield; and resistance to pests; determine the
profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic production and document the
practices on organic potato production.
Ganza obtained the highest percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest
canopy cover, and highly vigorous plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza
were rated moderately resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Ganza was rated highly resistant
and MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were rated moderately resistant to frost injury at 60 and 75
DAP. All of the entries were moderately resistant to leaf miner. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers and had the highest ROCE.
Conclusion
Potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced marketable tubers, were
resistant to late blight and had a positive ROCE under organic production.
Recommendations
Under the conditions of the study, MULSA 5 and MLUSA 8 can be
recommended for organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet. Further evaluation of the
potato entries should be conducted to achieve stability in yield and resistance to pest and
diseases.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
40
LITERATURE CITED
AGUIRRE, V. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato entries in an organic farm at
La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University (BSU), La Trinidad,
Benguet.
GAYOMBA, H. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato genotypes grown in organic
farm at Sinipsip, Buguias. BS. Thesis. BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 23-24.
HARRDEC, 1996. High Land Potato Technoguide (3rd edition). Benguet state University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-5.
IMARGA, B. 2009. Growth and yield of potato entries under organic production at
Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. xi, 19.
LEM-EW, J. 2007. Growth and yield of organically grown potato entries in two locations
of Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.52.
MADDER, P. and FLIEBACH, A. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic
farming. Science V. 296, n. 5573. P. 321.
MONTES. F. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotypes in organic farm at Puguis, La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. xi.
MOSLEY, 2003. The Potato Plant. Potandon Produce L.L.C. Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.potandon.com/ss_potatoes_plant.htm
NEWSOME, J. 2009. Benefits of using Organic Fertilizer Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.gardenguides.com/78504-benefits-using-organic-fertilizer.html
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ROOT CROPS RESEARCH TRAINING CENTER, 1998.
Potato Production Guide. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2-
9.
NSAI, 2005. National Sustainable Agriculture Information. Potatoes organic production
and marketing. Retrieved January 2010 from http://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/potatoes.html#organic
PCARRD, 2006. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development. About Organic Farming. Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/ofin/about.htm
SIMONGO, D., GONZALES, I., and BALOG-AS, F. 2006. Highland Potato Cultivars.
Pp. 9-10.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
41
TAD-AWAN, B., SIMONGO, D., PABLO, J., SAGALLA, E.J., KISWA, C., SHAGOL,
C. 2008. The potato varieties for organic production in different agro-ecological
zones of the Philippine Highlands: Evaluation and Selection Through
Participatory Approach. Journal of Nature Studies 7(2): P. 74.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
42
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
63
74
55
192
64b
MLUSA 8
60
68
73
201
67b
Ganza (check)
97
93
97
287
96a
Granola (check)
50
40
40
130
43c
TOTAL
270
275 265
810
68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
12.500
6.250
Treatment
3
4169.667
1389.889
25.06**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
332.833
55.472
TOTAL
11
4515.000
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 11.03
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
43
Appendix Table 2.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
33
80
36
149
50bc
MLUSA 8
30
75
80
185
62ab
Ganza (check)
97
90
93
280
93a
Granola (check)
25
27
17
69
23c
TOTAL 185
272
226
683 57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
947.167
473.583
Treatment
3
7654.917
2551.639
7.53**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2034.833
333.139
TOTAL
11
2034.833
339.139
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 9.30
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
44
Appendix Table 3.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
30
83
30
143
48bc
MLUSA 8
20
87
83
190
63ab
Ganza (check)
93
87
93
273
91a
Granola (check)
10
17
0
27
14c
TOTAL 153
274
206
633
54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1839.500
919.750
Treatment
3
10544.917 3514.972
6.96**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
3027.833
504.639
TOTAL
11
15412.250
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.89
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
45
Appendix Table 4.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
GANZA
30
63
25
118
39bc
GRANOLA
20
80
83
183
19ab
MLUSA 5
93
87
93
273
91a
MLUSA 8
7
6
0
13
7c
TOTAL 150
236
201
201
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
935.167
467.583
Treatment
3
11989.583 3996.528
9.61**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2496.167
416.028
TOTAL
11
15420.167
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 25.73
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
46
Appendix Table 5.Plant height of potato entries at 30 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
4
4
12
4b
MLUSA 8
3
3
3
9
3c
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
4
3
3
10
3.3c
TOTAL 16
15
15
46
3.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
7.000
2.333
28**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.500
0.083
TOTAL
11
7.667
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 7.53
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
47
Appendix Table 6.Plant height of potato entries at 45 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
6
6
17
5.7c
MLUSA 8
5
6
5
16
5.3b
Ganza (check)
9
8
9
26
8.7a
Granola (check)
6
5
6
17
5.7c
TOTAL 25
25
26
76
6.4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
22.000
7.333
17.60**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.500
0.417
TOTAL
11
24.667
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 10.19
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
48
Appendix Table 7.Plant height of potato entries at 60 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
10
7
8
25
8.3ab
MLUSA 8
8
7
7
22
7.3b
Ganza (check)
12
10
13
35
11.7a
Granola (check)
8
6
0
14
4.7b
TOTAL 38
30
28
96
8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
14.000
7.000
Treatment
3
75.333
25.111
4.92*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
30.667
5.111
TOTAL
11
120.000
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 28.26
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
49
Appendix Table 8.Plant height of potato entries at 75 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
12
12
11
35
11.7a
MLUSA 8
11
13
12
36
12a
Ganza (check)
15
15
16
46
15.3a
Granola (check)
10
8
0
18
6b
TOTAL 48
48
39
135
8.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
13.500
6.750
Treatment
3
134.917
44.972
5.89*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
45.833
7.639
TOTAL
11
194.250
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.77
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
50
Appendix Table 9.Canopy covers of potato entries at 30DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
10
12
9
31
10b
MLUSA 8
10
9
9
28
9b
Ganza (check)
18
23
20
61
20a
Granola (check)
9
7
8
24
8b
TOTAL 47
51
46
144
12
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.500
1.750
Treatment
3
286.000
95.333
34.67**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
16.500
2.750
TOTAL
11
306.000
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 13.82
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
51
Appendix Table 10. Canopy covers of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
24
23
16
63
21b
MLUSA 8
13
22
25
60
20b
Ganza (check)
39
44
39
122
41a
Granola (check)
19
9
4
32
11b
TOTAL 95
98
84
277
23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
27.167
13.583
Treatment
3
1431.583
477.194
12.89**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
222.167
37.028
TOTAL
11
1680.917
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.36
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
52
Appendix Table 11. Canopy covers of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
13
41
28
82
27b
MLUSA 8
10
32
35
77
26b
Ganza (check)
57
55
55
167
56a
Granola (check)
10
8
0
18
6c
TOTAL 90
136
118
344
29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
268.667
134.333
Treatment
3
3760.667
1253.556
13.54**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
555.333
92.556
TOTAL
11
4584.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.99
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
53
Appendix Table 12. Canopy covers of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
6
28
19
53
18b
MLUSA 8
6
27
28
61
20b
Ganza (check)
65
64
60
189
63a
Granola (check)
4
2
0
6
2c
TOTAL 81
121
107
309
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
206.000
103.000
Treatment
3
6138.917
2046.306
33.24**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
369.333
61.556
TOTAL
11
6714.250
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.29
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
54
Appendix Table 13. Plant vigor of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
4
4
12
4a
MLUSA 8
4
4
4
12
4a
Ganza (check)
4
5
4
13
4a
Granola (check)
3
3
3
9
3b
TOTAL 15
16
15
46
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
3.000
1.000
12.0**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.500
0.083
TOTAL
11
3.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 7.53
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
55
Appendix Table 14. Plant vigor of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
4
2
9
3bc
MLUSA 8
3
4
4
11
4ab
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
2
2
3
7
2c
TOTAL 13
15
14
42
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.500
0.250
Treatment
3
11.667
3.889
8.24**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.833
0.472
TOTAL
11
15.000
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 19.63
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
56
Appendix Table 15. Plant vigor of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
4
4
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
4
4
10
3b
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
1
1
0
2
1c
TOTAL 11
14
13
36
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.167
0.583
Treatment
3
29.667
9,889
20.94**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.833
0.472
TOTAL
11
33.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 21.70
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
57
Appendix Table 16. Plant vigor of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
4
3
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
3
4
9
3b
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
1
1
0
2
1c
TOTAL 10
13
12
35
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.167
0.583
Treatment
3
28.250
9.417
16.14**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
3.500
0.583
TOTAL
11
32.917
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.19
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
58
Appendix Table 17. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
1
1
1
3
1
MLUSA 8
1
1
1
3
1
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
1
1
1
3
1
TOTAL 4
4
4
12
1
Appendix Table 18. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
1
1
1
3
1
MLUSA 8
2
2
1
5
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
1
2
1
4
1
TOTAL 5
6
4
15
1
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
59
Appendix Table 19. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
BLOCK
ENTRY
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
2
2
6
2
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
2
4
1
Granola (check)
2
2
0
4
1
TOTAL 7
7
6
20
2
Appendix table 20. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
3
8
3
MLUSA 8
3
2
2
7
2
Ganza (check)
2
2
2
6
2
Granola (check)
3
3
0
6
2
TOTAL 11
9
7
27
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
60
Appendix Table 21. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
5
5
14
5
MLUSA 8
5
5
5
15
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
4
5
8
17
6
TOTAL 17
19
22
58
5
Appendix Table 22. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
5
5
15
5
MLUSA 8
5
4
4
13
4
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
7
7
8
23
7
TOTAL 21
20
21
68
5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
61
Appendix Table 23. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
4
4
13
4
MLUSA 8
5
5
4
14
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
9
9
0
18
6
TOTAL 23
22
12
57
5
Appendix Table 24. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
4
4
13
4
MLUSA 8
5
5
4
14
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
9
9
0
18
6
TOTAL 23
23
12
57
5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
62
Appendix Table 25. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
3
8
3
MLUSA 8
3
3
2
8
3
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
4
4
4
12
4
TOTAL 11
10
10
31
3
Appendix Table 26. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
2
7
2
MLUSA 8
3
2
2
7
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
4
4
5
13
4
TOTAL 11
9
10
30
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
63
Appendix Table 27. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
2
3
7
2
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
5
5
0
10
3
TOTAL 10
10
6
26
2
Appendix Table 28. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
2
7
3
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
5
5
0
10
3
TOTAL 11
10
5
26
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
64
Appendix Table 29. Number of marketable tubers per hill
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
3
3
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
3
3
8
3b
Ganza (check)
4
3
4
11
4a
Granola (check)
2
1
2
5
2c
TOTAL 11
10
12
33
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.500
0.250
Treatment
3
6.250
2.083
8.33*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1.500
0.250
TOTAL
11
8.250
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 18.18
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
65
Appendix Table 30. Number of non-marketable tubers per hill
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
3
4
11
4a
MLUSA 8
4
4
4
12
4a
Ganza (check)
2
3
2
7
2c
Granola (check)
3
3
3
9
3b
TOTAL 13
13
13
39
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
3
4.917
1.639
7.37ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1.333
0.222
TOTAL
11
6.250
ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 14.50
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
66
Appendix Table 31. Weight of marketable tubers per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
96
68
98
264
87b
MLUSA 8
74
69
94
237
79bc
Ganza (check)
140
90
125
355
118a
Granola (check)
60
29
88
177
59c
TOTAL 370
256
405
1,033
86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3035.167
1517.583
Treatment
3
5475.583
1825.192
11.70*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
936.176
156.028
TOTAL
11
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 14.54
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
67
Appendix Table 32. Weight of non- marketable tubers per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
14
14
9
37
12b
MLUSA 8
11
9
11
31
1b
Ganza (check)
26
18
21
65
22a
Granola (check)
9
6
14
29
10b
TOTAL 60
47
55
162
14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
21.500
10.750
Treatment
3
278.333
92.778
8.81*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
63.167
10.528
TOTAL
11
363.000
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.03
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
68
Appendix Table 33. Total y yield per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
110
82
107
299
99.6b
MLUSA 8
85
78
105
268
89.3bc
Ganza (check)
166
108
146
420
140a
Granola (check)
69
35
102
206
68.7c
TOTAL 130
303
460
1193
143.7
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3473.167
1736.583
Treatment
3
8082.917
2694.306
11.78**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1372.833
228.806
TOTAL
11
12928.917
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 15.22
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
69
Appendix Table 34. Total yield per 5m2 (kg)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2.20
1.64
2.14
5.98
1.99b
MLUSA 8
1.70
1.56
2.10
5.36
178bc
Ganza (check)
3.32
2.16
2.92
8.40
2.80a
Granola (check)
1.38
0.70
2.04
4.12
1.37c
TOTAL 8.60
6.06
9.20
25.56
1.98
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.389
0.695
Treatment
3
3.233
1.078
11.78**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.549
0.092
TOTAL
11
5.172
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 15.22
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
70
Appendix Table 35. Dry matter content of potato tubers
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
20
20
20
60
20
MLUSA 8
20
20
20
60
20
Ganza (check)
20
25
20
65
22
Granola (check)
15
15
20
50
17
TOTAL 75
75
80
285
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
4.167
2.083
Treatment
3
39.583
13.194
2.71ns
3.59
6.22
Error
6
29.167
4.861
TOTAL
11
72.917
ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 11.26
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
71
Appendix Table 36. Sugar content of potato tubers (°Brix)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
MLUSA 8
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
Ganza (check)
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
Granola (check)
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
TOTAL 14.8
14.8
14.8
43.2
3.6
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
SAWAC, BRADENBURG P. APRIL 2010. On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries
for Organic Production Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Belinda A. Tad-awan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009 to
March 2010 to evaluate potato entries for organic production; determine the best
performing potato entries in terms of yield, and resistance to pests; determine the
profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic production and document the
practices on organic potato production.
Ganza obtained the highest percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest
canopy cover, and highly vigorous plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza
were rated moderately resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Ganza was rated highly resistant
and MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were moderately resistant to frost injury at 60 and 75
DAP. All of the entries were moderately resistant to leaf miner. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers and had the highest return on cash
expense (ROCE).
Potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced marketable tubers were
resistant to late blight and had a positive ROCE under organic production.
Under the condition of the study MULSA 5 and MLUSA 8 can be recommended
for organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet.
TABLES OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract ………… ………………………………………………………….…... i
Table of Contents …………………………………………………….….……..
ii
INTRODUCTION ………………………….…………………………………..
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………………..……………………………..…..
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………………………...
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………...…….….
13
Agro-climatic Data …………………………………………..……………
13
Chemical Soil Properties …………………………………….……….....
14
Percent Survival…………………………………..………………..……
15
Plant Height …………………………………………………................
16
Canopy Cover ……………………………………………………….…….
17
Plant Vigor ……………………………..……………………………….
18
Leaf Miner Incidence ………………….………………………….….…
20
Late Blight Incidence …………………...…………………….……...… 21
Frost Injury Rating …………………………………………………………....
22
Number of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tubers per Hill…………………………………….………....
23
Weight of Marketable and
Non-marketable Tubers per Hill………………………………………....
24
ii
Yield per Hill and
Yield per 5m2…………………………………………………………
25
Dry Matter and Sugar Content ….…….…………………..…………………..
27
Return on Cash Expense ………………………………………………………
28
Documentation of Cultural
Practices on Organic Production …………………………....………..……………
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………
39
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………..……….....
40
APPENDICES …………………………………………………….….……………… 41
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
The
potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tuberous-rooted tropical and subtropical
plant grown in temperate countries as an annual. It is mostly used as a vegetable, a source
of starch, and for other commercial purpose. Though not widely grown in home gardens,
it can be a most satisfying producer (Mosley, 2003). Potato is one of the most planted
crops in the Cordillera particularly in Benguet and Mt. Province. The production of this
crop is more profitable, thus, gives farmers a higher income compared with other crops in
the highlands.
Organic production practices maximize the use and recycling of on-farm nutrient
sources, including animal and green manures. Techniques such as accurate soil analysis
and nutrient crediting help producers avoid excess fertilizer applications. Sustainable
farming methods also include soil-building and conserving practices such as adding
organic matter and minimum tillage approaches. Biointensive integrated pest
management is also a sustainable farming method (NSAI, 2005).
Organic potato production needs a variety that is suitable to the environment,
resistant against insects and diseases and high yielding. In addition, resistant varieties can
help farmers minimize the use of synthetic fungicides and insecticides. It is, therefore,
important to evaluate varieties for organic production.
The study was conducted to:
1. evaluate potato entries for organic production under Loo, Buguias, Benguet;
2. determine the best performing potato entries for organic production in terms of
yield, and resistance to pests under Loo, Buguias condition;
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
2
3. determine the profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic
production at Loo, Buguias; and
4. document the practices employed in organic potato production in Loo, Buguias,
Benguet.
The study was conducted at Ludeg, Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009
to March 2010.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Organic Farming Defined
Organic agriculture encompasses all agricultural systems that promote
environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These
systems take soil fertility as a key to successful production. It aims to optimize quality in
all aspects of agriculture and the environment. Organic agriculture dramatically reduces
external inputs by avoiding from the use of chemo-synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and
pharmaceuticals. Instead, it allows the powerful laws of nature to increase both
agricultural yields and disease resistance (PCARRD, 2006).
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes
and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including bio-diversity, biological cycle and soil
biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the
use of off-farm inputs. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic,
biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any
specific function within the system (PCARRD, 2006).
Benefits of Using Organic Fertilizer
Organic fertilizers add the nutrients to the soil that plants need to be more
productive. These vital nutrients include phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium. These
nutrients allow for the plant to grow larger blooming flowers and larger fruits. Not only
does the quality increase, but so do the quantity, allowing the grower to harvest more and
better fruits and flowers. Plants receiving the proper amounts of the nutrient potassium
grow tougher cell walls and coarser vegetation. This makes them much more resistant to
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
4
pests and diseases. Plants receiving enough phosphorous also use water more efficiently,
which allows them to survive cold and dry spells. Organic fertilizers have positive effects
on all types of soil. Looser soils, such as sand, are held together better by a strong root
system that nitrogen promotes. In this case, the fertilizer helps plants grow stronger and
also helps slow erosion. Soils that are denser and harder to penetrate, such as clay, may
be loosened up by a similar root structure. In this case, the soil becomes more easily
workable for farming and also more oxygenated to promote photosynthesis. Organic
fertilizers release their nutrients slowly and consistently. It is this slow release that keeps
plants growing healthy for longer periods of time. The slow absorption rate of nutrients
from organic fertilizers means that there will not be a period of extreme bloom followed
by a period of plant dormancy. Organic fertilizers keep plants growing healthy and
productive longer into the season despite changing weather and soil temperatures.
Organic fertilizers break down slowly, which means they need to be applied much less
frequently than other types of fertilizers (Newsome, 2009).
Organic farming produced either the same yield or lower but consume less energy
crops yield may be lower in 20% in organic system, but inputs and of fertilizer and
energy is reduced by 34% to 53% and pesticides inputs by 77% (Madder and Fliebach,
2002).
Varietal Evaluation for Organic Potato Production
Aguirre (2006) found out that potato entries from NPRCRTC could be
recommended for organic production in La Trinidad, Benguet since no significant
differences were observed in terms of their yield. However CIP 13.1.1 is highly
recommended due to its high yield and resistance to late blight. In addition, entries CIP
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
5
575003 and CIP 676089 can be also recommended for processing due to their high dry
matter content.
Gayomba (2006) found that CIP 13.1.1 is the best genotype for organic
production at Sinipsip, Buguias due to its high canopy cover, high resistance to late blight
and high total yield. Genotype 13.1.1 also had the highest ROCE (return on cash
expense) for both seed and end table potato production.
Imarga (2009) found that CIP 380241.17, MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Igorota are
adapted under organic production at Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. Igorota and MLUSA
3 were highly resistant to late blight while the other entries were rated moderately
resistant to leaf miner at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5 produced the highest number of marketable
tuber while CIP 380241.17 produced the heaviest weight of marketable tubers, high yield
and highest ROCE.
Lem-ew (2007) found that CIP 13.1.1 and CIP 5.119.2.2 are the best potato
entries under organic production at Bakun, Benguet exhibiting resistance to late blight
and high yield.
Montes (2006) also found that potato genotype CIP 676089 is the best under
organic production at Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet as evidenced by highly vigorous and
tall plants, high yield, high dry matter content of tubers and resistance to late blight.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Organic Farm
The organic farm is located at Ludeg, Loo, Buguias, Benguet with an elevation of
1,636 masl. The farm was conventional for a long time but was transformed to organic
farming in 2004.
The owner of the farm is Mr. Pio Toyaoan, 67 years old and an organic
practitioner for 5 years.
Land Preparation
An area of 60 m2 in Mr. Pion Toyaoan’s farm was thoroughly prepared before
planting and, divided into three blocks, which corresponds to three replications. Each
block was divided into five plots measuring 1m x 5 m each.
Organic Fertilizer Preparation and Application
Bio-organic fertilizer was equally applied at the rate of 5 kg/plot two weeks
before planting. Fermented sunflower was mixed with bio-organic fertilizer with the aid
of effective microorganisms within 15 days. The ratio of fermented plant juice was; 5 kg
sunflower per 16 liters of water and 2 kg of bio-organic fertilizer applied 2 weeks after
planting.
Planting Materials and Treatments
Rooted stem cuttings were planted at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills
and rows.
The treatments were the following:
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
7
Code
Entry
Source
E1
MLUSA
5
Maine,
USA
E2
MLUSA 8
Maine, USA
E3
Granola (check)
CIP, Lima, Peru
E4
Ganza
(check)
CIP,
Lima,
Peru
Experimental Lay-out
The experiment was laid-out following the randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with three replications.
Cultural Management Practices
Cultural practices such as hilling up, weeding, and irrigation were uniformly done
in all entries. All practices were considered organic, that is , no application of synthetic
chemicals and fertilizers.
Data Analysis
All quantitative data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The significance of
difference among the treatment means were tested using the Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.
Data Gathered
A. Agro-Climatic Data. Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall were recorded during
the conduct of study.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
8
B. Soil Chemical Properties. Soil samples were taken from the experimental area
before and right after harvest. The organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium
content of the soil and pH were analyzed at the Department of Agriculture, Soils
Laboratory, Pacdal, Baguio City.
C. Vegetative Characters
1. Plant survival (%). The number of plants that survived were counted at 30, 45,
60, and 75 days after planting (DAP) and calculated using the formula:
Number of Plants Survived
% Plant Survival =
x
100
Total Number of Plants Planted
2. Plant Height. Plant height was taken at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP using a meter
stick.
3. Canopy cover. Canopy cover was gathered at 30, 45, 60, and 75 DAP using a
wooden frame which measures 120 cm x 60 cm having equal size grid of 12 cm x 6 cm.
4. Plant vigor. Plants were rated at 30, 45, 50, 60, and 75 days DAP based on a
rating scale by CIP (Gonzales et al., 2004):
Scale
Description
Reaction
5
Plants are strong with robust stem and
highly vigorous
leaves, light color to dark green in color.
4
Plants are moderately strong with robust
moderately vigorous
stem and leaves were light green in color.
3
Better than less vigorous
vigorous
2
Plants are weak with few thin stems and
less vigorous
leaves, pale.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
9
1
Plants are weak with few stems and leaves, poor vigor
very pale.
D. Reaction to Pest and Disease
1. Reaction to leaf miner. The reaction to leaf miner was recorded at 30, 45, 60,
and 75 DAP using the following rating scale (CIP, 2001):
Scale
Description
Reaction
1
Leaf infected (1-20%)
Highly Resistant
2
Infected (20-40%)
Moderately
Resistant
3
Moderately infected (41-60%)
Susceptible
4
Severely infected (61-80%)
Moderately
Susceptible
5
Most Serious (81-100%)
Very Susceptible
2. Reaction to late blight. Ratings was done at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP using a CIP
(Henfling, 1987) rating scale as follows:
Blight
Scale
Description
1
1
No blight to be seen
01-1 2
Very few plants in larger treatment with lesions
not more than 2 lesions 10m or row (+/-30 plants).
1.1-2
2
Up to 10 lesions per plant.
3.1-10 3
Up to 30 small lesions per plant or up to 1 inch
leaflets
attacked.
10.1-24 4
Most plants are visibly attacked and 1 m 3leaflets
infected. Multiple infections per leaflets.
5-4 5
Nearly every leaflets with lesion. Multiple
infections per leaflets are common. Field or plot
look green, but all plants are pots blighted.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
10
50-74 6
Every plant blighted and half the leaf area destroyed
by blight fields look green, flecked, and brown,
blight is very obvious.
75-90 7
As previous but ¾ of each plant blighted. Lower
branches may be overwhelmingly killed off, and the
only green leaves, if any, are spindly due to
extensive foliage loss, field looks neither brown nor
green.
91-97 8
Some leaves and most stems are green, filed looks
brown with some leaves patches.
97.1-99.9 9
Few green leaves almost all with blight lesions
remain. Many stems lesions field look brown.
100
9
All leaves and stem dead.
Description: 1- highly resistant, 2-3- resistant, 4-5- moderately resistant, 6-7-
moderately susceptible, 8-9- susceptible.
3. Frost Injury. This was recorded at 30, 45, 60, and 75 DAP using the following
scale (CIP, 2003):
Scale Description
Reaction
1
No apparent injury
Highly Resistant
2
Injury confined to youngest leaves Moderately Resistant
3
Some older leaves exhibiting injury Susceptible
4
Over 50% of the leaves injured
Moderately Susceptible
5
Over 90% of the leaves injured
Very Susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
11
E. Yield and Yield Components
1. Number and weight of marketable tubers per hill (g). All tubers that were of
marketable size, not malformed, free from cuts, cracks and with out more than 10%
greening of the total surface was counted and weighed at harvest.
2. Number and weight of non-marketable tubers per hill (g). This was obtained by
counting and weighing all tubers that are malformed, damaged by pests and diseases and
those with more than 10% greening.
3. Total yield per hill (g). This was the sum of the weight of marketable and non-
marketable tubers per hill.
4. Total yield per 5m2 (kg). This was the sum of the weight of marketable and
non-marketable tubers per plot.
F. ROCE. This was computed using the formula:
Net Income
ROCE
=
x
100
Total Cost of Production
G. Post Harvest Characteristics
1. Dry matter content of tubers. Twenty gram tubers were weighed and
sliced into cubes and oven dried at 80oC for 24 hours. This was recorded and computed
using the following formula:
Dry Matter = 100% - % moisture content
Fresh Weight - Oven Dry Weight
Where: % moisture content =
x 100
Fresh Weight
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
12
2. Sugar Content (°Brix). This was taken by extracting the juice of 20 g potato
tubers and read on a digital refractometer.
H. Documentation of Practices. All cultural management practices done on
organic potato production such as fertilizer application, crop protection, hilling-up,
harvesting and other practices were documented. Documentation was done through the
use of digicam.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Agroclimatic Data
Table 1 shows the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct
of the study. Result shows that temperature ranged from 11 °C to 22.6 °C. The lowest
temperature was recorded in January while the highest was recorded in March. High
relative humidity was observed in March. The average temperature of 17°C to 22 °C is
best for potato production (HARRDEC, 1996).
Maximum yield are normally obtained when the average temperature throughout
the growing season ranges between 15-18 °C (NPRCRTC, 1998).
Table 1. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall during the conduct of the study
MONTH
TEMPERATURE (°C)
RELATIVE
RAINFALL
MIN MAX
HUMIDITY (%)
(mm)
November
12.1 21.3
56
0.6
December
11.9 21.4
55
1.8
January
11.0 20.8
53
3.1
February
12.4 22.6
53
4.8
March
15.1 23.8
58
4.5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
14
Chemical Soil Properties
Table 2 shows that there was a decrease of soil pH after planting showing that the
place where the study was conducted may favor in the growth of potato since the
optimum pH for potato production ranged from 5.6 to 6.5.
The organic matter present in the soil had increased after planting which might be
due to the compost application during the conduct of study. Both potassium and
phosphorus decreased after planting which might indicate the high nutritive requirements
of the potato plants.
Table 2. Chemical properties of the soil taken before and after planting
SAMPLING
PH
ORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM
TIME
MATTER (%)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Before planting
6.39
2.5
380
472
After planting
5.99
4.0
330
234
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
15
Percent Survival
Table 3 shows the percent survival of the potato entries taken at 30, 45, 60 and 75
DAP. Highly significant differences among the entries were observed. Ganza obtained
the highest percent survival at 30 DAP followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8. Granola
obtained the lowest percent survival. Generally, results show that there was a decrease in
percent survival at 45 DAP up to 75 DAP except for Ganza which maintained its
survival.
The survival percentage of the entries could be attributed to cutworm infestation
and unfavorable weather conditions such as low temperature during the conduct of the
study. Cutworms were observed to cause damage by cutting the stems of the plants.
Table 3. Plant survival of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT SURVIVAL (%)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
64b
50bc
48bc
39bc
MLUSA 8
67b
62ab
63ab
19ab
Ganza (check)
96a
93a
91a
91a
Granola (check)
43c
23c
14c
7c
CV (%)
11.03
9.30
26.89
25.73
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
16
Plant Height
Table 4 shows significant differences on the plant height of the potato entries at
30 and 45 DAP. Ganza produced the tallest plants followed by MLUSA 5. Significant
differences were also observed at 60 and 75 DAP and still Ganza was the tallest. Granola
produced the shortest plants at 60 and 75 DAP.
The differences on the height of potato entries could be attributed to their
genotypic traits and might also be affected by the environmental conditions during the
conduct of the study.
Table 4. Plant height of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
4.0b
5.7c
8.3ab
11.7a
MLUSA 8
3.0c
5.3b
7.3b
12.0a
Ganza (check)
5.0a
8.7a
11.7a
15.3a
Granola (check)
3.3c
5.7c
4.7b
6.0b
CV (%)
7.53
10.19
28.26
24.77
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
17
Canopy Cover
Table 5 shows the canopy cover of the potato entries. Ganza had the widest
canopy followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 at 30 DAP. There was an increase in
canopy cover of all entries at 45 DAP. At 60 DAP, all of the entries except Granola had
decreased in canopy.
The decrease of canopy cover of the entries might due to the occurrence of late
blight incidence, frost injury and the aging of the plants.
Table5. Canopy cover of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
CANOPY COVER
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
10b
21b
27b
18b
MLUSA 8
9b
20b
26b
20b
Ganza (check)
20a
41a
56a
63a
Granola (check)
8b
11b
6c
2c
CV (%)
13.82
26.36
24.99
24.29
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
18
Plant Vigor
Table 6 shows the plant vigor of the potato entries at 30, 45 60 and 75 DAP.
Ganza, MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were found to be moderately vigorous while Granola
was found to be vigorous. The same result was found by Imarga (2009) that MLUSA 5
was moderately vigorous at 30 DAP. Figure 1-4 shows the different entries at 30 DAP.
Ganza was found to be highly vigorous at 45 to 75 DAP. MLUSA 8 and MLUSA
5 were moderately vigorous at 45 DAP and vigorous at 60 and 75 DAP.
The higher vigor of Ganza might due to its characteristic of bigger leaves than
that of the other entries. There was a decreased vigor on the other entries which might be
due to the occurrence of late blight and frost causing early senescence of the plants.
Table 6. Plant vigor of potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
PLANT VIGOR
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
4a
3bc
3b
3b
MLUSA 8
4a
4ab
3b
3b
Ganza- (check)
4a
5a
5a
5a
Granola-(check)
3b
2c
1c
1c
CV (%)
7.53
19.63
21.70
26.19
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
Legend: 5- Highly vigorous, 4- moderately vigorous, 3- vigorous, 2- less vigorous, 1-
poor vigor
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
19
Figure 1 Ganza at 30 DAP
Figure 2 Granola at 30 DAP
Figure 3 MLUSA 5 at 30 DAP
Figure 4 MLUSA 8 at 30 DAP
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
20
Leaf Miner Incidence
Table 7 shows the leaf miner incidence of the four potato entries at 30, 45, 60, and
75 DAP. All the potato entries were found to be highly resistant at 30 and 45 DAP except
for MLUSA 8 which was found to be moderately resistant at 45 DAP. MLUSA 5 was
found to be susceptible while the other entries were found to be moderately resistant at 75
DAP. Simongo et al., (2006) also found that Ganza was resistant to leaf miner.
Table 7. Leaf miner incidence of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after
planting planting
ENTRY
LEAF MINER INCIDENCE
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Highly
Highly
Moderately
Susceptible
resistant
resistant
resistant
MLUSA 8
Highly
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Highly
Highly
Highly
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Granola (check) Highly
Highly
Highly
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
21
Late Blight Incidence
Table 8 shows the late blight ratings of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75
DAP. Ganza, MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were moderately resistant at 30, 45 and 60 DAP.
Granola was observed to be moderately susceptible at 30 and 45 DAP and susceptible at
60 and 75 DAP.
The resistance of the entries could be due to their genotypic characteristics that
can tolerate late blight incidence. Granola is susceptible to late blight as reported in past
studies by Tad-awan et al.,(2008) .
Tad-awan
et al.,(2008) also found out that Ganza was moderately resistant in
different locations in the highlands.
Table 8. Late blight incidence of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after
planting planting
ENTRY
LATE BLIGHT RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
MLUSA 8
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Granola (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
22
Frost Injury Rating
Table 9 shows the frost injury rating of the four potato entries. Ganza was found
to be highly resistant to frost at 30 to 75 DAP. MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were found to
be moderately resistant at 45 to 75 DAP. Granola was found to be moderately susceptible
at 30 and 45 DAP and susceptible at 60 and 75 DAP.
The occurrence of frost injury could be due to low temperature.
Table 9. Frost injury of the potato entries at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting
ENTRY
FROST INJURY RATING
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
75 DAP
MLUSA 5
Susceptible
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
Resistant
MLUSA 8
Susceptible
Moderately
Moderately
Moderately
resistant
resistant
Resistant
Ganza (check)
Highly
Highly
Highly
Highly
resistant
resistant resistant
Resistant
Granola (check)
Moderately
Moderately
Susceptible
Susceptible
susceptible
susceptible
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
23
Number of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers per Hill
Table 10 shows the total number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the
potato entries. There were significant differences among the potato entries on marketable
tubers. It was observed that Ganza produced the highest number of marketable tubers
followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 while Granola produced the lowest.
There were no significant differences among the entries of potato on the non-
marketable tubers. It was observed that MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced the highest
number of non-marketable tubers followed by Ganza while Granola produced the lowest
number.
The high number of tubers produced by Ganza could be due to high percent
survival, highly vigorous plants at vegetative stage and resistance to late blight. Low
yield of some entries could be due to low percent survival, low vigor of plants and
susceptibility to late blight.
Table 10. Number of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries
NUMBER OF TUBERS PER HILL
ENTRY
MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
MLUSA 5
3b
4a
MLUSA 8
3b
4a
Ganza (check)
4a
2c
Granola (check)
2c
3b
CV (%)
18.18
14.50
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
24
Weight of Marketable and Non-marketable
Tubers per Hill
Table 11 shows the total weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the
four potato entries. Highly significant differences among the entries were observed on
both marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers followed by MLUSA 8 and MLUSA 5.
The high yield obtained from Ganza could be due to the fact that the check
variety was recommended for organic production by Tad-awan et al. (2008).
Table 11. Weight of marketable and non-marketable tubers of the potato entries
YIELD/HILL
ENTRY MARKETABLE
NON-MARKETABLE
(g)
(g)
MLUSA 5
87b
12b
MLUSA 8
79bc
10b
Ganza (check)
118a
22a
Granola (check)
59c
10b
CV (%)
14.54
24.03
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
25
Yield per Hill and Yield per 5m2
Table 12 shows highly significant differences among the four potato entries in
terms of yield per hill. Ganza produced the highest yield of 140 g followed by MLUSA 5
and MLUSA 8 (100 g and 89 g, respectively). Granola produced the lowest yield which
might be due to the effect of low temperature during the conduct of study.
The four potato entries significantly differed on the total yield per 5m2 with
Ganza producing the highest. Figures 5-8 show the harvested tubers of the different
potato entries.
Table 12. Yield per hill and yield per 5m2 of the potato entries
ENTRY
AVERAGE YIELD
TOTAL YIELD
(g/hill)
(kg/5m2)
MLUSA 5
100b
2.00b
MLUSA 8
89bc
1.78bc
Ganza (check)
140a
2.80a
Granola (check)
69c
1.37c
CV (%)
15.22
15.22
Means with the same letter are not significantly different by DMRT (P>0.05)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
26
Figure 5 Harvested Ganza tubers
Figure 6 Harvested Granola tubers
Figure 7 Harvested MLUSA 5 tubers
Figure 8 Harvested MLUSA 8 tubers
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
27
Dry Matter and Sugar Content
Table 13 shows the dry matter and sugar content of the four potato entries. There
were no significant differences for both parameters of the four entries. However, Ganza
obtained the highest dry matter content followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8. All the
entries had the same sugar content of 3.6 °Brix.
Table 13. Dry matter and sugar content of the potato entries
ENTRY
DRY MATTER CONTENT
SUGAR CONTENT
(%)
(°Brix)
MLUSA 5
20
3.6
MLUSA 8
20
3.6
Ganza (check)
22
3.6
Granola (check)
17
3.6
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
28
Return on Cash Expense
Positive ROCE was obtained from Ganza followed by MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8.
Granola obtained a negative ROCE.
Table 14. Return on cash expense of the potato entries
ENTRY
COST OF
GROSS
NET
ROCE
PRODUCTION
INCOME
INCOME
(%)
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
MLUSA 5
125.17
159.2
33.5
26.8
MLUSA 8
125.17
142.4
17.2
13.8
Ganza (check)
125.17
224
1.8
78.9
Granola (check)
125.17
109.6
-15.6
-12.5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
29
Documentation of Cultural Practices on
Organic Potato Production at Loo, Buguias
Preparation
of
Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The materials for making compost are
sunflower leaves, 2 kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 16 liters of water with the aid of
effective microorganisms. The sunflower leaves are chopped and mixed thoroughly in 16
liters of water then added with effective microorganism (Figures 9-12).
Figure 9 Chopping of sunflower leaves and mixing in water
Figure 10 Mixing the sunflower leaves and water with effective microorganism
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
30
Figure 11 Stirring and proper covering of compost
Figure 12 Liquid fertilizer ready for application
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
31
Land Preparation and Application of Bio-organic Fertilizer. Land preparation and
application of bio-organic fertilizer is done 15 days before planting at a rate of 5 kg per
5m2 (Figure 13).
Figure 13 Land preparation and application of bio-organic fertilizer
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
32
Figure 14 Mixing of compost and lay-outing
Planting.
Planting of stem cuttings is at a distance of 30 cm x 30 cm between hills
and rows (Figure 15).
Figure 15 Planting of potato rooted stem cuttings
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
33
Irrigation. Irrigation is done with the use of sprinkler three times a week at 4
hours per station (Figure 16).
Figure 16 Irrigation with the use of sprinkler
Application of Liquid Fertilizer. Application of liquid fertilizer is at 15 days after
planting. The application is 100 ml per hill at 15 days after planting and 22 DAP (Figure
17).
Figure 17 Application of liquid fertilizer
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
34
Crop
Protection. Crop protection against insect pest is done by spraying once a
month with 2 cups of wood vinegar mixed with 16 liters of water and use of traps
(Figures 18-21). Wood vinegar is a liquid substance that is obtained when organic
materials such as wood, coconut shell, bamboo, grass, and other plants are placed in a
heating chamber. Wood vinegar contains organic substances such as organic acids,
phenol substances, carbon substances, alcohol, neutral materials, and base acidic
substances.
Insect traps are made up of yellow plastic applied with grease and installed at the
end of each plot (Figure 20).
Figure 18 Materials used in spraying (2 cups of wood vinegar per 16 liters of water)
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
35
Figure 19 Spraying
Figure 20 Applying of grease to plastic
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
36
Figure 21 Insect traps installed at the end of the plot
Hilling-up. Hilling-up is done at 30 and 45 days after planting using a grab hoe
(Figures 22-23).
Figure 22 Hilling-up at 30 days after planting
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
37
Figure 23 Hilling-up at 45 days after planting
Harvesting. Harvesting of the potato tubers is done using pointed stick as a
digging material (Figure 24).
Figure 24 Harvesting using a pointed stick
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
38
Figure 25 Gathering of harvested tubers
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
39
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at, Loo, Buguias, Benguet from November 2009 to
March 2010 to evaluate potato entries for organic production; determine the best
performing potato entries in terms of yield; and resistance to pests; determine the
profitability of growing organic potato entries for organic production and document the
practices on organic potato production.
Ganza obtained the highest percent survival, exhibited the tallest plants, highest
canopy cover, and highly vigorous plants at 75 DAP. MLUSA 5, MLUSA 8 and Ganza
were rated moderately resistant to late blight at 75 DAP. Ganza was rated highly resistant
and MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 were rated moderately resistant to frost injury at 60 and 75
DAP. All of the entries were moderately resistant to leaf miner. Ganza produced the
heaviest marketable and non-marketable tubers and had the highest ROCE.
Conclusion
Potato entries MLUSA 5 and MLUSA 8 produced marketable tubers, were
resistant to late blight and had a positive ROCE under organic production.
Recommendations
Under the conditions of the study, MULSA 5 and MLUSA 8 can be
recommended for organic production at Loo, Buguias, Benguet. Further evaluation of the
potato entries should be conducted to achieve stability in yield and resistance to pest and
diseases.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
40
LITERATURE CITED
AGUIRRE, V. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato entries in an organic farm at
La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. Benguet State University (BSU), La Trinidad,
Benguet.
