BIBLIOGRAPHY

LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007. Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera:
Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry Fragaria xananassa Duchense. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.

Adviser: Bonie S. Ligat Sr., MSc


ABSTRACT

The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory Rearing House in Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from April to October 2007 to determined the durations and morphological descriptions
of the different developmental stages of L. hesperus, compared the duration of life of the adult
female and male, recorded the total number of eggs deposited by the female, discovered if the
insect undergo parthenogenesis reproduction and observed how the insect feed and mate.
The insect pest underwent the paurometabolous type of metamorphosis with a five
nymphal instar. Incubation period of egg had a mean of 8.98 + 0.132 days. The duration of the
nymphal stages had the following means: first instar was 6.07 + 0.100 days; second instar was
4.31 + 0.120 days; third instar was 5.28 + 0.155 days; fourth instar was 5.89 + 0.127 days; and
the fifth instar was 9.15 + 0.119 days. The duration of the adult female with food had a mean of
55.53 + 1.760 days while the female without food was 5.85 + 0.340 days. The adult male with
food had a mean of 44.42 + 1.945 days while the male without food was 4.96 + 0.400 days. The
average life span of the female L. hesperus was 96.35 days while the male was 85.17 days.
The egg was elongated, light yellow and turned reddish when about to hatch. Its body
length was 0.59 + 0.008 mm with a width of 0.19 + 0.004 mm. The nymph was tear-shape and
its wing pads become fully develop at the fifth instar. The body length and width of the different

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nymphal instars were; first, 0.75 + 0.011 mm length and 0.35 + 0.011 mm width; second, 1.19 +
0.019 mm length and 0.55 + 0.021 mm width; third, 1.63 + 0.024 mm length and 0.80 + 0.018
mm width; fourth, 2.40 + 0.019 length and 1.30 + 0.021 mm width; fifth, 3.39 + 0.020 mm
length and 1.55 + 0.011 mm width. The adult had a triangle mark on the thorax. The female adult
had a length of 3.66 + 0.044 mm and width of 1.21 + 0.029 mm while the male had a length of
3.26 + 0.025 mm and width of 0.91 + 0.014 mm.
The mated females laid a ranged of 41 to 180 eggs with an average of 111.75 + 8.996
eggs and the unmated female laid a ranged of 31 to 112 eggs with an average of 70.35 + 5.047
eggs throughout their reproductive period.
The insect did not undergo the process of parthenogenetic reproduction.
The nymph feed on the seeds 4 to 8 times a day with an average of 1:03 hours per feeding
while the adult feed 3 to 7 times a day with an average of 42:33 minutes per day.
The adult mates with a duration of 2:30 to 5:46 hours having an average of 3:71 hours per
copulation. The female and male adults mate 3 to 6 times a day and female could be mated by
different males.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS



Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii


INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Durations of the Different Growth

Stages of L. hesperus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Longevity of the Adult L. hesperus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17

Morphological Descriptions and

Body Size of L. hesperus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
Fecundity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25

Behavior Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36

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INTRODUCTION


The strawberry Lygus hesperus (kelson) belong to the order Hemiptera and family
Lygaeidae commonly known as “Lygus bug” is one of the most destructive insect pest of
strawberry plants in La-Trinidad, Benguet. The Adult and nymph stages have piercing
sucking mouthparts that physically damage the strawberry flower buds as well as the
developing fruits by puncturing the tissues when they suck on seeds juices. As this insect
feed on developing reproductive organ of the plant buds, flower and developing seeds,
they inject a toxin that kills plant nutrients (Gray et al., 2004).
L. hesperus are small insects, measuring about 5.7 mm long and 2.5 mm wide.
The body color is brownish with yellow markings and generally shiny or brassy in
appearance. A yellow V-shape or triangular mark is present on the middle back of the
insect with a small head projecting in front (Mintenko, 2005).
The life cycle of L. hesperus is incomplete (Paurometabolous) type of
metamorphosis while undergo the stages of an egg, nymph and adult. The adult female
Lygus inserts their shiny eggs into the strawberry plants commonly into the stems,
petioles, midribs of leaves, flower buds and fruits. The emerging nymph will begin to
feed on the host plant and the adult female multiply very rapidly and repeat its life cycle
during summer on same host plant.
Study on the life cycle of strawberry L. hesperus has not been fully established in
La-Trinidad, Benguet. This indicates a closer attention to the insect pest because of the
damage it can cause on strawberry plants. The information that were gathered on the
study of the life cycle of L. hesperus will lead to understand the life processes of the
insect.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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Furthermore, it could also served as a bench mark data for future investigation of
this insect on the different fields of Entomology.
The objectives of the study were to determined the durations (days),
morphological descriptions of the different developmental stages of L. hesperus,
compared the duration life of adult female and male, recorded the total number of eggs
deposited by the female, discovered if the insect undergo parthenogenesis and observed
how the insect feed and mate.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University Mites-Predatory Rearing
House in Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from April to October 2007.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE


Description and Characteristics
Egg. In 1999, Howitt describe that the Lygus egg is elongated and slightly curved
in shape with a 0.95 to 1 mm long and 0.25 mm wide. As stated by Rao and Welter in
1997 the female insert eggs into strawberry plant tissue and often only the operculum is
visible externally and hence the eggs are not easily detectable. These eggs are cylindrical
or like barrels and are laid singly on the leaves but are difficult to find (Colting et al.,
2003).
Nymph. The Lygus nymph stage undergo five instars, the first instar has a robust
rear legs, they move rapidly in second instar, the wing pads are begin to develop in third
instar and more pronounced earlier at fourth to fifth instars (Cermak and Welker, 1992).
In 1997, Rao and Welter found that the first and second instars are pale green with a
distinct red terminal antennal segment. The third through fifth instars are green and have
five black dots on the back.
Rougoor (2006) describe that the first to the last instar nymph is a small in size
range 1-5 mm in length. The green color comes darken as they mature and they were
wingless.
Adult. The Lygus adult is a small, flattened bug about ¼ inch long, generally
brown in color and mottled with splotches of white, yellow, and reddish-brown while
feeded on plant tissues. The wings of the adult combine a hard cover wing that is similar
to beetle with smoky-brown membranous tips which are common to all plant bugs and
order hemiptera or true bugs in general. The adults can fly and will ready to run very
rapidly and hide underneath the leaves of the plant (Nielsen, 2006).
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Phillips et al., in 2006 describe that the adult are greenish or brownish in color
having reddish brown markings on their wings. A yellow or pale green triangle located at
the center back of the insect. While Colting et al., in 2003 record that the pest insect had
malodorous smell.

Fecundity

Cermak and Walker in 1992 stated that the egg laying occurs at temperatures
greater than or equal to 20 degrees Celsius. The female adult laid eggs from 10-31 days
with approximately five eggs per day.

Life History

In the spring, the adult Lygus found one during winter which feed on host plant
and laid eggs from May to July (Howitt, 1999). He further found that the first nymphs
will be seen at the end of May while adults can be seen at the end of June in the South. In
the Northern prairies, there is only one generation per year and in the Southern prairies
there may be two generations per year. While Rougoor in 2006 cited that the Lygus
adults emerge in the spring, feeding new buds and shoots and lay eggs on plant materials
one the temperature becomes 20 degrees Celsius or higher. Depending on the temperature
the nymphs will hatch in 7-10 days. Nymphs are usually seen on strawberries during
bloom and generally emerge in mid May feeding on the developing fruit. Adults and
nymphs can both be present in a crop at the same time as a result of overlapping
generations that have three to five generations per year. From fall to winter only adults
are present as they prepare to over winter in dead weeds, leaf litter and under the bark.
Adults emerge in the spring when the temperature reaches 8 degrees Celsius to start the

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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life cycle over again.


Symptoms and Damage

The damaged fruits of strawberry shows dried and empty seeds and the berries are
deformed. Many nymphal and adults Lygus can be seen feeding on the seeds of
strawberry plant during sunny days (Colting et al., 2003). As stated by Howitt in 1999 the
damage is done from the budding to the podding stage, damaged buds will turn white and
fail to develop. The flower may fall without forming pods, or the pods can fall without
maturing. The main economic damage usually occurs at the podding stage. Lygus bugs
damage seeds by poking into the seed and sucking out its juice. The damage seeds
collapse, shrink, darken, and lose quality and viability. The oldest nymph and adult do the
most damaged like distortion of the berries known as cat facing, rendering the fruits
unacceptable for fresh market sale and destroyed the developing embryos of seeds during
early fruit development (Rao and Welter, 1997).
Rougoor (2006) reported that the pest insect feed on the reproductive organs of
the plants, probing the tissue repeatedly causing mechanical damage. Nymphs take a test
bite to determine whether the plant is a good food source, if it is suitable it will continue
puncturing and release digestive enzymes into the tissue. Feeding causes a number of
problems including; fruit malformation, abnormal growth, cell death, abscission of
fruiting structures and damage to seeds. Both adults and nymphs feed on strawberry
structure, but the nymphal stage causes the most economic damage, feeding on the
achenes and tissue of the strawberry fruit Lygus damage can be identified by observing
the shape of the achenes since they are of equal size while poor pollination is identified if
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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achenes are of varying size in the damaged area. The fruit malformation that caused by
the insect can be confused with symptoms of poor pollination.

Management

Flint and Toseano (1990) stated that successful management of Lygus includes
control of weeds host and adult on strawberries in summer. The timing of insecticide
sprayer to control Lygus nymphs before they cause significant damage is necessary.
Sprays must be timed to kill the earliest nymphs because most registered insecticides are
not exceptionally effective on adults. It is important to limit the number of treatments for
Lygus, because most of the materials that are effective against Lygus disrupt natural
enemies of spider mites. Control actions for Lygus in strawberries generally are needed
only in growing areas, and the management activities described below apply to these
areas. Once flower development begins in strawberries, you can watch for the appearance
of Lygus adults during other routine monitoring activities.
Parker et al. (2001) stated that insecticides that are available for use in
strawberries are most effective against the early instars hence applications needed to be
timed to period soon after egg hatch. Lygus adult migrate to strawberries from weeds
when flowering commences hence plants needed to be monitored in summer to determine
the first appearance of Lygus adult.
Knight (1989) stated that removal of adult Lygus have limited impact on the early
instar. Lygus adult have mobile and rapidly migrate into strawberries after passage.
Alford (1979) stated that the use of trap crops is now being evaluated in
strawberries for the control of Lygus. Since Lygus adult sometimes don’t prefer crops
adjacent to the strawberries they can so it may be possibly be controlled by trapping.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Host Plant
Lygus bug feed in almost anything. They attack over 500 commercial crops. Their
preferred vegetable hosts include bean, beet, cauliflower, cabbage, chard, celery,
cucumber, potato, turnip, pechay, alfalfa, tomato, plum; Fruit include apple, peach, pear
raspberries, strawberry, and most other deciduous and small fruits. It also attacks many
flowers including dahlia, aster calendula, chrysanthemum, cosmos, gladiolus, poppy,
salvia, daisy sunflower, verbena, and zinnia. The other host plants include weeds such as
red root pigweed, stinkweed, wild mustard and lambs quarters. The insect is a very
general feeder, attacking many kinds of trees and herbaceous plants. Lygus bug has a
piercing sucking mouth parts as do all the true bugs (Howitt, 1999).

Natural Enemies
In 2003, Colting et al., found that the natural enemies of Lygus bug are Big-eyed
bugs (Geocoris spp.), Damsel bugs (Nabis spp.), Minute pirate bugs (Orius tristicolor),
Small beetles, Spiders, and Lacewings.

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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MATERIALS AND METHODS


Materials
The materials used in the study were sweet charlie strawberry, ripe strawberry
fruits, plastic bags, Bio 3 in 1 fertilizer, urea, garden soil, multi-purpose plastic
containers, tissue, foot-ruler, camel hair brush, insect pin, glass slide, vials, 80 percent
ethyl alcohol, magnifying lens, dissecting microscope, monocular microscope with
ocular (µm), digital camera, Lygus hesperus specimens, pen and notebook.

Methods

Maintenance of the host plant. 80 black plastic bags (8x8x14 centimeter) with Bio
3 in 1 (Processed chicken manure) mixed with soil were prepared to served as planting
medium for sweet charlie variety of strawberry beside the greenhouse at the experimental
field of Mites-Predatory Rearing House, Benguet State University (Figure 1). After
planting the plants were watered and this is done every other day for the plants to develop
its roots again. Weeds and dry leaves were removed upon observation and application of
fertilizer (triple 14-14-14) is done after 15 days to supplement the necessary nutrients
needed by the plant to grow well.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Figure 1. The sweet charlie strawberry


Maintenance of the host insect. Lygus population were maintained by collecting
adults on the strawberry field at Balili and Swamp, La Trinidad, Benguet. Hands were
used in collecting insect by picking during morning and afternoon for the insect not so
active to catch on. The collected adults were cultured and placed in a multi-purpose
plastic container (Cp-16) with piece of tissue and were supplied with ripe strawberry
fruits to maintained the development of the host insects. These were allowed to reproduce
and served as a source of sampled insect for the study of its life cycle.

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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Durations of the different development stages of L. hesperus. Gathering the
information on the durations of the different development stages of L. hesperus began at
the egg stage. The newly laid eggs on strawberry fruits that were supplied to the cultured
insect were removed and collect the eggs individually using insect pin. These eggs are
separately placed in pieces of tissue inside the multi-purpose plastic containers (Cp-10)
by 20 replications. The containers were marked by the used of label tags to facilitate
recording while the eggs are observed everyday at six o’clock in the morning and in the
afternoon to determine the incubation period of the egg.
The newly hatch eggs to first instar nymph were reared supplied with fresh ripe
strawberry fruits to maintained their growth and were changed when already rotten. The
nymphal stage observed daily until emerging to adult stage while the duration takes after
molting to next to last instars were recorded. The nymph instars were determined by the
number of molts which were indicated by exuvia formed during molting while newly
emerged adult were gathered and are prepared for the observation on the longevity of
adult female and male insect.
The duration days of the different development stages of L. hesperus was
conducted under laboratory conditions at Mites-Predatory Rearing House (Figure 2). The
temperature recorded during conducting the study ranged from 16 degrees Celsius
(minimum) to 30 degrees Celsius (maximum).

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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Figure 2. Mites-predatory rearing house


Longevity of the adult. The duration days of the life of adult female and male L.
hesperus with food and without food were determined by placing a newly emerged adult
female each in a Cp-10 containers (Figures 3 and 4) and another setup for adult male with
and without food (Figures 5 and 6) with 20 replications. The sampled adults were taken
from the cultured and the reared sample nymph.
With food and without food treatments were observed daily until the death of the
adult. The longevity of the two sexes were recorded separately to served as the bases of
comparison. The female and male adults were distinguished by its sizes generally the
female is bigger in size with bright colored abdomen while the male is smaller in size
with black abdomen.

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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Figure 3. Multi-purpose plastic containers Figure 4. Multi-purpose plastic containers
(Cp-10) with adult female and (Cp-10) with adult female and
with strawberry fruit without strawberry fruit


Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Figure 5. Multi-purpose plastic containers
Figure 6. Multi-purpose plastic containers
(Cp-10) with adult male and (Cp-10) with adult male and
with strawberry fruit without strawberry fruit


Morphological descriptions of the different development stages of L. hesperus.
The morphological description of the different developmental stages of L. hesperus were
taken from reared sampled insect. The newly deposited eggs, nymph until turned to adult
were collected at every stages of development and were examined under magnifying lens
and dissecting microscope. Observations were focused on the general shape and color of
the different growth stages of the insect.
Size measurements of the different development stages. The size of the eggs were
taken by measuring the body length and the body width by the used of monocular
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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microscope equipped with an ocular and micrometer calibration. Whereas, the length of
the first to fifth instars were measured from the tip of head to tip of the abdomen and the
width measured from both sides of third to fourth segment of the abdomen. The length of
the adult measured from the tip of the head to tip of the abdomen while the width
measured from the both sides of the first segment of abdomen. Measurement of the
nymph and adult stage were measured in millimeter with the used of foot ruler and glass
slide focused under microscope.
Micrometer (µm) measurements were converted into millimeters (mm) the
conversion unit used were 1 millimeter = 0.001 micrometer. 20 sampled insect were
measured in every development stages of the insect. The eggs measured alive while the
nymphs and adults were measured after killed in 80 percent solutions of ethyl alcohol.
Fecundity of the adult female. The fecundity of the female L. hesperus were
determined by placing a paired new emerged adult female and male each on a similar Cp-
10 containers with an piece of tissue and ripe strawberry fruits served as a food as well as
a laying site for the adult female insect (Figure 7). The eggs oviposited on the strawberry
fruits were gathered and counted every day by removing the eggs individually using
insect pin. The rotten strawberries were removed and supplied with frees ripe
strawberries for the insect to feed and for the female to oviposites its eggs again.
The fecundity of single female Lygus without paired were gathered with in the
adult longevity sampled insect with same procedure. The gathered eggs were observed

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Figure 7. Adult female and male (Fecundity) inside the multi-purpose
plastic containers (Cp-10) with strawberry fruit


everyday if the egg hatch and determined if the insect undergo parthenogenesis
reproduction.
Feeding behavior. The feeding behavior of the nymph and adult Lygus were
observed during rearing of the sampled insect. This was done by observing the feeding
time of the insects with a three replications.
Mating behavior. The mating behavior of the adult Lygus were observed by
pairing adult female and male inside the multipurpose plastic containers with strawberry
fruit and five replications. The time of mating were recorded as well as the behavior of
the insect during and after mating.
Oviposition. The oviposition sites of the adult female were determined after
mating.
Documentation and preservation. Documentation on the different development
stages of L. hesperus were taken with the used of digital camera and microscopes (digital
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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lens zoom was used in the documentation) while the specimens were preserved in vials
with 80 percent ethyl alcohol.
Experimental design. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in
analyzing data on the life cycle of L. hesperus on the strawberry.

The data gathered were as follows:
A. Duration and morphological description of the different development stages of
L. hesperus
1. Egg. Color, size, shape and incubation period.
2. Nymph. Duration, color, shape, length and width.
3. Adult. Duration, color, length and width of the body and wingspan.
B. Longevity of the adult. Duration days of the adult female and male emergence
to death
1. With food
2. Without food

C. Female fecundity. Total number of eggs laid by female.

1. With pair
2. Without pair
D. Behavioral Studies
1. Feeding behavior. The time of feeding by the nymphal and adult Lygus.
2. Mating. The time and manner of mating by the adults Lygus.
3. Oviposition. The preferred laying sites by the adult insect.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Durations of the Different Growth
Stages of L. hesperus


The duration days of the different developmental growth stages of L. hesperus
reared under laboratory condition are shown in Table 1.

Egg. The incubation period of egg ranged from 8 to 10 days with a mean of 8.98
+ 0.132 days, a kind of observation similar with the findings of Rougoor (2006) that the
incubation period of eggs were 7 to 10 days depending on the temperature.

Nymph. The nymphal stages of L. hesperus had five instars. The total duration
days of the nymphal stages from first to fifth instars completed its development growth
with in 29 to 34 days with a mean of 31.42 + 0.318 days. The first instar nymph
developed from 5.12 to 7.12 days with a mean of 6.07 + 0.100 days; the second instar
nymph was 4 to 6 days with a mean of 4.31 + 0.120 days; the third instar nymph was 4 to
6.12 days with a mean of 5.28 + 0.155 days; the fourth instar nymph was 5 to 7 days with
a mean of 5.89 + 0.127 days and the fifth instar nymph was 8.12 to 10.12 days with a
mean of 9.15 + 0.119 days. As pointed out by Cermak and Walker (1992) the duration of
the nymph from first to fifth instars were 12 to 34 days depending on the temperature.

Adult. The longevity of the adult female ranged from 42 to 71.12 days with a
mean of 55.53 + 1.760 days while the adult male lived from 31 to 63 days with a mean of
44.42 + 1.945 days. The pre-reproductive period of the female was 4.6 to 16.6 days with
a mean of 10.24 + 0.661 days; the reproductive period was 19 to 49 days with a mean of
37.7 + 1.864 days and the post-reproductive was 4.6 to 20.6 with a mean of 8.29 + 0.839
days.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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The total life span of the female L. hesperus from egg to adult completed its
development growth with in 81 to 111.12 days with a mean of 96.35 days while the male
insect was 71 to 103.12 with a mean of 85.17 days. The female lived longer than the male
although some males lived as long as the female insect.

Table 1. Duration (days) of the different developmental growth stages of the L.
hesperus under laboratory condition

STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
DURATION (DAYS)
RANGE
MEAN
Egg incubation
8 – 10
8.98 + 0.132
Nymph
29 – 34
31.42 + 0.318
1st instar
5.12 – 7.12
6.07 + 0.100
2nd instar
4 – 6
4.31 + 0.120
3rd instar
4 – 6.12
5.28 + 0.155
4th instar
5 – 7
5.89 + 0.127
5th instar
8.12 – 10.12
9.15 + 0.119
Adult


Female
42 – 71.12
55.53 + 1.760
Pre-reproductive
4.6 – 16.6
10.24 + 0.661
Reproductive
19 – 49
37.7 + 1.864
Post-reproductive
4.6 – 20.6
8.29 + 0.839
Male
31 – 63
44.42 + 1.945
TOTAL LIFE SPAN


Female
81 – 111.12
96.35
Male
71 – 103.12
85.17

Longevity of the Adult L. hesperus

The longevity of the adult L. hesperus is indicated in Table 2. As observed, the
longevity of the adult female provided with food lived from 42 to 71.12 days with a mean
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18
of 55.53 + 1.760 days and the adult male was 31 to 63 days with a mean of 44.42 + 1.945
days while the without food adult female lived from 4 to 9 days with a mean of 5.85 +
0.340 days and the adult male was 3 to 8 days with a mean of 4.96 + 0.400 days.

The insect provided with food lived longer than the without food. The nutrients
and proteins that the insect suck during feeding on seeds of the strawberry fruit gives and
provides energy to developed and maintained the growth which is needed by the body of
the insect to lived. Without the presences of the food the insect cannot lived and died for
a few days.

Table 2. Longevity of the adult L. hesperus

ADULTS
WITH FOOD
WITHOUT FOOD
RANGE
MEAN
RANGE
MEAN
Female
42 – 7.12
55.53 + 1.760
4 – 9
5.85 + 0.340
Male
31 – 63
44.42 + 1.945
3 – 8
4.96 + 0.400


Morphological Descriptions and
Body Size of L. hesperus


The body length and width of the different growth stages of L. hesperus reared
under laboratory condition are presented in Table 3.

Egg

The egg of the L. hesperus are very small elongated and cylindrical in shape but
same eggs are slightly curved. The body are smooth and shiny while color were light
yellow with two red spotted on the both sides (Figure 1). The eggs turned reddish if its
nearly hatched. The body length measures from 0.49 to 0.065 mm with a mean of 0.59 +
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19
0.008 mm long and the width was 0.16 to 0.22 mm with a mean of 0.19 + 0.004 mm
wide. This finding runs counter to the finding of Howitt (1999) that the length measured
of the egg was 0.95 to 1 mm long and the width was 0.25 mm wide.

Nymph


The first to fifth instar nymph are tears like in shape or look like an aphids in
appearance and wingless. The head are opisthognathous with piercing sucking
mouthparts. The antennae and legs were relatively long. The compound eye is located
beside the head near the prothorax. The segment of the abdomen is obviously seen.

First instar. The new hatched nymph were whitish in color and as it matured the
color of the abdomen turned light yellow with reddish on its segments, the head and
thorax are shaded in color (Figure 3). The thorax has a light yellow triangle on the center
and a V shape line on the head that separate the two compound eyes. The antennae and
legs are yellowish but the last segments of the antennae are maroon in color. The body
length (from tip of head to tip of the abdomen) measured from 0.7 to 0.8 mm with a mean
of 0.75 + 0.011 mm long and the body width (both sides of third to fourth segment of the
abdomen) was 0.3 to 0.4 mm with a mean of 0.35 + 0.11 mm wide.

Second instar. The second instar nymph has more evident red color on its
abdominal segment. The color of first segment of the abdomen were white to reddish
while has a dark red color spotted on the fourth segment compared to the second segment
to last segment that were orange to reddish in color. The thorax were brown dark while
the head are dark with a brown lining color and had a thick horizontal line on the dorsal
center part of the thorax and head. The body length having a size of 1.0 to 1.3 mm with a
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Table 2. Length and width (mm) of the different growth stages of L. hesperus under
laboratory condition

STAGE OF
LENGTH (mm)
WIDTH (mm)
DEVELOPMENT
RANGE
MEAN
RANGE
MEAN
Egg
0.49 – 0.65
0.59 + 0.008
0.16 – 0.22
0.19 + 0.004





Nymph




1st instar
0.7 – 0.8
0.75 + 0.011
0.3 – 0.4
0.35 + 0.011
2nd instar
1.0 – 1.3
1.19 + 0.019
0.4 – 0.7
0.55 + 0.021
3rd instar
1.5 – 1.8
1.63 + 0.024
0.7 – 0.9
0.80 + 0.018
4th instar
2.3 – 2.5
2.40 + 0.019
1.1 – 1.4
1.30 + 0.021
5th instar
3.2 – 3.5
3.39 + 0.020
1.5 – 1.6
1.55 + 0.011





Adult




Body




Female
3.5 – 4.0
3.66 + 0.044
1.0 – 1.4
1.21 + 0.029
Male
3.1 – 3.4
3.26 + 0.025
0.8 – 1.0
0.91 + 0.014
Fore Wing




Female
2.4 – 3.0
2.68 + 0.042
0.9 – 1.0
0.93 + 0.011
Male
2.4 – 2.7
2.49 + 0.019 0.8 – 1.0
0.86 + 0.015
Hind Wing




Female
2.1 – 2.5
2.24 + 0.037
0.9 – 1.0
0.93 + 0.011
Male
1.8 – 2.0
1.91 + 0.016 0.8 – 1.0
0.86 + 0.015

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21
mean of 1.19 + 0.019 mm long and the body width was 0.4 to 0.7 mm with a mean of
0.55 + 0.021 mm wide.

Third instar. The third instar nymph were similar within the second instar in
terms of the body color with black hairs on the legs are developed. The fourth and sixth
segments of abdomen are spotted with dark red surround by a white color. The body
length measures from 1.5 to 1.8 mm with a mean of 1.63 + 0.024 mm long while the
body width was 0.7 to 0.9 mm with a mean of 0.80 + 0.018 mm wide.

Fourth instar. The abdomen of fourth instar nymph were reddish-brown in color.
The last segment of antennae comes brown while wing pads on the thorax were begin to
developed. The dark red spotted on the fourth and sixth segment becomes black in color.
The body length was 2.3 to 2.5 mm with mean of 2.40 + 0.019 mm long and the body
width was 1.1 to 1.4 mm with a mean of 1.30 + 0.021 mm wide.

Fifth instar. The fifth instar nymph were almost similar in fourth instar nymph,
it has a reddish lining on the thorax while brown lining on the head and a thin horizontal
line that could be seen on the dorsal center part of the thorax and head. The body
markings and wing pads are fully developed. The fifth instar abdomen are slender than
the fourth instar. The body length measures from 3.2 to 3.5 mm with a mean of 3.39 +
0.020 mm long while the width was 1.5 to 1.6 mm with a mean of 1.55 + 0.011 mm wide.

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Figure 1. The egg (10.5x) Figure 2. First instar nymph (11.1x)


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Figure 3. Second instar nymph (11.1x) Figure 4. Third instar nymph (11.1x)


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Figure 6. Fourth instar nymph (11.1x) Figure 6. Fifth instar nymph (11.1x)

Figure 7. Adult female (11.1x)
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Figure 8. Adult male (11.1x)





Adult

The adult Lygus are small bugs having two pairs of hemilytra wing. The hind
wing and forewing lie flat over the dorsal abdomen. The basal portions of the front wing
are thickened usually transparent or silvery in color. The scutellum were triangle or V
mark shape located on the thorax region. The three segmented beak of labium arises from
the front part of the head. The round, reddish-brown compound eyes are develop well
near the prothorax with two present ocelli. The one pair clavated antennae are fairly long
located dorsally on the head and closed to the compound eyes. The three segmented
antennae were measured from 1.9 to 2.3 mm. The abdomen had a seven segment with
spiracle on the both sides. The organ reproductive of the insect could be seen at the sixth
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26
to last segment of the abdomen. The cursorial legs (Walking, running legs) were
relatively long. The whole body were covered with fine hairs except the wings.

Adult female. The head, thorax and abdomen of adult female are dark to brown
in color (Figure 7). The femur parts of the three pairs of legs are spotted with black color.
The female has a bigger body and stout abdomen. The body length (from tip of head to
tip of the abdomen) measures from 3.5 to 4.0 mm with a mean of 3.66 + 0.044 mm long
while the width (both sides of the first segment of abdomen) was 1.0 to 1.4 mm with a
mean of 1.21 + 0.029 mm wide. The length of the fore wingspan ranged from 2.4 to 3.0
mm with a mean of 2.68 + 0.042 mm long and the width was 0.9 to 1.0 mm with a mean
of 0.93 + 0.011 mm wide while the length of the hind wingspan ranged from 2.1 to 2.5
mm with a mean of 2.24 + 0.037 mm long and the width was 0.9 to 1.0 mm with a mean
of 0.93 + 0.11 mm wide.

Adult male. The head, thorax and abdomen of adult male are darker in color
compared to the adult female (Figure 8). The femur parts of the hind legs were black in
color. The fore and mid legs were just spotted with black color. The adult male has a
slender pointed black abdomen and smaller to the adult female. In terms of body size, the
body length (from tip of head to tip of the abdomen) ranged 3.1 to 3.4 mm with a mean of
3.26 + 0.025 mm long and the width (from tip of head to tip of the abdomen) was 0.8 to
1.0 mm with a mean of 0.91 + 0.014 mm wide. The fore wingspan was 2.4 to 2.7 mm
with a mean of 2.49 + 0.019 mm long and the width was 0.8 to 1.0 mm with a mean of
0.86 + 0.015 mm wide while the hind wingspan was 1.8 to 2.0 mm with a mean of 1.91 +
0.016 mm long and the width was 0.8 to 1.0 mm with a mean of 0.86 + 0.015 mm wide.

Fecundity
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The total number of eggs laid by the adult female L. hesperus with pair and
without pair is shown in Table 4. It has been found out that the adult female mated (with
pair) by adult male can lay as many as 41 to 180 eggs with a mean of 111.75 + 8.996
eggs while the unmated (without pair) adult female lay 31 to 112 eggs with a mean of
70.35 + 5.047 eggs. The mated females laid many eggs than the unmated female.

It has been found out that the female insect did not undergo the process of
parthenogenesis in which the single female can lay eggs without the mating but the laid
eggs were not hatch and come dry.






Table 4. Total number of eggs laid by the adult female L. hesperus (with pair and without
pair)

SAMPLED NUMBER
TOTAL NUMBER OF EGG
WITH PAIR
WITHOUT PAIR
1
138
75
2
113
64
3
98
112
4
175
70
5
70
90
6
99
40
7
146
82
8
173
89
9
151
80
10
180
42
11
98
32
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12
56
97
13
85
88
14
41
74
15
56
65
16
114
74
17
106
94
18
119
56
19
91
52
20
126
31
TOTAL
2,235
1,407
MEAN
111.75 + 8.996
70.35 + 5.047

Behavior Studies

Feeding behavior. The nymph and adult Lygus feed on seeds by using their
piercing sucking mouth parts. The insect mouth had a long slender mandibular stylet and

Figure 9. Adult female sucking liquid from the strawberry
seed

maxillary stylet that covered by a labrum and labium that they used in feeding and
proving out the suitable portion of the seeds were they could inject their stylets to suck-
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up the content liquid of the seeds (Figure 9). During feeding of the insect, salivary
secretions are released down and liquid food is sucked-up (Facundo and Calilung, 1986).
The nymph feed on the seeds for 49 minutes to 1:57 hours with a mean of 1:03 hours
which were take 4 to 8 times a day while the adults feed for 23 to 58 minutes with a mean
of 42:33 minutes and take 3 to 7 times a day. The newly hatch nymph begin to feed on
the preferred seed at any time of the day as it matured to fourth and fifth instars the more
seeds they suck.. Most of the adults feed after laying eggs and mating. The insect feed
throughout its life time.

Meeting behavior. The mating of the adult Lygus was observed by placing one
female and one male inside the container with strawberry fruits. It was observed, that no
courtship when insect mate. When the male and female meet from different direction, the
male actively go on the back of female in which female holds and embraced by the male
using its three pair legs while insert his aedeagus to reproductive organ of the female for
few minutes. After inserting, the male come down and mating occurs for 2:30 to 5:46
hours with a mean of 3.716 hours (Figure 10). Adults may mate 3 to 6 times a day but
usually mating occurs when the temperature is high. The mating took place from 2 to 4
days old of the adult and female could be mated by several males. When mating
disturbed, the male pulled the female and run to hide in the covered area. It is also
observed, that during mating some of the male insect walking around carrying the female
and they also feed on the seed while mating (Figure 11). After mating, the insect stay
with each other for a few minutes and they moved to different direction to found food.

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A
B


Figure 10. Adult female (A) and male (B) mating


A
B

Figure 11. Female (A) adult feeding while mating



Oviposition. The oviposition occurred after the mating behavior. Oviposition
can occur within the day and during nighttime. The preferred oviposition site of the adult
female Lygus is in the strawberry fruits, tissue and in sides of the container but mostly
inserted into the petiole (Figure 12) and on sides of seed of the strawberry (Figure 13).
The eggs are deposited singly or scatteredly laid.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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Figure 12. Eggs of L. hesperus inserted in the petiole of
the strawberry fruit



Figure 13. Eggs of L. hesperus laid besides the seed of
strawberry
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS


Summary

The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory House in Balili La Trinidad,
Benguet from April to October 2007 with the objectives of determined the durations,
morphological descriptions of the different developmental stages of L. hesperus,
compared the duration of life of adult female and male, recorded the total number of eggs
deposited by the female, discovered if the insect undergo parthenogenesis and observed
how the insect feed and mate.

The insect pest undergo three stages of development namely: egg, nymph and
the adult. The incubation period of egg ranged from 8 to 10 days with a mean of 8.98 +
0.132 days. The nymph undergo five instar of development. The duration of the first
instar nymph was 5.12 to 4.12 days; second instar, 4 to 6 days; third instar, 4 to 6.12
days; fourth instar, 5 to 7 days; and fifth instar, 8.12 to 10.12 days. The duration of the
adult female with food lasted from 42 to 71.12 days with a pre-reproductive of 4.6 to 16.6
days; reproductive, 19 to 49 days; post-reproductive, 4.6 to 20.6 days; while the male was
31 to 63 days. The adult female without food lives from 4 to 9 days while adult male was
3 to 8 days. The total life span of the female L. hesperus from egg to adult stage was 81
to 111.12 days with an average of 96.35 days while the male had a 71 to 103.12 with an
average of 85.17 days.

The eggs were elongated, cylindrical-shape, light yellow and shiny color. It is
light reddish in color when about to hatch. The nymph were tear-shape, wingless, as
matured the abdomen are stout, brown to reddish color. Wing pods are begin to develop
at the fourth instar. The adult had a triangle-shape located at the dorsal part of the thorax
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
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32
and has seven segments on the abdomen. The three segment of antennae were clavated
type and the three pairs of legs were cursorial type. The full grown adult female has
stouter brown abdomen and adult male was slender and pointed black abdomen.

The length measurement of the egg ranged 0.49 to 0.65 mm with a width of
0.16 to 0.22 mm. The body measurement of the first instar nymph was 0.7 to 0.8 mm
long with 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide; second instar, 1.0 to 1.3 mm long with 0.4 to 0.7 mm
wide; third instar, 1.5 to 1.8 mm long with 0.7 to 0.9 mm wide; fourth instar, 2.3 to 2.5
mm long and 1.1 to 1.4 mm wide; and the fifth instar, 3.2 to 3.5 mm long with 1.5 to 1.6
mm wide. The adult female was 3.5 to 4.0 mm long and 1.0 to 1.4 mm wide; fore
wingspan was 2.4 to 3.0 mm long and 0.9 to 1.0 mm wide while the hind wingspan was
2.1 to 2.5 mm long and 0.9 to 1.0 mm wide. The adult male was 3.1 to 3.4 mm long and
0.8 to 1.0 mm wide; fore wingspan was 2.4 to 2.7 mm long and 0.8 to 1.0 mm long wide
while the hind wingspan was 1.8 to 2.0 mm long and 0.8 to 1.0 mm wide.

Conclusion

The total number of eggs laid by L. hesperus bug female with pair adult male
ranged of 41 to 180 eggs with an average of 111.75 + 8.996 eggs and the without paired
female laid of 31 to 112 eggs with an average of 70.35 + 5.047 eggs throughout its
reproductive period.

The insects did not undergo the process of parthenogenetic reproduction.

The nymph and adult have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they used in
proving and penetrating the content liquid of seeds of the host plant. The nymph feed on
the seeds 4 to 8 times a day with a range of 49 minutes to 1:57 hours while the adults feed
3 to 7 times a day with a range of 23 minutes to 58 minutes.
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33
The adults male and female mates with a range of 2:30 to 5:46 hours. The female
and male adults mate 3 to 6 times a day and female can be mated by different males. No
courtship when the insect mates.

Recommendation

It is recommended that life cycle of L. hesperus will be studied on the different
temperature regimes and other host plant such as peg weed, dandelion and pechay.

Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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LITERATURE CITED


ALFORD, D. F. 1979. Population Trends of Lygus Damage on Strawberry Plants.
Cornstock Pub., Ithaca, N.Y., USA. Pp. 153-157.

CERMAK, P. and G.M. WALKER. 1992. Mass Production of Lygus hesperus: Effects of
Food in Fecundity and Longevity. Southwest. Entomol. 15:463-468.

COLTING, L.M., B.S. LIGAT, L.G. LIRIO, J.C. PEREZ, and J.P. PABLO. 2003.
Compendium of Insect Pest and Weeds Associated with Crops in the Cordillera.
Cordillera Highland Agriculture Resource Management (CHARM) Project. Cor.
Sto. Thomas Rd. Marcos Highway, Baguio Dairy Farm, Baguio City and Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 60.

FACUNDO H.T. and V.C.J. CALILUNG. 1986. Manual for General Entomology (2nd
ed.). Los Baños, Philippines: Department of Entomology College of Agriculture
University of Philippines Los Baños. P. 74.

FLINT, B. J., and M. C. TOSEANO. 1990. Fundamentals of Insect Life. New York
London: Mc Graw Hill Book Com. Inc. P. 212.

GRAY, M.E., S.T. RATCLIFEE, and K.L. STEFFEY. 2004. Tarnished Plant Bug
Integrated Pest Management. Retrieved October 10, 2006 from
http://ipm.uiuc.edu/fruits/insects/tarnished plant bug/index.

HOWITT, A.H. 1999. Hibernation and host plant sequence studies of tarnished plant
bugs, Lygus lineolaris, in the Mississippi delta. Environmental Entomology 11:
149-152.

KNIGHT, H. H. 1989. The Lygus bugs or Lygaeidae of Illinois. Bull Illinois. Natural
History Survey. Vol. 22:1-234.

MINTENKO, A. 2005. Fruit Crops, Crops Branch, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and
Rural Initiatives. Environmental Entomology. 17:449-441.

NIELSEN, G.R. 2006. Lygus or Tarnished Plant Bug. Retrieved October 09, 2006 from
http://www.uvm.edu/extension/publications/el/el85.

PARKER, B. L., N. S. TALEKAR and M. SKINNER. 2001. Insect pest of selected crop
in tropical in Asia. Am. J. Bot. Vol 3:1-5.

PHILLIPS, P.A., N.C. TOSCANO, and F.G. ZALOM. 2006. (Insecta, Hemiptera);
Proposed designation under the plenary powers of the type-species in harmony
with accustomed usage. Bulletin of Zool. Nomencl. 18: 261-284.
Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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35
RAO, S. and S.C. WELTER. 1997. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Germany: Academic
Press, San Diego. P. 729.

ROUGOOR, C.A. 2006. The tarnished plant-bug and its injury to nursery stock.
University of Missouri, College of Agriculture. Bulletin of Agricultural
Experiment Station Research. 29: 26.


Life Cycle of Lygus hesperus Kelson (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on Sweet Charlie Strawberry
Fragaria xananassa Duchense. LOPEZ, LELYN K. OCTOBER 2007

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APPENDICES


Appendix Table 1. Number of days (incubation period) the egg hatched

SAMPLED NUMBER
LAYING TO HATCHING
1
8
2
8
3
8.12
4
8.12
5
9
6
9
7
9
8
9
9
9
10
9
11
9
12
9
13
9
14
9
15
9.12
16
9.12
17
9.12
18
10
19
10
20
10
TOTAL
179.6
MEAN
8.98

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37
Appendix Table 2. Number of days (duration) of the first instar to fifth instar

SAMPLED
INSTARS
NUMBER
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Firth
TOTAL
1
6
4
5.12
6
10
31.12
2
6.12
4.12
6.12
6
10
33.12
3
6.12
4.12
5.12
6
9
31.12
4
5.12
5.12
5.12
5
9
30.12
5
6
4
5.12
5
8.12
29
6
6.12
4.12
6.12
7
9.12
34
7
6
4.12
5
6.12
9.12
31.12
8
6.12
4
4
6
9.12
30
9
6.12
4
6
6
9.12
32
10
6.12
4.12
5
6.12
9
31.12
11
6
4.12
6.12
6
10.12
33.12
12
6.12
4.12
5.12
5.12
8.12
30.12
13
6
4
4.12
6
9.12
30
14
7.12
5
5
5.12
9
32
15
6.12
5
4.12
6
9
31
16
6
4.12
6
6
10
32.12
17
5.12
4
5.12
5.12
9
29.12
18
7
6
5.12
6
9
33.12
19
6
4
6.12
7
9.12
33
20
6.12
4.12
6
6.12
9
32.12
TOTAL
121.44
86.2
105.56
117.72 183.08
628.44
MEAN
6.072
4.31
5.278
5.886
9.154
31.422

---

38
Appendix Table 3. Longevity (Emergence to death) of adult female L. hesperus (with
food)

SAMPLED
NUMBER OF DAYS
NUMBER
PRE-

POST-
TOTAL
REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE
1
7.6
32
20.6
59.12
2
7.6
43
7.6
57.12
3
9.6
48
14.6
71.12
4
9.6
39
7.18
56
5
4.6
38
6.6
48.12
6
11.6
40
8.6
59.12
7
7.6
46
4.6
57.12
8
8.6
47
6.6
61.12
9
11.6
49
7.6
67.12
10
16.6
19
9.6
44.12
11
8.6
30
6.6
44.12
12
7.18
29
5.6
42
13
9.6
49
7.6
65.12
14
9.6
35
11.18
56
15
15.18
37
5.6
58
16
10.6
30
9.18
50
17
10.6
44
5.6
59.12
18
11.6
26
9.6
46.12
19
15.18
35
6.6
57
20
11.6
38
4.6
53.12
TOTAL
204.74
754
165.74
1,110.68
MEAN
10.237
37.7
8.287
55.534

---

39
Appendix Table 4. Longevity (days) of the adult male L. hesperus (with food)

SAMPLED NUMBER
NUMBER OF DAYS
1
46.12
2
45
3
31
4
37
5
44
6
32.12
7
53
8
50
9
40.12
10
63
11
43.12
12
56.12
13
56.12
14
43.12
15
42.12
16
49.12
17
48.12
18
43.12
19
32.12
20
34
TOTAL
888.44
MEAN
44.422

---

40
Appendix Table 5. Longevity (days) of the adult female L. hesperus (without food)

SAMPLED NUMBER
NUMBER OF DAYS
1
6
2
5.12
3
4.12
4
5.12
5
7
6
4
7
7
8
8.12
9
5.12
10
5
11
5.12
12
5
13
5.12
14
5
15
9
16
6
17
5
18
4.12
19
7
20
9
TOTAL
116.96
MEAN
5.848

---

41
Appendix Table 6. Longevity (days) of the adult male L. hesperus (without food)

SAMPLED NUMBER
NUMBER OF DAYS
1
7.12
2
4
3
7
4
3.12
5
7.12
6
5
7
4
8
5
9
4.12
10
4
11
8
12
3.12
13
5.12
14
3.12
15
3.12
16
7.12
17
5
18
3.12
19
3
20
8
TOTAL
99.2
MEAN
4.96

---

42
Appendix Table 7. Length and width of the egg of L. hesperus in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
BODY
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
0.63
0.18
2
0.59
0.22
3
0.60
0.18
4
0.63
0.21
5
0.61
0.18
6
0.49
0.21
7
0.53
0.16
8
0.60
0.21
9
0.62
0.18
10
0.56
0.19
11
0.62
0.18
12
0.61
0.18
13
0.57
0.18
14
0.61
0.21
15
0.57
0.20
16
0.60
0.20
17
0.59
0.21
18
0.65
0.16
19
0.57
0.17
20
0.59
0.19
TOTAL
11.84
3.8
MEAN
0.592
0.19

---

43
Appendix Table 8. Length and width of the first instar nymph in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
FIRST DAY
LAST DAY
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
2
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.4
3
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
4
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
5
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.3
6
0.5
0.2
0.7
0.3
7
0.5
0.1
0.8
0.4
8
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.4
9
0.6
0.1
0.8
0.4
10
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
11
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.3
12
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.4
13
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.4
14
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
15
0.6
0.3
0.8
0.4
16
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
17
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.3
18
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.3
19
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.4
20
0.6
0.3
0.8
0.4
TOTAL
12
4
14.9
6.9
MEAN
0.6
0.2
0.745
0.345

---

44
Appendix Table 9. Length and width of the second instar nymph in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
FIRST DAY
LAST DAY
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
0.9
0.4
1.2
0.6
2
0.8
0.3
1.2
0.6
3
0.9
0.4
1.3
0.6
4
0.9
0.4
1.1
0.5
5
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.5
6
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.6
7
0.9
0.4
1.1
0.4
8
0.7
0.3
1.2
0.6
9
0.7
0.3
1.1
0.5
10
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.6
11
0.9
0.4
1.3
0.7
12
0.8
0.4
1.1
0.4
13
0.9
0.4
1.3
0.7
14
0.8
0.3
1.2
0.6
15
0.8
0.3
1.2
0.5
16
0.8
0.4
1.3
0.6
17
0.8
0.4
1.2
0.5
18
0.7
0.3
1.1
0.4
19
0.9
0.4
1.0
0.4
20
0.8
0.4
1.3
0.6
TOTAL
16.4
7.4
23.8
10.9
MEAN
0.82
0.37
1.19
0.545

---

45
Appendix Table 10. Length and width of the third instar nymph in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
FIRST DAY
LAST DAY
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
1.4
0.7
1.5
0.7
2
1.1
0.5
1.6
0.8
3
1.2
0.5
1.6
0.7
4
1.3
0.7
1.5
0.7
5
1.4
0.6
1.7
0.9
6
1.3
0.7
1.6
0.8
7
1.3
0.7
1.5
0.8
8
1.4
0.7
1.7
0.9
9
1.2
0.6
1.6
0.9
10
1.4
0.6
1.8
0.8
11
1.3
0.7
1.7
0.7
12
1.2
0.6
1.5
0.9
13
1.3
0.8
1.6
0.8
14
1.2
0.5
1.5
0.8
15
1.3
0.7
1.8
0.9
16
1.3
0.8
1.7
0.7
17
1.2
0.5
1.8
0.9
18
1.4
0.6
1.5
0.7
19
1.3
0.7
1.7
0.8
20
1.3
0.6
1.6
0.8
TOTAL
25.8
12.8
32.5
16
MEAN
1.29
0.64
1.625
0.8

---

46
Appendix Table 11. Length and width of the fourth instar nymph in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
FIRST DAY
LAST DAY
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
1.7
0.9
2.3
1.3
2
1.8
1.0
2.5
1.4
3
1.6
1.0
2.5
1.3
4
1.9
0.9
2.3
1.1
5
1.8
0.9
2.4
1.2
6
1.9
1.0
2.5
1.4
7
1.6
0.8
2.3
1.3
8
1.7
0.8
2.3
1.1
9
1.6
0.9
2.5
1.3
10
1.8
0.8
2.3
1.2
11
1.9
0.9
2.4
1.4
12
1.7
0.9
2.5
1.4
13
1.8
0.8
2.4
1.3
14
1.6
1.0
2.4
1.2
15
1.7
0.8
2.3
1.3
16
1.8
1.0
2.4
1.3
17
1.6
0.9
2.5
1.4
18
1.7
0.9
2.5
1.4
19
1.7
1.0
2.4
1.3
20
1.6
0.8
2.3
1.3
TOTAL
34.5
18
48
25.9
MEAN
1.725
0.9
2.4
1.295

---

47
Appendix Table 12. Length and width of the fifth instar nymph in mm

SAMPLED NUMBER
FIRST DAY
LAST DAY
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
2.6
1.4
3.4
1.5
2
2.5
1.3
3.2
1.5
3
2.5
1.4
3.5
1.5
4
2.5
1.3
3.4
1.6
5
2.7
1.4
3.3
1.5
6
2.5
1.3
3.4
1.5
7
2.5
1.3
3.3
1.5
8
2.6
1.4
3.3
1.6
9
2.5
1.3
3.4
1.5
10
2.7
1.4
3.5
1.6
11
2.6
1.4
3.3
1.6
12
2.6
1.3
3.5
1.6
13
2.7
1.4
3.5
1.5
14
2.6
1.4
3.3
1.6
15
2.5
1.3
3.4
1.5
16
2.6
1.4
3.5
1.6
17
2.5
1.3
3.5
1.5
18
2.6
1.4
3.3
1.6
19
2.5
1.3
3.4
1.6
20
2.7
1.4
3.4
1.5
TOTAL
51.5
27.1
67.8
30.9
MEAN
2.575
1.355
3.39
1.545

---

48
Appendix Table 13. Measurement (size) of adult female L. hesperus in mm

SAMPLED


WINGSPAN
NUMBER
BODY
FOREWING
HINDWING
LENGTH WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
3.6
1.3
2.7
0.9
2.2
0.9
2
3.5
1.1
2.5
0.9
2.1
0.9
3
3.7
1.2
2.6
0.9
2.3
0.9
4
4.0
1.4
3.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
5
3.5
1.1
2.6
0.9
2.1
0.9
6
3.8
1.1
2.8
1.0
2.4
1.0
7
3.5
1.0
2.5
0.9
2.1
0.9
8
4.0
1.3
3.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
9
3.6
1.2
2.6
0.9
2.2
0.9
10
3.5
1.4
2.5
0.9
2.1
0.9
11
4.0
1.3
2.9
1.0
2.5
1.0
12
4.0
1.4
3.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
13
3.5
1.0
2.6
0.9
2.1
0.9
14
3.6
1.3
2.6
0.9
2.2
0.9
15
3.5
1.1
2.5
0.9
2.1
0.9
16
3.5
1.2
2.6
0.9
2.1
0.9
17
3.5
1.2
2.6
0.9
2.1
0.9
18
3.8
1.3
2.9
1.0
2.4
1.0
19
3.6
1.1
2.6
0.9
2.2
0.9
20
3.5
1.1
2.4
0.9
2.1
0.9
TOTAL
73.2
24.1
53.5
18.6
44.8
18.6
MEAN
3.66
1.205
2.675
0.93
2.24
0.93

---

49
Appendix Table 14. Measurement (size) of adult male L. hesperus in mm

SAMPLED


WINGSPAN
NUMBER
BODY
FOREWING
HINDWING
LENGTH WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
LENGTH
WIDTH
1
3.4
1.0
2.6
1.0
2.0
1.0
2
3.1
0.9
2.5
0.9
1.9
0.9
3
3.3
0.9
2.5
0.9
2.0
0.9
4
3.1
0.9
2.7
0.9
2.0
0.9
5
3.2
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.9
0.8
6
3.3
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.9
0.8
7
3.4
0.9
2.4
0.8
1.9
0.8
8
3.3
1.0
2.4
0.8
1.8
0.8
9
3.2
0.9
2.5
0.9
1.9
0.9
10
3.4
1.0
2.6
0.9
2.0
0.9
11
3.3
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.9
0.8
12
3.2
0.9
2.4
0.8
1.9
0.8
13
3.1
0.9
2.4
0.9
2.0
0.9
14
3.4
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.9
0.8
15
3.2
0.8
2.4
0.8
1.8
0.8
16
3.1
0.9
2.4
0.9
1.9
0.9
17
3.2
0.8
2.5
0.8
1.8
0.8
18
3.4
1.0
2.6
1.0
2.0
1.0
19
3.3
0.9
2.5
0.8
1.9
0.8
20
3.2
0.8
2.4
0.9
1.8
0.9
TOTAL
65.1
18.1
49.8
17.2
38.2
17.12
MEAN
3.255
0.905
2.49
0.86
1.91
0.86

---

Appendix Table 15. The total number of eggs laid by the female per day (with pair)

Sampled
Number of Days
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1







9
12
6
6
5
9
5
6
15
5
6
10
2







8
5
2
0
4
14
0
1
7
11
1
1
3







1
1
0
5
0
4
3
6
8
9
3
4
4






6
0
5
9
1
8
7
7
21
10
1
5
6
5






5
0
3
0
0
6
3
5
2
0
4
4
1
6





2
2
6
14
4
8
16
4
4
5
4
3
4
17
7







12
5
7
13
8
2
3
4
1
5
1
3
8







2
1
2
1
7
9
7
9
8
4
6
4
9








17
6
2
19
3
4
0
0
1
0
0
10






12
9
11
12
13
5
4
10
1
6
3
8
14
11







1
2
1
7
1
10
8
5
9
5
4
3
12






2
4
10
0
1
2
3
2
2
3
0
2
1
13










6
0
2
0
1
2
1
2
6
14








1
13
5
0
2
8
2
0
0
0
0
15









1
4
2
5
8
1
0
1
1
9
16






3
2
6
1
4
1
12
6
6
5
8
3
2
17






2
8
9
5
17
4
3
5
0
9
10
5
10
18






2
8
5
8
6
5
3
1
0
0
10
2
0
19







2
3
9
5
4
12
0
0
1
12
8
5
20




6
7
2
5
4
4
15
8
5
4
17
2
5
3
1
TOTAL



















MEAN




















50

---

Continuation of Appendix Table 15

Number of Days
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
9
10
6
9
7
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Dam











4
11
5
5
3
1
3
0
4
0
0
0
2
1
13
0
1
2
4
0
0
0
Dam

15
3
4
2
5
1
1
0
8
4
4
0
0
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
2
13
11
12
1
0
1
1
4
1
4
2
0
1
3
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
0
2
3
2
10
8
5
2
3
1
0
0
0
0
Dam








4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam











4
10
6
4
0
2
5
3
4
8
6
0
3
4
5
3
4
3
3
3
0
0
2
0
9
3
8
0
12
3
2
5
6
5
5
1
8
1
2
7
9
2
3
0
2
1
3
5
0
1
0
4
8
3
5
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
7
4
6
8
2
5
6
2
9
0
5
6
3
0
0
0
0
3
6
7
1
4
11
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
0
3
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
3
2
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
0
5
0
3
0
1
2
0
3
3
0
0
0
Dam







5
5
4
6
1
6
5
5
2
2
9
1
1
1
4
2
4
2
0
0
0
Dam


3
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam

2
0
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
0
0
1
0
2
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
Dam

0
4
0
1
4
2
0
3
2
6
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
0
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
5
0
4
1
5
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam
15
4
3
0
1
10
2
4
4
0
3
4
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
6
1
7
1
4
3
8
0
2
1
0
3
0
Dam











1
8
6
3
9
2
2
2
4
1
0
Dam






























































51

---

Continuation of Appendix Table 15

Number of Day



Total

44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55














138













113

0
0
0
Dam








98

0
0
0
Dam








175














70













99
Legend:
0
Dam










146

5
1
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
Dam


173
Dam = dead at 6
5
12
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam 151
o’clock am
1
2
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
Dam

180

0
0
1
0
4
2
2
2
0
0
Dam

98













56













85












41












56
0
Dam










114












106
5
0
0
Dam








119












91












126












2,235












111.75

52

---

Appendix Table 16. The total number of eggs laid by the female per day (without pair)

SAMPLED
NUMBER OF DAYS
NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1








5
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
3
5
5
4
3
1
2
6
3
2








4
2
0
2
1
6
2
1
0
9
4
1
1
0
4
4
4
0
3










1
1
1
3
5
1
3
7
1
1
6
7
6
4
1
12
4










2
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
6
5
4
0
5





2
0
0
10
5
3
1
0
3
7
4
6
3
0
0
0
0
1
3
3
0
6












1
2
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
3
2
7








1
0
1
10
6
1
4
3
5
0
3
3
5
3
3
2
2
0
8









4
2
4
0
3
2
1
2
1
6
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
9












1
3
2
2
10
2
2
8
0
0
3
0
0
0
10

















3
3
4
6
4
2
2
6
2
11









1
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
2
7
0
0
0
0
2
12








1
4
2
1
2
4
7
4
6
1
7
3
4
6
2
0
2
15
13










3
1
2
1
2
5
6
0
0
3
3
1
0
1
0
1
14










1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
9
3
2
15
















2
2
1
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
16











1
1
0
1
4
5
6
2
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
17











1
0
0
0
2
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
18












1
1
5
11
0
5
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
19
















1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
20












2
0
4
0
1
1
1
0
4
1
1
1
0
1
TOTAL


























MEAN



























53

---

Continuation of appendix table 16

NUMBER OF DAYS
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1
8
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
3
1
1
4
3
2
6
0
2
2
2
2
1
0
1
3
3
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
1
0
3
0
7
0
0
0
3
4
4
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
0
1
1
2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
6
3
1
1
1
3
3
6
7
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 Dam





1
0
1
2
2
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
4
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
1
5
3
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
3
8
1
3
2
2
1
2
2
0
0
2
1
2
2
3
3
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
8
3
2
1
0
0
0
4
3
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam









1
1
2
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam









0
0
0
8
7
0
0
0
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
1 Dam












0
3
1
3
2
6
3
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
3
3
5
1
5
3
0
3
0
0
2
0
4
4
0
0
1
4
1
7
0
1
4
5
1
6
1
6
2
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
3
2
7
5
1
5
3
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
5
4
5
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
7
4
4
0
0
0
0
1
4
2
7
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dpm




0
1
4
2
2
3
1
2
1
3
4
2
0
0
0 10
5
2
5
1
7
4
2
2
6
0
0
3
6
0
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
6
5
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam







0
0
1
6
0
5
5
4
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
2
4
1
0
3
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
5
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Dam





























































54

---

Continuation of appendix table 16

NUMBER OF DAYS


TOTAL
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64 65
66
67
68
69
70
71 72
73


0
0
0
0
0
Dam












75

0
0
0
Dam














64

3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 Dam 112

0
Dpm
















70



















90

0
0
0
0
0
Dam












40
Legend:

0
0
0
Dam














82
Dam = dead at 6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam










89
o’clock am
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 Dam




80



















42
Dpm = dead at 6


















32
o’clock pm


















97
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dam






88
0
Dpm
















74
0
0
0
Dam














65


















74
0
0
0
0
0
Dam












94


















56
0
0
Dam















52


















31


















1,407


















70.35

55

---

Document Outline

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• LITERATURE CITED
• APPDICES
• Appendix Table 15
• Appendix Table 16

---