BIBLIOGRAPHY OLA-O, GEMARSON M. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012. Documentation on the Management
Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad Benguet. Benguet State University La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Cunegunda D. Abellera, MSc
ABSTRACT
The study was about the documentation on the management practices of swine
production specially the study aims to determine the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents; management practices of swine raisers; and management problems related to
swine raising.
The data were obtained from 40 respondents. It was conducted in December 2011
with the use of survey questionnaire and personal interview. The data gathered were
tabulated, categorized, analyzed and documented.
Findings shows that most of the respondents who were engaged in swine raising
are female. Majority of them were married; Land lady of boarding houses as their source
of income. Most of the respondents raised one kind of breed of swine like the large white
breed.
On the management practices, the respondents always kept their swine at a well
designed house and at the same time they cleaned the canals going to the drainage canals
and sometimes they used biocide in cleaning the floors and walls. Also, the respondents
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
provided adequate and well balanced diet for the swine. The respondents never restricted
the entry of their visitors in the swine pen. The respondents never treated their swine by
themselves thus consult other animal users for the sick swine. Also they never consulted
the veterinarian for the reason that they lack capital.
Most of the respondents fed their swine with commercial feeds and kitchen refuses.
Also, they fed with commercial feeds that were being mixed with “ubbak”(vegetable
wastes), rice bran ,sweet potato vein and leaves. Respondents practiced wet feeding. All of
the respondents kept their swine in shed and pen type and most of them constructed their
pens with GI roofing with solid concrete walling and roofing.
The problems encountered were mostly lack of capital, presence of diseases and
parasites, and lack of technical knowledge.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Socio-demographic Profile
of the Respondents
The Table 1 shows the age, sex, civil status, and means of livelihood.
Age. Less than one half of the respondents or (32.5%) fall within the age bracket of 40-50
years old and above.
Sex. Most of the respondents who were engaged in swine raising were female (70%); and
18% male. This confirms the finding of Maddul (1991) that look a foremost role in swine
raising while male did other jobs like working on a company or field rather than taking
care of animals.
Civil Status. As represented in Table 1. Seventy percent (70%) of the respondents were
married; 30% single. This indicates that majority of the respondents involved in backyard
swine raising are married and are satisfied with small scale farms. Accordingly, is
profitable if they were able to pay their debts and felt losing if they can no longer pay them
on time.
Other source of income. Majority of the respondent (35%) claimed that they were landlady;
22.5%, vegetable producers and baby sitter. This shows that all the respondents had other
source of income aside from swine production to increase their annual income for their
own family.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
CHARACTERISTICS
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENT
(%)
Age
18-28
6
15
29-39
8
20
40-50
13
32.5
51 AND ABOVE
13
32.5
TOTAL
40
100
Sex
Male
12
30
Female
28
70
TOTAL
40
100
Civil Status
Single
12
30
Married
28
70
TOTAL
40
100
Other means of income
Store Keeper
7
17.5
Vegetable producer
9
22.5
Government employee
1
2.5
Land lady
14
35
Baby sitter
9
22.5
TOTAL
40
100
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Years in Swine Raising
Table 2 shows the number of years in swine raising .Majority (55%) of the respondents
had been engaged in backyard swine raising for almost 10 years. About 30% raised swine
for 11 to 20 years and other respondents have been raising for more than 21 years (15%).
This hopes that the respondents will bring appropriate technology to the interested farmers
and would be backyard swine producers in order that they may realize profitable production
and improve their quality of life based on their experience.
Breeds being Raised by the Respondents
Table 3 shows the breeds of swine raised by the respondents. Majority (70%) of the
respondents raised the breed Large White because according to them that this breed
produced fine quality meat and compare favorably with other breeds in growth and
economy of swine. Only 10% raised the breed Landrace, have weak on the feet and legs
and have problems adapting conditions.
It was noted that the respondents only produced 1 to 3 numbers of heads per swine house.
Table 2. Number of years the respondents in swine raising.
NO. OF YEARS ENGAGE IN
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
SWINE RAISING
RESPONDENTS
(%)
1 to 10 years
22
55
11 to 20 years
12
30
21 to 30 years
6
15
TOTAL
40
100
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Table 3. The breed of swine raised by the respondents
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
BREEDS
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Large White
28
70
Native
12
30
Duroc
8
20
Land race
4
10
*multiple responses
Breeds of Swine Raised by the Respondents
Figure 2. Large White. Most common kind Figure 3. Native. Used for butchering
of breed raised by the respondents. and cultural sacrifices because A breed
of white, prick-eared pig,
of its color.
with a long
face and straight nose.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Feeds and feeding practices
Table 4 shows the feeds and feeding management of swine.
Kinds of feeds used by the respondents. The farmers commonly used commercial feeds
(80%) the swine are about one week; 70%, after 2 months the swine were given and when
the kitchen refuses is mixed with the rice bran; 37.5% vegetable wastes are provided they
are properly cooked. Accordingly all the backyard producers are using wet feeding.
Table 4. Feeds and feeding practices
FEEDS AND FEEDING
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
commercial feeds
23
57.5
rice bran and sweet potato vine and leaves
13
32.5
Vegetable wastes
15
37.5
kitchen refuses
28
70.0
*multiple responses
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Feeds and Feeding
Figure 4. Commercial Feeds. Mixed with
Figure 5. Cooked Sweet Potato vine
kitchen refuses or they just give
and leaves.
it to the swine mixed with water
Figure 6. Vegetable Wastes. They cook
Figure 7. Kitchen Refuses. Cook it
together with the sweet potato
with sweet potato and mixed
and mix with commercial feeds. and mix with commercial
feeds.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Care and Sanitation. Majority of the respondents claimed that they always (72.5%) cleaned
the canals going to the drainage canals; 57.5% always disinfect the house, runways, pens
and equipment stocks; 45%, never used biocide in cleaning the floors and walls.
Whereas, the health maintenance of the respondents’ swine. Majority of the
respondents (72.5%) always provided their swine with adequate well balanced diet; 40%,
they always give the complete vaccination to their swine and they maintain environmental
hygiene, as shown in table 5.
On the disease management. Table 5 shows that majority of the respondents never
(70%) treated their swine by themselves; 67%, never slaughtered swine for good; 60%,
always consulted other swine raisers.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Table 5. Care and Sanitation of the swine houses
*multiple respondents
Cleaning
Never
Sometimes
Always
No. of
Percentage
No. of
Percentage
No. of
Percentage
Respondents
(%)
Respondents
(%)
Respondents
(%)
Disinfection of building, runways, pens
and equipment stocks
0
0
17
42.5
23
57.5
Use of biocide in cleaning the floors and
walls
18
45
19
47.5
8
20
Cleaning of canals going to the drainage
canals
0
0
11
27.5
29
72.5
Immunization of prevalent diseases
19
47.5
15
37.5
6
15
well designed buildings for swine
0
0
10
25
30
75
Health Maintenance
Maintenance of environmental hygiene
0
0
24
60
16
40
Quarantine or swine recently brought
from other resources
0
0
27
67.5
13
32.5
Vaccination of swine with available
vaccines
4
10
20
50
16
40
Restriction entry of visitors
25
62.5
11
27.5
4
10
Provide the swine with adequate and
well balance diet
0
0
11
27.5
29
72.5
Disease Management
Consult a veterinarian
22
55
13
32.5
5
12.5
Consult other swine users
0
0
16
40
24
60
Treat swine by myself
28
70
12
30
0
0
Slaughter it for good
26
65
13
32.5
1
2.5
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M.
APRIL 2012
Care and Sanitation of Swine Houses
Figure 8. Drainage Canals
Figure 9. Well Designed Housing for
Swine.
Figure 10. Restriction of entry of visitors Figure 11. Use of biocide in cleaning the
floors and walls
Housing of Swine
It was noted that for a small backyard operations, cheap and locally available materials
were used such as GI roofing with solid concrete walling and flooring (75%); and only
10%, GI roofing wooden walling as shown in Table 6.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Facilities and Equipment
As shown in Table 7 all of the respondents claimed that they had facilities and equipment
available in their swine house like the drinking troughs and feeders. The feeders and water
troughs were made up of concrete; and only 25%, had electric brooders for survival of
newborn swine.
Table 6. Housing management
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
GI roofing with solid concrete
30
75
GI roofing with elevated floor
6
15
GI roofing and wooden walling
4
10
TOTAL
40
100
*multiple respondent
Figure 12. GI roofing with solid concrete walling and
flooring
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Table 7. Facilities and Materials
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS
NO. OF
AVAILABLE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE (%)
Drinking trough
40
100
Feeding trough
40
100
Electric brooder
10
25
*multiple responses
Facilities and equipment available.
Figure 13. Feeding trough
Figure 14. Electric Brooder
Figure 15. Drinking trough
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Marketing Practices
Age to Market Swine. Table 8 shows that the respondents sold their swine with the age of
4 t0 5 months (40%); 6 to 7 months (37.5%); 6 to 7 (20%); 10 months and above (2.5%)
depending on the buyer.
Weight of ready to market swine. Table 9 shows that most of the respondents sold their
pigs with a weight of 71 to 80 kilograms (55%); 81-90kgs (25%); 61-70kgs (10%); 91-
and above (7.5%); and 50-60 kilograms (2.5%) depending on the age and how the swine
were fed. The price of swine depends on the weight of the swine that is ready to be sold.
Way of Selling Swine. Table 10 shows that most of the producers sold their swine by live
weight basis (70%) when an individual or the buyer brought the whole pig. While the
dressed weight basis (50%) when the producer sold them by their own or called “ulaga”
which means to butcher and sell to neighbors.
Table 8.Age to market swine
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
AGE TO MARKET SWINE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
4 to 5
16
40
6 to 7
15
37.5
8 to 9
8
20
>10
1
2.5
TOTAL
40
100
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Table 9.Weight of ready to market swine
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
WEIGHT TO MAKET SWINE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
50-60 kgs
1
2.5
61-70 kgs
4
10
71- 80 kgs
22
55
81- 90 kgs
10
25
91 and above
3
7.5
TOTAL
40
100
Way of Selling Swine. Table 10 shows that most of the producers sold their swine by live
weight basis (70%) when an individual or the buyer brought the whole pig. While the
dressed weight basis (50%) when the producer sold them by their own or called “ulaga”
which means to butcher and sell to neighbors.
Table 10. System to market swine
SYSTEM TO MARKET
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
SWINE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Live weight
28
70
Dressed weight
20
50
*multiple responses
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
Management Problems Encountered
In Raising Swine By Respondents
Table 11 shows the management problem encountered by the respondents
in raising their swine. The problems encountered most are lack of capital (85%), presence
of diseases and parasites (45%); lack of technical knowledge (25%). These results show
that lack of capital was the foremost problem of the respondents, which conforms with
the findings of Wagang (1984).
Table 11. Management problems encountered in raising swine by respondents
MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
NO. OF
PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
(%)
Capital
34
85
Lack of knowledge
10
25
Presence of diseases
18
45
*multiple responses
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study determines the socio-demographic profile of the respondents;
management practices of swine raisers; and management problems related to swine raising.
The data were gathered by means of a survey questionnaire couples by personal
interview of the respondents.
Based on gathered data it is revealed that most of the swine raisers were females
whose ages were 40. Majority of them were married; Land lady of boarding houses. Most
of the respondents raised one kind of breed of swine like the large white breed.
On the management practices, the respondents always kept their swine at a well-designed
house and at the same time they cleaned the canals going to the drainage canals and
sometimes they used biocide in cleaning the floors and walls. Also, the respondents
provided adequate and well balanced diet for the swine. The respondents never restricted
the entry of their visitors in the swine pen. The respondents never treated their swine by
themselves thus consult other animal users for the sick swine. Also they never consulted
the veterinarian for the reason that they lack capital.
Most of the respondents fed their swine with commercial feeds and kitchen refuses. Also,
they fed with commercial feeds that were being mixed with “ubbak”(vegetable wastes),
rice bran ,sweet potato vein and leaves. Respondents practiced wet feeding. All of the
respondents kept their swine in shed and pen type and most of them constructed their pens
with GI roofing with solid concrete walling and roofing.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
The problems encountered were mostly lack of capital, presence of diseases and parasites,
and lack of technical knowledge.
On market system, most of the respondents sold their swine on live weight basis and
dressed weight basis at ages 4 to 5 months.
Conclusions
Based from the finding and observations the following conclusions were drawn.
1. Respondents were females; married; had other sources of income; and at their
mid age.
2. Swine producers build their pig pens just beside their houses, designed their
swine house with light materials, cleaned the canals, provided with well
balanced diet, never treated their swine by themselves but they consulted other
animal producers.
3. The respondents had problems encountered such as the following: lack of
capital, presence of diseases and parasites, and lack of technical knowledge.
Recommendations
Based from the conclusions the following were recommended:
1. The backyard swine producers must maintain the cleanliness of their
surroundings by avoiding scattering their wastes to control parasites and
diseases.
2. The respondents must at least build their pig pens far away from houses.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
3. Swine producers must attend any seminars on swine management practices to
strengthen the technical knowledge of swine users.
4. Respondents should involve themselves on cooperative in order to be able and
avail loans and in buying other animal needs.
Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012
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Documentation on the Management Practices of Swine Production in Balili, La Trinidad
Benguet | OLA-O, GEMARSON M. APRIL 2012