GAYOMBA, H. 2006. Growth and yield of promising potato genotypes grown in organic
farm at Sinipsip, Buguias. BS. Thesis. BSU La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 23-24.
HARRDEC, 1996. High Land Potato Technoguide (3rd edition). Benguet state University,
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-5.
IMARGA, B. 2009. Growth and yield of potato entries under organic production at
Beckel, La Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. xi, 19.
LEM-EW, J. 2007. Growth and yield of organically grown potato entries in two locations
of Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.52.
MADDER, P. and FLIEBACH, A. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic
farming. Science V. 296, n. 5573. P. 321.
MONTES. F. 2006. Growth and yield of potato genotypes in organic farm at Puguis, La
Trinidad, Benguet. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. xi.
MOSLEY, 2003. The Potato Plant. Potandon Produce L.L.C. Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.potandon.com/ss_potatoes_plant.htm
NEWSOME, J. 2009. Benefits of using Organic Fertilizer Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.gardenguides.com/78504-benefits-using-organic-fertilizer.html
NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ROOT CROPS RESEARCH TRAINING CENTER, 1998.
Potato Production Guide. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 2-
9.
NSAI, 2005. National Sustainable Agriculture Information. Potatoes organic production
and marketing. Retrieved January 2010 from http://attra.ncat.org/attra-
pub/potatoes.html#organic
PCARRD, 2006. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development. About Organic Farming. Retrieved November 2009
from http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/ofin/about.htm
SIMONGO, D., GONZALES, I., and BALOG-AS, F. 2006. Highland Potato Cultivars.
Pp. 9-10.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
41
TAD-AWAN, B., SIMONGO, D., PABLO, J., SAGALLA, E.J., KISWA, C., SHAGOL,
C. 2008. The potato varieties for organic production in different agro-ecological
zones of the Philippine Highlands: Evaluation and Selection Through
Participatory Approach. Journal of Nature Studies 7(2): P. 74.
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
42
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
63
74
55
192
64b
MLUSA 8
60
68
73
201
67b
Ganza (check)
97
93
97
287
96a
Granola (check)
50
40
40
130
43c
TOTAL
270
275 265
810
68
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
12.500
6.250
Treatment
3
4169.667
1389.889
25.06**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
332.833
55.472
TOTAL
11
4515.000
** = Highly Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 11.03
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
43
Appendix Table 2.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
33
80
36
149
50bc
MLUSA 8
30
75
80
185
62ab
Ganza (check)
97
90
93
280
93a
Granola (check)
25
27
17
69
23c
TOTAL 185
272
226
683 57
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
947.167
473.583
Treatment
3
7654.917
2551.639
7.53**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2034.833
333.139
TOTAL
11
2034.833
339.139
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 9.30
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
44
Appendix Table 3.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
30
83
30
143
48bc
MLUSA 8
20
87
83
190
63ab
Ganza (check)
93
87
93
273
91a
Granola (check)
10
17
0
27
14c
TOTAL 153
274
206
633
54
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1839.500
919.750
Treatment
3
10544.917 3514.972
6.96**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
3027.833
504.639
TOTAL
11
15412.250
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.89
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
45
Appendix Table 4.Plant survival (%) of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
GANZA
30
63
25
118
39bc
GRANOLA
20
80
83
183
19ab
MLUSA 5
93
87
93
273
91a
MLUSA 8
7
6
0
13
7c
TOTAL 150
236
201
201
39
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
935.167
467.583
Treatment
3
11989.583 3996.528
9.61**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2496.167
416.028
TOTAL
11
15420.167
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 25.73
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
46
Appendix Table 5.Plant height of potato entries at 30 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
4
4
12
4b
MLUSA 8
3
3
3
9
3c
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
4
3
3
10
3.3c
TOTAL 16
15
15
46
3.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
7.000
2.333
28**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.500
0.083
TOTAL
11
7.667
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 7.53
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
47
Appendix Table 6.Plant height of potato entries at 45 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
6
6
17
5.7c
MLUSA 8
5
6
5
16
5.3b
Ganza (check)
9
8
9
26
8.7a
Granola (check)
6
5
6
17
5.7c
TOTAL 25
25
26
76
6.4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
22.000
7.333
17.60**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.500
0.417
TOTAL
11
24.667
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 10.19
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
48
Appendix Table 7.Plant height of potato entries at 60 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
10
7
8
25
8.3ab
MLUSA 8
8
7
7
22
7.3b
Ganza (check)
12
10
13
35
11.7a
Granola (check)
8
6
0
14
4.7b
TOTAL 38
30
28
96
8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
14.000
7.000
Treatment
3
75.333
25.111
4.92*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
30.667
5.111
TOTAL
11
120.000
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 28.26
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
49
Appendix Table 8.Plant height of potato entries at 75 DAP (cm)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
12
12
11
35
11.7a
MLUSA 8
11
13
12
36
12a
Ganza (check)
15
15
16
46
15.3a
Granola (check)
10
8
0
18
6b
TOTAL 48
48
39
135
8.8
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
13.500
6.750
Treatment
3
134.917
44.972
5.89*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
45.833
7.639
TOTAL
11
194.250
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.77
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
50
Appendix Table 9.Canopy covers of potato entries at 30DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
10
12
9
31
10b
MLUSA 8
10
9
9
28
9b
Ganza (check)
18
23
20
61
20a
Granola (check)
9
7
8
24
8b
TOTAL 47
51
46
144
12
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3.500
1.750
Treatment
3
286.000
95.333
34.67**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
16.500
2.750
TOTAL
11
306.000
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 13.82
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
51
Appendix Table 10. Canopy covers of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
24
23
16
63
21b
MLUSA 8
13
22
25
60
20b
Ganza (check)
39
44
39
122
41a
Granola (check)
19
9
4
32
11b
TOTAL 95
98
84
277
23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
27.167
13.583
Treatment
3
1431.583
477.194
12.89**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
222.167
37.028
TOTAL
11
1680.917
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.36
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
52
Appendix Table 11. Canopy covers of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
13
41
28
82
27b
MLUSA 8
10
32
35
77
26b
Ganza (check)
57
55
55
167
56a
Granola (check)
10
8
0
18
6c
TOTAL 90
136
118
344
29
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
268.667
134.333
Treatment
3
3760.667
1253.556
13.54**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
555.333
92.556
TOTAL
11
4584.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.99
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
53
Appendix Table 12. Canopy covers of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
6
28
19
53
18b
MLUSA 8
6
27
28
61
20b
Ganza (check)
65
64
60
189
63a
Granola (check)
4
2
0
6
2c
TOTAL 81
121
107
309
26
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
206.000
103.000
Treatment
3
6138.917
2046.306
33.24**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
369.333
61.556
TOTAL
11
6714.250
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.29
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
54
Appendix Table 13. Plant vigor of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
4
4
12
4a
MLUSA 8
4
4
4
12
4a
Ganza (check)
4
5
4
13
4a
Granola (check)
3
3
3
9
3b
TOTAL 15
16
15
46
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.167
0.083
Treatment
3
3.000
1.000
12.0**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.500
0.083
TOTAL
11
3.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 7.53
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
55
Appendix Table 14. Plant vigor of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
4
2
9
3bc
MLUSA 8
3
4
4
11
4ab
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
2
2
3
7
2c
TOTAL 13
15
14
42
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.500
0.250
Treatment
3
11.667
3.889
8.24**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.833
0.472
TOTAL
11
15.000
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 19.63
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
56
Appendix Table 15. Plant vigor of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
4
4
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
4
4
10
3b
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
1
1
0
2
1c
TOTAL 11
14
13
36
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.167
0.583
Treatment
3
29.667
9,889
20.94**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
2.833
0.472
TOTAL
11
33.667
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 21.70
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
57
Appendix Table 16. Plant vigor of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
4
3
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
3
4
9
3b
Ganza (check)
5
5
5
15
5a
Granola (check)
1
1
0
2
1c
TOTAL 10
13
12
35
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.167
0.583
Treatment
3
28.250
9.417
16.14**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
3.500
0.583
TOTAL
11
32.917
**
=
Highly
Significant
Coefficient of Variation (%) = 26.19
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
58
Appendix Table 17. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
1
1
1
3
1
MLUSA 8
1
1
1
3
1
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
1
1
1
3
1
TOTAL 4
4
4
12
1
Appendix Table 18. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
1
1
1
3
1
MLUSA 8
2
2
1
5
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
1
2
1
4
1
TOTAL 5
6
4
15
1
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
59
Appendix Table 19. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
BLOCK
ENTRY
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
2
2
6
2
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
2
4
1
Granola (check)
2
2
0
4
1
TOTAL 7
7
6
20
2
Appendix table 20. Leaf miner incidence of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
3
8
3
MLUSA 8
3
2
2
7
2
Ganza (check)
2
2
2
6
2
Granola (check)
3
3
0
6
2
TOTAL 11
9
7
27
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
60
Appendix Table 21. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
5
5
14
5
MLUSA 8
5
5
5
15
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
4
5
8
17
6
TOTAL 17
19
22
58
5
Appendix Table 22. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
5
5
15
5
MLUSA 8
5
4
4
13
4
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
7
7
8
23
7
TOTAL 21
20
21
68
5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
61
Appendix Table 23. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
4
4
13
4
MLUSA 8
5
5
4
14
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
9
9
0
18
6
TOTAL 23
22
12
57
5
Appendix Table 24. Late blight incidence of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
5
4
4
13
4
MLUSA 8
5
5
4
14
5
Ganza (check)
4
4
4
12
4
Granola (check)
9
9
0
18
6
TOTAL 23
23
12
57
5
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
62
Appendix Table 25. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 30 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
3
8
3
MLUSA 8
3
3
2
8
3
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
4
4
4
12
4
TOTAL 11
10
10
31
3
Appendix Table 26. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 45 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
2
7
2
MLUSA 8
3
2
2
7
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
4
4
5
13
4
TOTAL 11
9
10
30
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
63
Appendix Table 27. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 60 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2
2
3
7
2
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
5
5
0
10
3
TOTAL 10
10
6
26
2
Appendix Table 28. Frost injury rating of potato entries at 75 DAP
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
2
2
7
3
MLUSA 8
2
2
2
6
2
Ganza (check)
1
1
1
3
1
Granola (check)
5
5
0
10
3
TOTAL 11
10
5
26
2
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
64
Appendix Table 29. Number of marketable tubers per hill
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3
3
3
9
3b
MLUSA 8
2
3
3
8
3b
Ganza (check)
4
3
4
11
4a
Granola (check)
2
1
2
5
2c
TOTAL 11
10
12
33
3
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.500
0.250
Treatment
3
6.250
2.083
8.33*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1.500
0.250
TOTAL
11
8.250
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 18.18
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
65
Appendix Table 30. Number of non-marketable tubers per hill
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
4
3
4
11
4a
MLUSA 8
4
4
4
12
4a
Ganza (check)
2
3
2
7
2c
Granola (check)
3
3
3
9
3b
TOTAL 13
13
13
39
4
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
3
4.917
1.639
7.37ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1.333
0.222
TOTAL
11
6.250
ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 14.50
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
66
Appendix Table 31. Weight of marketable tubers per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
96
68
98
264
87b
MLUSA 8
74
69
94
237
79bc
Ganza (check)
140
90
125
355
118a
Granola (check)
60
29
88
177
59c
TOTAL 370
256
405
1,033
86
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3035.167
1517.583
Treatment
3
5475.583
1825.192
11.70*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
936.176
156.028
TOTAL
11
* = Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 14.54
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
67
Appendix Table 32. Weight of non- marketable tubers per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
14
14
9
37
12b
MLUSA 8
11
9
11
31
1b
Ganza (check)
26
18
21
65
22a
Granola (check)
9
6
14
29
10b
TOTAL 60
47
55
162
14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
21.500
10.750
Treatment
3
278.333
92.778
8.81*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
63.167
10.528
TOTAL
11
363.000
*= Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 24.03
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
68
Appendix Table 33. Total y yield per hill (g)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
110
82
107
299
99.6b
MLUSA 8
85
78
105
268
89.3bc
Ganza (check)
166
108
146
420
140a
Granola (check)
69
35
102
206
68.7c
TOTAL 130
303
460
1193
143.7
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
3473.167
1736.583
Treatment
3
8082.917
2694.306
11.78**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1372.833
228.806
TOTAL
11
12928.917
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 15.22
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
69
Appendix Table 34. Total yield per 5m2 (kg)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
2.20
1.64
2.14
5.98
1.99b
MLUSA 8
1.70
1.56
2.10
5.36
178bc
Ganza (check)
3.32
2.16
2.92
8.40
2.80a
Granola (check)
1.38
0.70
2.04
4.12
1.37c
TOTAL 8.60
6.06
9.20
25.56
1.98
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.389
0.695
Treatment
3
3.233
1.078
11.78**
4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.549
0.092
TOTAL
11
5.172
** = Highly Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 15.22
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
70
Appendix Table 35. Dry matter content of potato tubers
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
20
20
20
60
20
MLUSA 8
20
20
20
60
20
Ganza (check)
20
25
20
65
22
Granola (check)
15
15
20
50
17
TOTAL 75
75
80
285
20
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED TABULATED
VARIATION
OF
SQUARES SQUARE
F
F
FREEDOM
0.05 0.01
Block
2
4.167
2.083
Treatment
3
39.583
13.194
2.71ns
3.59
6.22
Error
6
29.167
4.861
TOTAL
11
72.917
ns = Not Significant Coefficient of Variation (%) = 11.26
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
71
Appendix Table 36. Sugar content of potato tubers (°Brix)
ENTRY
BLOCK
TOTAL
MEAN
I II
III
MLUSA 5
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
MLUSA 8
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
Ganza (check)
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
Granola (check)
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.8
3.6
TOTAL 14.8
14.8
14.8
43.2
3.6
On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries for Organic Production
Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition / Bradenburg P. Sawac. 2010
Document Outline
- On-farm Evaluation of Potato Entries
for Organic Production Under Loo, Buguias, Benguet Condition
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLES OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES