BIBLIOGRAPHY LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013. Life Cycle and Predation Rate of
Predatory Mite (
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Maria Ana C. Tanyag, MSc.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory Rearing House from October 2012
to February 2013 to know the duration and morphological characteristics of the different
growth stages of predatory mite, determine the effectiveness of predatory mite in reducing
the population of cyclamen mite of strawberry, generate information on the rate of
consumption of the different growth stages, fecundity and host preference of the predatory
stages of the predatory mite (
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on cyclamen mites of
strawberry.
The duration, development and morphological characteristics of the different
growth stages of predatory mite (
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) were: male egg: 2.60
± 0.21 days while the female: 2.76 ± 0.24 days, male larva: 0.75 ± 0.09 days while the
female larva: 0.75 ± 0.18 days, male protonymph: 1.83 ± 0.10 while female protonymph:
1.85 ± 0.13 days, male deutonymph: 1.82 ± 0.53 days while the female: 2.68 ± 0.55 days,
adult male: 17.60 ± 7.75 days while the female: 21.94 ± 8.29 days. The total life span of
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
male was 24.64 ± 8.25 days while the female was 30.35 ± 8.50 days.The egg was oval and
white. The larva was translucent in and had six-legs.
Protonymph was white and tear- drop shaped. The deutonymph was light orange
and have a shaped like a protonymph. The adult male was smaller compared to adult
female. It was reddish and also tear-dropped shaped like protonymph and deutonymph.
The predatory mite was effective in reducing the number of cyclamen mite of
strawberry up to 75 %.
The daily average consumption of the different growth stages of the predatory mite
were protonymph: 3.72 eggs, 2.28 larvae and 2.98 adults, deutonymph: 3.42 eggs, 2.5
larvae and 2.42 adults, adult: 6.8 eggs, 5.12 larvae and 5.08 adults per day of the cyclamen
mites.
A female predatory mite could lay as many as 12 to 50 eggs.
The predatory mite protonymph, deutonymph and adult preferred feeding on the
eggs of cyclamen mites.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Duration of the Different Growth Stages
Of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
The mean duration of the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans is shown in Table 1.
Egg. The egg was oval and white. The male developed from 2.40 to 2.92 days with
a mean of 2.60 ± 0.21 days while the female developed from 2.37 to 2.99 days with a mean
of 2.76 ± 0.24 days.
Larva. The larva was translucent and had six-legs after emerging from the egg. The
male larva developed from 0.60 to 0.85 days with a mean of 0.75 ± 0.09 days while the
female developed from 0.40 to 0.90 days with a mean of 0.75 ± 0.18 days.
Protonymph. The larva molted become fully developed protonymph. Protonymph
was white and tear- dropped shaped also. The duration of development of the female was
longer than that of male protonymph. It ranged from 1.61 to 2.13 days with a mean of 1.85
±0.13 days while the development of male ranged from 1.70 to 1.97 days with a mean of
1.83 ± 0.10.
Deutonymph. The deutonymph was light orange and tear-drop shaped like
deutonymph. The male developed from 1.14 to 2.46 days with a mean of 1.82 ± 0.53 days
while the female developed from 1.97 to 3.42 days with a mean of 2.68 ± 0.55 days.
Adult. The adult male was small compared to female, brownish and tear-drop
shaped also like protonymph and deutonymph. It ranged from 16.18 to 29.1 days with a
mean of 17.60 ± 7.75 days. The female adult has bigger body size, appears shiny and
reddish in color. It ranged from 2.19 to 31.9 days with a mean of 21.94 ± 8.29 days. The
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
pre-reproductive of the female ranged from 1.40 to 2.65 days with a mean of 2.07 ± 0.37
days. The reproductive period ranged from 15.61 to 29.13 days with a mean of 21.59 ±
3.50 days and the post reproductive period ranged from 0.44 to 9.17 days with a mean of
2.40 ± 2.57 days.
The total life cycle of male predatory mite ranged from 12.53 to 36.74 days with a
mean of 24.64 ± 8.25 days while the female ranged from 10.14 to 35.59 days with a mean
of 30.35 ± 8.50 days. From the results shown, it shows that the duration of development of
female was longer as compared to male.
Table 1. Mean duration (days) of the different growth stages of
Amblyseius longispinosus
Evans
GROWTH STAGES RANGE MEAN
Egg
Male
2.40 - 2.92
2.60 ± 0.21
Female
2.37 - 2.99
2.76 ± 0.24
Larva
Male
0.60 - 0.85
0.75 ± 0.09
Female
0.40- 0.90
0.75 ± 0.18
Protonymph
Male
1.70 - 1.97
1.83 ± 0.10
Female
1.61 - 2.13
1.85 ± 0.13
Deutonymph
Male
1.14 - 2.46
1.82 ± 0.53
Female
1.97 - 3.42
2.68 ± 0.55
Adult
Male
16.18 – 29.1
17.60 ± 7.75
Female
2.19 – 31.9
21.94 ± 8.29
Pre-reproductive period
1.40 – 2.65
2.07 ± 0.37
Reproductive period
15.61 – 29.13
21.59 ± 3.58
Post-reproductive
0.44 – 9.17
2.40 ± 2.57
Period
TOTAL LIFE SPAN
Male 12.53 – 36.74 24.64 ± 8.25
Female 10.14 – 35.59 30.35 ± 8.50
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Figure 5. Egg of predatory mite Figure 6. Larva
Figure 7. Protonymph Figure 8. Deutonymph
Figure 9. Adult
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Figure 10. Cyclamen mite egg Figure 11. Cyclamen mite larva
Figure 12. Quiescent stage Figure 13. Female adult
Figure 14. Male adult Figure 15. Male adult carrying immature
female
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
First Introduction of Cyclamen Mites
and Release of Two Predatory Mites
The different stages of cyclamen mites consumed on the first release of two
predatory mites is shown in Table 2.
Statistical analysis revealed that treatment 5 significantly reduced the number of
introduced cyclamen mite Adult predatory mites fed more on different stages of cyclamen
mites when there are more cyclamen mites introduced as compared to cyclamen mites with
lower number of introduced. In treatment 1, the predator consumed less.
The adult predator consumed an average of 3.05 eggs, 2.20 larva and 2.70 adult of
cyclamen mites in treatment 5. From treatment 1 to 4, the adult consumed lesser number
of the prey. As the number of the cyclamen mites increased, the predation also increases.
Second Introduction of Cyclamen Mites
and Release of Two Predatory Mites
Table 3 shows the different stages of cyclamen mites consumed on the second
release of two predatory mites.
Statistical analysis revealed that Treatment 5 shows a highly significant number of
consumption. Treatment 5 has the highest number of consumed cyclamen mites and
treatment 2 has the lowest number of consumed cyclamen mites. Findings observed that,
predatory mites consumed more prey if they were greater in number and consumed less if
the prey were few. The reason could be that if there are more number of prey, it would
consumed more.
As compared in Table 2, the first introduction and release of both cyclamen and
predatory mites had the highest number of consumption as compared to the second
introduction and released of cyclamen mites and predatory mites.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
The findings would suggest that before releasing predatory mites in the field, the
number of cyclamen mite pests would range from a mean average of 2.00 to 2.87 as shown
in Table 2.
Table 2. Different stages of cyclamen mites consumed on the first release of two predatory
mites
TREATMENT
GROWTH STAGES OF PREY
Egg
Larva
Adult
T0
0d
0c
0d
T1
2.14c
1.38b
1.56c
T2
2.20c
1.38b
1.74c
T3
1.91a
1.91a
2.38b
T4
2.00a
2.00a
2.42b
T5
2.20a
2.20a
2.70a
*Means with the same letter in column are not significantly different at 5 % level by
DMRT
Table 3. Different stages of cyclamen mites consumed on the second release of two
predatory mites
TREATMENT
GROWTH STAGES OF PREY
Egg
Larva
Adult
To
0e
0d
0c
T1
1.79d
1.34c
1.67b
T2
2.17c
1.40c
1.75b
T3
2.50b
1.85b
2.13a
T4
2.76ab
2.15ab
2.42a
T5
2.92a
2.26a
2.45a
*Means of the same letter in column are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Predation Rate of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
Using cyclamen mite as prey food, the consumption capacities of the different
stages of the predatory mite is shown in Table 4. It shows the number of consumed mites
per day by the different growth stages of predatory mite.
This study showed that cyclamen mites have the following developmental stages:
male egg developed from 1.98 to 2.78 days with a mean of 2.49 ± 0.33 days while female
egg developed from 2.41 to 2.83 days with a mean of 2.68 ± 0.18 days. The development
of male larva ranged from 0.75 to 1.98 days with a mean of 1.10 ± 0.50 days while the
female larva developed from 0.98 to 1.99 days with a mean of 1.51 ± 0.44 days. The
duration of the quiescent stage for male ranged from 0.36 to 1.13 days with a mean of 0.57
± 0.24 days while female ranged from 0.41 0.91 days with a mean of 0.72 ± 0.15 days. The
development of male adult ranged from 6.71 to 19.71 days with a mean of 14.79 ± 5.4 days
while the female adult ranged from 6.33 to 24.06 with a mean of 18.55 ± 5.63 days. The
total life span of female adult ranged from 11.82 to 29.68 days with a mean of 22.96 ± 5.32
days while the male adult has a total life span of 10.7 to 22.85 days with a mean of 19.04
± 5.15 days.
The protonymph consumed an average of 3.72 eggs, 2.28 larva and 2.98 adults per
day of the cyclamen mites. And the deutonymph consumed an average of 3.42 eggs, 2.5
larva and 2.42 adults per day of the cyclamen mites. On the other hand, the adult predator
consumed an average of 6.8 eggs, 5.12 larva and 5.08 adults per day of the cyclamen mites.
The adult is more active in searching its prey than the protonymph and deutonymph for the
reason that it has bigger body and fast moving as compared to protonymph and
deutonymph.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
The implication of this was that predatory mites was effective predator of cyclamen
mite pests because it consumed most on the egg stages that eventually turn into adult that
causes damaged to crops.
Fecundity
A female
A. longispinosus could lay as many as 12 to 50 eggs. Table 5 shows the
total number of eggs laid by the female
A. longispinosus.
Since adult predatory mites can lay as much as 12 to 50 eggs, one predator was
enough to reduce the population of cyclamen mite pests due to the reason that predatory
mites could lay much eggs.
Table 4. Mean total of consumed mites per day by the different growth stages of
Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans on cyclamen mites
GROWTH
GROWTH STAGES OF PREY
STAGES OF
PREDATOR
Egg
Larva
Adult
Mean Total
Protonymph 3.72
2.28
2.98
8.98
Deutonymph 3.42
2.05
2.42
8.34
Adult
6.08
5.12
5.08
17
Mean Total
13.94
9.9
10.48
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Table 5. Total Number of eggs laid by the female
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans
SAMPLE NO. TOTAL NO. OF EGGS LAID
1
21
2
39
3
18
4
16
5
50
6
19
7
50
8
39
9
12
10
40
Host Preference
Table 6 shows the host preference of the predatory stages of the
A. longispinosus
Evans on the different stages of cyclamen mites.
Results show that the most preferred prey of protonymph was egg with a mean of
1.64 and the least preferred was the larva with a mean of 0.64. The deutonymph prefers
also the egg stage with a mean of 1.36. The adult also prefers the egg stage of cyclamen
mites like protonymph and deutonymph stages.
As observed, all stages of predatory mites preferred the egg stage of the prey. The
adult predatory mites preferred the egg stage of the prey probably because it was immobile
and easy to grasp as compared to larva and adult which are mobile.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Table 6. Different stages of cyclamen mites being preferred by the
Amblyseius
longispinosus Evans
GROWTH GROWTH STAGES OF PREDATOR
STAGES OF _______________________________________________
PREY Protonymph Deutonymph Adult
Total Mean Total Mean Total Mean
Egg 18 1.64 15 1.36 16 1.45
Larva 7 0.64 9 0.81 10 0.90
Adult 12 1.09 12 1.09 13 1.18
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted at the Mites Predatory Rearing House from October 2012
to February 2013 to determine the duration and morphological characteristics of the
different growth stages of predatory mite on cyclamen mite, determine the effectiveness
predatory mite in reducing the population of cyclamen mite, generate information on the
rate of consumption, fecundity and preference of predatory mite on cyclamen mite of
strawberry.
The predatory mites undergo five developmental stages namely; egg, larva,
protonymph, deutonymph and adult stages. The egg was oval and whitish. The incubation
period of male egg was from 2.40 to 2.92 days with a mean of 2.60 ± 0.21 days while the
female developed from 2.37 to 2.99 days with a mean of 2.76 ± 0.24 days. The larva was
translucent and had six legs. The male larva developed from 0.60- 0.85 days with a mean
of 0.75 ± 0.09 days while the female developed from 0.40 to 0.90 days with a mean of 0.75
± 0.18 days. Protonymph was white and tear- drop shaped. The male protonymph ranged
from 1.70 to 1.97 days with a mean of 1.83 ± 0.10 while female ranged from 1.61 to 2.13
days with a mean of 1.85 ± 0.13 days. The deutonymph was light orange and tear-drop
shaped. The male deutonymph developed from 1.14 to 2.46 days with a mean of 1.82 ±
0.53 days while the female developed from 1.97 to 3.42 days with a mean of 2.68 ± 0.55
days. The adult was reddish and tear-drop shaped also like protonymph and deutonymph.
The adult male ranged from 16.18 to 29.1 days with a mean of 17.60 ± 7.75 days while the
female ranged from 2.19 to 31.9 days with a mean of 21.94 ± 8.29 days. The pre-
reproductive of the female ranged from 1.40 to 2.65 days with a mean of 2.07 ± 0.37 days.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
The reproductive period ranged from 15.61 to 29.13 days with a mean of 21.59 ± 3.50 days
and the post reproductive period ranged from 0.44 to 9.17 days with a mean of 2.40 ± 2.57
days. The total life span of
Amblyseius longispinosus Evans for the male ranged from 12.53
to 36.74 days with a mean of 24.64 ± 8.25 days while the female ranged from 10.14 to
35.59 days with a mean of 30.35 ± 8.50 days.
Statistical analysis revealed that treatment 5 significantly reduced the number of
introduced cyclamen mite Adult predatory mites fed more on different stages of cyclamen
mites when there are more cyclamen mites introduced as compared to cyclamen mites with
lower number of introduced. In treatment 1, the predator consumed less.
The protonymph consumed an average of 3.72 eggs, 2.28 larva and 2.98 adults per
day of the cyclamen mites. And the deutonymph consumed an average of 3.42 eggs, 2.5
larva and 2.42 adults per day of the cyclamen mites. On the other hand, the adult predator
consumed an average of 6.8 eggs, 5.12 larva and 5.08 adults per day of the cyclamen mites.
A female
A. longispinosus could lay as many as 12 to 50 eggs.
The most preferred stage of prey of protonymph was the egg with a mean of 1.64
and the least preferred was the larva with a mean of 0.64. The deutonymph prefers also the
egg with a mean of 1.36. The adult also prefers the egg of cyclamen mites like protonymph
and deutonymph. As observed, all stages of predatory mites preferred the egg stage of the
prey.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
Conclusion
It is therefore concluded that adult predatory mite is effective in reducing the
population of cyclamen mites of strawberry under greenhouse condition. The adult
predatory mite is an effective predator because it can consume at least 20 cyclamen mites
in three days.
Recommendations
It is recommended to conduct again this study to verify the effectiveness of
predatory mites in reducing the population of cyclamen mites of strawberry. It is also
recommended to preserve the predatory mites in the field by minimizing the use of
pesticides because it is an effective predator of cyclamen mites.
Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013
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Life Cycle and Predation Rate of Predatory Mite (Amblyseius longispinosus Evans) on
Cyclamen Mite of Strawberry | LEGASPI, JENNYLYN A. APRIL 2013