BIBLIOGRAPHY WALANG, NOEL S. APRIL 2008....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WALANG, NOEL S. APRIL 2008. Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine
‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates of Liquid Compost Fertilizer. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet.
Adviser: Franklin G. Bawang, MsC
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in green house condition at Balite, Long-long, La
Trinidad Benguet from November 2007 to January 2008 to evaluate the growth and yield
performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with different rates of liquid compost
fertilizer, determine the best rates of liquid compost fertilizer for Romaine and determine
the level of profitability using the different rates of liquid compost fertilizer for romaine
production that will give the highest profit.
Result of the study showed that all rates; 1 liter, 2 liter, 3 liter, 4 liter diluted in a
200 liters of water and drench applied seven days interval to romaine did not significantly
differ from the rest of the treatments, control and farmers practice. Nevertheless the
romaine applied with chicken dung as basal fertilizer and side dressing of complete
fertilizer during hilling-up produced the highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 65.65%
or Php 66 for every peso spent in the production., followed by 4 liter with 25.59% or 26
cents ROI. In descending order, the two highest return on investment were followed by
those applied with 3 liter, 2 liter, 1 liter, control and the pure liquid compost fertilizer
applied with their respective ROI 16.40%, 16.40%, 16.05, 13.81%, 2.09% and -28.72%.
Pure application has negative ROI due to the use of 192 liters of the liquid compost
fertilizer.
The different rates of liquid compost fertilizer applied on romaine showed no
burning effect. Although it was observed that when pure liquid compost fertilizer was
accumulated in the leaves it can produced burning effect.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Bibliography……………………………….….…….……………………………...
i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………
i
Table of Content…………………………………………………………………...
iii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop………………………………………………………
4
Importance of the Crop …………………………………………………….
4
Soil and Climatic Adaptation………………………………………………
5
Effects of Organic Fertilizer………………………………………………..
5
Fresh Chicken Manure……………………………………………………..
6
Sunflower…………………………………………………………………….
7
Crude Sugar (Molasses)………….………………………………………….
7
Liquid Composting or Compost tea………………………………………….
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials……………………………………………………………………...
9
Methods………………………………………………………………………
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days Trans Planting to Harvest……………………………………
13
Plant Height at Harvest…………………………………………………………
13
Weight of Non- marketable Yield………………………………………………
14
iii
Weight of Marketable yield……………………………………………………..
15
Total Yield………………………………………………………………………
15
Weight of Individual Plant……………………………………………………...
16
Computed Yield Per Hectare……………………………………………………
16
Cost and Return analysis………………………………………………………..
19
Phytotoxicity……………………………………………………………………..
19
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary…………………………………………………………………………
21
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….
22
Recommendation………………………………………………………………...
22
LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………...
23
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………
24
iv
1
INTRODUCTION
Benguet is the number one vegetable producing in the northern Philippines, for
which it is the reason the province gained the title “The Capital Salad Bowl of the
Philippines” and the economy of the province continues to be predominantly agricultural.
At least fifty four percent of its labor population is dependent on agriculture and
agricultural activities as a source of income and livelihood and some two-thirds of the
provincial population live in rural areas that are directly and indirectly dependent on
agro-farming.
Most of the inhabitants of the place are engaged in vegetable farming as a source
of income for their daily consumption. It is considered that Benguet has a valley of a
league and a half or more in circumference; it is surrounded with springs and forms a
basin. The province is also known to be the major supplier of highland vegetables in
Luzon. Some major vegetables that are currently being produced and cultivated, with
immense fields are cabbage, chinese cabbage, garden pea, snap beans, white potato,
carrots, lettuce and celery. The largest share of vegetable area is attributed mainly to the
favorable environment conditions, in terms of soil types, climate and topography, and the
industry of the people.
With the boom of the vegetable industry, a land use change in the province is very
rapid with the expansion of cultivated areas and abandonment of depleted grounds due to
uncontrollable soil erosion. The people used to open up and cultivate forest lands without
any soil conservation measures thus rendering the land unproductive after several
cropping. The soil depleted of its rich and natural humus or organic content is treated
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
2
with fertilizers using gypsum binders. These fertilizers are not completely used up
causing a cumulating effect.
As stated earlier lettuce is one of the vegetables being produced and one kind of
lettuce which the farmers like’s to plant is the Romaine variety, which is considered a
high value crop. The characteristic of this kind of lettuce has long, upright, crisp leaves
with a distinctive midrib almost to the tip. The tip of the leaf is blunt. Leaves are
somewhat folded (cupped) and grouped into loose heads. The interior leaves are more
delicate and blanched than those toward the outside. Tender crisp leaves are used fresh in
tossed salads and many other salad dishes because it contains few calories and provides
Iron Vitamin C and vitamin A.. Lettuce is one of the important vegetable crops in
Benguet, because it requires a short span of days and gives the former high net income.
Like all lettuce types, it is a cool season vegetable grown in cooler areas and precisely
Benguet is one.
Throughout the past decades, fertilizers have been used extensively on vegetable
crops. The leading fertilizer material was the inorganic or chemical one. Organic ones are
seldom used. This situation resulted to acidic condition of our soil, decline of soil fertility
and proliferation of soil borne diseases, thus decreasing the total yield of crops and severe
cases, bankrupts the farmers.
The older method of increasing the organic content of the soil is the use of such
fertilizers as manure and compost. The manuring of soil with animal wastes has been
practiced for many thousands of years and serves as a source of various complex organic
compounds that are important in the growth of plants.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
3
In reality the starter solution practice is not a new thing. Market gardeners
of a generation or two ago frequently used liquid manure, made by mixing chicken
manure or cow manure with water and then diluting it to the proper strength, in setting
out such crops as lettuce, cabbage and tomatoes (Encarta Encyclopedia © 1993-2003
Microsoft Corporation).
This study was conducted to valuate the effect of liquid compost fertilizer on the
growth and yield performance of romaine; determine the best rates of liquid compost
fertilizer for romaine and to determine the level of profitability using the different rates of
liquid compost fertilizer.
This study was conducted from November 2007 to January 2008 at Balite, long-
long, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
4
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of the Crop
Tied Jens (1964), stated that lettuce, a smooth annual plant of the Family
Composite is extremely for its crisp tender leaves use as salads. Lettuce grown on well
lime soil or sandy texture that permits adequate access to oxygen.
The leaves of iceberg lettuce, the crisp, juicy head lettuce that accounts for the
bulk of commercially grown lettuce in the United States, curl around its core. Romaine
lettuce contains more nutrients than iceberg, but is grown less often commercially
because its long, tender leaves damage easily. Leaf lettuce, easiest to grow in the garden,
does not form a head, but has free, loose leaves. Some varieties are red. These varieties
differ in taste as well as in shape and texture (Encarta Encyclopedia © 1993-2003
Microsoft Corporation.)
Importance of the Crop
According to Ensminger et al. (1986), romaine lettuce is guaranteed to be packed
with nutrients. The vitamins and minerals found in romaine lettuce are especially good
for the alleviation or preservation of many healthy complaints due its extremely low
calories content and high water volume. Romaine lettuce while over cooked in the
nutrition world is actually a very nutritious food. Based on its nutrient density, the food
ranking system qualified it as an excellent source of vitamin A, C, folute manganese and
a good source of dietary fiber. The fiber adds another plus its colism of heart healthy
effects.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
5
In the colon, fibers bind to bile salts and remove them from the body. This force
the body to make more bile which is helpful because it must breakdown cholesterol. Folic
acid (vitamin B) is needed by the body to convert a damaging chemical called
homocysteine into another, beneath substance. In addition, romaine lettuce is very good
source of potassium, which is useful in lowering high blood pressure.
Soil and Climatic Adaptation
Temperature requirement, Groman (1997) wrote that most kinds of commercial
lettuce grow well in 21 and 24 degree Celsius. In contrast, Wallace (1975) mentioned that
the optimum high for lettuce is 10 to 15 Celsius which a day temperature of 15 to 20
Celsius. Seeds germinate in 6 to 10 days, can be directly planted.
According to McCollum (1942), lettuce can be grown in a wise variety of soil,
including muck and sandy or silty loam prefers a moist but well-drained soil type, rich in
organic matter, sandy loam or loam with pH ranging from 6.55 to 7.5.
Effects of Organic Fertilizer
In 1982, Cooke reported that organic fertilizer increased organic content. As a
result, soil alkalinity is increased. In addition, simple supply of organic matter helps to
keep the soil loose and prevents packing, facilitates digging, cultivation and enables roots
of crop to penetrate the soil, readily increases water holding capacity, provides essential
nutrients needed for plant growth.
For centuries, the use of farm manure has been synonymous with a successful and
stable agriculture. It supplies organic matter and plant nutrients to the soil and generally;
farm manure are conserving and protecting (Brady, 1974)
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
6
Capuno (1984) as cited by Villamor (2002) stated that using organic material like
chicken manure alone or in concentration with inorganic fertilizer promoted a more
vigorous growth and enhanced production of more leaves and taller solanaceous crop
than those treated with inorganic fertilizer.
Application of compost improves the physiological, chemical and biological
condition of the soil besides providing plant nutrients. The humus serves as the colloidal
material with negative electric charge and coagulated with cation and form particles to
form granules. Soil with more granules is less sticky, high buffering capacity, and has
better permeability and greater holding capacity. It is capable of regulating plant growth
and disease occurrence (Sangatnan and Sangatnan, 2000).
Fresh Chicken Manure
According to Hermano (2003) non processed chicken are such that they are a)
odorous b) salty (EC of 14) hot due to heat emitted during decomposition process into the
soil d) introduced pest and the food nutrient are not yet immediately available for plants.
The nutrient contents as per report are: N= 1.3-3.6 %, 1.4-7.2 % P and 1.4-1.5 % K. A
more detailed composition of 7-9% moisture dried chicken manure according to its
chemical contents are: crude protein 24-31 %, true protein 10-23%, non-protein 2.0%,
calcium (Ca) 7.8-8.2, phosphorus (P) 2-2.7%, potassium (K) 1.9-2.4 %, amono acids
0.64-0.9 %. The amino acid contents were lysine, Hystidine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid,
Theonine, Serine, Glutamic Acid, Glysine, Alanine, valine and Methionine. The 1.8 % to
2% ammonia made the manure odorous while the high protein contents manure.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
7
As stated by Gil Garandang (2006) any kind of animal manure can likewise be
used. It is however ideal to use chicken manure because of its more potent ingredients as
far as macro nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium, not to mention
its good source of micro nutrients.
Sunflower
According to Pandosen (1986), wild sunflower has been known to be a good
source of organic nitrogen. Fresh sunflower contains 3.76% nitrogen and wild sunflower
based compost contains 3.22% nitrogen.
Another research conducted by Palaleo (1978), found that sunflower compost
have the following compositions; 0.38% nitrogen, 96.6ppm phosphorus, 6567.5ppm
potassium, 7.69% organic matter content, 3206 calcium content, 70.16 CEC mic. per 100
gram compost and have pH of 6.8.
According to Adchak (1993), application of 60 kg N/ha in combination with 15
tons chopped fresh wild sunflower improved the growth and yield of cabbage plants.
Likewise, it improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
Crude Sugar (Mollasses)
In the United States, where compost tea is getting popular in organic agriculture,
compost is made into tea, sugar or molasses are added, fermented to increase microbial
population. If you ferment the same materials by adding sugar or molasses, it is easily
broken down (biologically) by microorganisms and thus making nutrient more available.
Microorganisms get their energy from sugar in fermenting the materials (Carandang,
2006).
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
8
Liquid Composting or Compost Tea
In reality the starter solution practice is not a new thing. Market gardeners of a
generation or two ago frequently used liquid manure, made by mixing chicken manure or
cow manure with water and then diluting it to the proper strength, in setting out such
crops as lettuce, cabbage and tomatoes (Encarta Encyclopedia © 1993-2003 Microsoft
Corporation).
Citation by Duffy, Sarreal, Ravva and Stanker (2004), Compost water extracts
(compost teas) are gaining popularity among organic growers, largely because of their
disease suppressive activity when applied to foliage or soil. Production methods often
include addition of supplemental constituents, particularly molasses, to stimulate plant-
beneficial microbial populations.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
9
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used are romaine seedling, liquid compost fertilizer, pesticide,
garden tools and equipment, identifying tags and pegs, measuring instrument and record
notes.
Methods
The experiment was laid out fallowing the Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) and the treatments will be replicated three times. The treatments was as
follows.
Code
Rates of liquid Compost fertilizer in 200 liters of water
T1
1 liter
T2
2 liter
T3
3 liter
T4
4 liter
T5
Pure liquid compost fertilizer
T6
Farmer’s Practice
T7
No application of liquid compost fertilizer ( control)
Seedling production. Seeds of the romaine “xanadu” was sown on seedling boxes
then pricked it after 6 to 7 days in 128 holes tray. Proper care was done in order to
produce healthy seedlings. The seedling was transplanted 20 t0 25 days after pricking.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
10
Liquid composting. 20 kgs of fresh chicken manure, 30 kgs chop sunflowers
young stems and shoot and 5 kgs of crude sugar (sinacub, molasses or peinang) was
prepared and fermented 15 to 20 days in a 200 liter drum. Water was added for the stock
solution.
Land preparation. The area was prepared using 21 plots measuring 1m x 5m. The
plot was divided into 3 replicate and each replication had 7 plots to represent the 7
treatments. Each plot was applied with one can of processed chicken manure and mixed
thoroughly with the soil, except for the farmers practice. The spacing of planting had a
distance of 20cm x 25cm before transplanting the seedlings.
Transplanting. 20 to 25 days after pricking, the seedling was transplanted to their
assigned plot in 4 rows with a rectangular arrangement at 20 to 25 cm during land
preparation. These means that there were 20 seedlings per row or 80 seedlings per plot.
Application of liquid compost fertilizer. Their were four drums (200li) in the
experimental area and each liquid compost rates was assigned to a drum. The different
rates of liquid compost was placed in each drum and filled with water. The mixture in the
drum which is the different rates of liquid compost was used to irrigate the plants and the
fertilizer according to the treatments. The application of liquid compost fertilizer was the
drench method, every 7 days for 45 days. The liquids compost fertilizer was introduced 5
days after transplanting the seedlings. The recommended rate of 120-100-100kg N-P2-O5-
K2O per hectare was applied 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting fallowed by hilling-up.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
11
Hilling-up. This was immediately done after applying the side dressed fertilizer.
This was done to cover and to prevent rapid loss of the nitrogen element through
volatilization. Also it was effective in controlling the weeds.
Care and maintenance. Irrigation was done every three days from transplanting to
a day before harvest. Pest control was done manually but in the case of fungus, fungicide
was applied.
Harvesting. Harvesting the plants was done 49 days after transplanting or when
the leaves of plants was erect and are copping.
Data to be gathered. The data gathered was computed, tabulated and subjected to
separation test using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was the following.
1. Number of days from transplanting to harvest. This was the number of days
from transplanting the seedlings to the day the plant were harvested.
2. Plant height at harvest (cm). 10 sample plants were randomly selected by
measuring the leaves from the base of the plant to tip of the leaves at harvest time.
3. Weight of non- marketable yield (kg/plot). This was done by measuring the
weight of non-marketable plant with defects such as malformed plants, diseased rotten
and plant unfit for the market.
4. Weight of marketable yield (kg/plot). This was the weight of all plants that
was sold in the market without defects.
5. Total yield (kg/plot). This was the total weight of marketable and non-
marketable plants that was recorded.
6. Weight of individual plant (g). This was taken using the formula:
Plant weight (g) = Total plant weight/plot
Number of harvested plants/plot
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
12
7. Computed yield per hectare (tons). The yield per plot was converted to tons
per hectare by multiplying the yield per plot by 2000 then divided by 1000. Two
thousand is the number of plot per hectare based on the plot size 1m X 5m used in the
study while 1000 is the weight of one ton.
8. Cost and return analysis. All expenses incurred in the study was recorded and
the return on investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI (%) = Gross sales – total expenses X 100
Total expenses
9. Phytotoxicity. The plants in each plot was observed if there will be burning
effect, discoloration and other abnormalities as an effect of the liquid compost fertilizer
applied.
10. Documentations. This was done by means of photographs.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Days from Transplanting Harvest
Table 1 show that there were no significant differences in the number of days
from transplanting to harvest among the plants applied with liquid compost fertilizer at
different rates, farmers practice and no application of liquid compost fertilizer (control).
These means that the duration from transplanting to harvest was not influenced by the
different rates used in the study.
Table 1. Number of days from transplanting harvest
TREATMENTS
NUMBER OF DAYS
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 48.333a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 48.333a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 48.333a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 48.333a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 48.333a
Farmer’s Practice 48.333a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 48.000a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Plant Height at Harvest (cm)
As presented in table 2, there were no significant differences on the plant applied
with the different rates of liquid compost fertilizer. However, the farmers practice of
applying chicken dung as basal fertilizer at side dressing of 14-14-14 plus 46-0-0 during
hilling-up promoted taller romaine plants at harvest.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
14
Table 2. Plant height at harvest (cm)
TREATMENTS
PLANT HEIGHT
(cm)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 25.78 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 25.38 a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 25.02 a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 25.70 a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 25.58 a
Farmer’s Practice 26.12 a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 25.53 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Weight of Non-marketable Yield
There were no significant differences indicated in the non-marketable yield of
romaine applied with the different rates of liquid compost fertilizer, control and farmers
practice as shown in table 3. This means that the different treatments did not influence the
weight of non-marketable romaine produced at harvest.
Table 3. Weight of non-marketable yield
TREATMENTS
MARKETABLE YIELD
(Kg)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 0.93 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 1.38 a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 0.95 a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 1.25 a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 1.30 a
Farmer’s Practice 1.77 a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 1.65 a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
15
Weight of Marketable Yield
Table 4 shows that the application of chicken dung as basal fertilizer at side
dressing of 14-14-14 plus 16-0-0 during hilling-up produced the heaviest mean of
marketable yield but did not significantly differ from the rest of the treatment means. The
result maybe explained by the other data gathered where there were no significant
differences on the weight of individual plant, plant height at harvest, non-marketable
yield and total yield.
Table 4. Weight of marketable yield
TREATMENTS
MARKETABLE YIELD
(Kg)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 8.07 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 8.40 a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 8.60 a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 9.47a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 8.37a
Farmer’s Practice
10.05a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 7.08a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Total yield
The total yield from the different treatments did not indicate significant
differences among the treatment means (Table 5). As mentioned earlier, the results in
weight of individual plant, plant height at harvest, non-marketable yield and total yield
where there were no significant differences in all the treatment means.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
16
Table 5. Total yield
TREATMENTS
TOTAL YIELD
(Kg)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 9.00 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 9.78a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 9.55a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 10.72a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 9.67a
Farmer’s Practice
11.48a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 8.73a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Weight of Individual Plants
Although the statistical analysis indicated no significant differences among the
treatments in terms of the weight of individual plants, the farmers practice had the
heaviest weight per plant closely: followed by the 4 liter of liquid compost fertilizer in
200 liter of water (Table 6). Statistically, it might not be significant but economically the
slightly heavier plant may give significant advantage in a hectare basis.
Computed Yield per Hectare
The computed yield per hectare (tons) emphasis that there were no significant
differences among the seven treatments. However the farmers practice of applying
chicken dung as basal fertilizer at side dressing of 14-14-14 plus 46-0-0 during hilling-up
promoted higher yield per hectare at harvest (Table 7).
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
17
Table 6. Weight of individual plants
TREATMENTS
WEIGHT
(Kg)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 117 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 126a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 118a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 138a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 125a
Farmer’s Practice 149a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 114a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 7. Computed yield per hectare
TREATMENTS
YIELD PER HECTARE
(tons)
1 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 117 a
2 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 126a
3 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 118a
4 li liquid compost fertilizer diluted in 200 li of water 138a
Pure liquid compost fertilizer 125a
Farmer’s Practice 149a
No application of liquid compost fertilizer (control) 114a
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
18
Table 7. Cost and return analysis from a 15 square meter area
APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER RATES
ITEM
1 li
2 li
3 li
4 li
pure
Farmers
Control
Practice
Yield (Kg)
24.2
25.2
25.8
28.4
25.1
30.15
21.25
Sales (Php)
363
378
387
426
376.5
452.25
318.75
Farm inputs
Seeds 14.4
14.4
14.4
14.4
14.4
14.4
14.4
Chicken manure -
-
-
-
-
70
-
PCM
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
-
127.5
Quire dust
12.66
12.66
12.66
12.66
12.66
12.66
12.66
14-14-14
-
-
-
-
-
24.11
-
46-0-0
-
-
-
-
-
1.42
-
Liquid compost
fertilizer 6.75
13.5
20.25
27
216
-
-
Dithane
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Labor
Sowing seeds
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
Pricking 11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
Land preparation 38.57
38.57
38.57
38.57
38.57
38.57
38.57
Hilling-up -
-
-
-
-
16.875
-
Transplanting
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.86
12.86
Irrigation
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Applying fertilizer 24.10
24.10
24.10
24.10
24.10
-
-
Spraying
5.36
5.36
5.36
5.36
5.36
5.36
5.36
Expenses (Php)
318.96
325.71
332.46
339.21
528.21
273.02
312.21
Net/loss (Php) 44.04
52.29
54.54
86.79
-151.71
179.23
6.54
ROI %
13.81
16.05
16.40
25.59
-28.72
65.65
2.09
Note: selling price per kilo of marketable romaine was Php 15.00/Kg
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
19
Cost and Return Analysis
The different rates of fertilizer application on romaine produced different total
yield and different level of inputs, which resulted to the differences in the net income and
return on investment a (Table 8). The farmers practice obtained the highest return on
investment of 65.65% or 56 cents for every peso invested in the production. It was
followed by the application of 4 liter of liquid compost fertilizer per 200liter of water
with 25.59% or 25 cents ROI. In descending order, the two highest return on investment
were followed by those applied with 3 liter, 2 liter, 1 liter, control and the pure liquid
compost fertilizer applied with their respective ROI 16.40, 16.05, 13.81, 2.09 and -28.72.
Pure application has negative ROI due to the used of 192 liters of the liquid compost
fertilizer.
Phytotoxicity
The different rates of liquid compost fertilizer applied on romaine showed no
burning effect. Although it was observed that during pure liquid compost fertilizer was
accumulated in the leaves it can produced burning effect.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
20
Fig. 1. Overview of the experiment area, liquid compost fertilizer and pegs
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted in green house condition at Balite, Long-long, La
Trinidad Benguet from November 2007 to January 2008 to evaluate the growth and yield
performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ applied with different rates of liquid compost
fertilizer, determine the best rates of liquid compost fertilizer for Romaine and determine
the level of profitability using the different rates of liquid compost fertilizer for romaine
production that will give the highest profit.
Result of the study showed that all rates; 1 liter, 2 liter, 3 liter, 4 liter diluted in a
200 liters of water and drench applied seven days interval to romaine did not significantly
differ from the rest of the treatments, control and farmers practice. Nevertheless the
romaine applied with chicken dung as basal fertilizer and side dressing of complete
fertilizer during hilling-up produced the highest Return on Investment (ROI) of 65.65%
or Php 66 for every peso spent in the production., followed by 4 liter with 25.59% or 26
cents Return on investment. In descending order, the two highest return on investment
were followed by those applied with 3 liter, 2 liter, 1 liter, control and the pure liquid
compost fertilizer applied with their respective ROI 16.40%, 16.40%, 16.05, 13.81%,
2.09% and -28.72%. Pure application has negative return on investment due to the use of
192 liters of the liquid compost fertilizer.
The different rates of liquid compost fertilizer applied on romaine showed no
burning effect. Although it was observed that when pure liquid compost fertilizer was
accumulated in the leaves it can produced burning effect.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
22
Conclusion
Based from the experiment and above data, the application of liquid compost
fertilizer on romaine which compose of 20 kgs chicken manure, 30 kgs shop sunflower
leaves, 5 kgs crude sugar and fermented in a 200 liters of water did not influence the
growth and yield. Therefore it was concluded that liquid compost fertilizer with this
concentration is not essential in growing romaine lettuce.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended, that liquid compost fertilizer with this concentration
is not necessary in growing romaine, however it is further recommended that the amount
of chicken dung and shop sunflower leaves will be increase to have essential effect on the
growth in yield of romaine lettuce.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
23
LITERATURE CITED
ADCHAK, C.L. 1993. Effect of Different Rates of Inorganic nitrogen in combination
with Wild Sunflower of Cabbage. Unpublished BS Thesis, Benguet State
University. LTB. Pp. 20-21
BRADY, N.C. 1974. The Nature and Properties of soils. 8th ed. New York. Mac Millan
Publishing Co. Inc.685pp.
CAPUNO, R. B. 1984. Organic manure Utilization for Tomato Production and its Effects
on some Soil Properties. MS. Thesis, UPLB.
COOKE, G.W. 1982. Fertilizer for Maximum Yield. 3rd Edition. London. P.465.
DUFFY, B., SARREAL, C., RAVVA, S., STANKER, L.2004. Effect of Molasses on
Regrowth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in compost teas.
http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20043061101.
ENSMINGER, A.H., H. ESMINGER and M.J.K. ENSMINGER. 1986. Food for Health.
GROMAN, J. 1997. The World Book encyclopedia. London. World book Inc.12: 194-
195
HERMANO, F.G. 2003. Processed versus Non-Processed chicken Manure as Organic
Fertilizer. Topic discussed during the BSU on the air program at DZWT. 3pp.
Mc COLLUM, J.P. 1942. The Encyclopedia Americana. Univ. Illinois. P, #258.
Microsoft Encarta. Reference Library. 2004 Edition.
CARANDANG, GIL A. 2006. Beneficial Indigenous Organisms (BIM).
gil_carandang@hotmail.com. www.herbanafarms.com
PALALEO, 1978. A Comparative Study on the Chemical Composition of Six Materials,
BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. P 19.
PANDOSEN, M.D.1986. Potential of Wild Sunflower as Organic Fertilizer. Unpublished
MS Thesis. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 50-55.
SANGATNAN, P.D. and R.L. SANGATNAN. 2000. Organic Farming. P.D. Sangatnan
Marketing, Lapaz, Iloilo City. P. #145.
TIEDJENS, V.A. 1964. Collier’s Encyclopedia. The Crowell- Collier Publ; co 14-523.
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
24
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to harvest
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
49
48
48
145
48.333
T2
49
48
48
145
48.333
T3
49
48
48
145
48.333
T4
49
48
48
145
48.333
T5
49
48
48
145
48.333
T6
49
48
48
145
48.333
T7
48
48
48
144
48.000
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
3.429
1.714
Treatment 6
0.286
0.048
1.00ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
0.571
0.048
Total
20
4.286
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 0.45%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
25
Appendix Table 2. Plant height at harvest (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
25.75
26.9
24.7
77.35
25.78
T2
25.15
25.45
25.55
76.15
25.38
T3
25.8
24.6
24.65
75.05
25.02
T4
25.45
25.6
26.05
77.1
25.7
T5
24.39
26.05
26.3
76.74
25.58
T6
25.85
27.25
25.25
78.35
26.12
T7
24.85
25.7
26.05
76.6
25.53
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
72.614
36.307
Treatment 6
255.226
42.538
1.03ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
494.944
41.245
Total
20
822.785
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 23.76%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
26
Appendix Table 3. Weight of marketable yield (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T
.5
1.2
1.1
2.8
0.93
1
T
2
1.25
1.5
1.4
4.15
1.38
T
3
.5
1.1
1.25
2.85
0.95
T
4
.5
1.75
1.50
3.75
1.25
T5
.6
1.6
1.7
3.9
1.3
T6
1.6
1.2
2.5
5.3
1.77
T7
2.25
1.2
1.5
4.95
1.65
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
1.026
0.513
Treatment 6
1.812
0.302
1.35ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
2.694
0.225
Total
20
5.532
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 35.92%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
27
Appendix Table 4. Weight of marketable yield (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
8
10
6.2
24.2
8.07
T2
9
11.1
5.1
25.2
8.4
T3
10.5
7.8
7.5
25.8
8.6
T4
9.4
10.25
8.75
28.4
9.47
T5
8.8
8
8.3
25.1
8.37
T6
9.2
12
8.95
30.15
10.05
T7
7.25
7.6
6.4
21.25
7.08
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of
Degrees of
Sum of
Mean
Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
18.232
9.116
Treatment 6
16.586
2.764
1.58ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
20.950
1.746
Total
20
55.950
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 15.41%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
28
Appendix Table 5. Total yield (kg)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
8.5
11.2
7.3
27
9
T2
10.25
12.6
6.5
29.35
9.78
T3
11
8.9
8.75
28.65
9.55
T4
9.9
12
10.25
32.15
10.72
T5
9.4
9.6
10
29
9.67
T6
10.8
13.2
10.45
34.45
11.48
T7
9.5
8.8
7.9
26.2
8.73
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
16.432
8.216
Treatment 6
16.549
2.758
1.5ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
22.132
1.844
Total
20
55.112
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.79%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
29
Appendix Table 6. Weight of individual plants (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
113
144
95
352
117
T2
131
161
87
379
126
T3
144
122
112
352
118
T4
125
156
133
414
138
T5
121
123
132
376
125
T6
138
171
139
448
149
T7
128
111
104
343
114
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
2473.524 1236.762
Treatment 6
2608.476
434.746
1.43ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
3657.810
304.817
Total
20
8739.810
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.63%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
30
Appendix Table 7. Computed yield per hectare (tons)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
T1
17
22.4
14.6
54
18
T2
20.5
25.2
13
58.7
19.57
T3
22
17.7
17.5
57.2
19.07
T4
19.8
24
20.5
64.3
21.43
T5
18.8
19.2
20
58
19.33
T6
21.6
24.6
20.9
67.1
22.37
T7
19
17.6
15.8
52.4
17.47
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed
TABULAR F
Variation
freedom
squires
squire
F
0.05
0.01
Replication 2
58.072
29.036
Treatment 6
55.450
9.242
1.29ns
3.00
4.82
Error 12
86.248
7.187
Total
20
8739.810
ns = not significant Coefficient of Variation = 13.67%
Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine ‘Xanadu’ Applied with Different Rates
of Liquid Compost Fertilizer / Noel S. Walang. 2008
Document Outline
- Growth and Yield Performance of Romaine�Xanadu� Applied with Different Rates of Liquid Compost Fertilizer
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of the Crop
- Importance of the Crop
- Soil and Climatic Adaptation
- Effects of Organic Fertilizer
- Fresh Chicken Manure
- Sunflower
- Crude Sugar (Mollasses)
- Liquid Composting or Compost Tea
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Number of Days from Transplanting Harvest
- Plant Height at Harvest (cm)
- Weight of Non-marketable Yield
- Weight of Marketable Yield
- Total yield
- Weight of Individual Plants
- Computed Yield per Hectare
- Cost and Return Analysis
- Phytotoxicity
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES