BIBLIOGRAPHY MISLANG, GINALYN B....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MISLANG, GINALYN B. APRIL 2009. Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle
(Epitrix fuscula Crotch) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Benguet State University. La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat, M.S.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Benguet State University Experimental Area,
Balili La Trinidad, Benguet from March to August 2008. The study aimed to determine
the duration and morphological description of the different growth stages of eggplant flea
beetle, feeding and mating behavior, fecundity of female flea beetle and the longevity
period of adult male and female flea beetle.
The insect undergo complete metamorphosis. The incubation period of egg
ended with an average of 11.2+0.58 days. The larva sustained two molting to complete
their larval stages. The first instar had an average of 14.75+0.21 days, second instar had
an average of 16.9+0.22 days and third instar had an average of 9.6+0.27 days while the
pre-pupa and matured pupa had an average mean of 9.6+0.36 and 12.5+0.37 days
respectively. The fully grown adult had an average of 8.45+0.33 days.
In terms to morphological description, the egg is tiny, smooth, and oval in shape
and yellowish in color with a mean length of 0.5+0.02 mm and a width of 0.2+0.01 mm.
The larvae are white in color with brown head and three pairs of legs. The first instar had
a body length of 1.55+0.10 mm and width of 0.24+0.01 mm, second instar with 2.3+0.07
mm long and a width of 0.45+0.01 mm and the third instar was 3.6+0.11 mm long and a
width of 0.75+0.01mm. The pre-pupa had a body length of 2.23+0.05 mm and width of
0.94+0.02mm and the pupa had a body length of 2.68+0.11mm and a width of
1.2+0.05mm. While a fully grown adult flea beetle had a body length of 2.73+0.07 mm
and a width of 1.59+0.03mm. Adult flea beetle is pure black or bluish in color.
The larva feed on the roots and leaves of the host plant while the adult feed on
the leaves of the host plant and produces small pits or shot holes. The beetle feed mostly
during early morning and late afternoon, although they were observed eating at mid-
morning and mid-afternoon.
Mating lasted for 15 to 20 minutes. Male can mate 2 to 5 time’s a day with
different female adults.
Female beetles laid an average of 42+2.49 eggs through out their reproductive
stage.
Adult female and male can survive for 3 to 6 days with a mean of 4 +0.23 and
4.25+0.28 respectively with out food, and 4 to 12 days with a mean of 7.5+ 0.55 and
7.45+0.56 respectively with food.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page…………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….. i
Table of Contents ……………………….………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…… 1
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …………………………………. 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS.………………………………………….. 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Duration of Different Growth Stages.……...……………………………. 9
Distinct Morphological Characteristics………………………………….. 10
Behavioral Studies……………………………………………..………… 15
Fecundity ……………………………………………………..…………. 16
Longevity …………………………………………………..……………. 16
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION………….…………………………….. 18
LITERATURE CITED………………………………..…………………… 20
APPENDICES ………………….……………………………………..…… 21
iii
1
INTRODUCTION
Flea beetle is applied to variety of small beetles which have the hind legs enlarged
and jump vigorously when disturbed. When flea beetles are abundant, the foliage of
garden plant may be so badly eaten that it can no longer function and it dies. Since they
are small and also rather active, they do not take much food in one spot; their injury
consists of very small rounded or irregular holes eaten through or into the leaf, so that
leaves looks as through they had been peppered with fine shuts. These small holes give
an opportunity for the entrance of destructive plant disease, and the beetles may carry this
disease organism from one plant to another and spread them as they feed.
Some flea beetles are rather general feeders, but perhaps the majority attacks on
plant of the closely related crops of a single plant. One of the most destructive garden
species is the Eggplant flea Beetle (Epitrix Fuscula crotch) which commonly seen in
eggplant production. Considering that eggplant is a common vegetable in the Philippines
particularly in the lowland areas, the study of this Epitrix fuscula crotch is necessary as
advance technology is also going on hybernutry/ hybreeding of eggplant varieties in the
Philippines.
The life cycle of Epitrix fuscula crotch is then important to note the adaptation of
certain control measures, considering the fact that pest are grove enemy of farmers during
cropping seasons.
With regards to its biology, these are also important to guide us in monitoring and
controlling its population. For future researchers, this will serve as basis for conducting
similar studies about this beetle.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
2
The study aimed to:
1. determine the duration and morphological description of the different
development stages of Epitrix fuscula Crotch;
2. determine how the insect feed and mate
3. record the total number of eggs deposited by female Epitrix fuscula crotch; and
4. observed the longevity of the female and male adults.
The study was conducted at the BSU Experimental Area, Balili La Trinidad
Benguet from March to August 2008.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Life History
The life cycle of eggplant flea beetle has not been studied in North Carolina but in
Indiana they emerge from hibernation in mid-to late march. Weedy host such as
horsenetle and pokeweed are infested until crop host become available. Eggs laid in soil
near the bases of plants hatch in about one week. Larvae emerge from the eggs and feed
on roots or tubers for 2 to 3 weeks. After developing through three instar, larvae pupate
in the soil. The pupal stage last 7 to 10 days. Beetles emerge from the pupal skins,
makes their way out of the soil, and feed on leaves for 2 months or more. As a rule, flea
beetles complete one to four annual generations (Metcalf et al., 1962).
Morphological Characteristics
Generally, Adult flea beetle are small (¼ inch or smaller, often 1/6 inch long) leaf
beetle with a segment (femora) of the hind legs enlarged for jumping. When disturbed
these beetles actively jump. Adult eggplant flea beetle ( Epitrix fuscula crotch) are black
and oval in shape for about 2 mm long. Its antennae are < to 2/3 the length of its body.
This species resembles the potato flea beetle but has black legs and slightly hair wing
covers.
Eggs, are generally elliptical in shape, the eggs is about 0.4 mm long, 0.2 mm
wide and pointed at one end. Though white at first, it gradually becomes yellowish- gray.
Flea beetle larva is white with brown head and three pairs of brown legs near its head.
This species are 4 to 5 mm long when fully grown. The pupa also shaped roughly like
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
4
adults, pupa is found in the soil. They are white at first but gradually become darken in
color (Alford 1999).
Distribution, Host and Control
Flea beetles ( Epitrix fuscula crotch) are occurring through out most of this
country, this species tend to be most common in southern states. Moreover, this species
has a narrow host range. Reports of its occurrences haven limited to eggplant.
In terms to control measures, cultural practices such as destruction of crop
residue, weed control and late planting help minimize flea beetle problems. The removal
of crop residue reduces the number of favorable over wintering site for flea beetles.
Causing plant bed and destroying trash around them also beneficial. Control of weeds
such as horsenetle and pokeweed around garden sites eliminates important early beetle
food sources. Delayed planting also favors the development of host plant over the
establishment of flea beetles (Flint, 1951).
Feeding Behavior
Knodel (2002) stated that flea beetles emerge when temperature warm up to 57 F
(14 Celsius) in early spring. They feed on volunteer host plants such as wild mustard and
move newly planted eggplant as it emerged, depending on temperature. It may take up to
three weeks for adult flea beetle to leave there over wintering sites, warm clam and dry
weather promotes flea beetle flight feeding through out the field simultaneously slowing
plant growth. Further more, Knodel explained that bin contrast cool, rainy and windy
conditions reduce flight activity and flea beetle walks or hop leading to concentrations in
the field margins. Female oviposit up to 25 eggs in the soil in June. The over wintered
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
5
adult continue to remain active until June and begin to die off in early July, larvae hatch
from eggs about 12 days and feed on the secondary roots of plants.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials that were used in the study are the following; seeds of eggplant,
15x15 diameter plastic pot, garden soil, multi-purpose plastic containers, plastic cups
with cover, tissue, floral foam, foot ruler, dissecting microscope, monocular microscope,
and eggplant flea beetle specimen.
Maintenance of the Host Plant
Fifty plastic pots measuring 15 x 15 cm were used in the planting of eggplant
seeds. Weeding, removing of dried leaves and watering were done to maintain the good
vigor of the plant. The roots of the plant served as the food of the larva while completing
its larval stage, while the leaves also served as food for the adult beetle.
Maintenance of the Host Insect
Collection of adult eggplant flea beetle at the field was done during early morning
and late afternoon. Adult flea beetles were cultured in multi-purpose plastic containers
and were given food to maintain their growth.
Life Cycle Study
From the cultured adult flea beetle, the laid eggs were separated and placed in a
multi-purpose plastic container (CP16) with floral foam and tissue. The newly hatched
larvae were again separated in another container with floral foam inside and marking the
container as identification of the different stages. The larvae of flea beetle were supplied
with fresh eggplant leaves and roots as their food. Changes of different larval stages were
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
7
noted. The size of the different development stages was done using the monocular
microscope; one representative sample of each growth was measured. After the pupa
turned to adult male and female, these were observed and recorded according to their size
and antennae because the 5th antennae of the male are distinctly thickened.
The duration and morphological characteristics of the different life stages were
observed and recorded.
Behavioral Studies
The feeding behavior of flea beetle was observed during the larval stage and adult
stage and mating behavior of the adult flea beetle was observed by gathering the
frequency of mating by male adult beetle.
The fecundity of the insect was observed until all the eggs are laid. The numbers
of eggs laid by the female flea beetle were listed and counted until it ceased on laying
eggs.
The longevity of the adult’s life span were observed and recorded according to
food availability. The newly emerged adult male and female were given food while the
other treatments have no food.
Data Gathered
A. Duration and Morphological characteristics of the different development
stages;
1. Eggs. incubation period, color , shape and size ( length and width of
the egg).
2. Larva. duration of development, color and size ( length and width).
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
8
3. Pupa. duration of development, size ( length and width )
4. Adult. color, size of the body (length and width) and longevity.
B. Behavior
1. Feeding. The manner of feeding
2. Mating. The frequency and time of mating.
C. Fecundity. number of eggs laid by female beetle, throughout its reproduction
period.
D. Longevity period of adult male and female flea beetle.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Duration of Different Growth Stages
Table 1 present the duration stages of the Eggplant flea Beetle from egg to
Adulthood. The incubation of egg lasted for 7–14 days from laying to hatching with a
mean of 11.2+0.58 days.
Larvae. The larvae sustained two molting to complete their larval stage. The first
instar is ranges from 14-17 days with a mean of 14.75+0.21 days, second instar is
ranges from 15-19 with a mean of 16.9+0.22days and the third instar larvae ranges from
18-22 days with a mean of 20.15+0.27 days.
Pre-pupa. The pre- pupa period ranges from 7-11 days with a mean of 9.6+0.36
days.
Pupa. The pupa period show a ranged from 10-14 days with a mean of 12.5+0.37
days.
Table 1. Duration of different growth stages of eggplant flea beetle from April to July.
DEVELOPMENTAL
DURATION DAYS
STAGES
Range
Mean
Egg incubation 7-14 11.2+0.58
Larvae
1st instar 14-17
14.75+0.21
2nd instar
15-19
16.9+0.22
3rd instar
18-22
20.15+0.27
Pre-Pupa
7-11
9.6+0.36
Pupa
10-14
12.55+0.37
Adult
7-11
8.45+0.33
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
10
Adult. The fully grown as adult beetle is ranges from 7–11 days with a mean of
8.35+0.33 days.
Distinct Morphological Characteristics
Table 2 present the morphological features of the different growth stages of
eggplant flea beetle.
Egg. The egg is tiny, smooth, and white at first and gradually become yellowish
in color, oval in shape with pointed narrow tip (Figure 1). The egg has a width ranged
from .2–.3 mm with an average mean of 0.2+0.01 mm, while its length ranged from .4-
.6mm with a mean average of 0.5+0.02 mm. This collaborate nearly to the finding of
Alford (1999) that eggs of the egg plant flea beetle are generally elliptical in shape, it
measures about 0.4 mm long, 0.2mm wide and pointed at the end.
Table 2. Length and width of different growth stages of eggplant flea beetle from April to
July
DEVELOPMENTAL LENGTH (mm) WIDTH (mm)
STAGES
Range Mean Range Mean
Egg 0.4 -0.6 0.5+0.02 0.2-0.3 0.2+0.01
Larvae
1st instar 1-2
1.55+0.10 0.2-.3 0.24+0.01
2nd instar
2-3
2.3+ 0.07 0.4-.5 0.45+0.01
3rd instar 3.0-4.5 3.6+0.11 0.7-.8 0.75+0.01
Pre-Pupa
2.0-2.6
2.23+0.05 0.8-1 0.94+0.02
Pupa
2.0-3.5
2.68+0.11 1-1.5 1.2+0.05
Adult
2.5-3
2.7+0.07 1.4-1.8 1.59+0.03
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
11
Figure1. Egg of female eggplant flea beetle
Larvae. The newly hatched larva is white with brown head and three pairs of
brown legs near its head but gradually become slightly darker as the instar increases. This
species are 3–4.4 mm in length and .7-.8 mm in width when a larva is fully developed.
The first instar had a body length of 1-2 mm with a mean of 1.55+0.10 mm and
width of .2-.3 mm with a mean of 0.24+0.01mm (Figure 2), second instar had a body
range of 2-3 mm in length with a mean of 2.3+0.07 mm and width of .4 -.5 mm with a
mean of 0 .45+0.01 mm (Figure 3). While the third instar ranged to 3 -4.4 mm in length
and .7-.8 mm with a mean of 3.6+0.11 mm and width of 0.75+0.01 mm (Figure 4).
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
12
Figure 2. First instar larvae of eggplant flea beetle
Figure 3. Second instar larvae eggplant flea beetle
Figure 4. Third instar larvae of eggplant flea beetle
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
13
Pre-pupa. Show a body length and width of 2–2.6 mm and 0.8–1mm with a mean
of 2.23+0.05 mm and 0.94+0.02 mm (Figure 5).
Pupa. The fully developed pupa had the body length and width of 2 – 3.5 mm and
1-1.5 mm with a mean of 2.68+0.11 mm and 1.2+0.05mm respectively. The pupa is
whitish or translucent in color (Figure 6). In this stage we can see the alike appearance of
the beetle when it fully developed as adult beetle, wings are present, antenna and legs that
are horizontally fixed. Alford (1999), pointed out that pupa also shaped roughly like
adults, pupa are found in the soil. They are white at first but gradually become darken in
color.
Figure 5. Pre-pupa
Figure 6. Pupa
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
14
Figure 7. Adult female flea beetle
Figure 8. Adult male flea beetle
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
15
Adult. Adult flea beetle had a body length of 2.5 mm to 3mm with a mean of 2.7+
0.07 mm long and a width of 1.4 mm to 1.8 mm with a mean of 1.59 +0.03 mm wide.
The body is oval shape, black in color as a dominant; others are brown, dark green and
navy blue. The adult has hind legs that enable to jump and has chewing mouthparts
(Figure 7 and 8).
Moreover, it was observed that the abdomen of female flea beetle is bigger and
extended when it is about to deposit egg. The antenna of the male is brooder in the fifth
segment while the female has straight pectinate antenna.
Behavioral Studies
Feeding. The flea beetle mostly observed feeding at early morning and late
afternoon, they most likely to feed on the young leaves of the host plant. After feeding
they leave small pits or shot holes appearance on the leaf of host plant. It attacks the host
plant even at early growth stage.
This collaborates to Knodel (2002), stated that flea beetles emerge when
temperature warm up to 57 F (14 Celsius) in early spring and they feed on volunteer host
plants such as wild mustard and move newly planted eggplant as it emerged, depending
on temperature. It may take up to three weeks for adult flea beetle to leave there over
wintering sites, warm clam and dry weather promotes flea beetle flight feeding through
out the field simultaneously slowing plant growth. Further more, Knodel explained that
bin contrast cool, rainy and windy conditions reduce flight activity and flea beetle walks
or hop leading to concentrations in the field margins.
Mating. In mating it was observed that the flea beetle mate anytime during the
day. Pairing and copulation lasted for 15 to 20 minute. Male adult mate 2-5 times a day
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
16
Table 3. Total number of laid eggs by a female eggplant flea beetle
SAMPLE TOTAL NUMBER OF EGGS LAID
1
49
2
35
3 38
4 43
5 45
TOTAL 210
MEAN
42 +2.49
when offered virgin femles. Knodel (2002) noted that, after selecting a host plant and
feeding commenced, male flea beetle mate repeatedly.
Fecundity
The total number of egg laid by the female Eggplant Flea beetle is shown in table
3. A female flea beetle can lay 35-49 eggs during its lifetime with a mean of 42 +2.49
eggs. Further noted that, female can lay eggs about 4 to 5 in a day.
Longevity
Table 4 shows the result of longevity period of adult flea beetle treated with food
and with out food. This treatment was done to determine the endurance or life span of
adult flea beetle concerning on food availability. Generally result revealed that, male and
female flea beetles had a minimum survival rate of 3-6 days with a mean of 4.25 +0.28
days and 4 +0.23 days respectively with out food. While the life span male flea beetle
ranges to 4-12 days and 3 to 11 days in female with a mean of 7.45 +0.56 days and 7.5
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
17
+0.55 days respectively with food. According to a source gathered from the internet adult
flea beetle can survive for two months with food normally (Anonymous, undated).
Table 4: Longevity period of adult eggplant flea beetle
WITH OUT FOOD WITH FOOD
SAMPLE
DAYS
DAYS
Range Mean Range Mean
Male 3-6 4.25 +0.28 4-12
7.45 +0.56
Female 3-6
4 +0.23 3-11
7.5 +0.55
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
18
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Summary
The study aimed to determine the duration and morphological description of the
different developmental stages of flea beetle; determine how the insect feed and mate;
number of eggs deposited by female eggplant flea beetle and to observe the longevity of
the female and male adults. It was conducted at the Benguet State University
Experimental area, Balili La Trinidad Benguet from March to August 2008.
The final appearance of the egg shows a mean of 11.2 +0.58 days. The larvae
sustains two molting to complete there larval stage where in the first instar shows a mean
of 14.75+0.21days, second instar shows a mean of 16.9 +0.22days , and the third instar
shows a mean of 20.15 +0.27 days. The pre-pupa shows a mean of 9.6 +0.36 days while
the pupa shows a mean of 12.5 +0.37 days. The adult shows a mean of 8.45 +0.33 days.
The egg is tiny, smooth, and white at first and gradually become yellowish in
color, oval in shape with pointed narrow tip, measuring 0.5 +0.02 mm length and a width
of 0.2 +0.01mm. The larvae are white with brown head, 3 pairs of brown legs near its
head but gradually become slightly darker as the instar increases. The first instar had a
body length of 1.55+0.10 mm with a width of 0.24 +0.01mm, second instar had a body
length of 2.3 +0.07 mm and a width of 0.45 +0.01 mm, and the third instar was 3.6
+0.11mm and a width of 0.75 +0.01 mm. The pre-pupa had a body length of 2.23 +0.05
mm long and a width of 0.94 +0.02 while the pupa had a body length of 2.68+0.11 mm
and mean width of 1.2+0.05 mm. While the fully grown adult flea beetle had a body
length of 2.73+ 0.07 mm and a width of 1.59 +0.03 mm.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
19
The larvae feed on the roots and leaves of the host plant while the adult also feed
on the leaves of the host plant and produces small pits or shot holes. The beetle feed
mostly during early morning and late afternoon, although they were observed eating at
mid-morning and mid- afternoon.
Mating lasted for 15 to 20 minutes and male can mate up to 2 to 5 times day
when offered female adults..
The female beetles lay 35 – 49 eggs with a mean of 42 +2.49 eggs, through out
their reproductive stage.
Adult male survive with food up to 4 to 12 days with a mean of 7.45 +0.56 days
and 3 to 11 days for female with a total mean of 7.5 + 0.55 days which is closely similar
to the male beetles. While male beetle survive with food in 3 to 6 days with a mean of
4.25 +0.28 days, and female beetle also survive up to 3 to 6 days with a mean of 4 +0.23
days.
Conclusion
The duration days and morphological characteristics of egg to adult take two
months. They feed mostly during early morning and late afternoon and mating and
copulation lasted for 15 to 20 minutes. The total number of eggs laid by female flea
beetle was 35-49 eggs during its lifetime or upon reaching its reproduction period.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
20
LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS. Undated. Eggplant flea beetle. www. uvm. edu/vtvegandberry./facts
shewets/fleabeetle.html.
FLINT, W. P., 1951. Fundamental of Insect Life. New York London: Mc Graw Hill
Book Company Inc. P. 212.
KNODEL, J. J., 2002 . Biology and Integrated Pest Management in Canola, North
Dakota University. E- 1234.
METCALF, C.L., 1962. Destructive and Useful Insects (4th Ed). New York: Mc Graw
Hill Book Company Inc. P. 603-604.
METCALF, C.L., and W. P. CLINT., 1962. Fundamentals of Insect life. New York: Mc
Graw Hill Book Company Inc.
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
21
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days the egg hatch
SAMPLE
LAYING TO HATCHING
1
14
2
11
3
7
4
8
5
14
6
12
7
13
8
14
9
9
10
7
11
10
12
11
13
14
14
14
15
7
16
14
17
13
18
12
19
11
20 9
TOTAL
224
MEAN
11.2
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
22
Appendix Table 2. Measurement of Eggs (mm)
SAMPLE
WIDTH LENGTH
1
.2
.5
2
.3
.5
3
.2
.4
4
.3
.6
5
.2
.5
6
.3
.5
7
.3
.6
8
.2
.6
9
.2
.6
10
.2
.4
11
.2
.5
12
.2
.4.
13
.2
.5
14
.2
.6
15
.3
.6
16
.2
.5
17
.2
.4
18
.2
.6
19
.3
.5
20
.2
.5
TOTAL
4.7 10.3
MEAN 0.2 0.5
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
23
Appendix Table 3. Number of days 1st instar to third instar larva fully grown
SAMPLE NUMBER OF DAYS
1ST INSTAR 2ND INSTAR 3RD INSTAR
1
14
16
18
2
16
18 20
3 14 16 18
4 14 16 18
5 14 16 21
6 16 18 20
7 17 19 21
8 15 17 20
9 14 15 20
10 16 18 21
11 14 16 18
12 14 17 21
13 15 17 21
14 16 18 21
15 15 17 21
16 14 17 22
17 14 16 20
18 15 17 21
19 15 17 21
20 14 16 20
TOTAL 295 338 403
MEAN 14.75 16.9 20.15
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
24
Appendix Table 4. Measurement of the 1st instar larvae (mm)
SAMPLE WIDTH LENGTH
1 .3 1
2 .3 1
3 .3 1
4 .3 2
5 .2 2
6 .2 2
7 .3 1
8 .2 1
9 .3 2
10 .2 1.5
11 .2 1.5
12 .2 1.0
13 .2 1.5
14 .3
2
15 .3 1.5
16 .2 1.5
17 .2 2
18 .2 2
19 .2 2
20 .2 1.5
TOTAL 4.8 31
MEAN 0.24 1.55
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
25
Appendix Table 5. Measurement of the 2nd instar larvae (mm)
SAMPLE WIDTH
LENGTH
1 .4 2
2 .4 2
3 .5 2
4 .5 2.3
5 .4 2
6 .5 2
7 .4 2.5
8 .5 2
9 .5 2.5
10 .4 2
11 .4 2.5
12 .4 3
13 .5 2.8
14 .4 2.5
15 .5 2.4
16 .5 2.2
17 .4 2
18 .4 2.5
19 .5 2
20 .4 2.8
TOTAL 8.9 46
MEAN 0.45 2.3
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
26
Appendix Table 6. Measurement of 3rd instar larvae (mm)
SAMPLE
WIDTH LENGTH
1 .7 3.5
2 .8 3.8
3 .7 3.5
4 .8 3.5
5 .8 3.5
6 .7 3
7 .7 3
8 .7 3.5
9 .8 4
10 .8 3.5
11 .7 3
12 .8 4
13 .7 3.5
14 .8 4.4
15 .8 4.4
16 .7 3.5
17 .8 3
18 .7 3
19 .8 3.9
20 .8 4.5
TOTAL 15.1 72
MEAN 0.75 3.6
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
27
Appendix Table 7. Number of days of the pupa
SAMPLE PRE-PUPA PUPA
1 11 14
2 11 13
3 10 13
4 11 14
5 7 10
6 10 14
7 11 13
8 10 14
9 10 14
10 7 10
11 7 10
12 8 11
13 8 10
14 10 13
15 11 13
16 11 13
17 11 14
18 7 10
19 11 13
20 10 14
TOTAL
192 250
MEAN 9.6 12.5
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
28
Appendix Table 8. Measurement of the pre-pupa (mm)
SAMPLE WIDTH LENGTH
1 .8 2
2 .8 2
3 .9 2
4 1 2
5 1 2
6 .8 2.5
7 .8 2.2
8 .9 2
9 1 2.5
10 1 2.6
11 1 2.4
12 .9 2.1
13 .9 2.3
14 1
2.6
15 1 2.5
16 1 2.4
17 .9 2.1
18 1 2.4
19 1 2
20 1 2
TOTAL 18.7 44.6
MEAN 0.935 2.23
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
29
Appendix Table 9. Measurement of the pupa (mm)
SAMPLE WIDTH LENGTH
1 1.3 3
2 1.5 3.5
3 1 3.5
4 1.5 2.8
5 1.3 2.5
6 1.2 2.9
7 1.5 3
8 1 3
9 1.5 2.5
10 1 2.0
11 1 2.5
12 1 2.0
13 1.2 2.8
14 1.5
3.5
15 1 2.5
16 1 2
17 1 2
18 1.5
3
19 1 2.5
20 1 2
TOTAL 24 53.5
MEAN 1.2 2.68
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
30
Appendix Table 10. Number of days the adult flea beetle fully grown
SAMPLE FROM PUPA TO ADULT
1
7
2
8
3
8
4
7
5
11
6
10
7
10
8
7
9
8
10
7
11
7
12
8
13
7
14
8
15
11
16
7
17
8
18
10
19
10
20
10
TOTAL
169
MEAN
8.45
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
31
Appendix Table 11. Longevity period of adult flea beetle
WITH OUT FOOD
WITH FOOD
SAMPLE
DAYS
DAYS
FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE
1
3
4
7 8
2
3
6
11 8
3
4
3 3 8
4
3
3 7 10
5
3
5 7 6
6
5
5 5 12
7
4
4 4 10
8
5
3 7 6
9 3 3 7 6
10
4
3 8 8
11
4
4 11 8
12
6
6 10 10
13
6
6 9 6
14
5
5 6 4
15
3
6 9 5
16
5
3 3 12
17
3
4 9 4
18
4
3 8 7
19
4
3 11 7
20
3
6 8 4
TOTAL 80 85 150 149
MEAN 4 4.25 7.5 7.45
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
32
Appendix Table 12. Measurement of the adult (mm)
SAMPLE WIDTH LENGTH
1
1.6
3.0
2
1.8
2.9
3
1.4
2.4
4
1.4
2.1
5
1.8
3.3
6
1.8
2.9
7
1.7
3.0
8
1.8
3.1
9
1.5
2.5
10
1.5
2.5
11
1.8
3.0
12
1.5
2.7
13
1.5
2.7
14
1.6
3.0
15
1.4
2.5
16
1.6
2.8
17
1.5
2.5
18
1.7
3.0
19
1.4
2.2
20
1.5
2.4
TOTAL
31.8
54.5
MEAN
1.59
2.73
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
33
Appendix Table 13. Total number of laid eggs by a female flea beetle
SAMPLE TOTAL NUMBER OF EGG LAID
1
49
2
35
3 38
4 43
5 45
TOTAL
210
MEAN
42
Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle (Epitrix fuscula Crotch)
(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) / Ginalyn B. Mislang. 2009
Document Outline
- Life Cycle of Eggplant Flea Beetle(Epitrix fuscula Crotch) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae).
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Duration of Different Growth Stages
- Distinct Morphological Characteristics
- Behavioral Studies
- Fecundity
- Longevity
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES