BIBLIOGRAPHY DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012. Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction
As Dewormer To Native Chicken. Benguet State University La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conduted to determine the efficacy of horse chestnut seed seed
decoction as dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the species of
parasites infesting the native chicken.
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram of each species present in the experimental birds. Results of the fecal
analysis revealed that there are four species of parasites infested to the experimental birds
as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species
2. Capillaria species
3. Heterakis gallinae species
4. Strongyloides avuim species
Horse chestnut decoction was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds
was based on the body liveweight. The treatments tested were:
T0 – control (no dewormer)
T1 – 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg body liveweight
T2 – commercial dewormer
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Results of the study show that the horse chestnut dewormer could effectively
eradicated the Capillaria spp and Heterakis gallinea spp. seven days after deworming. The
commercial dewormer was only able to decrease the number of egg per gram of Capillaria
spp. At three days after deworming, the egg per gram was reduced to 70% then to 60% at
seven days after deworming and Heterakis gallinea spp was eradicated at three days after
the administration of the dewormer although, 50% eggs were again seen seven days after
deworming. This may imply that a follow-up should be done at this stage to prevent
recurrence of the worms.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as Horse
chestnut. It is widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. The nuts, especially those
that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins and
glucosides.
Horse chestnut contains triterpenoid saponins (notably aescin), coumarins (notably
aesculin) and flavonoids. There are also tannins, flavones, purines, starch, sugar, albumin
and fatty oil. The bark contains coumarins, glycoside, resin and pigment. Aescin, the main
active constituent, has anti-inflammatory properties.
Many rural folks engage in raising native chickens. Aside from the meat which
these chickens provide for the family, they are a good source of additional income. These
native chickens are raised in the backyard by farmers the traditional way without
considering the effect of this on hygiene and sanitation. Native chickens are not given
disease immunization and often times are attacked by pests and diseases.
Native chickens are well known for their adaptability to local agro-climatic
conditions, hardiness, ability to utilize farm-by-products and resistance to diseases.
Moreover, they require minimal care, management and inputs. Meat and eggs of native
chickens are preferred by many Filipinos over the same products from commercial poultry
because of their taste, leanness, pigmentation and suitability to Filipino special dishes.
Moreover, native chicken meat and eggs are priced higher than those coming from
commercial poultry.
Traditionally, native chicken raised in backyard just graze in the hill side on sunny
days and driving them home at sunset to be watered and given supplemental feed. On the
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
other hand, small scale raisers do not have any program of deworming these birds due to
unawareness of the parasite infection to the birds.
Parasite is one of the most destructive pests in native chickens. Parasite cause loss
in body weight, poor feed conversion and decrease of body resistance against bacterial and
viral infection.
This study was undertaken to find out the effect of powdered horse chestnut seed
decoction as dewormer for native chickens. With this homemade dewormer, poultry raisers
in the rural communities could be able to control parasite infection in native chickens and
will help produce healthy native chickens for family consumption and income.
This study conducted to determine the efficacy of decocted horse chestnut seed as
a dewormer to native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1.
determine the parasite egg count before the administration of
powdered horse chest nut seeds as dewormer;
2.
determine the specie of parasites that could be killed by
decocted horse chestnut seed; and
3.
compare the efficacy of powdered horse chest nut seeds with
the commercial dewormer.
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Station, LaTrinidad,
Benguet. The experiment used a total of 24 native chickens, which was subjected to 7 days
deworming.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study by Baens (1941) indicated good prospects for the production in the
Philippines for tannin extract from locally grown betel nut. The highest tannin content
occurs when the kernel is just reaching maturity and the outside husk is still green. This
tannin is said to compare favorably with other tannin of local extraction and with those of
foreign in origin such as chest nut, henlock, and mycobaloon for light weather tannage, the
quality, excellent.
Botero et.al., (1987) revealed that tapeworms of cestodes are flattened, ribbon-
shaped, usually segmented worms. Tapeworms are characterized by complete absence of
the digestive tract and obtain their nourishment from the host animal. The control of
intestinal parasites is largely a matter of sanitation and deworming program using
“anthelmintic”, a general term to treat worm infestation. Cecal worm infection can be
treated with phemothezene.
According to Dagoon (1990), he suggested that anthelmintic deworming agent can
be added to drinking water or feeds for long term administration. Specific drugs or
anthelminthics are required for each specific type of external parasite, although most
preparations will eliminate adult worms.
Faulty nutrition is a pre-disposing factor in a certain disease. The best tonic is a well
balance diet. Proper hygiene and sanitation measures will check parasite infestation.
Dagoon (1989) revealed further that parasites produce injuries on the host by taking
away material well-being from the host which usually results to the disturbance of the
regular process on growth and development.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Characteristics of common roundworms of chicken (Gapus, 1973). The most
common roundworms of poultry are large roundworms, small roundworms, cecal worms
and gapeworms. The large roundworms of chickens, Ascaridia galli, are very common. It
is found in the small intestines where it grows up to about five inches in length. Young
birds particularly are very susceptible to this infection causing them to loose appetite,
become stunted, emaciated and weak and eventually die. Nervous symptom like jerking
the head has been observed especially when some parasites die in the gut. Mature birds
with this parasite have low egg production. In unusual cases, the worms may even cause
blocking and rapture of the intestines.
The small roundworms, Capillaria spp. are hair-like in appearance and they are
found in the crop, gizzard, and small intestines. Considerable damage is caused to the host
when they are present in large numbers.
The cecal worms Heterakis gallinarum are small grayish and small, and slender
helminthes that invade the ceca. They cause inflammation of the cecal mucosa resulting in
the birds stiffness and progressive emaciation. They also transmit a protozoan disease
known as blackhead. This disease has caused enormous losses in fowls including turkey.
Satryn et.al., (1976) stated that pathogenic organisms must be able to gain access
to the body tissue before it can raise to disease. For this, it can overcome the natural barriers
at the chief portals of entry. Microorganisms gain entry into the body such as alimentary
canal, respiratory tract, skin conjuncture, uro-genital tract, umbilicus placenta and
mammary gland. Thus, the causes for infection are many despite the natural barriers, more
so when the vitality of the animal is reduced under stress conditions. The farmers’ aim
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
should be keep the stock vigorous and healthy by proper feeding management so that the
animals may resist disease well.
Eimeria tenella is highly pathogenic. This acute infection occurs most commonly
in young chicks. Heavy infections are characterized by the presence of blood in the
dropping and by high morbidity and mortality. At post mortem in the acute phase, the
caecums are distended by blood following erosion of the mucosa. Large second generation
schizonts and free merozoites can be detected in smears from the caecum mucosa. Caecal
cores are composed of necrotic debris, gametocytes and oocytes may be found during the
recovery period of the host. Acute deaths without the presence of oocytes may occur
KaufMann (1996).
Botanical Description
Aesculus hippocastanum (Figure 1), is the horse chestnut most frequently used in
herbal medicine. It is a member of the Hippocastanaceae family. Horse chestnuts are in an
entirely different botanical family from the well-known sweet chestnut tree, Castanea
vesca. Horse chestnuts exist in nature as both a tree and a shrub, and are found in all
temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The name Aesculus is actually a
misnomer, coming originally from the word esca, meaning food. It was applied by ancient
peoples to a certain species of oak; somehow the name was transferred over the years to
the horse chestnut. The name hippocastanum is thought to refer to the horse chestnut's
ability to heal horses and cattle of respiratory illnesses. Another possibility may be that it
is named for the small horseshoe-like markings that are present on the branches of the horse
chestnut tree.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Horse chestnut trees grow in nearly any soil but seem to prefer a sandy loam. They
grow very rapidly into tall straight trees that can reach heights of over 100 ft (approximately
30 m) tall, with widely spreading branches. The bark is grayish-green or grayish-brown in
color, and the tree limbs are thick and have corky, elongated, wart-like eruptions that
appear from a distance like ribbing. The interior of horse chestnut bark is pinkish-brown,
with fine lines running its length. It is odorless and its taste is very bitter and astringent.
The characteristic horseshoe markings found on the branches are actually the scars
from where leaves previously grew. Horse chestnut wood is seldom if ever used for lumber
due to its soft and spongy character. Large leaf and flower buds are clearly visible even
during winter months but are encased in a scaly, resinous protective covering that prevents
damage from frost or damp. This thick sticky coating melts with the beginning of warm
weather in spring, and flowers and leaves appear with remarkable rapidity, usually within
three to four weeks.
Figure 1. Horse chestnut tree
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
The leaves are dark green, rough in texture, and large, with minutely serrated edges.
Horse chestnut leaves can be nearly 1 ft (0.3 m) in length. They somewhat resemble a hand
with five to nine leaf sections emerging from a palm-like base to form the finger-like
projections. European horse chestnuts produce clusters of white flowers with a pale scarlet
tinge at the throat or yellow mottling. American horse chestnut flowers can be white, pale
pink, or yellow, depending upon the species. All types of horse chestnut trees, with their
graceful wide limbs and showy flowers, are grown for their ornamental beauty.
The fruit of the horse chestnut is a dark brown smooth-surfaced nut approximately
2 in (5 cm) in diameter. It has a polished appearance except for the rounded dull tan-colored
scar on the side that was attached to the seed vessel. Horse chestnuts are encased in a light
green spine-covered coating that divides into three parts and drops away prior to the nut
dropping from the tree. Horse chestnut nuts contain mostly carbohydrates which are
generally indigestible until boiled. They also contain saponins, tannin, flavones, two
glycosides, aesculin and fraxin, some crude protein, a fatty oil, ash and water schonbeck
(2005).
Chemical Composition of Horse Chestnut
The seeds and bark contain a mixture of triterpene saponins known as aescin
(escin), composed of acylated glycosides of protoeasigenin and barringtogenol-C,
hippoaesculin and others;' quinones, including plastoquinone 8; flavones, including
3,5dihydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyAavone, myricetin 3',4',7-trimethyl ether; sterols,
including stigmasterol, cr-spinasterol, and p-sitosterol; linolenic, palmitic, and stearic
acids; and others. The glycoside aesculin (esculin) (7-hydroxycoumarin 6-P-glucoside) is
considered the most toxic component of the seed Wiley (1996).
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this study are as follows: powdered horse chestnut seed
(Figure 2), cages, 24 native chickens, Ziploc bags, ice box, weighing scale, electric
compound microscope, glass slide, cover slip, record book, vials and Mc master counting
chamber.
Methodology
Experimental design and treatment. Following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD), the 24 native chickens were divided into three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with two birds per replication making a total of eight birds per
treatment.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0- no application (control)
T1- 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg animal body live weight
T2- commercial dewormer
Procurement of experimental birds. The experimental birds (Figure 3) were taken
from Pinukpuk Kalinga. Twenty-four native chickens regardless of sex were used in the
study for the administration of powdered horse chestnut seed decoction as dewormer. The
feces of the experimental birds were collected and placed in vials and examined at the
College of Veterinary Medicine, Benguet State University for analysis prior to the conduct
of the study to make sure that the birds have parasites.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 2. The dried seed and pulvurized horse chestnut seed
Preparation and administration of the horse chest nut seed. The horse chestnut seeds
were collected, dried and pulverized. Two hundred grams of powdered horse chestnut were
mixed with 200ml of water and boiled until the liquid becomes 100ml (Figure 4).
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Weighing of experimental animals. Before the study proper, actual weights of the
experimental animals were taken as basis in determining the appropriate amount of the
dewormer to be administered per head.
Deworming. The experimental animals were given dewormer based on their body
weights. The dewormer solution was given using syringe or improvised deworming
materials (Figure 5). The dosage used was based on the recommendation of Cagayan
Valley Processing Plant of 1.28 ml/ kg body weight.
Figure 3. The experimental birds
Collection of the fecal samples. There were three fecal collection periods for fecal
analysis. The first fecal collection was done before the administration of the decocted horse
chestnut seed or deworming. The succeeding fecal collection was done 3 days and 7 days
after deworming. At least 10 grams of fresh fecal samples were colleceted.
Fecal analysis. Fecal analysis was performed at the BSU College of Veterinary
Medicine, LaTrinidad, Benguet.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
The procedures were as follows:
Four grams of feces of the experimental animals was suspended in 20cc. of water.
The suspension was mixed thoroughly with 36cc. of sugar solution and passed through a
sieve (Figure 6). The mixture was further mixed in vortex mixer for 3.5 minutes. While
stirring, 3-5cc was pipetted off and allowed to flow into the chambers of Mc Master Slide
then left to stand for 15-20 minutes. The sample was examined under the microscope (LPO)
and eggs were counted (Figure 7).
Fecal analysis was performed before deworming and at three and seven days after
the administration of the dewormer.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are as follows:
1. Species of parasites present in the feces of experimental animals
based on egg morphology. This was obtained through fecal analysis of the
animal prior to the administration of the dewormer.
2. Egg per gram of feces. This was taken by multiplying the reality of
egg frequency count from the microscope multiplying by 200.
3. Number of egg per gram of feces. This was taken before deworming
and at three and seven days after the administration of the dewormer.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 4. Pulverized horse chestnut in casserole
Figure 5. Deworming the experimental birds
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Preparation of the sample for analysis
Figure 7. Focusing the sample in the electronic microscope
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Observations
The chicken during the process of drenching the decoction of horse chestnut seed
did not exhibit salivation, and also did not vomit after swallowing the liquid mixture inspite
of the severe bitter taste of horse chestnut. However, the drenching was done in such as
way that the solution was poured directly in the esophagus to minimize the mixture having
direct contact with the tongue of the animal. The decoction smelled very odorous. No
mortality of the test animals was observed.
Species of Parasites and Egg Count
from the Experimental Birds
before Treatment.
Before the administration of the horse chestnut seed dewormer, the feces of the
experimental birds were subjected for analysis using the flotation method. There were four
species present as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species (Figure 8)
2. Capillaria species (Figure 9)
3. Heterakis gallinae species (Figure 10)
4. Strongyloides avium specie
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Ascaridia spp. before
and after Deworming
Ascaridia galli spp was found only in the control. Before deworming, the average
number of egg per gram was 350.00. Three days after deworming, the mean was 50.00 and
at seven days after deworming the number of egg per gram of the species was
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 8. Ascaridia galli spp. egg
Figure 9. Capillaria spp. egg
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 10. Heterakis gallinae spp. egg
increased with a mean of 500.00. The experimental birds assigned in the horse chestnut
and commercial dewormer treatments were not infested with the Ascaridia galli spp.
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Capillaria spp. before
and after Deworming
Table 1 reflects the mean of egg per gram of Capillaria spp. before and after
deworming. The experimental birds in all treatments were infested with the Cappillaria
spp. At three days after deworming there was 63.64% reduction of the egg per gram with
the use of horse chestnut dewormer. Seven days after deworming, the eggs were totally
eradicated. It means that the horse chest nut dewormer was very effective as reflected by
100% reduction of eggs. On the other hand, the commercial dewormer was only able to
decrease the number of egg per gram. At three days after deworming, the egg per gram was
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
reduced to 70% then to 60% at seven days after deworming. There was increase in the eggs
per gram of the birds assigned in the control.
Table 1. Capillaria ssp. egg count before and after treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE AFTER DEWORMING
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 7 DAYS
no dewormer (control) 450.00 77.78% 100%
horse chestnut dewormer 550.00 63.64% 0
commercial dewormer 1000.00 70% 60%
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Heterakis spp. before
and after Deworming
Table 2 reflects the mean eggs per gram of Heterakis gallinea spp before and after
deworming. As reflected in the Table, the Heterakis gallinea spp infested all the treatments.
The horse chestnut dewormers effected a 50% reduction in the number of eggs three days
after deworming and total zero count seven days after. This means that horse chest nut
dewormer was also effective in eradicating the Heterakis gallinea spp. The commercial
dewormer was able to eradicate the Heterakis spp. three days after the administration of
the dewormer although, 50% eggs were again seen seven days after deworming. This may
imply that a follow-up deworming should be done at this stage to prevent recurrence of the
worms.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Heterakis gallinea ssp. Egg count before and after treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE AFTER DEWORMING
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 7 DAYS
no dewormer (control) 650.00 107.69% 123.07%
horse chestnut dewormer 200.00 50% 0
commercial dewormer
200.00 0 50%
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Strongyloides avium ssp. before
and after Deworming
The experimental birds assigned in the control and those given horse chestnut
dewormer were not infested with Strongyloides avium spp. The eggs were seen only on the
group assigned to the commercial dewormer. The commercial dewormer reduced the egg
count by 33.33% after three days. and at seven days after deworming the eggs were
eradicated. It means that the commercial dewormer was effective in eradicating the
Strongyloides avium spp.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of horse chestnut seed decoction
as dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the species of parasites
infesting the native chicken.
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram of each species present in the experimental birds.
Results of the fecal analysis reveal that there are four species of parasites infested
to the experimental birds as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species
2. Capillaria species
3. Heterakis gallinae species
4. Strongyloides avuim species
Horse chestnut decoction was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds
was based on the body liveweight following the recommended dosage of 1.28 ml/kg body
weight. The treatments were:
T0 – control (no dewormer)
T1 – 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg body liveweight
T2 – commercial dewormer
Results of the study showed that the horse chestnut dewormer could effectively
eradicate the Capillaria spp and Heterakis gallinea spp. in a period of seven days from
deworming. The commercial dewormer could also eradicate the Capillaria spp in the same
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
period. However, for Heterakis gallinea spp, further administration should be done to
effect total eradication.
Conclusion
From the findings of the study, it is concluded that horse chestnut seed decoction
at the dosage of 1ml per kilogram body weight is effective in expelling intestinal parasites
particularly Capillaria species and Heterakis gallinae spp.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, horse chestnut seed decoction could be a very
effective alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken. It is a safe and effective
dewormer at 1ml per kilogram live weight of chicken.
It is however recommended that another study may be conducted placing the
powdered horse chestnut in a capsule or making it in a pellet form for easy administration
or that the dewormer be used in other species.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAENS, L. 1941. Livestock and Poultry production.Englewood Cliff. New Jersey. Printers
Hall Publishing House.
BOTERO, M., COSRNELLIOS L, M. ARRIHEL, A. 1987.A Small Animals. Medical
diagnosis, Philadelphia, USA, J.B. Lippencot Company.
DAGOON, J.D. 1990. Animal Husbandry.A Study of Disease Infestation and control. A
specialized course.
DAGOON, J.D. 1989. Husbandry and Farm Animals and Poultry in the Tropics.
GAPUZ, R.B. 1973. Poultry management in the Philippines. Revised edition.
KAUFMANN, J. 1996. Parasite infection of Domestic Animals: A Diagnostic Manual.
SATRYN, S.R. AND THOMAS B. 1976. Farm Animals Management. New Delhi Venice
Publishing House.
SCHONBECK, J. 2005. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, from
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/horse_chestnut.aspx
WILEY, J. 1996. A.Y.Leung and Steven Foster: Encyclopedia of Common Natural
Ingredients
used
in
food,
drugs
and
cosmetics,
from
http://www.dweckdata.com/research_files/aesculus_hippocastanum.pdf
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012. Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction
As Dewormer To Native Chicken. Benguet State University La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Madeline S. Kingan, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conduted to determine the efficacy of horse chestnut seed seed
decoction as dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the species of
parasites infesting the native chicken.
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram of each species present in the experimental birds. Results of the fecal
analysis revealed that there are four species of parasites infested to the experimental birds
as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species
2. Capillaria species
3. Heterakis gallinae species
4. Strongyloides avuim species
Horse chestnut decoction was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds
was based on the body liveweight. The treatments tested were:
T0 – control (no dewormer)
T1 – 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg body liveweight
T2 – commercial dewormer
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Results of the study show that the horse chestnut dewormer could effectively
eradicated the Capillaria spp and Heterakis gallinea spp. seven days after deworming. The
commercial dewormer was only able to decrease the number of egg per gram of Capillaria
spp. At three days after deworming, the egg per gram was reduced to 70% then to 60% at
seven days after deworming and Heterakis gallinea spp was eradicated at three days after
the administration of the dewormer although, 50% eggs were again seen seven days after
deworming. This may imply that a follow-up should be done at this stage to prevent
recurrence of the worms.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
INTRODUCTION
Aesculus hippocastanum is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as Horse
chestnut. It is widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. The nuts, especially those
that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins and
glucosides.
Horse chestnut contains triterpenoid saponins (notably aescin), coumarins (notably
aesculin) and flavonoids. There are also tannins, flavones, purines, starch, sugar, albumin
and fatty oil. The bark contains coumarins, glycoside, resin and pigment. Aescin, the main
active constituent, has anti-inflammatory properties.
Many rural folks engage in raising native chickens. Aside from the meat which
these chickens provide for the family, they are a good source of additional income. These
native chickens are raised in the backyard by farmers the traditional way without
considering the effect of this on hygiene and sanitation. Native chickens are not given
disease immunization and often times are attacked by pests and diseases.
Native chickens are well known for their adaptability to local agro-climatic
conditions, hardiness, ability to utilize farm-by-products and resistance to diseases.
Moreover, they require minimal care, management and inputs. Meat and eggs of native
chickens are preferred by many Filipinos over the same products from commercial poultry
because of their taste, leanness, pigmentation and suitability to Filipino special dishes.
Moreover, native chicken meat and eggs are priced higher than those coming from
commercial poultry.
Traditionally, native chicken raised in backyard just graze in the hill side on sunny
days and driving them home at sunset to be watered and given supplemental feed. On the
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
other hand, small scale raisers do not have any program of deworming these birds due to
unawareness of the parasite infection to the birds.
Parasite is one of the most destructive pests in native chickens. Parasite cause loss
in body weight, poor feed conversion and decrease of body resistance against bacterial and
viral infection.
This study was undertaken to find out the effect of powdered horse chestnut seed
decoction as dewormer for native chickens. With this homemade dewormer, poultry raisers
in the rural communities could be able to control parasite infection in native chickens and
will help produce healthy native chickens for family consumption and income.
This study conducted to determine the efficacy of decocted horse chestnut seed as
a dewormer to native chicken.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1.
determine the parasite egg count before the administration of
powdered horse chest nut seeds as dewormer;
2.
determine the specie of parasites that could be killed by
decocted horse chestnut seed; and
3.
compare the efficacy of powdered horse chest nut seeds with
the commercial dewormer.
The study was conducted at the BSU Poultry Experimental Station, LaTrinidad,
Benguet. The experiment used a total of 24 native chickens, which was subjected to 7 days
deworming.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study by Baens (1941) indicated good prospects for the production in the
Philippines for tannin extract from locally grown betel nut. The highest tannin content
occurs when the kernel is just reaching maturity and the outside husk is still green. This
tannin is said to compare favorably with other tannin of local extraction and with those of
foreign in origin such as chest nut, henlock, and mycobaloon for light weather tannage, the
quality, excellent.
Botero et.al., (1987) revealed that tapeworms of cestodes are flattened, ribbon-
shaped, usually segmented worms. Tapeworms are characterized by complete absence of
the digestive tract and obtain their nourishment from the host animal. The control of
intestinal parasites is largely a matter of sanitation and deworming program using
“anthelmintic”, a general term to treat worm infestation. Cecal worm infection can be
treated with phemothezene.
According to Dagoon (1990), he suggested that anthelmintic deworming agent can
be added to drinking water or feeds for long term administration. Specific drugs or
anthelminthics are required for each specific type of external parasite, although most
preparations will eliminate adult worms.
Faulty nutrition is a pre-disposing factor in a certain disease. The best tonic is a well
balance diet. Proper hygiene and sanitation measures will check parasite infestation.
Dagoon (1989) revealed further that parasites produce injuries on the host by taking
away material well-being from the host which usually results to the disturbance of the
regular process on growth and development.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
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Characteristics of common roundworms of chicken (Gapus, 1973). The most
common roundworms of poultry are large roundworms, small roundworms, cecal worms
and gapeworms. The large roundworms of chickens, Ascaridia galli, are very common. It
is found in the small intestines where it grows up to about five inches in length. Young
birds particularly are very susceptible to this infection causing them to loose appetite,
become stunted, emaciated and weak and eventually die. Nervous symptom like jerking
the head has been observed especially when some parasites die in the gut. Mature birds
with this parasite have low egg production. In unusual cases, the worms may even cause
blocking and rapture of the intestines.
The small roundworms, Capillaria spp. are hair-like in appearance and they are
found in the crop, gizzard, and small intestines. Considerable damage is caused to the host
when they are present in large numbers.
The cecal worms Heterakis gallinarum are small grayish and small, and slender
helminthes that invade the ceca. They cause inflammation of the cecal mucosa resulting in
the birds stiffness and progressive emaciation. They also transmit a protozoan disease
known as blackhead. This disease has caused enormous losses in fowls including turkey.
Satryn et.al., (1976) stated that pathogenic organisms must be able to gain access
to the body tissue before it can raise to disease. For this, it can overcome the natural barriers
at the chief portals of entry. Microorganisms gain entry into the body such as alimentary
canal, respiratory tract, skin conjuncture, uro-genital tract, umbilicus placenta and
mammary gland. Thus, the causes for infection are many despite the natural barriers, more
so when the vitality of the animal is reduced under stress conditions. The farmers’ aim
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
should be keep the stock vigorous and healthy by proper feeding management so that the
animals may resist disease well.
Eimeria tenella is highly pathogenic. This acute infection occurs most commonly
in young chicks. Heavy infections are characterized by the presence of blood in the
dropping and by high morbidity and mortality. At post mortem in the acute phase, the
caecums are distended by blood following erosion of the mucosa. Large second generation
schizonts and free merozoites can be detected in smears from the caecum mucosa. Caecal
cores are composed of necrotic debris, gametocytes and oocytes may be found during the
recovery period of the host. Acute deaths without the presence of oocytes may occur
KaufMann (1996).
Botanical Description
Aesculus hippocastanum (Figure 1), is the horse chestnut most frequently used in
herbal medicine. It is a member of the Hippocastanaceae family. Horse chestnuts are in an
entirely different botanical family from the well-known sweet chestnut tree, Castanea
vesca. Horse chestnuts exist in nature as both a tree and a shrub, and are found in all
temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The name Aesculus is actually a
misnomer, coming originally from the word esca, meaning food. It was applied by ancient
peoples to a certain species of oak; somehow the name was transferred over the years to
the horse chestnut. The name hippocastanum is thought to refer to the horse chestnut's
ability to heal horses and cattle of respiratory illnesses. Another possibility may be that it
is named for the small horseshoe-like markings that are present on the branches of the horse
chestnut tree.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Horse chestnut trees grow in nearly any soil but seem to prefer a sandy loam. They
grow very rapidly into tall straight trees that can reach heights of over 100 ft (approximately
30 m) tall, with widely spreading branches. The bark is grayish-green or grayish-brown in
color, and the tree limbs are thick and have corky, elongated, wart-like eruptions that
appear from a distance like ribbing. The interior of horse chestnut bark is pinkish-brown,
with fine lines running its length. It is odorless and its taste is very bitter and astringent.
The characteristic horseshoe markings found on the branches are actually the scars
from where leaves previously grew. Horse chestnut wood is seldom if ever used for lumber
due to its soft and spongy character. Large leaf and flower buds are clearly visible even
during winter months but are encased in a scaly, resinous protective covering that prevents
damage from frost or damp. This thick sticky coating melts with the beginning of warm
weather in spring, and flowers and leaves appear with remarkable rapidity, usually within
three to four weeks.
Figure 1. Horse chestnut tree
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
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The leaves are dark green, rough in texture, and large, with minutely serrated edges.
Horse chestnut leaves can be nearly 1 ft (0.3 m) in length. They somewhat resemble a hand
with five to nine leaf sections emerging from a palm-like base to form the finger-like
projections. European horse chestnuts produce clusters of white flowers with a pale scarlet
tinge at the throat or yellow mottling. American horse chestnut flowers can be white, pale
pink, or yellow, depending upon the species. All types of horse chestnut trees, with their
graceful wide limbs and showy flowers, are grown for their ornamental beauty.
The fruit of the horse chestnut is a dark brown smooth-surfaced nut approximately
2 in (5 cm) in diameter. It has a polished appearance except for the rounded dull tan-colored
scar on the side that was attached to the seed vessel. Horse chestnuts are encased in a light
green spine-covered coating that divides into three parts and drops away prior to the nut
dropping from the tree. Horse chestnut nuts contain mostly carbohydrates which are
generally indigestible until boiled. They also contain saponins, tannin, flavones, two
glycosides, aesculin and fraxin, some crude protein, a fatty oil, ash and water schonbeck
(2005).
Chemical Composition of Horse Chestnut
The seeds and bark contain a mixture of triterpene saponins known as aescin
(escin), composed of acylated glycosides of protoeasigenin and barringtogenol-C,
hippoaesculin and others;' quinones, including plastoquinone 8; flavones, including
3,5dihydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyAavone, myricetin 3',4',7-trimethyl ether; sterols,
including stigmasterol, cr-spinasterol, and p-sitosterol; linolenic, palmitic, and stearic
acids; and others. The glycoside aesculin (esculin) (7-hydroxycoumarin 6-P-glucoside) is
considered the most toxic component of the seed Wiley (1996).
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
The materials used in this study are as follows: powdered horse chestnut seed
(Figure 2), cages, 24 native chickens, Ziploc bags, ice box, weighing scale, electric
compound microscope, glass slide, cover slip, record book, vials and Mc master counting
chamber.
Methodology
Experimental design and treatment. Following the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD), the 24 native chickens were divided into three treatments. Each treatment was
replicated four times with two birds per replication making a total of eight birds per
treatment.
The different treatments were as follows:
T0- no application (control)
T1- 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg animal body live weight
T2- commercial dewormer
Procurement of experimental birds. The experimental birds (Figure 3) were taken
from Pinukpuk Kalinga. Twenty-four native chickens regardless of sex were used in the
study for the administration of powdered horse chestnut seed decoction as dewormer. The
feces of the experimental birds were collected and placed in vials and examined at the
College of Veterinary Medicine, Benguet State University for analysis prior to the conduct
of the study to make sure that the birds have parasites.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 2. The dried seed and pulvurized horse chestnut seed
Preparation and administration of the horse chest nut seed. The horse chestnut seeds
were collected, dried and pulverized. Two hundred grams of powdered horse chestnut were
mixed with 200ml of water and boiled until the liquid becomes 100ml (Figure 4).
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Weighing of experimental animals. Before the study proper, actual weights of the
experimental animals were taken as basis in determining the appropriate amount of the
dewormer to be administered per head.
Deworming. The experimental animals were given dewormer based on their body
weights. The dewormer solution was given using syringe or improvised deworming
materials (Figure 5). The dosage used was based on the recommendation of Cagayan
Valley Processing Plant of 1.28 ml/ kg body weight.
Figure 3. The experimental birds
Collection of the fecal samples. There were three fecal collection periods for fecal
analysis. The first fecal collection was done before the administration of the decocted horse
chestnut seed or deworming. The succeeding fecal collection was done 3 days and 7 days
after deworming. At least 10 grams of fresh fecal samples were colleceted.
Fecal analysis. Fecal analysis was performed at the BSU College of Veterinary
Medicine, LaTrinidad, Benguet.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
The procedures were as follows:
Four grams of feces of the experimental animals was suspended in 20cc. of water.
The suspension was mixed thoroughly with 36cc. of sugar solution and passed through a
sieve (Figure 6). The mixture was further mixed in vortex mixer for 3.5 minutes. While
stirring, 3-5cc was pipetted off and allowed to flow into the chambers of Mc Master Slide
then left to stand for 15-20 minutes. The sample was examined under the microscope (LPO)
and eggs were counted (Figure 7).
Fecal analysis was performed before deworming and at three and seven days after
the administration of the dewormer.
Data Gathered
The data gathered are as follows:
1. Species of parasites present in the feces of experimental animals
based on egg morphology. This was obtained through fecal analysis of the
animal prior to the administration of the dewormer.
2. Egg per gram of feces. This was taken by multiplying the reality of
egg frequency count from the microscope multiplying by 200.
3. Number of egg per gram of feces. This was taken before deworming
and at three and seven days after the administration of the dewormer.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 4. Pulverized horse chestnut in casserole
Figure 5. Deworming the experimental birds
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 6. Preparation of the sample for analysis
Figure 7. Focusing the sample in the electronic microscope
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Observations
The chicken during the process of drenching the decoction of horse chestnut seed
did not exhibit salivation, and also did not vomit after swallowing the liquid mixture inspite
of the severe bitter taste of horse chestnut. However, the drenching was done in such as
way that the solution was poured directly in the esophagus to minimize the mixture having
direct contact with the tongue of the animal. The decoction smelled very odorous. No
mortality of the test animals was observed.
Species of Parasites and Egg Count
from the Experimental Birds
before Treatment.
Before the administration of the horse chestnut seed dewormer, the feces of the
experimental birds were subjected for analysis using the flotation method. There were four
species present as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species (Figure 8)
2. Capillaria species (Figure 9)
3. Heterakis gallinae species (Figure 10)
4. Strongyloides avium specie
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Ascaridia spp. before
and after Deworming
Ascaridia galli spp was found only in the control. Before deworming, the average
number of egg per gram was 350.00. Three days after deworming, the mean was 50.00 and
at seven days after deworming the number of egg per gram of the species was
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 8. Ascaridia galli spp. egg
Figure 9. Capillaria spp. egg
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Figure 10. Heterakis gallinae spp. egg
increased with a mean of 500.00. The experimental birds assigned in the horse chestnut
and commercial dewormer treatments were not infested with the Ascaridia galli spp.
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Capillaria spp. before
and after Deworming
Table 1 reflects the mean of egg per gram of Capillaria spp. before and after
deworming. The experimental birds in all treatments were infested with the Cappillaria
spp. At three days after deworming there was 63.64% reduction of the egg per gram with
the use of horse chestnut dewormer. Seven days after deworming, the eggs were totally
eradicated. It means that the horse chest nut dewormer was very effective as reflected by
100% reduction of eggs. On the other hand, the commercial dewormer was only able to
decrease the number of egg per gram. At three days after deworming, the egg per gram was
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
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reduced to 70% then to 60% at seven days after deworming. There was increase in the eggs
per gram of the birds assigned in the control.
Table 1. Capillaria ssp. egg count before and after treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE AFTER DEWORMING
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 7 DAYS
no dewormer (control) 450.00 77.78% 100%
horse chestnut dewormer 550.00 63.64% 0
commercial dewormer 1000.00 70% 60%
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Heterakis spp. before
and after Deworming
Table 2 reflects the mean eggs per gram of Heterakis gallinea spp before and after
deworming. As reflected in the Table, the Heterakis gallinea spp infested all the treatments.
The horse chestnut dewormers effected a 50% reduction in the number of eggs three days
after deworming and total zero count seven days after. This means that horse chest nut
dewormer was also effective in eradicating the Heterakis gallinea spp. The commercial
dewormer was able to eradicate the Heterakis spp. three days after the administration of
the dewormer although, 50% eggs were again seen seven days after deworming. This may
imply that a follow-up deworming should be done at this stage to prevent recurrence of the
worms.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
Table 2. Heterakis gallinea ssp. Egg count before and after treatment
TREATMENT BEFORE AFTER DEWORMING
DEWORMING 3 DAYS 7 DAYS
no dewormer (control) 650.00 107.69% 123.07%
horse chestnut dewormer 200.00 50% 0
commercial dewormer
200.00 0 50%
Result of Fecal Analysis
for Strongyloides avium ssp. before
and after Deworming
The experimental birds assigned in the control and those given horse chestnut
dewormer were not infested with Strongyloides avium spp. The eggs were seen only on the
group assigned to the commercial dewormer. The commercial dewormer reduced the egg
count by 33.33% after three days. and at seven days after deworming the eggs were
eradicated. It means that the commercial dewormer was effective in eradicating the
Strongyloides avium spp.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of horse chestnut seed decoction
as dewormer to native chicken. Specifically, it aimed to determine the species of parasites
infesting the native chicken.
Fecal analysis using the floatation method was used to determine the number of
eggs per gram of each species present in the experimental birds.
Results of the fecal analysis reveal that there are four species of parasites infested
to the experimental birds as follows:
1. Ascaridia galli species
2. Capillaria species
3. Heterakis gallinae species
4. Strongyloides avuim species
Horse chestnut decoction was administered as dewormer to the experimental birds
was based on the body liveweight following the recommended dosage of 1.28 ml/kg body
weight. The treatments were:
T0 – control (no dewormer)
T1 – 1ml horse chestnut decoction dewormer/kg body liveweight
T2 – commercial dewormer
Results of the study showed that the horse chestnut dewormer could effectively
eradicate the Capillaria spp and Heterakis gallinea spp. in a period of seven days from
deworming. The commercial dewormer could also eradicate the Capillaria spp in the same
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
period. However, for Heterakis gallinea spp, further administration should be done to
effect total eradication.
Conclusion
From the findings of the study, it is concluded that horse chestnut seed decoction
at the dosage of 1ml per kilogram body weight is effective in expelling intestinal parasites
particularly Capillaria species and Heterakis gallinae spp.
Recommendation
Based on the results of the study, horse chestnut seed decoction could be a very
effective alternative to commercial dewormer for chicken. It is a safe and effective
dewormer at 1ml per kilogram live weight of chicken.
It is however recommended that another study may be conducted placing the
powdered horse chestnut in a capsule or making it in a pellet form for easy administration
or that the dewormer be used in other species.
Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012
LITERATURE CITED
BAENS, L. 1941. Livestock and Poultry production.Englewood Cliff. New Jersey. Printers
Hall Publishing House.
BOTERO, M., COSRNELLIOS L, M. ARRIHEL, A. 1987.A Small Animals. Medical
diagnosis, Philadelphia, USA, J.B. Lippencot Company.
DAGOON, J.D. 1990. Animal Husbandry.A Study of Disease Infestation and control. A
specialized course.
DAGOON, J.D. 1989. Husbandry and Farm Animals and Poultry in the Tropics.
GAPUZ, R.B. 1973. Poultry management in the Philippines. Revised edition.
KAUFMANN, J. 1996. Parasite infection of Domestic Animals: A Diagnostic Manual.
SATRYN, S.R. AND THOMAS B. 1976. Farm Animals Management. New Delhi Venice
Publishing House.
SCHONBECK, J. 2005. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, from
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/horse_chestnut.aspx
WILEY, J. 1996. A.Y.Leung and Steven Foster: Encyclopedia of Common Natural
Ingredients
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food,
drugs
and
cosmetics,
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Efficacy of Horse Chestnut Seed Decoction As Dewormer To Native Chicken
DAWATON, JUDY D. APRIL 2012