BIBLIOGRAPHY JOHN G. LIWEN JR. APRIL...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOHN G. LIWEN JR. APRIL 2013. Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum
(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as Affected by Different Rates of
Osmocote 14-13-13 Application. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet from December 2011 to March 2012, to determine
the effects of different rates of osmocote 14-13-13 in chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series.
Rooted shoot tip cuttings of spray chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series were grown
under plastic- roofed greenhouse and applied with different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 at
20, 40, 60 g/ sq. m. singly or in combination with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended
rate).
Earliest to form flower buds and to attain 50% anthesis were the plants with no
fertilizer application. Plants applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. + the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha and those applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at
40 g/sq. m. in combination with the recommended rate of fertilizer had significantly
delayed flowering due to longer vegetative growth.
Significantly taller plants were produced with the application of Osmocote 14-13-
13 at 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote alone or in combination with the recommended rate of 80-80-
80 kgs NPK/ha.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Likewise, higher number of bigger sized flowers per stem was obtained in plants
applied with 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 + the recommended rate at full bloom stage.
Cutflowers harvested had significantly longer stems which were classified as A long in
plants applied with 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20, 40 and 60 g/sq. m. plus the
recommended rate.
The highest ROI of 62.59% was computed from plants applied with Osmocote 14-
13-13 at 60g/sq. m. plus the recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha, having the highest
gross income of Php 25, 680.00 and a net return of Php 9, 885.7 in a 100 sq. m. area.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height at Flowering
Significant differences were obtained on the final height at flowering as affected by
the application of different rates of osmocote 14-13-13 as shown in Table 1. Tallest plants
were produced from the plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13
at 60 g/sq. m. which had a mean of 70 cm. height at flowering. Comparable with the
application of 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 and 20g/sq. m. and with
the application of osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m. only which has means that ranges from
68.67 to 69 cm. height at flowering. The shortest plants were obtained from the plants with
no fertilizer application which have a mean of 53.67.
Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
53.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
55.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
59.67bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
68.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
63.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
68.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
69.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
70.00a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT).
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of leaves per plant at Flowering
Table 2 shows that there were significant differences on the number of leaves per
plant at flowering as affected by the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13.
Plants applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq.m produced the most number of leaves
which had a mean of 33.67compared to other applications that includes the control that had
produced the lowest number of leaves per plant with a mean of only 24.33 numbers of
leaves per plant at flowering.
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
24.33c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
30.33b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
32.33ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
33.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
30.67ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
30.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
31.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
32.67ab
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Stem Diameter at flowering (cm)
Table 3 shows that there were no significant effects of the application of different
rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the stem diameter at flowering. However, plants applied
with 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha + osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq. m. produced the thickest stem
diameter at flowering with a means of of 1.22 cm followed by means ranges from 1.13 cm,
1,10 cm, 1.07 cm respectively. The thinnest stem diameter at flowering was obtained from
the plants with no fertilizer application with a mean of 0.95 cm.
Table 3. Stem diameter at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
0.95
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
1.05
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
1.07
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
1.10
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
1.13
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
0.98
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
1.10
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
1.22
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation (0.5 cm bud size)
Table 4 shows that there were significant effects of the application of different rates
of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation
at 0.5 cm bud size. Application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq.
m. delayed the formation of the flower buds which had a mean of 41.33 days compared to
other treatments. This was followed by the application of 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha which was
the recommended rate with a mean of 41 days. Plants that had earlier flower bud formation
were obtained from the plants with no fertilizer application which had a mean of 36.67
days from transplanting.
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(days)
No fertilizer application
36.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
37.00bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
40.67abc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
39.33abc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
41.00ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
41.33a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
37.33abc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
40.00abc
Mean followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT).
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Days From Flower Bud Formation to Harvesting Stage (50% anthesis)
Table 5 shows that there were no significant effects on the different rates of
Osmocote 14-13-13 application with regards to the number of days from flower bud
formation to harvesting stage at 50% anthesis.However, application of 80-80-80
kgs.NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20g/sq.m.had the more number of days from flower
bud formation to harvesting stage. The plants with no fertilizer application had the earliest
flower development from flower buds formation to harvesting stage at 50% anthesis.
Table 5. Number of Days from flower bud formation to harvesting stage (50% anthesis)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(days)
No fertilizer application
22.67
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
25.67
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
25.00
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
28.00
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
29.33
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
31.67
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
30.67
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
22.67
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest (cm)
Table 6 shows the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 had
significantly affected the stem length of cutflowers at harvest of chrysanthemum cv.
Reagan series. The longest stem length of cutflowers were obtained from plants applied
with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocoted 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m. which had a mean of 66.67
cm. comparable to the plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at
40 g/sq. m. with a mean of 66 cm. , 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20g /
sq. m. having a mean of 65.67 cm. Shortest stem length ofcutflowers were obtained from
the plants with no fertilizer application at harvest with a mean of 50.67.
Table 6. Stem length of cutflowerat harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
50.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
52.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
56.67bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
65.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
60.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
66.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
66.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
66.67a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Flowers per Stem
Table 7 shows that there were significant differences obtained on the application of
thedifferent rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 with regards to the number of flowers per stem.
Application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. enhanced the
development of more flowers per stem with a mean of 15.33 comparable to the plants per
stem with a mean of 15.22 Plants produced the lowest numbers of flowers per stem was
obtained from plants applied with the recommended rate (80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha) which
had a mean of only 9.67.
Table 7. Number of flowers per stem
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
11.11bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
12.33abc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
14.67ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
11.33bc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
9.67c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
15.22a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
10.00c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
15.33a
Means followed by a different letters are significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Cutflowers per 1x10 m plot (doz)
With regards to the number of cutflowers per 1x10 m plot, there were significant
effects on the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-1. The highest number of
cutflowers per 1x10m plot was produced in plants treated with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha +
Osmocote14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. with a mean of 32.75 dozens as shown in table 8. This
was followed by the application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/
sq. m. with mean of 30.82 dozens which was comparable with the plants applied with
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. which had a mean of 30.75 dozens. The least number
of cutflower harvested per 1x10 m plot were obtained from the plants with no fertilizer
applicationwith a mean of 26.85 dozens only.
Table 8. Number of cutflowers per 1x10 m plot (doz)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(doz)
No fertilizer application
26.85c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
29.34bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
29.55bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
30.75ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
29.56bc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
27.40c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
30.82ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
32.75a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Flower Diameter at Full Bloom Stage
Table 9 shows that significantly bigger blooms were measured from plants applied
with 60g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 only with a mean of 8.27 cm. at full bloom stage.
Likewise, plants applied with the recommended rate only at 80-80-80 NPK/ha had also big
blooms which measured 8.23 cm. across. The smallest blooms were obtained from the
plants with no fertilizer application with a mean of 7.30 cm.
Table 9.Flower diameter at full bloom stage (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
7.30b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
7.53ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
7.43b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
8.27a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
8.23a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
8.00ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
7.97ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
8.30a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Vaselife
Application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 had also affected the vaselife
of chrysanthemumcutflowers cv. Reagan series as shown in table 10. Cutflowers harvested
from plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. had
the longest vaselife which had a mean of 17.0 days compared to other treatments including
the untreated plants with just a mean of 14 days.
Table 10.Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
14.00b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
14.33b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
15.00b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
15.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
14.67b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
14.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
14.67b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
17.00a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Occurence of Insect Pest and Diseases
The cutflowers were sprayed with fungicide on the first sign of white rust and were
also sprayed with insectide on the first emergence of aphids. This was done once a week
to prevent any damages on the cutflower and to ensure good quality.
Soil Analysis
Table 12 shows the results of initial soil analysis prior to application of the different
fertilizer treatments. Results show that the soil pH is 6.51 which is within the pH
requirement for chrysanthemum which is 6.0 to 6.5; organic matter (OM) content of 3.0%
; Initial phosphorus (P) is at 108.0; and Potassium (K) at 342.0.
Meteorological Data
Table 13 shows that the highest volume of rainfall was recorded in the month of
February 2012 with 3.40 mm and the highest relative humidity of 90.00%. The driest month
was in December 2011 with only 0.72 mm rainfall; while the lowest relative humidity of
83.63% was obtained in January, 2012. Maximum average temperature of 13.100C was
recorded in the month of January, 2012.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 12.Soil Analysis
pH OM (%) Phosphorus P (ppm) Potassium K (ppm)
Initial soil analysis
6.51 3.0 108.0 3
42.0
Table 13.Meteorological data for the cropping period.
Month
Rainfall
RH(%)
Temperature (0C)
Sunshine
max min Duration (hrs)
Dec. 2011
0.72
86.90
24.48
14.48
3.80
Jan. 2012
1.40
83.63
24.15
13.10
4.95
Feb. 2012
3.40
90.00
24.10
14.60
5.07
March 2012
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 13 and Table 14 shows the economics of using Osmocote 14-13-13 applied
singly in different rates of 20, 40 and 60 g/sq. m. or in combination with 80-80-80 kgs
NPK/ha (recommended rate)
Results show that the highest gross income of Php 25,680.00 in a 100 sq. m.
greenhouse area was realized with the application of 60g/ sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 + 80-
80-80 NPK/ha (Recommended rate) with a net income of PhP 9,885.7 ROI (Return on
Investment) of 62.59% and rank 1. This was followed by the application of 80-80-80
NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq. m. with a net income of 24,040.00 a net income
of Php 8,825.7; ROI of 58.00% and ranked 2.
A negative net income was obtained from the plants with no fertilizer application
due to lower cutflower quality of harvest and consequently with lower market price.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 13. Cost and Return analysis for a 100 sq. m area of chrysanthemum cutflower
production under greenhouse condition.
Treatment
Gross
Cost of
Net
Return on
Rank
Income
Production
Income
Investment
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
ROI%
No fertilizer
12,750.00
13,900
-1,150
-8.27
8
application
Osmocote
17,010.00
14,480
2,530
17.47
6
14-13-13 at
20 g/sq. m.
Osmocote
17,070.00
15,060
2,010
13.34
7
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote at
24,040.00
15,640
8,400
53.70
3
60 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
22,840.00
14,054
6,565.7
46.71
4
NPK/ha (RR)
(RR)
80-80-80
21,200.00
14,634.3
6,565.7
44.86
5
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
24,040.00
15,214.3
8,825.7
58.00
2
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
25,680.00
15,794.3
9,885.7
62.59
1
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 14. Cost of Production for one cropping 100 sq. m. area.
Treatment
Planting Labor Wire Sprays Lighting Fertilizer Total
Materials (Php) mesh (Php) (Php) Trt
No fertilizer 2300 7200 600 1200
2600
13,900
application
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 580
14,480
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,160
15,060
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,740
15,640
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 154.0
14,054
NPK/ha (RR)
(RR)
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 734.30 14,634.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,314.30 15,214.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,894.30 15,794.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the
vegetative growth, reproductive growth, cutflower quality and cutflower yield; and
compare the effect of various fertilizer treatment with that of the recommended rate and to
determine the economics of 14-13-13 in chrysanthemum cutflower production under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition
Rooted choot tip cuttings of spray chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series were grown
under plastic roofed greenhouse and applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20, 40, and 60
g/sq. m. applied singly or in combination with 80-80-80 NPK/ha (recommended rate).
Result shows that significantly taller plants with higher number of leaves and
thicker stems were measured and counted from plants applied with20, 40, 60 g/sq. m.
Osmocte + the recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha; and those applied with 60 g/
sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 only.
Earlier flowering and flower development were however, recorded in the control
(untreated) while significantly delayed flowering ad flower development were observe in
palnts applied with the highest rates of osmocote 14-13-13 , 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha
(recommended rate) and in higher rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 applied in combination
with the recommended rate of fertilizer application due to longer vegetative growth.
Shorter plants with lesser leaf counts, thinner stems were recorded in the control
(untreated). Significantly higher number of bigger flowers per stem were counted and
measured from plants applied with 60g/ sq. m. Osmocte 14-13-13 + 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
and in plants applied with osmocote only at 60g/ sq. m. smallest blooms were measured
from the control.
The highest gross income of Php 25,680.00 in a 100 sq. m. were obtained from
Osmocote 14-13-13at 60g/sq. m. + 80-80-80 kgs/ NPK/ha (recommended rate)with a net
income of Php 9,885.7 and an ROI of 62.59% and ranked 1. Followed by 80-80-80 kgs
NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40g/sq. m. ranked 2; Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m.
ranked 3; and 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha ranked 4.
Conclusion
Application of higher rates of Osmocte 14-13-13 in combination with the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha promoted the production of taller plants with
higher leaf count, thicker stems, higher number of flower per stem which were significantly
bigger, higher volume of a long cutflowers and a higher Return on Investment (ROI)
62.59%.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, application of Osmocte 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. is
recommended to be used in chrysanthemum cutflower production in addition to the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha to improved cutflower quality and to obtained
high ROI 62.59%.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. K., H. V. VALMAYOR, P. C. TABORA, JR., R. C. ESPINO and J. S.
SANGALANG. 1983. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. University of the
Philippines at Los Baños College, Los Baños, Laguna. Pp. 231.
BUYAS, N. A. 1994, Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and
flowering of English daisy (Bellis perensis). Unpublished BS Thesis. Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. P. 26.
DAY-A, S. M. 1990. Growth, Flowering and Yield of chrysanthemum as affected by
slow release Fertilizer. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P.9.
EMMUND, J. ., F.S. ANDREWS and T.L. SENN. 1967. Fundamentals of Horticulture.
New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 197.
FOX, O. 1985. Growing Lilies. Great Britain. Croom Helm. Pub. P. 33.
FRENCH, L. B. and R. L. ALSBURG. 1989. Comparison of controlled fertilizer for the
production of rhododendron ‘Anna Rare Whitney’ Hot. Sci. 15: 91-93.
GARDNER, V. R. 1949. Basic Horticulture. New York: The McMillan Book Co. P. 146.
JOINER, J. 1982. Foliage Plant Production: New Jersey: Prentice Hall. P. 164.
LAMONT, G. P., G. C. CRESSWELL and G. J. GRIFFITH. 1996. Nutritional Study of
Christmas bell. Hort. Sci. 25: 104- 105.
MANGOBA, P.D. 1995. Varietal Evaluation of Chrysanthemum under Benguet
condition. BS Thesis. Benguet State University La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-66
MCDANIEL, G.L. 1982. Ornamental Horticulture. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall. Inc. USA. Pp.
73-75.
MENDIOLA, N. B. 1976. Principles of Crop Production in Southeast Asia. Institute of
Agriculture, Araneta University: United Circulation, Inc. P. 71.
PEER, J. 1996. How to Grow with Scotts Product. Scotts Co. Makati, Metro Manila. P. 6.
SCOTTS, C. 1996. Growing medium and fertilization regime influence growth and
essential oil content of Rosemary. Hort. Sci. 26:91.
WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Gardening. New York: Orange Jude Pub., Co. Pp. 158,
511.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
JOHN G. LIWEN JR. APRIL 2013. Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum
(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as Affected by Different Rates of
Osmocote 14-13-13 Application. Benguet State University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Araceli G. Ladilad, PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad Benguet from December 2011 to March 2012, to determine
the effects of different rates of osmocote 14-13-13 in chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series.
Rooted shoot tip cuttings of spray chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series were grown
under plastic- roofed greenhouse and applied with different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 at
20, 40, 60 g/ sq. m. singly or in combination with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended
rate).
Earliest to form flower buds and to attain 50% anthesis were the plants with no
fertilizer application. Plants applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. + the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha and those applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at
40 g/sq. m. in combination with the recommended rate of fertilizer had significantly
delayed flowering due to longer vegetative growth.
Significantly taller plants were produced with the application of Osmocote 14-13-
13 at 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote alone or in combination with the recommended rate of 80-80-
80 kgs NPK/ha.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Likewise, higher number of bigger sized flowers per stem was obtained in plants
applied with 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 + the recommended rate at full bloom stage.
Cutflowers harvested had significantly longer stems which were classified as A long in
plants applied with 60 g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20, 40 and 60 g/sq. m. plus the
recommended rate.
The highest ROI of 62.59% was computed from plants applied with Osmocote 14-
13-13 at 60g/sq. m. plus the recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha, having the highest
gross income of Php 25, 680.00 and a net return of Php 9, 885.7 in a 100 sq. m. area.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Final Height at Flowering
Significant differences were obtained on the final height at flowering as affected by
the application of different rates of osmocote 14-13-13 as shown in Table 1. Tallest plants
were produced from the plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13
at 60 g/sq. m. which had a mean of 70 cm. height at flowering. Comparable with the
application of 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 and 20g/sq. m. and with
the application of osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m. only which has means that ranges from
68.67 to 69 cm. height at flowering. The shortest plants were obtained from the plants with
no fertilizer application which have a mean of 53.67.
Table 1. Final height at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
53.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
55.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
59.67bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
68.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
63.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
68.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
69.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
70.00a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT).
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of leaves per plant at Flowering
Table 2 shows that there were significant differences on the number of leaves per
plant at flowering as affected by the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13.
Plants applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq.m produced the most number of leaves
which had a mean of 33.67compared to other applications that includes the control that had
produced the lowest number of leaves per plant with a mean of only 24.33 numbers of
leaves per plant at flowering.
Table 2. Number of leaves per plant at flowering
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
24.33c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
30.33b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
32.33ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
33.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
30.67ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
30.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
31.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
32.67ab
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Stem Diameter at flowering (cm)
Table 3 shows that there were no significant effects of the application of different
rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the stem diameter at flowering. However, plants applied
with 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha + osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq. m. produced the thickest stem
diameter at flowering with a means of of 1.22 cm followed by means ranges from 1.13 cm,
1,10 cm, 1.07 cm respectively. The thinnest stem diameter at flowering was obtained from
the plants with no fertilizer application with a mean of 0.95 cm.
Table 3. Stem diameter at flowering (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
0.95
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
1.05
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
1.07
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
1.10
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
1.13
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
0.98
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
1.10
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
1.22
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Days From Transplanting to Flower Bud Formation (0.5 cm bud size)
Table 4 shows that there were significant effects of the application of different rates
of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation
at 0.5 cm bud size. Application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq.
m. delayed the formation of the flower buds which had a mean of 41.33 days compared to
other treatments. This was followed by the application of 80-80-80 kgs. NPK/ha which was
the recommended rate with a mean of 41 days. Plants that had earlier flower bud formation
were obtained from the plants with no fertilizer application which had a mean of 36.67
days from transplanting.
Table 4. Number of days from transplanting to flower bud formation (0.5 cm bud size)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(days)
No fertilizer application
36.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
37.00bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
40.67abc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
39.33abc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
41.00ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
41.33a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
37.33abc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
40.00abc
Mean followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT).
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Days From Flower Bud Formation to Harvesting Stage (50% anthesis)
Table 5 shows that there were no significant effects on the different rates of
Osmocote 14-13-13 application with regards to the number of days from flower bud
formation to harvesting stage at 50% anthesis.However, application of 80-80-80
kgs.NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20g/sq.m.had the more number of days from flower
bud formation to harvesting stage. The plants with no fertilizer application had the earliest
flower development from flower buds formation to harvesting stage at 50% anthesis.
Table 5. Number of Days from flower bud formation to harvesting stage (50% anthesis)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(days)
No fertilizer application
22.67
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
25.67
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
25.00
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
28.00
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
29.33
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
31.67
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
30.67
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
22.67
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Stem Length of Cutflower at Harvest (cm)
Table 6 shows the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 had
significantly affected the stem length of cutflowers at harvest of chrysanthemum cv.
Reagan series. The longest stem length of cutflowers were obtained from plants applied
with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocoted 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m. which had a mean of 66.67
cm. comparable to the plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at
40 g/sq. m. with a mean of 66 cm. , 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20g /
sq. m. having a mean of 65.67 cm. Shortest stem length ofcutflowers were obtained from
the plants with no fertilizer application at harvest with a mean of 50.67.
Table 6. Stem length of cutflowerat harvest (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
50.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
52.67c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
56.67bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
65.67a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
60.33ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
66.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
66.00a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
66.67a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Flowers per Stem
Table 7 shows that there were significant differences obtained on the application of
thedifferent rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 with regards to the number of flowers per stem.
Application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. enhanced the
development of more flowers per stem with a mean of 15.33 comparable to the plants per
stem with a mean of 15.22 Plants produced the lowest numbers of flowers per stem was
obtained from plants applied with the recommended rate (80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha) which
had a mean of only 9.67.
Table 7. Number of flowers per stem
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
11.11bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
12.33abc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
14.67ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
11.33bc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
9.67c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
15.22a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
10.00c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
15.33a
Means followed by a different letters are significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Number of Cutflowers per 1x10 m plot (doz)
With regards to the number of cutflowers per 1x10 m plot, there were significant
effects on the application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-1. The highest number of
cutflowers per 1x10m plot was produced in plants treated with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha +
Osmocote14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. with a mean of 32.75 dozens as shown in table 8. This
was followed by the application of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/
sq. m. with mean of 30.82 dozens which was comparable with the plants applied with
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. which had a mean of 30.75 dozens. The least number
of cutflower harvested per 1x10 m plot were obtained from the plants with no fertilizer
applicationwith a mean of 26.85 dozens only.
Table 8. Number of cutflowers per 1x10 m plot (doz)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(doz)
No fertilizer application
26.85c
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
29.34bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
29.55bc
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
30.75ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
29.56bc
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
27.40c
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
30.82ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
32.75a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Flower Diameter at Full Bloom Stage
Table 9 shows that significantly bigger blooms were measured from plants applied
with 60g/sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 only with a mean of 8.27 cm. at full bloom stage.
Likewise, plants applied with the recommended rate only at 80-80-80 NPK/ha had also big
blooms which measured 8.23 cm. across. The smallest blooms were obtained from the
plants with no fertilizer application with a mean of 7.30 cm.
Table 9.Flower diameter at full bloom stage (cm)
TREATMENT
MEAN
(cm)
No fertilizer application
7.30b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
7.53ab
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
7.43b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
8.27a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
8.23a
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
8.00ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
7.97ab
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
8.30a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Vaselife
Application of different rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 had also affected the vaselife
of chrysanthemumcutflowers cv. Reagan series as shown in table 10. Cutflowers harvested
from plants applied with 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. had
the longest vaselife which had a mean of 17.0 days compared to other treatments including
the untreated plants with just a mean of 14 days.
Table 10.Vaselife (days)
TREATMENT
MEAN
No fertilizer application
14.00b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
14.33b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
15.00b
Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
15.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha (recommended rate)
14.67b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20 g/sq m
14.33b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq m
14.67b
80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60 g/sq m
17.00a
Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level (DMRT)
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Occurence of Insect Pest and Diseases
The cutflowers were sprayed with fungicide on the first sign of white rust and were
also sprayed with insectide on the first emergence of aphids. This was done once a week
to prevent any damages on the cutflower and to ensure good quality.
Soil Analysis
Table 12 shows the results of initial soil analysis prior to application of the different
fertilizer treatments. Results show that the soil pH is 6.51 which is within the pH
requirement for chrysanthemum which is 6.0 to 6.5; organic matter (OM) content of 3.0%
; Initial phosphorus (P) is at 108.0; and Potassium (K) at 342.0.
Meteorological Data
Table 13 shows that the highest volume of rainfall was recorded in the month of
February 2012 with 3.40 mm and the highest relative humidity of 90.00%. The driest month
was in December 2011 with only 0.72 mm rainfall; while the lowest relative humidity of
83.63% was obtained in January, 2012. Maximum average temperature of 13.100C was
recorded in the month of January, 2012.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 12.Soil Analysis
pH OM (%) Phosphorus P (ppm) Potassium K (ppm)
Initial soil analysis
6.51 3.0 108.0 3
42.0
Table 13.Meteorological data for the cropping period.
Month
Rainfall
RH(%)
Temperature (0C)
Sunshine
max min Duration (hrs)
Dec. 2011
0.72
86.90
24.48
14.48
3.80
Jan. 2012
1.40
83.63
24.15
13.10
4.95
Feb. 2012
3.40
90.00
24.10
14.60
5.07
March 2012
Cost and Return Analysis
Table 13 and Table 14 shows the economics of using Osmocote 14-13-13 applied
singly in different rates of 20, 40 and 60 g/sq. m. or in combination with 80-80-80 kgs
NPK/ha (recommended rate)
Results show that the highest gross income of Php 25,680.00 in a 100 sq. m.
greenhouse area was realized with the application of 60g/ sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 + 80-
80-80 NPK/ha (Recommended rate) with a net income of PhP 9,885.7 ROI (Return on
Investment) of 62.59% and rank 1. This was followed by the application of 80-80-80
NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40 g/sq. m. with a net income of 24,040.00 a net income
of Php 8,825.7; ROI of 58.00% and ranked 2.
A negative net income was obtained from the plants with no fertilizer application
due to lower cutflower quality of harvest and consequently with lower market price.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 13. Cost and Return analysis for a 100 sq. m area of chrysanthemum cutflower
production under greenhouse condition.
Treatment
Gross
Cost of
Net
Return on
Rank
Income
Production
Income
Investment
(Php)
(Php)
(Php)
ROI%
No fertilizer
12,750.00
13,900
-1,150
-8.27
8
application
Osmocote
17,010.00
14,480
2,530
17.47
6
14-13-13 at
20 g/sq. m.
Osmocote
17,070.00
15,060
2,010
13.34
7
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote at
24,040.00
15,640
8,400
53.70
3
60 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
22,840.00
14,054
6,565.7
46.71
4
NPK/ha (RR)
(RR)
80-80-80
21,200.00
14,634.3
6,565.7
44.86
5
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
24,040.00
15,214.3
8,825.7
58.00
2
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
25,680.00
15,794.3
9,885.7
62.59
1
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
Table 14. Cost of Production for one cropping 100 sq. m. area.
Treatment
Planting Labor Wire Sprays Lighting Fertilizer Total
Materials (Php) mesh (Php) (Php) Trt
No fertilizer 2300 7200 600 1200
2600
13,900
application
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 580
14,480
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,160
15,060
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
Osmocote
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,740
15,640
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 154.0
14,054
NPK/ha (RR)
(RR)
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 734.30 14,634.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
20 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,314.30 15,214.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
40 g/ sq. m.
80-80-80
2300 7200 600 1200
2600 1,894.30 15,794.3
NPK/ha +
Osmocote
14-13-13 at
60 g/ sq. m.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Osmocote 14-13-13 on the
vegetative growth, reproductive growth, cutflower quality and cutflower yield; and
compare the effect of various fertilizer treatment with that of the recommended rate and to
determine the economics of 14-13-13 in chrysanthemum cutflower production under La
Trinidad, Benguet condition
Rooted choot tip cuttings of spray chrysanthemum Cv. Reagan Series were grown
under plastic roofed greenhouse and applied with Osmocote 14-13-13 at 20, 40, and 60
g/sq. m. applied singly or in combination with 80-80-80 NPK/ha (recommended rate).
Result shows that significantly taller plants with higher number of leaves and
thicker stems were measured and counted from plants applied with20, 40, 60 g/sq. m.
Osmocte + the recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha; and those applied with 60 g/
sq. m. Osmocote 14-13-13 only.
Earlier flowering and flower development were however, recorded in the control
(untreated) while significantly delayed flowering ad flower development were observe in
palnts applied with the highest rates of osmocote 14-13-13 , 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha
(recommended rate) and in higher rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 applied in combination
with the recommended rate of fertilizer application due to longer vegetative growth.
Shorter plants with lesser leaf counts, thinner stems were recorded in the control
(untreated). Significantly higher number of bigger flowers per stem were counted and
measured from plants applied with 60g/ sq. m. Osmocte 14-13-13 + 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
and in plants applied with osmocote only at 60g/ sq. m. smallest blooms were measured
from the control.
The highest gross income of Php 25,680.00 in a 100 sq. m. were obtained from
Osmocote 14-13-13at 60g/sq. m. + 80-80-80 kgs/ NPK/ha (recommended rate)with a net
income of Php 9,885.7 and an ROI of 62.59% and ranked 1. Followed by 80-80-80 kgs
NPK/ha + Osmocote 14-13-13 at 40g/sq. m. ranked 2; Osmocote 14-13-13 at 60g/sq. m.
ranked 3; and 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha ranked 4.
Conclusion
Application of higher rates of Osmocte 14-13-13 in combination with the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha promoted the production of taller plants with
higher leaf count, thicker stems, higher number of flower per stem which were significantly
bigger, higher volume of a long cutflowers and a higher Return on Investment (ROI)
62.59%.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, application of Osmocte 14-13-13 at 60 g/ sq. m. is
recommended to be used in chrysanthemum cutflower production in addition to the
recommended rate of 80-80-80 kgs NPK/ha to improved cutflower quality and to obtained
high ROI 62.59%.
Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013
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Growth and Flowering of Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflora) Cv. Reagan Series as
Affected by Different Rates of Osmocote 14-13-13 Application | JOHN G. LIWEN JR.APRIL 2013