BIBLIOGRAPHY BUENA, MELFORD L. March...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013. Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the
Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Jones K. Feliciano, Ed. D.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Poultry
Experimental House located in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2013
to determine the effect of supplemental guava leaves decoction in growth, feed
consumption, morbidity, and mortality of broiler chicken, and to evaluate the return on
cash expenses in growing broiler chicken given supplemental guava leaves decoction.
A total of 132 week-old broiler were randomly distributed into three treatments
with four replication and each replicate consisted of eleven birds to make a total of forty
four birds per treatment. The treatments were the following: Broiler chicken fed with
commercial feeds and given water only (T1, control), broiler chicken fed with commercial
feeds and given 2 liters of guava leaves decoction mixed in 16 liters of water (T2) and
broiler chicken fed with commercial feeds and given commercial antibiotic and vitamins
mixed in their water (T3).
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Statistical analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no
significant differences among the treatments in all the data that had been collected.
However, comparison of treatment means using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) revealed significant difference between broiler chicken given commercial
antibiotic-vitamin and broiler chicken given water only (control) of 187g or 0.187kg
difference in the final weight, and average daily and total gain in weight of 7g and 185g
respectively, indicating that broiler chicken given the commercial antibiotic-vitamin
exhibited the most efficient effect of treatments. Also, broiler chicken given commercial
antibiotic-vitamin got the highest ROCE of 4.99 %.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
INTRODUCTION
The high cost of commercial feeds and antibiotics for birds has caused the poultry
producers in many parts of the world to become a losing venture. In overcoming such a
problem, poultry raisers need to use local alternative or supplementation that may lessen
the impact of high costs of feeds and antibiotics.
Unfortunately, nearly all sources of agricultural by-products and plant protein
posses associated high fiber and anti-nutritional factors which must be eliminated by
special processing techniques to make them of maximum nutritional value. Water soaking,
autoclaving, cooking in boiling water, steaming, radiation and treatment with acid or
alkaline considered among the most common processing procedures being in use to
improve the nutritive value as reported by many investigators (Abiola
et al., 2002, Hamza
et
al., 2002, González-Alvarado
et al., 2007, García
et al., 2008 and Ferreiral
et. al., 2008).
Recently, Araujo
et al. (2008) indicated that guava (
Psidium guajava L.) is a
tropical fruit, widely consumed fresh and also processed (beverages, syrup, ice cream, and
jams). Pulp and peel fractions were tested, and both showed high content of dietary fiber
(48.55-49.42%) and extractable polyphenols (2.62-7.79%). These results indicate that
guava could be a suitable source of natural antioxidants. Peel and pulp could also be used
to obtain antioxidant dietary fiber (AODF).
The guava fruit extract showed
in vitro has antimicrobial activity against
Escherichia coli,
Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and
Shigella
dysenteria. The leaf extract is against
Staphylococcus aureus. It was shown to
antibacterialin another study and in addition to
Staphylococcus aureus was also useful
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
against
Streptococcus spp. The leaves are rich in tannin, and have antiseptic properties
(Anil Kumar, 2012).
The result of this study was to determine the efficacy of guava decoction as
alternative or supplementary for vitamins and antibiotics. This is another way for the
poultry producers to overcome their problem on the high cost of commercial vitamins and
antibiotics and so that their business will become more profitable.
The objectives of the study were to:
1. determine the effect of supplemental guava leaves decoction in terms of growth,
feed consumption, morbidity, and mortality, of broiler chickens at La Trinidad, Benguet
condition and;
2. evaluate the return on cash expenses from the different groups or treatments.
This study was conducted at the Benguet State University (BSU) Poultry
Experimental House located in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March of
2013.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The whole plant of guava can be used to treatment of skin diseases, skin rash,
edema, abscesses, bleeding from vagina, infectious wounds and mucous bloody stools; asa
pus and lymph absorber, deodorant, antidiarrheal and antidysenteric. Guava leaves can be
used for masking of alcohol smell on the breath, for wound healing, diarrhea and dysentery;
treatment of gum inflammation, chronic wounds, infectious wounds, in growing nails, skin
diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, mucous bloody stools and allergy from mosquitoes; as
pus and lymph absorber and deodorant (Farnsworth and Bunyapraphatsara, 1992).
In the Philippines the astringent, unripe fruit, the leaves, the cortex of the bark and
roots through more often the leaves only in the form of a decoction, are used for washing
ulcers and wounds. Guerrero states that the bark and leaves are astringent, vulnerary, and
when decocted, antidiarhetic. The bark is used in the chronic diarrhea of children and
sometimes adults; half an ounce of the bark is boiled down with six ounces of water to 3
ounces; the dose (for children) is one teaspoonful 3 to 4 times a day. The root-bark has
been recommended for chronic diarrhea. In a decoction of ½ oz. in 6 oz. of water, boiled
down to 3 oz. and given in teaspoonful doses; and also recommended as a local application
in prolapsus and of children. A decoction of the root-bark is recommended as a mouthwash
for swollen gums (Anonymous, 2012).
Guava leaves are used in folk medicine as a remedy for diarrhea and, as well as the
bark, for their supposed antimicrobial properties and as an astringent. Guava leaves or bark
are used in traditional treatments against diabetes. The leaves, when chewed, are said to be
remedy for toothache. In Trinidad, a tea made from young leaves is used for diarrhea,
dysentery and fever. The decocted leaves are used in Mexico for cleansing ulcers. The
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
ground leaves make an excellent poultice. A decoction of the young leaves and shoots is
prescribed in the West Indies for febrifuge and antispasmodic baths, and an infusion of the
leaves for cerebral affections, nephritis, and cachexia; the pounded leaves are applied
locally for rheumatism; an extract is used for epilepsy and chorea; and the tincture is rubbed
into the spine of children suffering from convulsions. The leaves have also been used
successfully as an astringent in diarrhea. In Mexico the leaves are said to be a remedy for
itches. In Uruguay, a decoction of the leaves is used as a vaginal and uterine wash,
especially in leucorrhoea (Anonymous, 2012).
According to Farnsworth and Bunyapraphatsara
, (1992), there are some bits of
information of pharmacological activities of guava leaf: 1. Antiviral activity: Fresh guava
leaf juice at a concentration of 66% was effective against tobacco mosaic virus; 2.
Antibacterial activity: Saline extract of guava leaves (1:40) was effective against
Staphylococcus aureus, but showed no activity against
Escherichia coli. The water extract
of dried leaves also possessed bactericidal activity against
S. aureus,
Sarcinalutea and
Mycobacteriumphlei. Moreover, the water extract of leaves was also reported to be
effective against
Shigella dysenteriae; 3. Antifungal and anti yeast activities: Various
solvents were used in extracting the dried leaves in a study for antifungal activity. It was
found that 95% alcohol, acetone and water extracts, at concentrations of 50% showed no
in vitro fungicidal activity against
Neurosporacrassa. A hot water extract was also not
effective against
Aspergillusniger or
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 4. Molluscicidal activity:
Water saturated with the essential oil from fresh guava leaves, was not effective against
Biomphalariaglabrata; 5. Antiscorbutic activity: Guava leaves, containing high vitamin C
content, showed antiscurvy when administered orally to guinea pigs at a dose of 1 g daily;
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
6. Acetylcholine release inhibition: An alcohol extract of guava leaves exhibited a
morphine-like inhibition of acetylcholinerelease in the coaxially stimulated guinea pig
ileums. The morphine-like inhibition was found due to quercetin and quercetin-3-arabinose
starting at a concentration of 1.6μg/mL; 7. Antidiarrheal activity: A double-blind study of
the powdered leaves of guava was compared with tetracycline in the treatment of 122
diarrhoeal patients (64 males and 58 females) at ages of 16 – 55years. Both guava leaves
and tetracycline were administered at a dose of 500 mg every 6 hours for 3 days. There
was no significant difference in the results using T-testbetween guava leaves and
tetracycline.
Also, other investigators reported the antimicrobial activity of guava leaf extracts.
Goncalves
et al. (2001) have also reported the antibacterial effect of guava leaves extracts
and found that they inhibited the growth of the
S. aureus. Gnan
et al. (1999) testing guava
leaf extract found good antimicrobial activity against nine different strains of
Staphylococcus aureus. Jaiarj
et al. (1999), testing for antibacterial action of aqueous,
methanol and chloroform extracts of
P. guajava, on strains of
S. aureus isolated from
clinical patients, obtained better results from aqueous extracts than from methanol extract.
Aguilar
et al. (1993) described the antibiotic activity of the aqueous extract of dried leaves
of
Psidium guajava to two compounds, namely guajaverin and psidiolic acid. Cortez
et al.
(2005) evaluated the antibacterial activities of
Psidium guajava against Gram positive and
negative bacteria testing ethanol: water extract of
P. guajava leaves, stem bark and root,
and aqueous extract against
Staphylococcus aureus were found to be more active by using
ethanol: water extract than with just aqueous extract.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Recently, Wedy J. Lannaon (2009) conducted an experiment on the decoction of
leaves of different herbal trees used as antibiotics for broiler where guava is included and
she claimed that it has a significant on the performance of the chicken in terms of growth,
mortality, and weight gain.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used were sacks, guava leaves (any variety), bulbs, disinfectant, old
newspapers, commercial feeds, weighing scale, commercial antibiotic and vitamin premix,
pails, brooding-rearing cages, feeder troughs, waterers, and the experimental 132 heads
broiler chicks.
Methods
Preparatory measures. Before the arrival of the chicks, all facilities including the
cages, feeding troughs, and waterers were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The old
newspaper sheets were used to cover the floor, while the sacks for covering the sidings of
the cages to maintain the temperature inside. The bulbs also were used to provide the heat
needed by the broiler chicks.
Upon arrival of the 132 broiler chicks, they were placed inside three of brooder
cages. These birds were fed ad libitum with commercial feeds (booster) and their water
was available at all times. The birds had been cared for seven days before distributed into
three treatment groups with four replication for each.
Preparation of guava decoction. Two hundred grams of matured leaves were
collected from guava trees and these were washed and boiled in four liters of clean water
until two liters of the water was remained. The remaining two liters of the guava decoction
was mixed in sixteen liters of clean water and these were given to the broilers.
Treatment and experimental design. In the eight day from their arrival, these
experimental birds were weighed to obtain their initial weight, and evenly distributed into
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
three treatment groups following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each
treatment group had four replications and each replication consisted of 11 birds.
The three treatment groups were the following:
T1 = commercial feeds + water only (control )
T2 = commercial feeds + 2 liters of guava leaves decoction mixed in 16 liters of
water
T3 = commercial feeds + commercial antibiotic-vitamins mixed in the water
Management of experimental animals. The birds at all treatments were given the
same care and management except for introducing different treatments to each of the
groups from day eight to the 35th day of the experiment. The birds from Treatment one
(T1) were given commercial feeds and water without antibiotic (control ). Treatment two
(T2) birds were given commercial feeds with 2 liters of guava decoction mixed with 16
liters of water. Treatment three (T3) birds were given commercial feeds with commercial
antibiotic and vitamins mixed with their water. The antibiotic-vitamin premix was
incorporated in the drinking water from day eight to the 35th day of the experiment.
The shifting of commercial feeds in each of the groups were from day 1st to day 15th
where they were fed with booster, day 16th to day 30th the feeds were shifted into starter,
and day 31st to the end of the experiment (35th day), the feeds were shifted into grower
ration.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Data Collected
1. Initial weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds at the start of the study.
This was taken at day eight from the arrival of the chicks.
2. Final weight (kg). This refers to the weight of the birds taken at the end of the
experiment which was at 35th day from arrival.
3. Daily feed offered (kg). This refers to the ration or to the amount of feeds offered
daily.
4. Total feed offered (kg). Summation of feeds offered from day eight until day
thirty-fifth.
5. Daily feed left-over (kg). The weight of the feeds left daily on the feeding
troughs.
6. Total feed left-over (kg). The summation of feed left-overs from day eight until
thirty-fifth.
7. Water consumption (ml). This was measured and recorded every time the water
is replaced.
8. Morbidity. Refers to the number of birds that got sick during the duration of the
study.
9. Mortality. This refers to the number of dead birds during the duration of the
study.
Data Computed
1. Total gain in weight (kg). This was computed as a group by subtracting the initial
weight from the final weight.
Total gain in weight = final weight – initial weight
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
2. Average daily gain (kg). This was obtained per treatment by dividing the total
gain in weight by the duration of the experiment (28 days).
Average daily gain of the group = total gain in weight / duration
of experiment (days)
3. Total feed consumption (kg). The amount of feeds consumed by the birds from
the start until the end of the experiment (day 8th to day 35th). This was computed by adding
the total feeds offered after the total left- over have been subtracted.
Total feed consumption = total feed offered – total left-over
4. Feed conversion ratio (FCR). This was obtained per treatment by dividing the
total feed consumed by the total gain in weight. FCR is computed for the whole duration
of the experiment (30 days).
FCR = total feed consumed / total gain in weight
5. Total cost of the total feed consumed (PhP). This was obtained by multiplying
the cost of feed per kilogram to the total feed consumed.
Cost of the total feed consumed = cost of feed per kilogram × total
feed consumed
6. Feed cost per kg gain of broiler (PhP). The feed cost per kilogram of gain in
weight and this was computed as the price of feeds per kilogram multiplied by the total
gain in weight.
Feed cost per kilogram gain (PhP) = price of feeds per kg ×
total gain in weight
7. Morbidity rate (%). This was computed as a group by the number of sick birds
divided by the initial number of the birds in each group and multiplied by 100.
Morbidity rate (%) = no. of sick chickens / initial number
of birds as a group × 100
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
8. Mortality rate (%). This was obtained in each treatment by dividing the number
of dead birds from the start (day 8th) until to the end of the experiment (day 35th) by the
total number of the birds from the start of the study and then multiplied by 100.
Mortality rate (%) = no. of dead chickens / initial number of
birds as a group × 100
9. Cost of production (PhP). This includes the cost of stocks, feeds, commercial
antibiotics and vitamins, electricity, and materials used.
10. Gross income (PhP). This was obtained as a group by multiplying the sum of
the final weight of the birds by the price per kilogram of liveweight.
Gross Income = total weight of the birds (as a group) × price per kilogram
11. Net income (PhP). This was obtained by subtracting the cost of production from
the gross income.
Net income = gross income – cost of production
12. Return on Cash Expenses (%). This was obtained by dividing the net income
by the total expenses then multiplied by 100.
ROCE = Net income / Total expenses × 100
Data Analysis
The data was analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and comparing the means
from each treatment groups by using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial and Final Weight
Table 1 presents the means of initial and final weight of the broilers. Statistical
analysis revealed that the mean initial weights of the broilers is not significantly different.
This means that they have the same initial weights.
Comparing the means at .05 level of differences using DMRT showed not
significant difference in their initial weights. For the mean final weight of birds treatment
three (T3) was significantly higher among the two treatments. And followed by treatment
two (T2) which was significantly higher than treatment (T1).
Total and Average Daily Gain (ADG) in Weight
The total gain in weight and average daily gain in weight are shown in Table 2.
Statistical analysis revealed that the treatments in the total gain in weight were not
significantly different same through with treatments in the average daily gain in weight.
Table 1. Initial and final weight of birds at 8 days old and 35 days old respectively
TREATMENT
INITIAL WEIGHT
FINAL
(kg)
WEIGHT
(kg)
Commercial feeds + water only
0.105a
1.201b
feeds + decocted guava leaves mixed with
their water
0.104a
1.362ab
Commercial
feeds
+antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
0.107a
1.388a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Comparing the means at .05 level of differences using DMRT in the total gain in weight
the treatment three (T3) was significantly higher than the two treatments, and the treatment
two (T2) also was significantly higher than treatment one (T1). These indicate that guava
decoction has an effect on the gain in weight of the birds and this coincides with the
conclusion of Linnaon (2009).
Feed and Water Consumption
Table 3 shows the data of the feed and water consumption of the experimental birds.
Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences of the treatments in the feed
consumption and the water consumption.
Comparing the treatment meansfor the feed consumption and for water
consumption there were no significant differences as computed at 0.05 level of difference
using the DMRT.
Table 2. Total and average daily gain (ADG) in weight
TREATMENT
TOTAL GAIN
AVE. DAILY
(kg)
GAIN (kg)
Commercial feeds + water only
1.096b
0.039b
Feeds + decocted guava leaves
mixed with their water
1.258ab
0.045ab
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
1.281a
0.046a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Table 3. Feed and water consumption
TREATMENT
FEED
WATER
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION
(kg)
(L)
Commercial feeds + water only
1.989 a
3.999 a
feeds + decocted guava leaves
mixed with their water
2.031 a
4.251 a
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
2.034 a
4.228 a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
The mean results of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is shown in Table 4. Statistical
analysis revealed no significant differences. But, comparing treatment means at .05 level
of differences using DMRT, the treatment one (T1) had the highest significant difference
followed by treatment two (T2).
Mortality and Morbidity Rate (%)
Table 5 presents the morbidity and mortality rate.Statistical analysis revealed no
significant differences of treatments in the morbidity rate and same through with the
mortality rate.
All treatments had one bird that was dead during the duration of experiment of
unknown caused and which give an equal percentage of 2.273 % to all treatments.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Table 4.Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
TREATMENT
FCR
Commercial feeds + water only
1.826a
Feeds + decocted guava leaves
mixed with their water
1.624ab
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
1.591b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Table 5. Mortality and morbidity rate
TREATMENT
MORBIDITY RATE
MORTALITY
( % )
RATE
( % )
Commercial feeds + water only
0
2.273a
Feeds + decocted guava leaves
mixed with their water
0
2.273a
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
0
2.273a
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Feed Cost per Kilogram Gain in Weight
Table 6 presents the feed cost per kilogram gain in weight of broilers. Statistically,
there were no significant differences as computed. But comparing treatment means at .05
level of differences using DMRT, treatment one (T1) shows a higher cost of Php51.126
than treatment two (T2) at Php45.477 and treatment three (T3) at Php44.543. These results
imply that guava decoction increases the conversion of feeds into body gain in weight,
thus, increases the profit.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Table 6. Feed cost per kilogram gain in weight
TREATMENT
MEAN
(Php)
Commercial feeds + water only
51.126a
Feeds + decocted guava
mixed with their water
45.477ab
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premix mixed with their water
44.543b
Means with the same superscript are not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) DMRT
Return on Cash Expenses (ROCE)
Table 7 shows the cost and return analysis per treatment. It was not statistically
analyzed but the highest return on cash expenses of4.99%was obtained from broilers under
treatment three (T3) given the antibiotic-vitamin premix. Followed by broilers under
treatment two (T2) that had a return on cash expenses of 2.26 % while treatment one (T1)
had a negative return on cash expensesof – 4.37 % indicating that the total sales couldn’t
compensated the total cost of production instead decreases.
The computations for the profit or return on cash expenses in this study was
suggested not to be your basis for your computations when you are planning to have a
business. The expenses for housing was not included in the total cost of production and the
cost of labor, feeds, and electricity that was used here may vary.
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013
Table 7. Returns on cash expenses
TREATMENT
TOTAL TOTAL COST OF
NET
ROCE
SALES
PRODUCTION
PROFIT
(%)
(PhP)
(PhP)
(PhP)
Commercial feeds + water only
5422
5670
-248
-4.37
Feeds + decocted guava leaves
mixed with their water
6149
6013
136
2.26
Commercial feeds +
antibiotic-vitamin
premixmixed with their water
6266
5968
298
4.99
Effect of Guava Leaves Decoction on the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
BUENA, MELFORD L. March 2013