BIBLIOGRAPHY GAYASO, BEVERLYN B. APRIL 2010....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GAYASO, BEVERLYN B. APRIL 2010. Survey on the Pesticide Utilization of
Vegetable Farmers in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Cunegunda D. Abellera. MSc
ABSTRACT
This study on pesticide utilization of vegetable farmers in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun was
conducted to determine the different kinds of pesticides used by the respondents and the
frequency of application, the practices utilized by farmers in handling pesticides and the
problems encountered by the respondents in handling pesticides.
Personal interview with the use of a questionnaire were used to gather the needed
information from the 50 respondents. Respondents had an average farming experience of eight
years.
The data gathered indicate that the farmer-respondents used the blue and the green bands
pesticide and applied it twice a week with three days interval. They consider pest population
attacking their crops when they apply pesticides and decide on what pesticide to use.
With regards to the practices in handling pesticides, the respondents combine two or
more pesticides to derive benefits. They used protective equipment such a boots, mask and
gloves when handling pesticides. However, they do not practice field sanitation.
It was also found out that the problems encountered by the respondents in handling
pesticides were: the pesticides were used without considering the harmful effects to human and
environment and the inability to identify the insect pest.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………….…………………… i
Abstract……... ……………………………………………….….………...……… i
Table of contents ………………………………………………………………….. iii
INTRODUCTION
Rationale ………………………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the problem …………………………………………………. 2
Objectives of the study …………………………………...………...…….. 2
Importance of the study …………………………...……..……..………… 2
Scope and limitation ……………………………………….…...……….... 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………….………..…..…. 4
Background on pesticides ………………………………...………….…… 4
Farmers in handling pesticide …………………………….…………….… 4
Kinds of pesticides used and
5
frequency of application ………………………………………..…………
6
Problems
encountered
using pesticides ………………………………………….…….……...….. 8
Locale and time of the Study ……………………….....……….…….…… 8
Respondents of the study …………………………….......……….…….…
8
Data collection ………...……………...……………………………………
10
Data analysis …………...…………………………….…...…………….….
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……….………...…………….…………...….….
11
Area of the respondents planted
with vegetables …...……….…………………………….…..…….……….
11
Vegetable crops grown …………………………………….…..…………..
13
Common pest, insect pest, diseases
encountered ………………..………………………….…………....……...
13
Sources of information regarding
the use of pesticides ……………………………………………......………
16
Factors to consider in applying
pesticides ………………………….…………………...….……….….…… 16
Bands, classification and frequency
16
of pesticide application used …………………………….…………………
Protective measure used …………………………………….…….…….....
17
Farmers practice after handling
pesticide ……………………………………………………...……...……..
18
Awareness of the toxic effects
of pesticides ……………………………………………….……………….
19
Problems encountered in
handling pesticides …………………………………….…………………..
20
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………..…….
21
LITERATURE CITED ……………………………………………………………
23
APPENDIX ………………………………………………..………………….…...
24
A. Letter to the respondents …………………………………..…….……
24
B. Survey questionnaire ……………….……….…......…….……….......
25
1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Pesticides are most valuable tools to agriculturist and urbanite when used
properly. It plays a very important role in agricultural production for it is widely believe
that it helps increase crop production without considering its side effect. It is mostly
manufactured and only few are produced naturally by plants. It is commonly used
because of its simplicity, efficacy, wide used and faster economic return of investment.
However its widespread use has brought a number of pressing problems of insect
resistance to such chemicals (Cuilan, 1996). It has been estimated that only 0.1% of
applied pesticides reach the target pest leaving the bulk of pesticide (99.9%) to impact the
environment. However farmers still used pesticides as the ultimate solution in eradicating
problems such as diamond back moth (
Plutella xylostella) which is the most common
during summer and attack crops most often thus affecting its marketability due to its low
quality. Moreover consumers today are becoming conscious of their health. They become
aware of the food they eat they demand for products that are safe, high quality and free
from insect damage and disease blemishes.
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,
destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Some of these chemicals are applied to
control pest that reduces crop yields or to protect the nutritional value of our food. Others
are used for cosmetic purposes to enhance the appearance of fresh food (Sarojini, 1991).
Hence the introduction of Integrated Pest Management by Agricultural agencies is
a program where farmers are trained and educated to avoid the excessive use of pesticides
by eliminating pest and diseases. It seeks to integrate all available non- chemical method
2
such as physical methods, biotechnology methods, biological and cultivation methods. It
is an environmental concerned crop protection. It enhances income and limits health risk
to consumers and lessens to farmers who handle pesticides and help improve crop
protection (Fermin, 1999).
Statement of the Problem
This study was conducted to determine the pesticide application of the farmers in
Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet. Therefore, the researcher wanted to seek the answer
of the following questions.
1. What are the different kinds of pesticides used by the farmers and the
frequency of application?
2. What are the practices of the farmers in handling pesticides?
3. What are the problems encountered by the farmers in handling pesticides?
Objectives of the Study
This study attempted to do the following:
1. To determine the different kinds of pesticides used by the farmers and the
frequency of application;
2. To determine the practices of the farmers in handling pesticides; and
3. To determine the problems encountered by the farmers in handling pesticides.
Importance of the Study
This study was conducted in order to gain better knowledge in pesticide
application in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet. This study is very useful in developing
the farming practices of vegetable farmers because it will offer new insights in increasing
3
their production though less pesticide use. It will inform the farmers about the hazardous
effect of using pesticide excessively. It may not completely solve their problems but it
could provide them with some information’s on how to apply pesticide in a good way.
Scope and Limitations
The practices of the farmers in handling pesticide, the different kinds of pesticide
used and frequency of application, hazardous effects of pesticide and some of the
problems encountered in using pesticides.
The study was conducted in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet. Respondents
were the farmers who were planting vegetables and had farming experience of at least
five years.
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Background on Pesticides
Pesticides refer to any device, methods or chemical that kills plant or animals that
compete for humanity’s food supply. The use of chemicals dates ancient time, but man’s
great dependence on them for pest control dates essentially from World War II with the
first used of dichlorodiethyl trichloethane in 1942 and the two major classes of pesticides
are now in use: the chlorinated hydro carbons (dichlorodiethyl, trichloethane, endrines
and others) and organic phosphorus compound (nerve gasses). These and many chemical
now used as pesticides are synthetics new to man as to the earth’s slowly evolved
ecological system (Rudd, 1997)
Hama (1991) stated that since limited members of insecticide against diamond
back moth are available, studies on how to use control measures against pest are worth
while. Developing effective application program using various insecticides with different
mode of action should be monitored.
Farmers in Handling Pesticides
The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the Farmers Field School (FFS) bring
farmers together to carry out an intensive training on IPM methods and issues over the
life cycle of a crop. The FFS introduced by the Department of Agriculture (DA) in
designed to train farmers to become IPM experts in their own fields through self
discovery as based largely on farmer’s experiences. Farmers are taught to do agro-
ecosystem analysis where they become familiarized with the IPM principles and to gain
insights from the ecological interaction on their crops and environment (Equid, 1996).
5
Friedrich (1997) stated that the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
where synthetic pesticides are only used as a last resort in now a day considered a
common practice among professional agriculturist. The non-chemical alternative includes
cultural practices, the selection and development of pest resistant varieties, the creation of
an environment favorable to natural enemies of the pest, the used of biological product
and agents including beneficial insect.
The implementation of Integrated Pest Management therefore shows that
objectives of natural control of insects’ pest could be achieved gradually by means of a
staged release of diadegma against the major pest, Diamond Back Moth (
Plutella
xylostella L). This would create a relationship between biological and chemical controls
conserving natural enemies, damages caused by insect and pest could use less pesticide in
the system of Integrated Pest Management
IPM (Zhicheng, 1996)
Kinds of Pesticides Used and Frequency of Application
Pesticides differ according to their effects on various organisms. Selective
pesticides are toxic only to target pest. They cause little or no harm to other organism.
However, non-selective pesticides should be used only when no other method of control
is available. A better method, therefore of determining the period of applying, control
measures is little training and time than counting and identifying the insects correctly. It
could be also easily documented by pictures and can be provided to farmers for
comparison in the field (Ligat, 1990).
6
Problems Encountered Using Pesticides
The application of pesticides is a task to be always taken seriously and done
carefully. It is important to know the facts abut hazards and exposures. The major routes
of pesticides are dermal, whereby contact is through the skin. Oral where is contact
through the mouth and inhalation which is breathing. The Fertilizer and Pesticide
Authority (FDA) recommend some guidelines on the safe and effective use of pesticides.
They stated that farmers should buy from FPA registered dealers which is authorized by
the government to sell pesticide and agro chemicals. Be sure that the goods you buy are
not damaged. These are not only to waste money, but a health hazards as well. Have a
separate bag exclusively for pesticides. During storage, always keep pesticides safely
locked and make sure that pesticides are stored separately from food animal feed stuffs.
When using pesticides always read the label and make sure to understand and follow all
instruction without taking any shortcut. Check the sprayer for defects that whatever repair
necessary should be done before the chemicals are mixed. The operator must be
physically fit. One possible defect of a sprayer is a clogged nozzle. Never fixed the
clogged nozzle with bear hands or blow it with the mouth. You could very well ingest the
pesticides. Clean the nozzle with water or soft probing device. Clean the leaky
equipment, it can also cause unnecessary waste as well as hazards, do not use faulty and
leaky sprayers. Having checked and repair equipment for leaks and other defects, you can
prove to mixing (Hama, 1991).
Never eat during pesticide application and never ever smoke while applying
pesticides. At the end of each days work, be sure to thoroughly clean and check all
equipments and store them properly for easy access. After application of pesticides, burry
7
and empty cans, bottles and plastic containers with a depth of at least 8 inches away from
water way and water supplies. Burn empty cardboard containers in the open away from
residential areas. Never use empty pesticide containers for food storage. Be sure to wash
all pieces of clothing that were use during pesticide application and take a bath
immediately after work. Do not eat, drink and smoke after application unless you have
thoroughly washed your hands and face (Rudd, 1997).
As cited by Saysayan (1996), stated that as pesticide becomes more expensive,
there will be an increase in financial incentives since farmers used pesticides as
economically as possible. If the qualities of pesticide which needed to be applied to give
an accepted degree of pest and risk there might be persistence to toxic residue and of
unwanted effects.
8
METHODOLOGY
Locale and Time of the Study
This study was conducted in Barangay Dalipey Bakun. Dalipey is one of the
barangay of Bakun. Bakun is composed of seven barangays. It is located 86 kilometer. by
the Baguio City-Bontoc road from Baguio City proper and the travel time is 4 to 5 hours
by public utility jeep. It is one of the remote municipalities of Benguet, majority of the
residents derived their income from vegetable farming.
It is bounded on the west by Sugpon, on the south by Kibungan, on the north by
Cervantes, and the east by Mankayan and Buguias (Figure 1).
Bakun is land-locked with a total land area of 31,136.13 hectares of which 58%
is classified as timber land, 9% for agriculture, 7% for grazing, 12% still virgin lands,
13% government, church or school reservations and 1% residential lands. Such
classification by the government must have been due to Bakun’s physical profile being
mountainous and rocky.
The study was conducted in December 2009.
Respondents of the Study
The vegetable growers of the seven sitios of Barangay Dalipey, who had an
average farming experienced of eight years provided the information needed in the study.
About fifty (50) respondents were chosen and were considered in the study.
9
Location of
the Study
Figure 1. Map of Bakun showing the locale of the study
10
Data Collection
Fifty (50) respondents were personally interviewed by the researcher using the
survey questionnaire as a guide to gather the data and clarification as needed in the study.
The prepared questionnaire in English version was translated to the local dialect of the
farmers so that the farmer could easily understood the questionnaire and for better results
of the study.
Data Analysis
The data were consolidated, tabulated, and analyzed using frequency, average and
percentage.
11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Area of the Respondents Planted with Vegetables
Table 1 shows the area of the respondents planted with vegetable. Twenty percent
of the respondents (20%) had an area of 1.0 hectare (ha.) to 1.24 ha. which they planted
with vegetables; 18% had an area of 2 ha. to 3 ha.; 18% also had 0.75 ha. to 0.99 ha.;
16% had 0.5 ha. to 0.74 ha.; 12%, 0.25 ha. to 0.49 ha. and only 6% had an area of 1.25
ha. to 1.49 ha. This implies that the areas planted with vegetables were not too wide so
the respondents used human power technology and not mechanical power technology in
managing their farms.
Table 1. Area planted with vegetables by the respondents (ha)
AREAS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
0.25 to 0.49
6
12
0.5 to 0.74
8
16
0.75 to 0.99
9
18
1.0 to 1.24
10
20
1.25 to 1.49
3
6
1.5 to 1.99
5
10
2.0 to 3.0
9
18
TOTAL 50
100
12
Vegetable Crops Grown
Table 2 shows the vegetables grown by the farmer-respondents. Majority of the
respondents (32%) planted potato; 28%, cabbage; 16%, carrots; 12%, planted with beans;
10% planted with sweat peas and only 2%, lettuce. This tells us that the crops grown by
the farmers in the study area varied.
Common Pest, Insect pest, Diseases
Encountered by the farmers
Table 3 presents the pest, insect pest, and diseases encountered by the
respondents. Fifty percent (56%) of the respondents claimed that rats had high population
during wet season; 8%, birds; 6%, mole cricket; and 14% had not encountered pest in
their crops.
With regards to insect pest, 86% farmer respondents (80%) claimed that diamond
back moth attacked their crops; 78%, leaf miner; 36%, caterpillar; and 30%, aphids.
Based on the data, farmer-respondents (80%) claimed that blight is the most
common disease that attacked their crops; 40%, blackleg; 38%, club root; 20%, powdery
mildew; and 18%, soft rot.
As corroborated by Harvey (2003), it is clearly an important factor for farmers to
determine first the pest and disease of their crops to be able to come up with an effective
pest and disease control methods. He also added that common pest found in vegetable
gardens and the diseases are spread by insects. These insects live in unhealthy soils. They
grow in number that causes economic damage. Insect pest are also said to be the
organism that conflicts the interest of man, they destroy and depreciate the value of the
products.
13
Table 2. Vegetables grown by the farmers
CROPS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Potato
16
32
Cabbage
14
28
Carrots
8
16
Beans
6
12
Sweet peas
5
10
Lettuce
1
2
TOTAL 50
100
Table 3. Common pest, insect pest, diseases encountered
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Pest
Rats
28
56
Birds
4
8
Mole cricket
3
6
None
7
14
Insect pest
Diamond back moth
43
86
Leaf miner
39
78
Caterpillar
18
36
Aphids
15
30
Diseases
Blight
40
80
Blackleg
20
40
Club root
19
38
Powdery mildew
10
20
Soft rot
9
18
* Multiple responses
14
Sources of Information Regarding the Use of Pesticides
Table 4 presents the farmer-respondents sources of information regarding the used
of pesticides. Majority of them (60%) said that it comes from their co-farmers; 20% from
chemical company technician; 12%, from their own experimentation; and only 8%, from
mass media like television and radio. The data imply that the different sources of
information of the farmer-respondents cleared their doubts and provided solutions to their
common farm problems.
Factors to Consider in Applying Pesticides
Based on Table 5, 64% of the respondents considered the pest population when
pesticides are to be applied; 18%, chemical company dealer’s advice; 14% relied on
pesticides prices; and only 4% from government technician’s advice. The result shows
that the respondents had took consideration on the population of the pest affecting the
crop to increase yield to reduce losses.
Bands, Classification and Frequency
of Pesticide Application Used
Table 6 presents the kinds of pesticides used by the respondents, their
classification and the frequency of pesticides application. Farmer- respondents used the
blue band as claimed by majority of them (38%); 30%, used green bands; 20%, used red
band; and only 12% used the yellow bands. It can be noted that majority of the farmer-
respondents had shifted to the used of lesser quantities and toxic insecticide bands.
With regards to the pesticide classification farmer-respondents used, majority of
them (60%) used stomach pesticides; 50% systemic pesticides; and 40% used contact
pesticides. Stomach pesticides are pesticides that exert their toxic action only after they
15
have been in traduced into the alimentary canal through feeding or treated substrates.
Contact pesticides on the other hand, penetrate the pest exocuticle and could then be
transported to the site of action via the circulatory system and systemic pesticides when
applied the toxicant is translocated to the untreated parts in concentration that makes the
final translocation sites toxic to pest.
Based on the table, thirty seven of the respondents (74%) applied pesticide twice a
week; 16% applied pesticide thrice a week; and only 8% of the respondents applied
pesticides once a week and if insect pest were present. This shows that the interval
spraying were too short. This indicates that the farmers had not reduced in pesticide
usage, not reducing the risk of farmer exposure to pesticides. Nevertheless, they used the
bands with less toxication and quantities. Hence accordingly, the application of pesticides
is a task to be done seriously and be done carefully.
As corroborated by Cheng (1992), to maintain the economically successful multi-
million peso vegetable industry, farmers in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
use hazardous chemicals. They have relied almost exclusively on chemical pesticides in
their desire to meet the growing demands of the consumers for high quality vegetables, to
control pests that prey on their crops. They also increase their spray dosage and are
spraying at closer intervals, including mixing pesticides popularly called as “cocktails” to
maintain effectiveness.
16
Table 4. Sources of information regarding the use of pesticides
PARTICULARS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Co-farmers
30
60
Chemical company technician
10
20
Farmer-respondents
6
12
Mass media
4
8
TOTAL 50
100
Table 5. Factors considered in applying pesticides by the respondents
PARTICULARS
NO, OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Pest population
32
64
Chemical company dealer’s advice
9
18
Pesticides prices
7
14
Government technicians advice
2
4
TOTAL 50
100
Table 6. Bands of pesticides used, their classification and frequency of application
PARTICULARS NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Bands
Red
Yellow
10
20
Blue
6
12
Green
19
38
15
30
Classification
Stomach
30
60
Systemic
25
50
Contact
20
40
Frequency of pesticide
application
Once a week
4
8
Twice a week
37
74
Thrice a week
5
10
Application is done if insects
4
8
are present
*Multiple responses
17
Table 7 shows if farmers practiced cocktailing or not. Seventy six percent (76%)
of them claimed that they were mixing pesticides; 44% do not practice mixing pesticides;
and only 20% did both, meaning that the farmer-respondents used cocktailing pesticides
to derive benefits from them on several forms liked increased yield, improved quality of
produced to increase effectivity as claimed by majority of the respondents.
Protective Measure Used
Table 8 shows the type of protective measures used by the respondents when
handling pesticides. Most of them (96%) wore boots; 80%, used mask or handkerchief;
80%, gloves; 40%, used coats; and only 4%, used all the protective gears. It was noted
that the farmer-respondents were aware of the toxic effect caused by the application and
the safe used of pesticides, however, according to them some do not wear some of the
mentioned protective measures like coats and eyeglasses during the handling of
pesticides because they felt uncomfortable.
It was noted that all the respondents do not smoke while spraying; they took a
bath after spraying and before they continue to work again. This means that all the
respondents practice self sanitation and they were also aware of the hazardous effect of
pesticides to human body.
Table 7. Farmers practice
PARTICULARS NO.
OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Do practice mixing pesticide
38
76
Do not practice mixing pesticides
22
44
Both
10
20
*Multiple responses
18
Table 8. Type of protective measure used by the respondents in handling pesticides
TYPE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Boots
48
96
Mask
40
80
Gloves
40
80
Coat
20
40
Eyeglasses
20
40
Mask and gloves
10
20
Boots, gloves and mask
10
20
All of the above
2
4
*Multiple responses
Farmer’s Practice After Handling Pesticides
Disposal of empty pesticide containers. Majority of the respondents(50%) just left
the empty containers on their farms; 18%, buried them; 12% of them practiced recycling
and selling ; and 10% of them burned and threw the empty pesticide containers on
rivers. The data show that majority of them do not practice field sanitation although they
know the bad effects of empty pesticide containers when not disposed properly. One of
the reasons is that after spraying the farmers are already tired so they just left the empty
pesticides bottles on their farms.
As corroborated by Harvey (2003), empty pesticide bottles can harm the
environment if they are not disposed of properly. Gardeners and allotment holders need
to dispose of pesticides packaging carefully. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
advise farmers that pesticide-related waste should not be buried, burned or dumped
instead it must be recycled to avoid environmental contamination, pollution, human
diseases such as foot and mouth disease. Taking the right action in dealing with pesticide
containers can only improve the image of farmers and the pesticide industry.
19
Awareness of the Toxic Effects of Pesticides
On the awareness of the effects of pesticides, Table 10 shows that almost all the
respondents were aware of the toxic effects brought about by pesticides to public health,
water and air, and to animal.
Problems Encountered in Handling Pesticides
Table 11 presents the problems encountered by the respondents in handling
pesticides. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the respondents claimed that pesticides were
used without considering the harmful effects to human beings; 24% encountered that they
could not identify pest, 20% lack knowledge, and 18% were greatly influenced by
chemical dealers to used pesticides. The data show that the farmer-respondents just used
pesticide to eliminate pest and diseases to have a high yield and quality products even
when it has dangerous effects to their health.
Table 9. Disposal of empty pesticide containers by the respondents
METHOD
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Leave on the farm
25
50
Burying
9
18
Selling
6
12
Throw on the river
5
10
Burn
5
10
TOTAL 50
100
Table 10. Awareness of the effects of pesticides
PARTICULARS
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
Public health
50
100
Water and air pollution
49
98
Pollution to animal life
49
98
*Multiple responses
20
Table 11. Problems encountered in handling pesticides
PARTICULARS NO.OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Pesticides are used without considering the
34
68
harmful effects to human
Cannot identify the pest
12
24
Lack of knowledge
10
20
Chemical dealers greatly influenced farmers in
9
18
the use of their products
*Multiple responses
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The study was conducted to determine the different kinds of pesticide used and
the frequency of application, the practices of the farmers in handling pesticides, and the
problems encountered by the respondents in handling pesticides.
Fifty vegetable farmer- respondents who had an average farming experience of
eight (8) years were using the blue and the green bands pesticide and applied it twice a
week with three days interval.
Respondents practice cocktailing. They combine pesticides and fungicides to
derive benefits from them on several forms like increase yield, improved quality of
produced to increase effectivity.
Farmer-respondents were using protective equipment during pesticide application
such as boots, gloves and mask. After spraying, they took a bath and changed their
clothing. Almost all of them were aware of the toxic effects brought about by pesticides
to public health, water and air, and to animal. However they do not practice field
sanitation.
The common problems encountered by the respondents in handling pesticides as
claimed by majority of them were: the pesticides were used without considering the
harmful effects to human and environment, and the inability to identify pest attacking
their crops. Farmer-respondents believed that the only solution to pest and diseases and to
meet the growing demand of the consumers for a high quality vegetables was the use of
pesticides.
22
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following can be concluded:
1. The respondents used the blue and the green band pesticides and applied it
twice a week with three days interval.
2. Farmer-respondents practiced cocktailing to derive benefits from them.
Respondents used protective equipment such as boots, mask and gloves when handling
pesticides. After spraying, they took a bath and changed their clothing. They were aware
of the toxic effects of pesticides to human and environment. However, they do not
practice field sanitation.
3. The common problems encountered by most of the respondents in handling
pesticides were: the pesticides were used without considering the harmful effects to
human and environment though aware of the toxic effects and the inability to identify the
insect pests.
Recommendations
1. Chemical industries should introduced non-hazardous chemicals to farmers to
avoid possible risk to human health and environment
2. Concerned agencies and organizations should exert more effort in introducing
good agricultural practices to these farmers.
3. An intensive educational campaign on the proper use and handling of pesticide
must be conducted among the farmers in Barangay Dalipey and simple and easily
understood brochures and posters on the safe use and disposal of pesticide containers
must also be made available to the farmers.
23
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Baguio City, Philippines.
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Benguet.
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SAROJINI, T. L. 1991. The Pesticide Handbook Profiles of Action International
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in Integrated Pest Control System of Integrated Pest Management.
[Type a
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quote
Appendix A
Letter to Respondents
Republic of the Philippines
Benguet State University
College of Agriculture
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear Respondents,
Greetings!
I am Beverlyn B. Gayaso, a fourth year student of Benguet State University who
is conducting a study entitled “Survey on the Pesticide Utilization of Vegetable Farmers
in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet“. This is a major course requirement of Bachelor
of Science in Agriculture major in Extension Education.
This questionnaire given to you will be used to fulfill the academic requirement
needed in the research.
The success of this study relies on your honest answer to the questions. Answers
of yours will be kept confidentially.
Thank you very much and God Bless.
Respectfully yours,
BEVERLYN
B.
GAYASO
Researcher
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APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
Area planted to vegetables ______________________ha.
Vegetable crops grown
__________ Potato ___________ Lettuce
__________ Cabbage ___________Beans
__________ Wombok ___________ Sweet peas
___________Carrots ___________ Cauliflower
__________others (specify) _______________________________
I.
Pests/ Insects/ Diseases. Please Check those that attack your vegetable crops
A. 1. Pest ( Check those that attack your vegetable crops)
__________a. rats
__________b. birds
__________c. others (specify) ______________________________
B. Insect Pest
__________a. aphids
__________b. cater pillar
__________c. diamond back moth
__________d. leaf miner
__________e. others (specify) __________________________________
C. Diseases
__________a. blackleg
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__________b. club root
__________c. powdery mildew
__________d. others (specify) __________________________________
II.
Pesticide Practices
1. What are the color bands of the pesticides you are using? (Please check)
______a. Red ______c. Blue
______b. Yellow ______d. Green
2. What are there classifications?
______a. Systemic ______c. Contact
______b. Stomach ______d. others
3. Who are your sources regarding the use of pesticides? (Please check)
__________a. technicians (DA- LGU, chemical company)
__________b. local officials
__________c. mass media (TV, radio, newspaper, etc.)
__________d. friends (co- farmers)
__________e. others (specify) __________________
4. What factor do you consider in applying pesticides?
______a. Pest population
______b. Pesticides prices
______c. dealer’s advice
______d. Government technician’s advice
______e. Others (Please Specify) ________________
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5. How many times do you apply pesticides? (Please check)
______Once a week
______2-3 times a week until harvest time
______Others (specify) ________________________________
6. Do you practice mixing pesticides?
______Yes ______No
7. How do you dispose empty pesticide containers? (Please check)
______Throw on river ______Leave on the farm
______ Burn ______ Bury
______ Others (specify) _______
8. What factors do you consider when applying pesticide? (Please check)
______ Dealers advice ______Pest population
______ Technicians advice ______ Co- farmers’ advice
______ Others ______________________
9. What are the type of protection equipment do you use when spraying? (Please
check)
______Mask ______Goggles
______Rubber Boots ______ Gloves
______Coat
______others (specify) ________________
III.
Farmers Practices After Spraying
1. What do you do after spraying
______ Take a bath and change cloth ______ Change cloth only
______ Wash hand only ______ others (specify)
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2. Are you smoking while spraying
______ Yes ______ No
3. Do you continue to work on the field after spraying
______ Yes ______No
4. What other practices do you do after spraying?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________
IV.
Problems Encountered (please check)
1. Problems encountered in the use of pesticides. (Yes or No)
______a) pesticides are use without considering the harmful effects to
human and environment.
______b) cannot identify the pest
______c) Agricultural technician taught you to use chemicals in your cups
______d) others (specify) _______________________
2. Are you aware that the chemicals affects public health and the
environment such as soils, animals, water sources qualities of air, balance
of pest and natural enemies?
_______Yes
_______Nos
Document Outline
- Survey on the Pesticide Utilization ofVegetable Farmers in Barangay Dalipey, Bakun, Benguet
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- METHODOLOGY
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDIX