BIBLIOGRAPHY BETWAG, ANA FEB B. APRIL 2009. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BETWAG, ANA FEB B. APRIL 2009. Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips to ANAA Concentrations. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Pepe E. Toledo, PhD
ABSTRACT
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Results revealed that the longest and higher number of roots measured and
counted were significantly higher in cabbage slips cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
compared to the untreated control and those treated with lower concentrations; but were
comparable to those treated with 1000 ppm. ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500
ppm in terms of root length but significantly longer than the untreated control and 250
ppm. On the other hand, 1000 ppm treated slip cuttings also produced more roots than
the untreated control but comparable to those treated with 250 and 500 ppm.
Slip cuttings treated with ANAA at 750 ppm had significantly wider heads against
the other concentrations but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar
circumference and percentage field survival.
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of
concentrations used. All the heads harvested were marketable.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Rooting Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Hormone Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Rooting in Relation to Plant Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Root Length and Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Equatorial and Polar Head Circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Field Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Average Head Weight, Marketable and Computed Marketable Yield . . . . 14
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
iv
INTRODUCTION
Cabbage is a cool season crop grown in the moderately cool highland of Benguet
and Mt. Province and other highland areas in the country. Today, it still remains one of
the leading vegetable crops of the world. Nutritionally, cabbage slip is a good source of
vitamins A, C and calcium.
Cabbage slip is one of the most widely known and used herbs in modern cooking.
Though it has a potential in the market, the problem of low productivity arises. Thus, the
supply of this highly flavored tender annual herb is limited.
Very few people know how to grow cabbage slip. However, up to the present, no
studies have been conducted to evaluate its rapid multiplication using auxin enhance of
rooting of cabbage slips.
Mostly, cabbage plant are grown from seeds as an annual, though almost all types
can be propagated from cuttings. Depending on the plant, cuttings can be taken from
stems, leaves, and roots. The cuttings can be rooted in a number of different media, in a
commercial rooting medium, in water, in an artificial mix, or in potting mix.
The use of stem cuttings in propagation is advantageous. It is an easy way to
duplicate the attractive features of the original plants, since the new plant will be
genetically identical to the original. Plants propagated by stem cuttings exhibit rapid
vegetative growth and marketable leaf cuttings are harvested earlier than those from
seeds. Through knowledge and proper implementation of appropriate technology lead to
the success in the production of this valuable crop. Through this, farmers will benefit
because earlier return of investments will be attained.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
2
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagating Materials
Janick (1972) defined cutting as any detached vegetative plant part that can be
expected to regenerate the missing part to form a complete plant.
According to Hartman and Kester (1975), softwood cuttings generally root easier
and quicker than hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings because they readily responded
to treatments with root promoting substances. Furthermore, they stated that softwood
cutting are made from stems of herbaceous plants which may be started in the greenhouse
with specific requirements of moisture and temperature. Cuttings are usually made just
below the nodes and inserted in the medium to a depth of about 2.54 cm, rooting occurs
in 30 days depending upon the time of the year, the age of the wood used and the type of
plant.
Edmunt et al. (1978) said that plants propagated by cuttings and other vegetative
means are more economical than by seeds. Many seeds germinate with difficulty and the
resulting plants do not often resemble their parents. In fact, valuable varieties that are
perpetuated by vegetative production makes possible that production of high quality
products. Furthermore, Smith (1982) mentioned that most in commercial establishments,
growing plants aim to produce a crop that meets the quality standards of the market at the
shortest possible time is possible through this method of propagation.
Apnoyan (1981) stated that propagation by cuttings has the advantage of making
it possible to produce genetically identical rootstock of trees in contrast to the wide
genetic variation found in seedlings. Thus, the cutting method would provide a means of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
multiplying superior rootstocks, if such rootstocks are developed.
Hartman and Kester (1975) pointed out that the advantage of using cuttings as a
means of propagation are as follows: (a) many new plants can be started in a limited
space from a few stock plants; (b) it is inexpensive, rapid, simple and does not require the
spacial technique necessary in grafting and budding; (c) no problem if compatibility with
rootstock or of poor graft union; (d) greater uniformity is obtained by the absence of the
variation which sometimes appear due to the variable seedling rootstocks of grafted
plants; and (e) the parent plant is usually reproduced exactly with no genetic change.
Rooting Hormones
The use of auxin to stimulate rooting in cuttings was the first practical application
of hormones in horticulture (Salisbury and Ross, 1969). Synthetic hormones are largely
used in stem cutting propagation. Primarily, the hormonal substance gibberellin is used
as auxin. Their principal effect is to hasten the production of roots. In comparison,
cuttings treated with an auxin will usually yield better than the untreated ones.
An exogenous source of auxin was nearly always essential on cuttings of hard to
root species or cultivars. This could be because auxin act as rooting compounds which
promote callus and root formation and improve establishments from cuttings (Weaver,
1972).
In 1982, Fletcher and Kirkwood stated that plant growth regulators have found a
wide application in horticulture, particularly for the stimulation of rooting, fruit set and
fruit thinning. Furthermore, Weaver (1972) and Hartman and Kester (1975) mentioned
that the application of growth regulators to cuttings is important for the acceleration of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
5
rooting of cuttings. Example of these plant growth regulators that promote cell
elongation and enlargement are gibberellic acid (GA3) and auxin in the form of
indolebutyric acid (IBA), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and µ-naphthaleneacetic acid (µ-
NAA). Auxin generally promote rooting while GA3 and cytokinins inhibit it.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) recommends the use of µ-NAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that IBA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is now well accepted and
has been often confirmed than an auxin naturally or exogenously, is a requirement for the
initiation of adventitious roots in stem cutting.
Wright (1973) mentioned that the duration of planting will be hastened and
growth will be faster in hormone-treated cuttings against those untreated. In fact,
Bautista et al. (1983) stated that dipping the basal portion of the cutting in root promoting
substances can hasten the rooting processes. They added that the effectiveness of stem
cutting as a planting material is primarily related to factors such as root regeneration in
line with the type of particular synthetic root regulators such as IBA and µ-NAA under
aseptic conditions. In morphogenesis, the appropriate rates of an auxin and a cytokinin
added to the culture media is essential, although the ratio of hormones required for root
and shoot induction is not universally the same.
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings is positively influenced by
auxin. In cuttings, the natural auxin produced in the young leaves and buds naturally
move down the plant and accumulate at the base along with sugars and other food
materials. Also, the auxin level is closely related with adventitious rooting of stem
cuttings. It was also noted that in a variety of such compounds, the greatest degree of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
6
success has been achieved with IBA.
Hormone Concentration
Bleasdale (1973) stated that hormones maybe used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting cuttings but can also inhibit the growth of the cuttings
if applied in inaccurate concentration. Although hormones are known to promote rooting
in various kinds of cuttings, it is also necessary that these all applied at specific
concentration ranges for each individual species and cultivars of plants.
In 1960, Butcher and Sreet worked on excised tomato roots and discovered that
low concentrations of GA3 and µ-NAA enhance the growth of main axis both by
increasing the number and length of lateral roots. However, higher concentration of GA3
enhanced the loss of meristematic activity and inhibited growth. In additio, Regina
(1968) reported that 500 ppm of µ-NAA with 24 hours soaking produced the longest and
greater number of roots in ‘Doña Aurora’ stem cuttings.
Furthermore, Anderson and Ellison (1969) mentioned that stem cutting from
asparagus cultured aseptically initiated roots over a range of µ-Naa and IBA and that the
optimum amount of µ-Naa was 5mg/L and 10mg/L of IBA.
Gonzales (1980) recommended 1000 ppm µ-NAA for hastening root inhibition of
rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. It was further observed that cutting treated with 1000 ppm µ-
NAA produced the highest number of roots, had rapid root elongation and earliest root
formation.
Rooting in Relation to Plant Age
Ali and Fletcher (1979) stated that the effectiveness of any of the growth
regulators applied in inhibiting or promoting growth is dependent on the age of plants.
Likewise, Leopold and Kriedenmann (1975) claimed that with increasing root growth
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
7
rate. Very young Lene culinari roots give small pocitive growth response while older
roots are not stimulated to added auxins.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) emphasized that the root initials, which develop root
primordial that later develop into an adventitious roots, in younger plants, originate near
the outer side of the vascular system, but in older stems, they originated deeper often near
the vascular cambium. They also added that naturally occurring auxin as a controlling
factor for rooting is synthesized in apical buds and young leaves. Furthermore, they
stated that cuttings from young seedling plants root much more readily than these taken
from old mature plants. This was confirmed by Ingles (1994), and called this as the
“juvenility factor.”
Adriance and Brison (1955) mentioned that root formation in cuttings is not only
affected by hormones alone but also by other factors like environment, rooting medium,
chemical treatments, mechanical treatments and the plant itself as a factor. For instance,
cuttings taken from younger cuttings is usually more active in the synthesis of food and
cell development.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials to be used in the study are cabbage slip cuttings (‘Lucky Ball’), tap
water, ANAA, measuring and labeling materials, pruning shear, sandy loam soil, and
seedling plugs.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. There were sample
10 slips per treatment. The treatments were as follows:
Code
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
T1
0 (control)
T2
250
T3
500
T4
750
T5
1000
Preparation of slip cuttings and planting The slips were carefully removed from
the mother plants seven weeks after harvesting the heads, each having a length of 10 cm.
They were cleaned and only the leaves from the base were removed. All the stem ends of
sample slips were dipped for 30 minutes in the different ANAA concentrations. After the
specified time, the cuttings were planted in seedling plugs previously filled with sandy
loam soil.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
9
Land preparation and transplanting. An area of 30 m2 was thoroughly prepared
and divided into four blocks. Each block was further subdivided into five plots having a
dimension of 0.5 m x 3 m. Two week-old rooted slips were transplanted at a distance of
30 cm between hills in single row per plot.
Other cultural management practices. Except for the imposition of the various
treatments, all the cultural management practices such as insect pests and diseases
control, and irrigation, hilling up and were strictly followed.
Data gathering. The data gathered and subjected for variance analysis and mean
separation test by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the following:
1. Average root length (cm). The length of roots in every cuttings were measured
two weeks after visible root formation and the average was computed as follows:
Total root length
Average (cm) =
Total root number
2. Average number of roots per cutting. All formed roots of every cuttings were
counted and the average was computed as follows:
Total number of roots
Average =
Total number of rooted cuttings
3. Field survival (%). This was obtained using the formula:
Number of dead cuttings
Suvival (%) =
x 100
Total number of cuttings
4. Yields. This wasassess by the following:
a. Equatorial polar head circumference (cm). This was taken using a tape
measure.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
10
b. Average marketable weight (kg). This was computed using the
formula:
Total marketable plant weight
Average (kg) =
Number of marketable plants
c. Marketable yield (kg/plot). All marketable plants without defect were
weighed at harvest.
d. Computed yield (t/ha). The marketable yield per plot was converted to
tons/hectare using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Yield (kg/1.5m2) x 6667 plots/ha
5. Documentation through pictures.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
11
Cabbage slips before treatment
Cabbage slips dipped in ANAA solutions
Plate 1. Overview of the experiment
12
0 (Control)
250 ppm
500 ppm
750 ppm
1000 ppm
Plate 2. Overview of the harvested heads from the various ANAA concentrations
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Root Length and Number
The average root length and number two weeks after treatment and sticking the
slips in rooting media are presented in Table 1. The longest and higher number of roots
measured and counted were significantly higher in slip cuttings treated with 750 ppm
ANAA compared to untreated control and lower concentrations but comparable to 1000
ppm. ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500 ppm in terms of root length but
significantly longer than the untreated control and 250 ppm. On the other hand, 1000
ppm treated slip cuttings also produced more roots than the untreated control but
comparable to those treated with 250 and 500 ppm. This indicates that as the
concentration increases, there is a corresponding increased in length and number up to
750 ppm but higher than this concentration, these parameters tend to decrease.
Table 1. Average root length and number
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
AVERAGE ROOT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
────────────────────────────
Length (cm)
Number
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
2.25c
6.25c
250
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
2.75c
8.00bc
500
3.38bc
7.38bc
750
6.38a
16.50a
1000
4.75ab
13.25ab
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Equatorial and Polar Head Circumferences
The equatorial and polar head circumferences are shown in Table 2. ANAA at
750 ppm significantly increase equatorial circumference against the other concentrations
but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar circumference. Nonetheless,
750 ppm tends to increase polar circumference.
Field Survival
There were no significant differences noted among the various ANAA
concentrations on the percentage of field survival (Table 3). Nevertheless, slips treated
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
15
with 750 ppm tend to have the highest survival percentage.
Average Head Weight, Marketable
and Computed Marketable Yield
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher
Table 2. Average equatorial and polar head circumferences
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCES (cm)
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
────────────────────────────
Equatorial
Polar
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
41.33b
39.65a
250
41.63b
40.13a
500
43.38b
42.20a
750
47.05a
44.23a
1000
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
16
42.48b
41.03a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of concentrations used
as presented in Table 4. The other concentrations were comparable with each other on
the marketable and computed marketable yields. All the heads harvested were
marketable.
Table 3. Percentage field survival
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
MEAN
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
99.00a
250
98.00a
500
97.25a
750
100.00a
1000
99.25a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Average head weight, marketable and computed marketable yields
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
17
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD COMPUTED
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
(kg/head)
(kg/plot)
MARKETABLE
YIELD (t/ha)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
0.37a
3.25b
21.67b
250
0.38a
2.88b
18.78b
500
0.43a
3.50b
20.84b
750
0.51a
5.13a
34.17a
1000
0.38a
3.50b
23.33b
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Summary
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Results revealed that the longest and higher number of roots measured and
counted were significantly higher in cabbage slips cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
compared to untreated control and lower concentrations but comparable to 1000 ppm.
ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500 ppm in terms of root length but significantly
longer than the untreated control and 250 ppm. On the other hand, 1000 ppm treated slip
cuttings also produced more roots than the untreated control but comparable to those
treated with 250 and 500 ppm.
Slip cuttings treated with ANAA at 750 ppm had significantly wider heads against
the other concentrations but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar
circumference and percentage field survival.
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
concentrations used. All the heads harvested were marketable.
Conclusion
Cabbage slip cuttings can be used as planting materials when treated with 750
ppm ANAA producing longer and more roots, wider heads and higher marketable and
computed marketable yields.
Recommendation
Based from the preceeding results and discussion, 750 ppm ANAA is
recommended as a treatment solution for rooting of cabbage slip cuttings.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G.W. and F.I. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. Mc.
Graw Hill Bool Co., Inc. New York. Pp. 119-131.
ALI, A. and H. FLETCHER. 1979. Hormonal regulations of dominance in soybeans.
Canadian J. Bot. 48:1984-1989.
ANDERSON, D.C. and F.B. ELLISON. 1969. Root initiation of stem tip of asparagus
plant. Hort. Sci. 90:140.
APNOYAN, P.S. 1981. Influence of different sexual propagation techniques on the
percentage survival and root initiation of hard-to-root Chrysanthemum molifolium
cultivars. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15-16.
BAUTISTA, O.K., H.L. VALMAYOR, P.C. TABORA, JR., and R.R.C. ESPINO. 1983.
Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, College, Los Baños,
Laguna. P. 134.
BLEASDALE, J.K. 1973. Plant physiology in relation to horticulture. The MacMillan
Press, Ltd., London. P. 1.
BUTCHER, D.B. and E.D. STREET. 1960. The effect of gibberellins on the light
sensitivity of roots. J. Exp’l. Bot. 11:206-212.
EDMUND, J.B., F.S. ANDREW and T.L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of horticulture.
New York: McGraw Hill Co., Inc. P. 197.
FLETCHER, W.W. and R.C. KIRKWOOD. 1982. Herbicides and Plant Growth
Regulators. Britain: Granasa Publ., Ltd. P. 70.
GONZALES, F.R. 1980. Comparative effect of growth hormone in the rooting of rose
c.v. Queen Elizabeth. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3, 20-21.
HARTMAN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1975. Plant propagation and practices, the AVI
publ., Co., Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Pp. 177-179, 273-276.
INGLES, J.L. 1994. Ornamental Horticulture: Science Operation and Management.
Delmar Publ., Inc., New York. P. 115.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural science. Britain: W.H. Freeman and Co. Pp. 250-351.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and J.D. KRIEDENMANN. 1975. Plant growth and development.
McGraw Hill Book., Co. New York. P. 115.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
REGINA, A.D. 1968. Effect of NAA on the rooting of Doña Aurora stem cuttings.
Hort. Abst. UPCA, College, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 51.
SALISBURY, F.B. and C. ROSS. 1969. Plant Physiology. Wass Worth Pub. Co., Inc.,
California. P. 446.
SMITH, H. 1982. Light quantity, photoperception and plant strategy. Ann: Rev. Plant
Physiol. 33:481-518.
WEAVER, R.J. 1972. Plant Growth Substances in Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Co.,
San Francisco. Pp. 120-128.
WRIGHT, R.C.M. 1973. The Complete Handbook of Plant Propagation. New York:
McMillan Publ. Co., Inc. P. 70.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Root length (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
1.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
9.00
2.25
T2
1.50
3.00
3.50
3.00
11.00
2.75
T3
1.50
6.00
2.00
4.00
13.50
3.38
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
T4
4.00
7.50
9.00
5.00
25.50
6.38
T5
2.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
19.00
4.75
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
25.900 8.633
Treatment
4
44.675
11.169
8.01**
3.26 5.41
Error
12
16.725 1.394
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
87.300
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 30.27%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
25
Appendix Table 2. Root number
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
4.00
10.00
5.00
6.00
25.00
6.25
T2
8.00
10.00
6.00
8.00
32.00
8.00
T3
1.50
10.00
9.00
9.00
29.50
7.38
T4
11.00 14.00
22.00 19.00
66.00
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
26
16.50
T5
20.00 9.00
13.00 11.00
53.00
13.25
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
13.138 4.379
Treatment
4
309.550
77.388
4.55*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
204.050 17.004
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
526.738
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
40.13%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
27
Appendix Table 3. Field survival (%)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
97.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
396.0
98.00
T2
100.0
99.0
97.0
96.0
392.0
98.00
T3
98.0
100.0
98.0
93.0
389.0
97.25
T4
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
400.0
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
28
100.00
T5
98.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
397.0
99.25
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
15.000 5.000
Treatment
4
18.700
4.675
1.84ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
30.500 2.542
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
64.200
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
1.62%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
29
Appendix Table 4. Equatorial circumference (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
41.00
40.00
40.00
44.30
165.30
41.33
T2
38.60
40.30
44.30
43.30
166.50
41.63
T3
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.60
173.50
43.38
T4
48.00
49.30
45.30
45.60
188.20
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
30
47.05
T5
43.30
44.30
41.30
41.00
169.90
42.48
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
2.214 0.738
Treatment
4
85.482
21.370
5.14*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
49.586 4.157
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
137.582
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
4.72%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
31
Appendix Table 5. Polar circumference (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
40.00
39.00
37.60
42.00
158.60
39.65
T2
36.60
38.60
43.00
42.30
160.50
40.13
T3
41.60
42.60
42.30
42.30
168.80
42.20
T4
43.00
47.60
43.00
43.30
176.90
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
32
44.23
T5
42.60
43.60
39.30
38.60
164.10
41.03
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
6.977 2.326
Treatment
4
53.757
13.439
2.49ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
64.795 5.400
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
125.530
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
5.61%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
33
Appendix Table 6. Average head weight (kg)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
0.393
0.375
0.275
0.417
1.460
0.365
T2
0.275
0.306
0.424
0.500
1.505
0.376
T3
0.500
0.375
0.469
0.357
1.701
0.425
T4
0.500
0.775
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
34
0.475
0.300
2.050
0.512
T5
0.438
0.375
0.375
0.333
1.521
0.380
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
0.010 0.003
Treatment
4
0.059
0.015
1.04ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
0.171 0.014
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
0.239
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
28.96%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
35
Appendix Table 7. Marketable yield (kg/plot)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
2.75
3.75
2.75
3.75
13.00
3.25
T2
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.00
11.50
2.88
T3
4.00
3.75
3.75
2.50
14.00
3.50
T4
5.00
7.75
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
36
4.75
3.00
20.50
5.13
T5
3.50
3.75
3.75
3.00
14.00
3.50
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
4.275 1.425
Treatment
4
11.925
2.981
3.54*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
10.100 0.842
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
26.300
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
25.13%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
37
Appendix Table 8. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
18.33
25.00
18.33
25.00
86.66
21.67
T2
18.33
18.33
20.00
13.33
74.99
18.75
T3
16.67
25.00
25.00
16.67
83.34
20.84
T4
33.34
51.67
31.67
20.00
136.38
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
38
34.17
T5
23.33
25.00
25.00
20.00
93.33
23.33
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
223.750 74.583
Treatment
4
586.48
1
146.62
0
4.16*
3.26
5.41
Error
12
422.864 35.239
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
1233.095
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
24.99%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
BETWAG, ANA FEB B. APRIL 2009. Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips to ANAA Concentrations. Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Pepe E. Toledo, PhD
ABSTRACT
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Results revealed that the longest and higher number of roots measured and
counted were significantly higher in cabbage slips cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
compared to the untreated control and those treated with lower concentrations; but were
comparable to those treated with 1000 ppm. ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500
ppm in terms of root length but significantly longer than the untreated control and 250
ppm. On the other hand, 1000 ppm treated slip cuttings also produced more roots than
the untreated control but comparable to those treated with 250 and 500 ppm.
Slip cuttings treated with ANAA at 750 ppm had significantly wider heads against
the other concentrations but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar
circumference and percentage field survival.
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of
concentrations used. All the heads harvested were marketable.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagating Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Rooting Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Hormone Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Rooting in Relation to Plant Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Root Length and Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Equatorial and Polar Head Circumference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Field Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Average Head Weight, Marketable and Computed Marketable Yield . . . . 14
iii
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
iv
INTRODUCTION
Cabbage is a cool season crop grown in the moderately cool highland of Benguet
and Mt. Province and other highland areas in the country. Today, it still remains one of
the leading vegetable crops of the world. Nutritionally, cabbage slip is a good source of
vitamins A, C and calcium.
Cabbage slip is one of the most widely known and used herbs in modern cooking.
Though it has a potential in the market, the problem of low productivity arises. Thus, the
supply of this highly flavored tender annual herb is limited.
Very few people know how to grow cabbage slip. However, up to the present, no
studies have been conducted to evaluate its rapid multiplication using auxin enhance of
rooting of cabbage slips.
Mostly, cabbage plant are grown from seeds as an annual, though almost all types
can be propagated from cuttings. Depending on the plant, cuttings can be taken from
stems, leaves, and roots. The cuttings can be rooted in a number of different media, in a
commercial rooting medium, in water, in an artificial mix, or in potting mix.
The use of stem cuttings in propagation is advantageous. It is an easy way to
duplicate the attractive features of the original plants, since the new plant will be
genetically identical to the original. Plants propagated by stem cuttings exhibit rapid
vegetative growth and marketable leaf cuttings are harvested earlier than those from
seeds. Through knowledge and proper implementation of appropriate technology lead to
the success in the production of this valuable crop. Through this, farmers will benefit
because earlier return of investments will be attained.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
2
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuttings as Propagating Materials
Janick (1972) defined cutting as any detached vegetative plant part that can be
expected to regenerate the missing part to form a complete plant.
According to Hartman and Kester (1975), softwood cuttings generally root easier
and quicker than hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings because they readily responded
to treatments with root promoting substances. Furthermore, they stated that softwood
cutting are made from stems of herbaceous plants which may be started in the greenhouse
with specific requirements of moisture and temperature. Cuttings are usually made just
below the nodes and inserted in the medium to a depth of about 2.54 cm, rooting occurs
in 30 days depending upon the time of the year, the age of the wood used and the type of
plant.
Edmunt et al. (1978) said that plants propagated by cuttings and other vegetative
means are more economical than by seeds. Many seeds germinate with difficulty and the
resulting plants do not often resemble their parents. In fact, valuable varieties that are
perpetuated by vegetative production makes possible that production of high quality
products. Furthermore, Smith (1982) mentioned that most in commercial establishments,
growing plants aim to produce a crop that meets the quality standards of the market at the
shortest possible time is possible through this method of propagation.
Apnoyan (1981) stated that propagation by cuttings has the advantage of making
it possible to produce genetically identical rootstock of trees in contrast to the wide
genetic variation found in seedlings. Thus, the cutting method would provide a means of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
multiplying superior rootstocks, if such rootstocks are developed.
Hartman and Kester (1975) pointed out that the advantage of using cuttings as a
means of propagation are as follows: (a) many new plants can be started in a limited
space from a few stock plants; (b) it is inexpensive, rapid, simple and does not require the
spacial technique necessary in grafting and budding; (c) no problem if compatibility with
rootstock or of poor graft union; (d) greater uniformity is obtained by the absence of the
variation which sometimes appear due to the variable seedling rootstocks of grafted
plants; and (e) the parent plant is usually reproduced exactly with no genetic change.
Rooting Hormones
The use of auxin to stimulate rooting in cuttings was the first practical application
of hormones in horticulture (Salisbury and Ross, 1969). Synthetic hormones are largely
used in stem cutting propagation. Primarily, the hormonal substance gibberellin is used
as auxin. Their principal effect is to hasten the production of roots. In comparison,
cuttings treated with an auxin will usually yield better than the untreated ones.
An exogenous source of auxin was nearly always essential on cuttings of hard to
root species or cultivars. This could be because auxin act as rooting compounds which
promote callus and root formation and improve establishments from cuttings (Weaver,
1972).
In 1982, Fletcher and Kirkwood stated that plant growth regulators have found a
wide application in horticulture, particularly for the stimulation of rooting, fruit set and
fruit thinning. Furthermore, Weaver (1972) and Hartman and Kester (1975) mentioned
that the application of growth regulators to cuttings is important for the acceleration of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
5
rooting of cuttings. Example of these plant growth regulators that promote cell
elongation and enlargement are gibberellic acid (GA3) and auxin in the form of
indolebutyric acid (IBA), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and µ-naphthaleneacetic acid (µ-
NAA). Auxin generally promote rooting while GA3 and cytokinins inhibit it.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) recommends the use of µ-NAA and IBA for general
use in rooting stem cuttings of most plant species. They added that IBA was already
tested for its activity in promoting roots in stem segments. It is now well accepted and
has been often confirmed than an auxin naturally or exogenously, is a requirement for the
initiation of adventitious roots in stem cutting.
Wright (1973) mentioned that the duration of planting will be hastened and
growth will be faster in hormone-treated cuttings against those untreated. In fact,
Bautista et al. (1983) stated that dipping the basal portion of the cutting in root promoting
substances can hasten the rooting processes. They added that the effectiveness of stem
cutting as a planting material is primarily related to factors such as root regeneration in
line with the type of particular synthetic root regulators such as IBA and µ-NAA under
aseptic conditions. In morphogenesis, the appropriate rates of an auxin and a cytokinin
added to the culture media is essential, although the ratio of hormones required for root
and shoot induction is not universally the same.
Janick (1972) mentioned that the rooting of cuttings is positively influenced by
auxin. In cuttings, the natural auxin produced in the young leaves and buds naturally
move down the plant and accumulate at the base along with sugars and other food
materials. Also, the auxin level is closely related with adventitious rooting of stem
cuttings. It was also noted that in a variety of such compounds, the greatest degree of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
6
success has been achieved with IBA.
Hormone Concentration
Bleasdale (1973) stated that hormones maybe used to overcome the inherent
difficulties encountered in rooting cuttings but can also inhibit the growth of the cuttings
if applied in inaccurate concentration. Although hormones are known to promote rooting
in various kinds of cuttings, it is also necessary that these all applied at specific
concentration ranges for each individual species and cultivars of plants.
In 1960, Butcher and Sreet worked on excised tomato roots and discovered that
low concentrations of GA3 and µ-NAA enhance the growth of main axis both by
increasing the number and length of lateral roots. However, higher concentration of GA3
enhanced the loss of meristematic activity and inhibited growth. In additio, Regina
(1968) reported that 500 ppm of µ-NAA with 24 hours soaking produced the longest and
greater number of roots in ‘Doña Aurora’ stem cuttings.
Furthermore, Anderson and Ellison (1969) mentioned that stem cutting from
asparagus cultured aseptically initiated roots over a range of µ-Naa and IBA and that the
optimum amount of µ-Naa was 5mg/L and 10mg/L of IBA.
Gonzales (1980) recommended 1000 ppm µ-NAA for hastening root inhibition of
rose cv. Queen Elizabeth. It was further observed that cutting treated with 1000 ppm µ-
NAA produced the highest number of roots, had rapid root elongation and earliest root
formation.
Rooting in Relation to Plant Age
Ali and Fletcher (1979) stated that the effectiveness of any of the growth
regulators applied in inhibiting or promoting growth is dependent on the age of plants.
Likewise, Leopold and Kriedenmann (1975) claimed that with increasing root growth
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
7
rate. Very young Lene culinari roots give small pocitive growth response while older
roots are not stimulated to added auxins.
Hartmann and Kester (1975) emphasized that the root initials, which develop root
primordial that later develop into an adventitious roots, in younger plants, originate near
the outer side of the vascular system, but in older stems, they originated deeper often near
the vascular cambium. They also added that naturally occurring auxin as a controlling
factor for rooting is synthesized in apical buds and young leaves. Furthermore, they
stated that cuttings from young seedling plants root much more readily than these taken
from old mature plants. This was confirmed by Ingles (1994), and called this as the
“juvenility factor.”
Adriance and Brison (1955) mentioned that root formation in cuttings is not only
affected by hormones alone but also by other factors like environment, rooting medium,
chemical treatments, mechanical treatments and the plant itself as a factor. For instance,
cuttings taken from younger cuttings is usually more active in the synthesis of food and
cell development.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials to be used in the study are cabbage slip cuttings (‘Lucky Ball’), tap
water, ANAA, measuring and labeling materials, pruning shear, sandy loam soil, and
seedling plugs.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. There were sample
10 slips per treatment. The treatments were as follows:
Code
ANAA Concentration (ppm)
T1
0 (control)
T2
250
T3
500
T4
750
T5
1000
Preparation of slip cuttings and planting The slips were carefully removed from
the mother plants seven weeks after harvesting the heads, each having a length of 10 cm.
They were cleaned and only the leaves from the base were removed. All the stem ends of
sample slips were dipped for 30 minutes in the different ANAA concentrations. After the
specified time, the cuttings were planted in seedling plugs previously filled with sandy
loam soil.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
9
Land preparation and transplanting. An area of 30 m2 was thoroughly prepared
and divided into four blocks. Each block was further subdivided into five plots having a
dimension of 0.5 m x 3 m. Two week-old rooted slips were transplanted at a distance of
30 cm between hills in single row per plot.
Other cultural management practices. Except for the imposition of the various
treatments, all the cultural management practices such as insect pests and diseases
control, and irrigation, hilling up and were strictly followed.
Data gathering. The data gathered and subjected for variance analysis and mean
separation test by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were the following:
1. Average root length (cm). The length of roots in every cuttings were measured
two weeks after visible root formation and the average was computed as follows:
Total root length
Average (cm) =
Total root number
2. Average number of roots per cutting. All formed roots of every cuttings were
counted and the average was computed as follows:
Total number of roots
Average =
Total number of rooted cuttings
3. Field survival (%). This was obtained using the formula:
Number of dead cuttings
Suvival (%) =
x 100
Total number of cuttings
4. Yields. This wasassess by the following:
a. Equatorial polar head circumference (cm). This was taken using a tape
measure.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
10
b. Average marketable weight (kg). This was computed using the
formula:
Total marketable plant weight
Average (kg) =
Number of marketable plants
c. Marketable yield (kg/plot). All marketable plants without defect were
weighed at harvest.
d. Computed yield (t/ha). The marketable yield per plot was converted to
tons/hectare using the formula:
Yield (t/ha) = Yield (kg/1.5m2) x 6667 plots/ha
5. Documentation through pictures.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
11
Cabbage slips before treatment
Cabbage slips dipped in ANAA solutions
Plate 1. Overview of the experiment
12
0 (Control)
250 ppm
500 ppm
750 ppm
1000 ppm
Plate 2. Overview of the harvested heads from the various ANAA concentrations
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Root Length and Number
The average root length and number two weeks after treatment and sticking the
slips in rooting media are presented in Table 1. The longest and higher number of roots
measured and counted were significantly higher in slip cuttings treated with 750 ppm
ANAA compared to untreated control and lower concentrations but comparable to 1000
ppm. ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500 ppm in terms of root length but
significantly longer than the untreated control and 250 ppm. On the other hand, 1000
ppm treated slip cuttings also produced more roots than the untreated control but
comparable to those treated with 250 and 500 ppm. This indicates that as the
concentration increases, there is a corresponding increased in length and number up to
750 ppm but higher than this concentration, these parameters tend to decrease.
Table 1. Average root length and number
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
AVERAGE ROOT
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
────────────────────────────
Length (cm)
Number
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
2.25c
6.25c
250
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
2.75c
8.00bc
500
3.38bc
7.38bc
750
6.38a
16.50a
1000
4.75ab
13.25ab
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Equatorial and Polar Head Circumferences
The equatorial and polar head circumferences are shown in Table 2. ANAA at
750 ppm significantly increase equatorial circumference against the other concentrations
but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar circumference. Nonetheless,
750 ppm tends to increase polar circumference.
Field Survival
There were no significant differences noted among the various ANAA
concentrations on the percentage of field survival (Table 3). Nevertheless, slips treated
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
15
with 750 ppm tend to have the highest survival percentage.
Average Head Weight, Marketable
and Computed Marketable Yield
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher
Table 2. Average equatorial and polar head circumferences
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCES (cm)
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
────────────────────────────
Equatorial
Polar
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
41.33b
39.65a
250
41.63b
40.13a
500
43.38b
42.20a
750
47.05a
44.23a
1000
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
16
42.48b
41.03a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of concentrations used
as presented in Table 4. The other concentrations were comparable with each other on
the marketable and computed marketable yields. All the heads harvested were
marketable.
Table 3. Percentage field survival
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
MEAN
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
99.00a
250
98.00a
500
97.25a
750
100.00a
1000
99.25a
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Average head weight, marketable and computed marketable yields
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
17
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
AVERAGE MARKETABLE YIELD COMPUTED
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
(kg/head)
(kg/plot)
MARKETABLE
YIELD (t/ha)
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
0 (control)
0.37a
3.25b
21.67b
250
0.38a
2.88b
18.78b
500
0.43a
3.50b
20.84b
750
0.51a
5.13a
34.17a
1000
0.38a
3.50b
23.33b
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
In a column, means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by
DMRT
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Summary
The rooting portion of the study was conducted at the Seed Technology
Greenhouse, Vegetable Crops Division, Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
while the yield performance was conducted at Abiang, Atok, Benguet from October to
December 2008 to evaluate the effects of different ANAA concentrations on the rooting
of cabbage slips, establish the best concentration for the vegetative propagation of
cabbage slip cuttings, and assess the yield performance of the transplanted rooted
cabbage slips.
Results revealed that the longest and higher number of roots measured and
counted were significantly higher in cabbage slips cuttings treated with 750 ppm ANAA
compared to untreated control and lower concentrations but comparable to 1000 ppm.
ANAA at 1000 ppm was comparable to 500 ppm in terms of root length but significantly
longer than the untreated control and 250 ppm. On the other hand, 1000 ppm treated slip
cuttings also produced more roots than the untreated control but comparable to those
treated with 250 and 500 ppm.
Slip cuttings treated with ANAA at 750 ppm had significantly wider heads against
the other concentrations but no significant differences were noted in terms of polar
circumference and percentage field survival.
There were no significant differences on the average head weight among the
various concentrations of ANAA evaluated but slips treated with 750 ppm had
significantly higher marketable and computed marketable yields compared to the rest of
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
concentrations used. All the heads harvested were marketable.
Conclusion
Cabbage slip cuttings can be used as planting materials when treated with 750
ppm ANAA producing longer and more roots, wider heads and higher marketable and
computed marketable yields.
Recommendation
Based from the preceeding results and discussion, 750 ppm ANAA is
recommended as a treatment solution for rooting of cabbage slip cuttings.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
ADRIANCE, G.W. and F.I. BRISON. 1955. Propagation of Horticultural Plants. Mc.
Graw Hill Bool Co., Inc. New York. Pp. 119-131.
ALI, A. and H. FLETCHER. 1979. Hormonal regulations of dominance in soybeans.
Canadian J. Bot. 48:1984-1989.
ANDERSON, D.C. and F.B. ELLISON. 1969. Root initiation of stem tip of asparagus
plant. Hort. Sci. 90:140.
APNOYAN, P.S. 1981. Influence of different sexual propagation techniques on the
percentage survival and root initiation of hard-to-root Chrysanthemum molifolium
cultivars. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 15-16.
BAUTISTA, O.K., H.L. VALMAYOR, P.C. TABORA, JR., and R.R.C. ESPINO. 1983.
Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. UPLB, College, Los Baños,
Laguna. P. 134.
BLEASDALE, J.K. 1973. Plant physiology in relation to horticulture. The MacMillan
Press, Ltd., London. P. 1.
BUTCHER, D.B. and E.D. STREET. 1960. The effect of gibberellins on the light
sensitivity of roots. J. Exp’l. Bot. 11:206-212.
EDMUND, J.B., F.S. ANDREW and T.L. SEN. 1978. Fundamentals of horticulture.
New York: McGraw Hill Co., Inc. P. 197.
FLETCHER, W.W. and R.C. KIRKWOOD. 1982. Herbicides and Plant Growth
Regulators. Britain: Granasa Publ., Ltd. P. 70.
GONZALES, F.R. 1980. Comparative effect of growth hormone in the rooting of rose
c.v. Queen Elizabeth. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 3, 20-21.
HARTMAN, H.T. and D.E. KESTER. 1975. Plant propagation and practices, the AVI
publ., Co., Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Pp. 177-179, 273-276.
INGLES, J.L. 1994. Ornamental Horticulture: Science Operation and Management.
Delmar Publ., Inc., New York. P. 115.
JANICK, J. 1972. Horticultural science. Britain: W.H. Freeman and Co. Pp. 250-351.
LEOPOLD, A.C. and J.D. KRIEDENMANN. 1975. Plant growth and development.
McGraw Hill Book., Co. New York. P. 115.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
REGINA, A.D. 1968. Effect of NAA on the rooting of Doña Aurora stem cuttings.
Hort. Abst. UPCA, College, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 51.
SALISBURY, F.B. and C. ROSS. 1969. Plant Physiology. Wass Worth Pub. Co., Inc.,
California. P. 446.
SMITH, H. 1982. Light quantity, photoperception and plant strategy. Ann: Rev. Plant
Physiol. 33:481-518.
WEAVER, R.J. 1972. Plant Growth Substances in Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Co.,
San Francisco. Pp. 120-128.
WRIGHT, R.C.M. 1973. The Complete Handbook of Plant Propagation. New York:
McMillan Publ. Co., Inc. P. 70.
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Root length (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
1.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
9.00
2.25
T2
1.50
3.00
3.50
3.00
11.00
2.75
T3
1.50
6.00
2.00
4.00
13.50
3.38
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
T4
4.00
7.50
9.00
5.00
25.50
6.38
T5
2.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
19.00
4.75
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
25.900 8.633
Treatment
4
44.675
11.169
8.01**
3.26 5.41
Error
12
16.725 1.394
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
87.300
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of
variation = 30.27%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
25
Appendix Table 2. Root number
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
4.00
10.00
5.00
6.00
25.00
6.25
T2
8.00
10.00
6.00
8.00
32.00
8.00
T3
1.50
10.00
9.00
9.00
29.50
7.38
T4
11.00 14.00
22.00 19.00
66.00
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
26
16.50
T5
20.00 9.00
13.00 11.00
53.00
13.25
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
13.138 4.379
Treatment
4
309.550
77.388
4.55*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
204.050 17.004
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
526.738
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
40.13%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
27
Appendix Table 3. Field survival (%)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
97.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
396.0
98.00
T2
100.0
99.0
97.0
96.0
392.0
98.00
T3
98.0
100.0
98.0
93.0
389.0
97.25
T4
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
400.0
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
28
100.00
T5
98.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
397.0
99.25
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
15.000 5.000
Treatment
4
18.700
4.675
1.84ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
30.500 2.542
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
64.200
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
1.62%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
29
Appendix Table 4. Equatorial circumference (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
41.00
40.00
40.00
44.30
165.30
41.33
T2
38.60
40.30
44.30
43.30
166.50
41.63
T3
43.30
43.30
43.30
43.60
173.50
43.38
T4
48.00
49.30
45.30
45.60
188.20
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
30
47.05
T5
43.30
44.30
41.30
41.00
169.90
42.48
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
2.214 0.738
Treatment
4
85.482
21.370
5.14*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
49.586 4.157
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
137.582
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
4.72%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
31
Appendix Table 5. Polar circumference (cm)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
40.00
39.00
37.60
42.00
158.60
39.65
T2
36.60
38.60
43.00
42.30
160.50
40.13
T3
41.60
42.60
42.30
42.30
168.80
42.20
T4
43.00
47.60
43.00
43.30
176.90
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
32
44.23
T5
42.60
43.60
39.30
38.60
164.10
41.03
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
6.977 2.326
Treatment
4
53.757
13.439
2.49ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
64.795 5.400
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
125.530
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
5.61%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
33
Appendix Table 6. Average head weight (kg)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
0.393
0.375
0.275
0.417
1.460
0.365
T2
0.275
0.306
0.424
0.500
1.505
0.376
T3
0.500
0.375
0.469
0.357
1.701
0.425
T4
0.500
0.775
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
34
0.475
0.300
2.050
0.512
T5
0.438
0.375
0.375
0.333
1.521
0.380
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
0.010 0.003
Treatment
4
0.059
0.015
1.04ns
3.26 5.41
Error
12
0.171 0.014
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
0.239
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation =
28.96%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
35
Appendix Table 7. Marketable yield (kg/plot)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
2.75
3.75
2.75
3.75
13.00
3.25
T2
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.00
11.50
2.88
T3
4.00
3.75
3.75
2.50
14.00
3.50
T4
5.00
7.75
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
36
4.75
3.00
20.50
5.13
T5
3.50
3.75
3.75
3.00
14.00
3.50
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
4.275 1.425
Treatment
4
11.925
2.981
3.54*
3.26 5.41
Error
12
10.100 0.842
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
26.300
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
25.13%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
37
Appendix Table 8. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ─────────────────────── TOTAL MEAN
I II
III IV
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────
T1
18.33
25.00
18.33
25.00
86.66
21.67
T2
18.33
18.33
20.00
13.33
74.99
18.75
T3
16.67
25.00
25.00
16.67
83.34
20.84
T4
33.34
51.67
31.67
20.00
136.38
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
38
34.17
T5
23.33
25.00
25.00
20.00
93.33
23.33
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
Analysis of Variance
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
═══
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Replication
3
223.750 74.583
Treatment
4
586.48
1
146.62
0
4.16*
3.26
5.41
Error
12
422.864 35.239
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────
Total
19
1233.095
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
════
** = Significant
Coefficient of variation =
24.99%
Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips
to ANAA Concentrations /Ana Feb B. Betwag. 2009
Document Outline
- Rooting and Yield Response of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Slips to ANAA Concentrations.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Cuttings as Propagating Materials
- Rooting Hormones
- Hormone Concentration
- Rooting in Relation to Plant Age
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Average Root Length and Number
- Equatorial and Polar Head Circumferences
- Field Survival
- Average Head Weight, Marketableand Computed Marketable Yield
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES