BIBLIOGRAPHY KIAL, ALEX I. APRIL 2009. ...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KIAL, ALEX I. APRIL 2009. Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at BSU, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2008 to March 2009 to determine the effect of pinching the shoot of pole snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ during juvenile stage on the growth and yield, appropriate timing and
profitability of the practice.
The results of the study revealed that the first harvest of green mature pods was
60 to 66 days from planting the seeds when shoot pinching is done one and two weeks
after emergence. In terms of yield, no shoot pinching and pinching the shoots one week
after emergence slightly differ in the marketable, non-marketable pods, total yield and
computed yield per hectare but their advantages over the shoot pinching two, three and
four weeks after emergence are negligible.
Similar results were recorded in pod length, pod counts, pod weight, pod diameter
and number of pickings. It was observed that the number of lateral branches significantly
increased from one to three weeks of weekly pinching the shoot but in plant height the
opposite occurred where plant height decreased as the number of lateral branches
increased.
In terms of profitability, no shoot pinching or the control treatment obtained the
highest return on investment of 56.85% or PhP0.56 for every peso spent in the production
followed by pinching the shoot one week after emergence (19.20%). The pinching of
shoots two, three and four weeks after emergence incurred a negative or loss of -26.30, -
3.86 and -23.66% respectively.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………….
1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………….
1
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………..
2
Time and Place of the Study ……………………………………
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pole Snap bean…….……………………………
3
Economic Importance of Pole Snap beans ……………………..
4
Soil and Climatic Requirement …………………………………
4
Apical Dominance ……………… ……………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………….
7
Methods ………………………………………………………..
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………….
14
Planting to First Pod Picking …………………………………..
14
Pod Length …………………………………………………….
15
Pod Counts …………………………………………………….
15
iii
Number of Pickings from First to Last Harvest ……………….
16
Weight of Marketable Pods ……………………………………
17
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods……………………………….
17
Total Yield ……………………………………………………..
17
Computed Yield per Hectare …………………………………..
18
Number of Lateral Branches Produced ………………………..
19
Final Plant Height ……………………………………………..
20
Average Pod Weight …………………………………………..
20
Pod Diameter ………………………………………………….
21
Insect Pest Infestation ………………………………………..
21
Economic Analysis ……………………………………………
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion ……………………………………………………..
25
Recommendation ……………………………………………....
25
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………...
26
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………
28
iv
INTRODUCTION
Pole snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn) belongs to the family leguminosae. It
originated in tropical America. It is an annual crop adapted to a wide variety of soils.
Moreover, it helps maintain and conserve soil fertility because of its ability to fix free
nitrogen from the atmosphere through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria present in its
root (Watts, 1972).
Also known as protein source, it contains high calories and ascorbic acid (Vitamin
C). This legume has industrial and agricultural importance. It is used as vegetable food,
processed into various forms, and as animal feeds. Beans are used as medicine in
reducing the cases of beri-beri. Leguminous crops like pole snap bean could also fix
nitrogen in the soil. It is recommended for crop rotation and for green manuring thus
contribute to the improvement of the physical and fertility conditioning of the soil.
The availability of water during dry season is a serious problem in pole snap bean
production. Thus, it is necessary to know the stage when pole snap bean is most sensitive
to moisture stress so that limited irrigation of water could be applied efficiently.
Snap bean production is one of the main sources of livelihood by farmers in the
Cordillera. It is mainly grown for fresh pods which can produce 17 to 23 tons/ha from
pole types depending on the cultivar. Poleg (1977) stated that the effect of pruning on the
total yield of bean pods was more from the unpruned one. Reyes (1955) reported that
tomatoes pruned to a single stem, staked and mulched with rice straw produced greater
yield of marketable fruits as compared to unpruned and unstaked plants. Furthermore,
Aquino (1962) found that topping and training delays flowering by four days in varieties
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
2
of native tomato. Thus, it is also necessary to know the effect of shoot pruning in pole
snap beans.
The objectives of the study was conducted to: determine the effect of removing
the shoot of snap bean during juvenile stage on the growth and yield; determine the
appropriate number of weeks from emergence when the shoot of snap bean can be
removed to enhance growth of lateral branches and yield; and determine the profitability
of removing shoot at juvenile stage.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2008 to March 2009.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pole Snap Beans
Pole snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn) belongs to the Leguminosae family
which is adapted to a wide range of condition but are best grown in areas with
temperature from 16 to 24oC. Snap beans can also be grown in all kinds of soil but
thrives well in a fertile and well drained soil with 5.5 to 7.0 pH (Bautista et al., 1983).
The stems are slender, twisted, angled, and almost square in cross-section often
with purple. Snap beans have long and extensive root system vegetable legumes,
produce nodules which are important in nitrification and in the nutritional requirements
of the crops (Tindall, 1983).
The flowers of pole snap beans vary in size and color depending on the species.
Calyxes are generally green and purple. The corollas are white, yellow, purple, blue and
mixtures of blue, purple, pink, green and purple yellow. Pod characteristics also vary
with species. The pod maybe linear, cylindrical, slightly curved, oblong or crescent
shape and flat. Length and diameter range from 6.75 cm from 0.5-2 cm, respectively.
An immature pod varies in color from light green to dark green, yellow and purple
mottled green or purple pods are also observed among those of cowpea kidney beans and
pigeon pea. The number of seed pea pod ranges from 1-22 (Knott and Deanon, 1967).
The seeds are varied in size, shape, color, maybe white, pink, red, black, brown or
speckled depending on the variety grown (Perez, 1983).
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
4
Economic Importance of Pole Snap Beans
Snap bean, a major crop grown in Benguet is a leading vegetable crop due to its
protein, phosphorous, calcium, iron and vitamin contents for better human nutrition. It
helps in the maintenance of soil fertility level especially when the soil is continuously
cropped with high nitrogen feeding plants (Tisdale and Nelson, 1970). In addition to
their use as a human food, the poorer qualities of beans are feed to livestock and the
plants are used for forage. They rank high as a cheap source of protein and calories
(Matzke, 1973). Moreover, dried bean seeds have high carbohydrate content, which is
extremely nutritious food for man and many domesticated animals (Tiedjens, 1964).
Soil and Climatic Requirement
Legume crops can be grown in any type of soil provided with available water.
They perform best in soil that is granular, fertile, well-drained, and relatively free from
nematodes and fusarium disease. They thrive in soil with 5.5 to 7.0 pH (Bautista, et al.,
1983).
Tindall (1983) mentioned that European forms or cultivars are normally cultivated
in elevations over 600 m above sea level. It is further stated that many cultivars can
tolerate a wide range of soil conditioning with optimum pH of about 5.5 to 6.5.
However, acid soils should be avoided since it reduces the activity of Rhizobium nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
Martin and Leonard (1970) stated that bean plant is a warm season and annual
crop adapted to a wide variety of soil. Its optimum temperature requirement is 65o to
75oF. High temperatures interfere with seed setting, while low temperatures are
unfavorable for growth. Dry beans are produced most successfully in areas where
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
5
rainfall is light during the later part of the season. This reduces weather damage to the
mature beans. Under dry land conditions, the bean plant adjusts its growth, flowering
and pod setting to the soil moisture supply to a marked degree. Beans require a minimum
frost-free season of about 120 to 130 days in order to mature seed.
Apical Dominance
Limited bud growth has been widely explained in terms of apical dominance. It is
the correlative phenomenon in which the growth and development of lateral buds is
inhibited by the terminal bud. Scientists have proposed the hormone and nutrient
theories. Cytokinin under hormone theory is known to initiate bud growth (Wickson and
Thimann, 1958) that includes the accordance of the higher the auxin level, the higher the
kinetin concentration needed to overcome the inhibition. Under nutrient theory, the
reasons behind apical dominance maybe summarized into two aspects, Phillips (1968).
First, the production of hormones; and second, the background balance of hormones
present in the plant. Hence, modification of apical dominance and the release of lateral
buds from inhibition maybe obtained by interfering with these two aspects.
Salisbury (1968) disclosed that the active substance normally produced by the
apical bud is an auxin which is a hormone and that this hormone controls branching in
plants.
Devlin (1977) agreed that the apical dominance is due to the presence of auxin
produced at the terminal bud transported downward through the stem. Ting (1982) also
agreed that the apical dominance is the regulatory control of growth that the plant apex
exerts on the other potentially meristematic regions. Thus, it regulates both the extent
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
6
and the angle of branching and controls the overall growth from the above ground
portions of plants.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study are: seeds of pole snap beans “Black Valentine”,
fertilizer (compost and 14-14-14), sticks, farm tools and equipment, measuring tape, pen
and record book.
Methods
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replications. The treatments are the following:
T1 – shoot pinched 1 week from emergence
T2 – shoot pinched 2 weeks from emergence
T3 – shoot pinched 3 weeks from emergence
T4 – shoot pinched 4 weeks from emergence
T5 – No shoot pinching
Land preparation. An area of 75 m2 was prepared thoroughly for the study. The
area was divided into three blocks, each of which were sub-divided into five plots
measuring 1 m x 5 m.
The plots was dug about 25 cm deep then applied with processed chicken manure
at the rate of 3 kg per plot as fertilizer base dress. This was mixed with the soil
thoroughly. Double rows of shallow canals were made on each plot to serve as guide in
planting.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
8
Planting. Two seeds of pole snap bean “Black Valentine” was planted 25 cm x 25
cm both ways. This spacing was planted 35 seeds per row or 70 seeds per treatment plot.
The depth of planting the seeds was 2.54 cm.
Irrigation. After planting the seeds, all the treatment plots was watered at the rate
of two watering cans (32 liters of water) per plot. Irrigation was done every three days or
twice a week.
Side dressing and hilling up. Two weeks after emergence, the plants was side
dressed with 14-14-14 at the rate of 90-90-90 kg N-P205-K20 per hectare or 321.43 grams
per plot. After applying the side dress fertilizer equally near the base of plants, hilling-up
was done immediately to cover the fertilizer, growing weeds and fix the plots.
Training. After hilling-up, trellises were fixed at the middle of the plant rows
interwoven perpendicularly. The plant shoots was directed to twine the trellises.
Crop maintenance. All the cultural practices of growing snap beans was followed
in all the treatment plots equally in order to insure optimum growth and yield.
Data Gathered
1. Planting to first pod picking. This was the number of days from planting to
first picking/harvesting.
2. Pod length (cm). This was taken from five sample pods per treatment from
first to the last harvest.
3. Pod counts. This was the total number of harvested pods from the first picking
to last picking.
4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest. The number of pickings from
each treatment was recorded.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
9
5. Weight of marketable pods (kg/plot). This was the total weight of harvested
pods without defects such as matured, very short, over matured or damaged by insects.
6. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg/plot). This was the total w eight of
harvested pods with defects that can not be sold in the market.
7. Total yield (kg/plot). This was the weight of marketable and non-marketable
pods harvested from the first to the last harvest.
8. Number of lateral branches produced. The number of lateral branches
produced was counted below the shoot removed.
9. Final plant height (cm). Five plants from each treatment plot were measured
after the last harvest by carefully coravelling the plants from the sticks and measuring
from the base to the tip of the vines.
10. Computed yield per hectare (ton/ha). The yield per plot was converted to
tons per hectare by multiplying the yield per plot by 2000 and divided by 1000. The
2000 is the number of plots per hectare based in 1 m x 5 m plot of the study and the 1000
is the weight of one ton.
11. Average pod weight. The weight of marketable pods was divided by the
number of marketable pods per plot to get the average weight of individual pod.
12. Pod diameter. This was the pod diameter of five samples per treatment.
13. Insect pest infestation. This was observed on each block per treatment using
the rate below.
Rating
Description
1
No infestation
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
3
Moderate infestation (20-39%)
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
10
14. Economic analysis. All expenses incurred in the study were recorded.
Expenses include the cost of seeds, fertilizers, trellis depreciation, labor, etc. The return
on investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales – Expenses ÷ Expenses x 100
15. Documentation after pinching shoots of pole snapbean. This was done just
after pinching the shoots of pole snapbean.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
11
Figure 1. Shoot pinched one week from emergence
Figure 2. Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
12
Figure 3. Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
Figure 4. Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
13
Figure 5. No shoot pinching
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Planting to First Pod Picking
Table 1 shows that pinching the shoot of ‘Black Valentine’ three and four weeks
from emergence had similar days to first picking with the plants without shoot pinching
which significantly differed from those plants with shoots pinched one and two weeks
from emergence. This means that there was a delay of 6 days to harvest when the shoots
were pinched one to two weeks from emergence.
According to Kudan (2008) the first harvest of green mature pods starts 60 days
from planting the seeds under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. This tally in this study on
no shoot pinching and those plants whose shoots were pinched three to four weeks from
emergence, but early shoot pinched from one to two weeks from emergence delays the
first harvest of green mature pods.
Table 1. Planting to first pod picking
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
66.0a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
66.0a
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
60.0b
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
60.0b
No shoot pinching (control)
60.0b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
15
Pod Length
As presented in Table 2, pinching the shoots of ‘Black Valentine’ one to four
weeks after emergence did not affect the pod length compared to the no shoot pinching or
control plants. It appears that the pod length of ‘Black Valentine’ at this time is longer
than in 1960’s and 1990’s. The observed characteristic of the earlier ‘Black Valentine’
was that pod bearing is concentrated on then lower portion of the vines but the present
‘Black Valentine’ has up to the upper portion. There might be some sort of cross
pollination after more than 40 years.
Pod Counts
The number of pods harvested from ‘Black Valentine’ is shown in Table 3. Shoot
pinched one week, three weeks from emergence and no pinching had similar number of
pods per plot but did not significantly differ from pinching the shoots four or two weeks
after emergence. Obviously, there was no trend in the number of pods produced
corresponding to the increasing number of lateral branches produced (Table 3). It might
be that shoot pinching did not influence the number of pods produced.
Table 2. Pod length
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
16.32a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
16.02a
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
17.29a
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
16.12a
No shoot pinching (control)
16.10a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
16
Table 3. Pod counts per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
1,303.00a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
923.67b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
1,147.67ab
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
937.00b
No shoot pinching (control_
1,289.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
6.0b
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
6.0b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
7.0a
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
7.0a
No shoot pinching (control)
7.0a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Pickings from First to Last Harvest
As shown in Table 4, shoot pinched one and two weeks from emergence had
lesser number of picking pods compared to those shoot pinched three and four weeks
from emergence. However, the number of pickings did not influence the total yield of the
treatment plots as those with more pickings did not surpass those with less number of
pickings (Table 5).
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
17
Weight of Marketable Pods
The weight of marketable pods produced by the different treatments was
presented in Table 5. No shoot pinching and shoot pinched one week after emergence
produced the heaviest marketable pods but did not differ significantly over those shoots
pinched two, three or four weeks from emergence. This means that shoot pinching
during the juvenile state in pole bean ‘Black Valentine’ did not affect the marketable
pods.
Weight of Non-marketable pods
Table 5 shows the non-marketable yield from shoot pinched plants. No shoot
pinching, shoot pinched one and three weeks after emergence produced the heaviest
weight of non-marketable pods which slightly differ from two and four weeks pinching
from emergence. The slight differences in the w eight of non-marketable pods are not an
effect of the treatments but maybe due to human error in classifying the non-marketable
pods.
Total Yield
Plants with no shoot pinching and those with shoot pinched one week after
emergence produced similar total yield per plot which slightly differ from those plants
with shoot pinched three weeks from emergence (Table 5). Shoot pinching two and four
weeks after emergence have total yields similar to the plants with shoot, pinched three
weeks after emergence.
As mentioned earlier, there was no trend in the yield that follow the trend of
increasing number of lateral branches produced (Table 6) from one to four weeks
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
18
Table 5. Weight of marketable, non-marketable pods and total yield per plot
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
TREATMENT
POD (kg)
POD (kg)
YIELD (kg)
Shoot pinched one week
from emergence
4.16ab
4.16a
8.33ab
Shoot pinched two weeks
from emergence
2.66b
2.95a
5.60c
Shoot pinched three weeks
from emergence
3.56b
3.78ab
7.20bc
Shoot pinched four weeks
from emergence
2.81b
3.03a
6.02c
No shoot pinching
5.18a
4.23a
9.42a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
pinching of shoots which means that the increase in the number of lateral branches do not
necessary increase the pod yield of ‘Black Valentine’.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Table 6 shows that no shoot pinching produced the highest computed yield per
hectare which slightly differed from plants whose shoots were pinched one week after
emergence, which in turn did not also differ from pinching the shoots three weeks after
emergence. Pinching the shoots three weeks after emergence has computed yield that did
not differ from either pinching two or four weeks after emergence.
This result clearly shows that the practice of some farmers in pinching the shoots
of their snapbean plants has no economic advantage.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
19
Table 6. Computed yield per hectare (t/ha)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
16.67ab
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
11.20c
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
14.40bc
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
11.69c
No shoot pinching
18.69a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Lateral Branches Produced
Table 7 shows that the number of shoots produced from three to four weeks after
emergence slightly differ but both treatments significantly produced more lateral
branches over shoot pinching one and two weeks after emergence. Moreover, shoot
pinched two weeks after emergence significantly out numbered the lateral branches
produced from shoot pinching one week after emergence.
The increasing number of lateral branch production is directly related to the
number of nodes present above the soil surface. Shoot pinching one week after
emergence has one or two nodes and this increases each week up to four weeks that the
shoot pinching treatments was implemented. Meanwhile, the no shoot pinching did not
produce lateral branch at all due to the effect of apical dominance wherein the presence
of the main shoot prevented the production of lateral shoot.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
20
Table 7. Number of lateral branches produced per plant and final plant height
LATERAL
PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT
BRANCHES
(cm)
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
3.0 c
318.53b
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
5.0 b
310.7 b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
8.0 a
280.80c
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
9.0 a
287.5 c
No shoot pinching
0.0 d
348.0 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Plant Height
Table 7 shows that no shoot pinching significantly outgrow the plants with shoots
pinched at weekly interval from one to four weeks after emergence. Among the plants
whose shoots were pinched, one and two weeks had significantly taller lateral branches
compared to the three and four weeks pinched plants. It is apparent in this study that
pinching f shoot earlier resulted to longer vines. This maybe due to one or two nodes
producing lesser lateral branches, thus lesser competition in food, moisture and space for
growth. The more the lateral branches, the more the competition resulting to reduced
growth.
Average Pod Weight
Table 8 shows that the plants without shoot pinching and those shoots were
pinched one and two weeks after emergence have similar pod weight which did not
significantly differ over those shoot pinched three and four weeks after emergence. This
slight difference in pod weight means that shoot pinching does not affect the individual
pod weight.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
21
Table 8. Average pod weight and pod diameter
POD WEIGHT POD DIAMETER
TREATMENT
(g)
(cm)
Shoot pinched week from emergence
8.19ab
1.56a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
7.84ab
1.47b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
7.55b
1.51ab
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
7.48b
1.51ab
No shoot pinching
8.89a
1.55a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Pod Diameter
Table 8 shows that similar to pod weight, the pod diameter slightly differ among
the shoot pinching and the plants without pinching. Again, pod diameter maybe a
varietal characteristic and can not be affected by shoot pinching.
Insect Pest Infestation
Table 9 shows that no shoot pinching and shoot pinched one week from
emergence had the same rating of slight infestation by pod borer. This was followed by
pinching the shoot two weeks from emergence with a rating of moderate infestation of
pod borer while those pinching three and four weeks after emergence had the highest
rating of severe infestation by pod borer.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
22
Table 9. Insect pest infestation (pod borer)
TREATMENT
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
3
Moderate infestation 20-39%)
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
No shoot pinching
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
Economic Analysis
Table 10 shows the profitability of the five treatments evaluated. Among the
treatments, no shoot pinching obtained the highest return of investment (ROI) of 56.85%
or Ph0.56 for every peso the shoots one week after emergence with 19.20% ROI.
Pinching the plant shoots two, three and four weeks after emergence obtained a negative
return on investment of 26.30, 3.86 and 23.66 respectively.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
23
Table 10. Economic analysis
PINCHED PINCHED PINCHED PINCHED
NOT
TREATMENTS
AFTER
AFTER
AFTER
AFTER
SHOOT
ONE
TWO
THREE
FOUR
PINCHING
WEEK
WEEKS
WEEKS
WEEKS
Marketable (kg)
12.00
8.00
10.70
8.43
15.56
Sales (PhP)
275.95
170.60
222.55
176.75
342.70
Expenses
Seeds
18.90
18.90
18.90
18.90
18.90
Chicken manure
(Bio-organic)
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
14-14-14
32.60
32.60
32.60
32.60
32.60
Labor
138.00
138.00
138.00
138.00
125.00
TOTAL
EXPENSES
231.50
231.50
231.50
231.50
218.50
Net Profit
44.45
-60.90
-8.95
-54.55
124.20
ROI %
19.20
-26.30
-3.86
-23.66
56.85
RANK
2
5
3
4
1
Note: Selling price during harvest ranged from PhP15.00 to PhP30/kg.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at BSU Administration Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2008 to March 2009 to determine the effect of pinching the
shoot of pole snapbeans “Black Valentine” during juvenile stage on the growth and yield,
appropriate timing and profitability of the practice.
The results of the study revealed that the first harvest of green mature pods was
60 to 66 days from planting the seeds when shoot pinching is done one and two weeks
after emergence. In terms of yield, no shoot pinching and pinching the shoots one week
after emergence slightly differ in the marketable, non-marketable pods, total yield and
computed yield per hectare but their advantages over the shoot pinching two, three and
four weeks after emergence are negligible.
Similar results were recorded in pod length, pod counts, pod weight, pod diameter
and number of pickings. It was observed that the number of lateral branches significantly
increased from one to three weeks of weekly pinching the shoot but in plant height the
opposite occurred where plant height decreased as the number of lateral branches
increased.
In terms of profitability, no shoot pinching or control obtained the highest return
on investment of 56.85 or Ph0.56 for every peso spent in the production followed by
pinching the shoot one week after emergence (19.20%), and the pinching of shoots two,
three and four weeks after emergence incurred a negative or loss of -26.30, -3.86 and -
23.66% respectively.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
25
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, no shoot pinching on pole snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ had better growth and yield that obtained the highest return on
investment. It is unnecessary to be pinching the shoots of snapbeans.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that farmers need not to pinch the shoots of snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ in order to obtain the highest yield and profit. It is, however,
recommended that this result be verified in other growing areas.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to tropical Horticulture University of the Phil.
College of Agriculture, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 95.
DEVLIN. 1977. Plant Physiology. Litton Educational Publishing, Inc., Manila.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, Los Baños, Laguna. P.
749.
MARTIN, J. R. and W. H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles Crop Production. New York:
The Mc Millan Co. Pp. 672-673.
MATZKE, E. B. 1973. Seeds of snap bean. Encycl. Americana 3: 396-397.
PEREZ, H. C. 1983. Characterization and variability evaluation of local varieties of
snap beans. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1-43.
POLEG, D. A. 1977. Influence of leaf pruning and plant density on the growth and yield
of Baguio beans. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-12.
REYES, D. A. 1955. Effect of pruning, training and mulching on the yield and quality
of tomatoes. BS Thesis. U.P. College of Agriculture. P. 23.
SALISBURY. 1968. Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall of India Private. Limited, New
Delhi.
TIEDJENS, V. A. 1964. Colliers Encyclopedia. New York. Growen Hill Book Co. P.
201.
TINDALL, H. D. 1983. Vegetables in the Tropics. London: Mc Millan Education, Ltd.
P. 533.
TING. 1982. Plant Growth and Development. Department of Horticulture, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 64-66.
TISDALE, S. L. and W. J. NELSON. 1970. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. New York:
The Mc Milla Co. Pp. 128-143.
WARE, G. W. 1977. Producing Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. New Jersey: The Interstate
Printers and Publishers, Inc. P. 239.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
27
WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Book
Company, Inc. P. 430.
WICKSON and THIMANN. 1958. Plant Growth and Development. Department of
Horticulture. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 64-66.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days to first pod picking
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
66.0
66.0
66.0
198.0
66.00
T2
66.0
66.0
66.0
198.0
66.00
T3
60.0
60.0
60.0
180.0
60.00
T4
60.0
60.0
60.0
180.0
60.00
T5
60.0
60.0
60.00
180.0
60.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000 0.000
Treatment
4
129.600 32.400 99999.99**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.000 0.000
TOTAL
14
129.600
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
29
Appendix Table 2. Pod length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
16.26
16.64
16.07
48.97
16.32
T2
16.72
15.82
15.54
48.08
16.02
T3
16.07
15.92
15.88
47.87
17.29
T4
15.36
16.16
16.25
48.37
16.12
T5
16.25
16.27
15.79
48.31
16.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.850
0.425
Treatment
4
3.295
0.823
0.64ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
10.343
1.292
TOTAL
14
14.488
ns - Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.94%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
30
Appendix Table 3. Pod counts
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1,211
1,291
1,407
3,909
1,303.00
T2
897
921
953
2,771
923.67
T3
1,073
1,331
979
3,443
1,147.67
T4
1,031
893
917
2,841
937.00
T5
1,230
1,352
1,287
3,869
1,289.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
17870.800 8935.400
Treatment
4
394478.400 98619.600
6.88*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
114691.200 14336.400
TOTAL
14
527040.400
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.67%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
31
Appendix Table 4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
6
6
6
18
6.00
T2
6
6
6
18
6.00
T3
7
7
7
21
7.00
T4
7
7
7
21
7.00
T5
7
7
7
21
7.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
4
3,600
0.900 99999.99**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.000
0.000
TOTAL
14
3.600
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
32
Appendix Table 5. Weight of marketable pods (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
2.90
3.80
5.80
12.50
4.16
T2
2.35
2.75
2.90
8.00
2.66
T3
3.40
4.15
3.15
10.70
3.56
T4
2.95
2.63
2.85
8.43
2.81
T5
5.28
5.81
4.47
15.56
5.18
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.690
0.345
Treatment
4
12.910
3.227
4.80*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
5.384
0.673
TOTAL
14
18.984
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 22.29%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
33
Appendix Table 6. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.80
4.00
3.70
12.50
4.16
T2
2.95
2.95
2.95
8.85
2.95
T3
3.50
5.00
2.85
11.35
3.78
T4
3.39
3.50
2.21
9.10
3.03
T5
4.23
4.21
4.25
12.69
4.23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.518
0.760
Treatment
4
4.469
1.117
3.46ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.584
0.322
TOTAL
14
8.571
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
34
Appendix Table 7. Total yield (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
7.70
7.80
9.50
25.00
8.33
T2
5.30
5.70
5.80
16.80
5.60
T3
6.45
9.15
6.00
21.60
7.20
T4
6.34
6.13
5.60
21.49
6.02
T5
9.51
10.25
8.50
28.26
9.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.806
0.904
Treatment
4
30.272
7.568
7.55**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
8.019
1.002
TOTAL
14
40.097
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.69%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
35
Appendix Table 8. Number of lateral branches produced
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2
5
5
5
15
5.00
T3
8
7
9
24
8.00
T4
9
8
10
27
9.00
T5
0
0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.600 0.800
Treatment
4
162.000 40.500
135.00**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.400 0.300
TOTAL
14
166.000
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.96%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
36
Appendix Table 9. Final plant height (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
321.4
318.0
316.2
955.6
318.53
T2
320.4
311.8
300.0
932.2
310.73
T3
286.0
191.4
264.0
842.4
280.80
T4
292.0
197.0
273.6
862.6
287.53
T5
349.8
353.2
341.0
1,044.0
348.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
774.976 387.488
Treatment
4
8612.624 2153.156
62.50**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
275.584 34.448
TOTAL
14
9663.184
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 1.89%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
37
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (ton/ha)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
15.40
15.60
19.00
50.00
16.67
T2
10.60
11.40
11.60
33.60
11.20
T3
12.90
18.30
12.00
43.20
14.40
T4
12.68
12.26
10.12
35.06
11.69
T5
19.03
20.05
17.00
56.08
18.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
74.696 37.348
Treatment
4
123.267 30.816
7.45**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
33.088 41.360
TOTAL
14
231.051
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.99%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
38
Appendix Table 11. Average pod weight (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
7.54
8.26
8.78
24.58
8.19
T2
8.18
7.75
7.59
23.52
7.84
T3
7.29
7.91
7.47
22.67
7.55
T4
7.81
7.58
7.07
22.46
7.48
T5
10.17
8.43
8.09
26.69
8.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.396
0.199
Treatment
4
3.981
0.996
2.25ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3.545
0.444
TOTAL
14
7.992
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.320%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
39
Appendix Table 12. Pod diameter (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.55
1.57
1.57
4.69
1.56
T2
1.51
1.47
1.45
4.43
1.47
T3
1.52
1.53
1.50
4.55
1.51
T4
1.51
1.49
1.54
4.54
1.51
T5
1.57
1.60
1.50
4.67
1.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.001
0.001
Treatment
4
0.015
0.003
3.86*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.007
0.000
TOTAL
14
0.023
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.04%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
KIAL, ALEX I. APRIL 2009. Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Silvestre L. Kudan, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at BSU, Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet from November
2008 to March 2009 to determine the effect of pinching the shoot of pole snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ during juvenile stage on the growth and yield, appropriate timing and
profitability of the practice.
The results of the study revealed that the first harvest of green mature pods was
60 to 66 days from planting the seeds when shoot pinching is done one and two weeks
after emergence. In terms of yield, no shoot pinching and pinching the shoots one week
after emergence slightly differ in the marketable, non-marketable pods, total yield and
computed yield per hectare but their advantages over the shoot pinching two, three and
four weeks after emergence are negligible.
Similar results were recorded in pod length, pod counts, pod weight, pod diameter
and number of pickings. It was observed that the number of lateral branches significantly
increased from one to three weeks of weekly pinching the shoot but in plant height the
opposite occurred where plant height decreased as the number of lateral branches
increased.
In terms of profitability, no shoot pinching or the control treatment obtained the
highest return on investment of 56.85% or PhP0.56 for every peso spent in the production
followed by pinching the shoot one week after emergence (19.20%). The pinching of
shoots two, three and four weeks after emergence incurred a negative or loss of -26.30, -
3.86 and -23.66% respectively.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….
i
Abstract ………………………………………………………………...
i
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………
iii
INTRODUCTION
Nature of the Study …………………………………………….
1
Importance of the Study ……………………………………….
1
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………..
2
Time and Place of the Study ……………………………………
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pole Snap bean…….……………………………
3
Economic Importance of Pole Snap beans ……………………..
4
Soil and Climatic Requirement …………………………………
4
Apical Dominance ……………… ……………………………..
5
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials ……………………………………………………….
7
Methods ………………………………………………………..
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………….
14
Planting to First Pod Picking …………………………………..
14
Pod Length …………………………………………………….
15
Pod Counts …………………………………………………….
15
iii
Number of Pickings from First to Last Harvest ……………….
16
Weight of Marketable Pods ……………………………………
17
Weight of Non-Marketable Pods……………………………….
17
Total Yield ……………………………………………………..
17
Computed Yield per Hectare …………………………………..
18
Number of Lateral Branches Produced ………………………..
19
Final Plant Height ……………………………………………..
20
Average Pod Weight …………………………………………..
20
Pod Diameter ………………………………………………….
21
Insect Pest Infestation ………………………………………..
21
Economic Analysis ……………………………………………
22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………….
23
Conclusion ……………………………………………………..
25
Recommendation ……………………………………………....
25
LITERATURE CITED ………………………………………………...
26
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………
28
iv
INTRODUCTION
Pole snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn) belongs to the family leguminosae. It
originated in tropical America. It is an annual crop adapted to a wide variety of soils.
Moreover, it helps maintain and conserve soil fertility because of its ability to fix free
nitrogen from the atmosphere through the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria present in its
root (Watts, 1972).
Also known as protein source, it contains high calories and ascorbic acid (Vitamin
C). This legume has industrial and agricultural importance. It is used as vegetable food,
processed into various forms, and as animal feeds. Beans are used as medicine in
reducing the cases of beri-beri. Leguminous crops like pole snap bean could also fix
nitrogen in the soil. It is recommended for crop rotation and for green manuring thus
contribute to the improvement of the physical and fertility conditioning of the soil.
The availability of water during dry season is a serious problem in pole snap bean
production. Thus, it is necessary to know the stage when pole snap bean is most sensitive
to moisture stress so that limited irrigation of water could be applied efficiently.
Snap bean production is one of the main sources of livelihood by farmers in the
Cordillera. It is mainly grown for fresh pods which can produce 17 to 23 tons/ha from
pole types depending on the cultivar. Poleg (1977) stated that the effect of pruning on the
total yield of bean pods was more from the unpruned one. Reyes (1955) reported that
tomatoes pruned to a single stem, staked and mulched with rice straw produced greater
yield of marketable fruits as compared to unpruned and unstaked plants. Furthermore,
Aquino (1962) found that topping and training delays flowering by four days in varieties
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
2
of native tomato. Thus, it is also necessary to know the effect of shoot pruning in pole
snap beans.
The objectives of the study was conducted to: determine the effect of removing
the shoot of snap bean during juvenile stage on the growth and yield; determine the
appropriate number of weeks from emergence when the shoot of snap bean can be
removed to enhance growth of lateral branches and yield; and determine the profitability
of removing shoot at juvenile stage.
The study was conducted at Benguet State University, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2008 to March 2009.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Description of Pole Snap Beans
Pole snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn) belongs to the Leguminosae family
which is adapted to a wide range of condition but are best grown in areas with
temperature from 16 to 24oC. Snap beans can also be grown in all kinds of soil but
thrives well in a fertile and well drained soil with 5.5 to 7.0 pH (Bautista et al., 1983).
The stems are slender, twisted, angled, and almost square in cross-section often
with purple. Snap beans have long and extensive root system vegetable legumes,
produce nodules which are important in nitrification and in the nutritional requirements
of the crops (Tindall, 1983).
The flowers of pole snap beans vary in size and color depending on the species.
Calyxes are generally green and purple. The corollas are white, yellow, purple, blue and
mixtures of blue, purple, pink, green and purple yellow. Pod characteristics also vary
with species. The pod maybe linear, cylindrical, slightly curved, oblong or crescent
shape and flat. Length and diameter range from 6.75 cm from 0.5-2 cm, respectively.
An immature pod varies in color from light green to dark green, yellow and purple
mottled green or purple pods are also observed among those of cowpea kidney beans and
pigeon pea. The number of seed pea pod ranges from 1-22 (Knott and Deanon, 1967).
The seeds are varied in size, shape, color, maybe white, pink, red, black, brown or
speckled depending on the variety grown (Perez, 1983).
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
4
Economic Importance of Pole Snap Beans
Snap bean, a major crop grown in Benguet is a leading vegetable crop due to its
protein, phosphorous, calcium, iron and vitamin contents for better human nutrition. It
helps in the maintenance of soil fertility level especially when the soil is continuously
cropped with high nitrogen feeding plants (Tisdale and Nelson, 1970). In addition to
their use as a human food, the poorer qualities of beans are feed to livestock and the
plants are used for forage. They rank high as a cheap source of protein and calories
(Matzke, 1973). Moreover, dried bean seeds have high carbohydrate content, which is
extremely nutritious food for man and many domesticated animals (Tiedjens, 1964).
Soil and Climatic Requirement
Legume crops can be grown in any type of soil provided with available water.
They perform best in soil that is granular, fertile, well-drained, and relatively free from
nematodes and fusarium disease. They thrive in soil with 5.5 to 7.0 pH (Bautista, et al.,
1983).
Tindall (1983) mentioned that European forms or cultivars are normally cultivated
in elevations over 600 m above sea level. It is further stated that many cultivars can
tolerate a wide range of soil conditioning with optimum pH of about 5.5 to 6.5.
However, acid soils should be avoided since it reduces the activity of Rhizobium nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
Martin and Leonard (1970) stated that bean plant is a warm season and annual
crop adapted to a wide variety of soil. Its optimum temperature requirement is 65o to
75oF. High temperatures interfere with seed setting, while low temperatures are
unfavorable for growth. Dry beans are produced most successfully in areas where
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
5
rainfall is light during the later part of the season. This reduces weather damage to the
mature beans. Under dry land conditions, the bean plant adjusts its growth, flowering
and pod setting to the soil moisture supply to a marked degree. Beans require a minimum
frost-free season of about 120 to 130 days in order to mature seed.
Apical Dominance
Limited bud growth has been widely explained in terms of apical dominance. It is
the correlative phenomenon in which the growth and development of lateral buds is
inhibited by the terminal bud. Scientists have proposed the hormone and nutrient
theories. Cytokinin under hormone theory is known to initiate bud growth (Wickson and
Thimann, 1958) that includes the accordance of the higher the auxin level, the higher the
kinetin concentration needed to overcome the inhibition. Under nutrient theory, the
reasons behind apical dominance maybe summarized into two aspects, Phillips (1968).
First, the production of hormones; and second, the background balance of hormones
present in the plant. Hence, modification of apical dominance and the release of lateral
buds from inhibition maybe obtained by interfering with these two aspects.
Salisbury (1968) disclosed that the active substance normally produced by the
apical bud is an auxin which is a hormone and that this hormone controls branching in
plants.
Devlin (1977) agreed that the apical dominance is due to the presence of auxin
produced at the terminal bud transported downward through the stem. Ting (1982) also
agreed that the apical dominance is the regulatory control of growth that the plant apex
exerts on the other potentially meristematic regions. Thus, it regulates both the extent
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
6
and the angle of branching and controls the overall growth from the above ground
portions of plants.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study are: seeds of pole snap beans “Black Valentine”,
fertilizer (compost and 14-14-14), sticks, farm tools and equipment, measuring tape, pen
and record book.
Methods
The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with
three replications. The treatments are the following:
T1 – shoot pinched 1 week from emergence
T2 – shoot pinched 2 weeks from emergence
T3 – shoot pinched 3 weeks from emergence
T4 – shoot pinched 4 weeks from emergence
T5 – No shoot pinching
Land preparation. An area of 75 m2 was prepared thoroughly for the study. The
area was divided into three blocks, each of which were sub-divided into five plots
measuring 1 m x 5 m.
The plots was dug about 25 cm deep then applied with processed chicken manure
at the rate of 3 kg per plot as fertilizer base dress. This was mixed with the soil
thoroughly. Double rows of shallow canals were made on each plot to serve as guide in
planting.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
8
Planting. Two seeds of pole snap bean “Black Valentine” was planted 25 cm x 25
cm both ways. This spacing was planted 35 seeds per row or 70 seeds per treatment plot.
The depth of planting the seeds was 2.54 cm.
Irrigation. After planting the seeds, all the treatment plots was watered at the rate
of two watering cans (32 liters of water) per plot. Irrigation was done every three days or
twice a week.
Side dressing and hilling up. Two weeks after emergence, the plants was side
dressed with 14-14-14 at the rate of 90-90-90 kg N-P205-K20 per hectare or 321.43 grams
per plot. After applying the side dress fertilizer equally near the base of plants, hilling-up
was done immediately to cover the fertilizer, growing weeds and fix the plots.
Training. After hilling-up, trellises were fixed at the middle of the plant rows
interwoven perpendicularly. The plant shoots was directed to twine the trellises.
Crop maintenance. All the cultural practices of growing snap beans was followed
in all the treatment plots equally in order to insure optimum growth and yield.
Data Gathered
1. Planting to first pod picking. This was the number of days from planting to
first picking/harvesting.
2. Pod length (cm). This was taken from five sample pods per treatment from
first to the last harvest.
3. Pod counts. This was the total number of harvested pods from the first picking
to last picking.
4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest. The number of pickings from
each treatment was recorded.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
9
5. Weight of marketable pods (kg/plot). This was the total weight of harvested
pods without defects such as matured, very short, over matured or damaged by insects.
6. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg/plot). This was the total w eight of
harvested pods with defects that can not be sold in the market.
7. Total yield (kg/plot). This was the weight of marketable and non-marketable
pods harvested from the first to the last harvest.
8. Number of lateral branches produced. The number of lateral branches
produced was counted below the shoot removed.
9. Final plant height (cm). Five plants from each treatment plot were measured
after the last harvest by carefully coravelling the plants from the sticks and measuring
from the base to the tip of the vines.
10. Computed yield per hectare (ton/ha). The yield per plot was converted to
tons per hectare by multiplying the yield per plot by 2000 and divided by 1000. The
2000 is the number of plots per hectare based in 1 m x 5 m plot of the study and the 1000
is the weight of one ton.
11. Average pod weight. The weight of marketable pods was divided by the
number of marketable pods per plot to get the average weight of individual pod.
12. Pod diameter. This was the pod diameter of five samples per treatment.
13. Insect pest infestation. This was observed on each block per treatment using
the rate below.
Rating
Description
1
No infestation
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
3
Moderate infestation (20-39%)
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
10
14. Economic analysis. All expenses incurred in the study were recorded.
Expenses include the cost of seeds, fertilizers, trellis depreciation, labor, etc. The return
on investment (ROI) was computed using the formula:
ROI = Gross Sales – Expenses ÷ Expenses x 100
15. Documentation after pinching shoots of pole snapbean. This was done just
after pinching the shoots of pole snapbean.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
11
Figure 1. Shoot pinched one week from emergence
Figure 2. Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
12
Figure 3. Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
Figure 4. Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
13
Figure 5. No shoot pinching
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Planting to First Pod Picking
Table 1 shows that pinching the shoot of ‘Black Valentine’ three and four weeks
from emergence had similar days to first picking with the plants without shoot pinching
which significantly differed from those plants with shoots pinched one and two weeks
from emergence. This means that there was a delay of 6 days to harvest when the shoots
were pinched one to two weeks from emergence.
According to Kudan (2008) the first harvest of green mature pods starts 60 days
from planting the seeds under La Trinidad, Benguet condition. This tally in this study on
no shoot pinching and those plants whose shoots were pinched three to four weeks from
emergence, but early shoot pinched from one to two weeks from emergence delays the
first harvest of green mature pods.
Table 1. Planting to first pod picking
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
66.0a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
66.0a
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
60.0b
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
60.0b
No shoot pinching (control)
60.0b
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
15
Pod Length
As presented in Table 2, pinching the shoots of ‘Black Valentine’ one to four
weeks after emergence did not affect the pod length compared to the no shoot pinching or
control plants. It appears that the pod length of ‘Black Valentine’ at this time is longer
than in 1960’s and 1990’s. The observed characteristic of the earlier ‘Black Valentine’
was that pod bearing is concentrated on then lower portion of the vines but the present
‘Black Valentine’ has up to the upper portion. There might be some sort of cross
pollination after more than 40 years.
Pod Counts
The number of pods harvested from ‘Black Valentine’ is shown in Table 3. Shoot
pinched one week, three weeks from emergence and no pinching had similar number of
pods per plot but did not significantly differ from pinching the shoots four or two weeks
after emergence. Obviously, there was no trend in the number of pods produced
corresponding to the increasing number of lateral branches produced (Table 3). It might
be that shoot pinching did not influence the number of pods produced.
Table 2. Pod length
TREATMENT
MEAN (cm)
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
16.32a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
16.02a
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
17.29a
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
16.12a
No shoot pinching (control)
16.10a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
16
Table 3. Pod counts per plot
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
1,303.00a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
923.67b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
1,147.67ab
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
937.00b
No shoot pinching (control_
1,289.67a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
6.0b
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
6.0b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
7.0a
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
7.0a
No shoot pinching (control)
7.0a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Pickings from First to Last Harvest
As shown in Table 4, shoot pinched one and two weeks from emergence had
lesser number of picking pods compared to those shoot pinched three and four weeks
from emergence. However, the number of pickings did not influence the total yield of the
treatment plots as those with more pickings did not surpass those with less number of
pickings (Table 5).
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
17
Weight of Marketable Pods
The weight of marketable pods produced by the different treatments was
presented in Table 5. No shoot pinching and shoot pinched one week after emergence
produced the heaviest marketable pods but did not differ significantly over those shoots
pinched two, three or four weeks from emergence. This means that shoot pinching
during the juvenile state in pole bean ‘Black Valentine’ did not affect the marketable
pods.
Weight of Non-marketable pods
Table 5 shows the non-marketable yield from shoot pinched plants. No shoot
pinching, shoot pinched one and three weeks after emergence produced the heaviest
weight of non-marketable pods which slightly differ from two and four weeks pinching
from emergence. The slight differences in the w eight of non-marketable pods are not an
effect of the treatments but maybe due to human error in classifying the non-marketable
pods.
Total Yield
Plants with no shoot pinching and those with shoot pinched one week after
emergence produced similar total yield per plot which slightly differ from those plants
with shoot pinched three weeks from emergence (Table 5). Shoot pinching two and four
weeks after emergence have total yields similar to the plants with shoot, pinched three
weeks after emergence.
As mentioned earlier, there was no trend in the yield that follow the trend of
increasing number of lateral branches produced (Table 6) from one to four weeks
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
18
Table 5. Weight of marketable, non-marketable pods and total yield per plot
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
TREATMENT
POD (kg)
POD (kg)
YIELD (kg)
Shoot pinched one week
from emergence
4.16ab
4.16a
8.33ab
Shoot pinched two weeks
from emergence
2.66b
2.95a
5.60c
Shoot pinched three weeks
from emergence
3.56b
3.78ab
7.20bc
Shoot pinched four weeks
from emergence
2.81b
3.03a
6.02c
No shoot pinching
5.18a
4.23a
9.42a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
pinching of shoots which means that the increase in the number of lateral branches do not
necessary increase the pod yield of ‘Black Valentine’.
Computed Yield per Hectare
Table 6 shows that no shoot pinching produced the highest computed yield per
hectare which slightly differed from plants whose shoots were pinched one week after
emergence, which in turn did not also differ from pinching the shoots three weeks after
emergence. Pinching the shoots three weeks after emergence has computed yield that did
not differ from either pinching two or four weeks after emergence.
This result clearly shows that the practice of some farmers in pinching the shoots
of their snapbean plants has no economic advantage.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
19
Table 6. Computed yield per hectare (t/ha)
TREATMENT
MEAN
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
16.67ab
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
11.20c
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
14.40bc
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
11.69c
No shoot pinching
18.69a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level of DMRT
Number of Lateral Branches Produced
Table 7 shows that the number of shoots produced from three to four weeks after
emergence slightly differ but both treatments significantly produced more lateral
branches over shoot pinching one and two weeks after emergence. Moreover, shoot
pinched two weeks after emergence significantly out numbered the lateral branches
produced from shoot pinching one week after emergence.
The increasing number of lateral branch production is directly related to the
number of nodes present above the soil surface. Shoot pinching one week after
emergence has one or two nodes and this increases each week up to four weeks that the
shoot pinching treatments was implemented. Meanwhile, the no shoot pinching did not
produce lateral branch at all due to the effect of apical dominance wherein the presence
of the main shoot prevented the production of lateral shoot.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
20
Table 7. Number of lateral branches produced per plant and final plant height
LATERAL
PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT
BRANCHES
(cm)
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
3.0 c
318.53b
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
5.0 b
310.7 b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
8.0 a
280.80c
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
9.0 a
287.5 c
No shoot pinching
0.0 d
348.0 a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Final Plant Height
Table 7 shows that no shoot pinching significantly outgrow the plants with shoots
pinched at weekly interval from one to four weeks after emergence. Among the plants
whose shoots were pinched, one and two weeks had significantly taller lateral branches
compared to the three and four weeks pinched plants. It is apparent in this study that
pinching f shoot earlier resulted to longer vines. This maybe due to one or two nodes
producing lesser lateral branches, thus lesser competition in food, moisture and space for
growth. The more the lateral branches, the more the competition resulting to reduced
growth.
Average Pod Weight
Table 8 shows that the plants without shoot pinching and those shoots were
pinched one and two weeks after emergence have similar pod weight which did not
significantly differ over those shoot pinched three and four weeks after emergence. This
slight difference in pod weight means that shoot pinching does not affect the individual
pod weight.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
21
Table 8. Average pod weight and pod diameter
POD WEIGHT POD DIAMETER
TREATMENT
(g)
(cm)
Shoot pinched week from emergence
8.19ab
1.56a
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
7.84ab
1.47b
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
7.55b
1.51ab
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
7.48b
1.51ab
No shoot pinching
8.89a
1.55a
Means with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Pod Diameter
Table 8 shows that similar to pod weight, the pod diameter slightly differ among
the shoot pinching and the plants without pinching. Again, pod diameter maybe a
varietal characteristic and can not be affected by shoot pinching.
Insect Pest Infestation
Table 9 shows that no shoot pinching and shoot pinched one week from
emergence had the same rating of slight infestation by pod borer. This was followed by
pinching the shoot two weeks from emergence with a rating of moderate infestation of
pod borer while those pinching three and four weeks after emergence had the highest
rating of severe infestation by pod borer.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
22
Table 9. Insect pest infestation (pod borer)
TREATMENT
MEAN
DESCRIPTION
Shoot pinched one week from emergence
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
Shoot pinched two weeks from emergence
3
Moderate infestation 20-39%)
Shoot pinched three weeks from emergence
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
Shoot pinched four weeks from emergence
4
Severe infestation (40% or more)
No shoot pinching
2
Slight infestation (1-19%)
Means with the same letter are not significantly different
Economic Analysis
Table 10 shows the profitability of the five treatments evaluated. Among the
treatments, no shoot pinching obtained the highest return of investment (ROI) of 56.85%
or Ph0.56 for every peso the shoots one week after emergence with 19.20% ROI.
Pinching the plant shoots two, three and four weeks after emergence obtained a negative
return on investment of 26.30, 3.86 and 23.66 respectively.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
23
Table 10. Economic analysis
PINCHED PINCHED PINCHED PINCHED
NOT
TREATMENTS
AFTER
AFTER
AFTER
AFTER
SHOOT
ONE
TWO
THREE
FOUR
PINCHING
WEEK
WEEKS
WEEKS
WEEKS
Marketable (kg)
12.00
8.00
10.70
8.43
15.56
Sales (PhP)
275.95
170.60
222.55
176.75
342.70
Expenses
Seeds
18.90
18.90
18.90
18.90
18.90
Chicken manure
(Bio-organic)
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.00
14-14-14
32.60
32.60
32.60
32.60
32.60
Labor
138.00
138.00
138.00
138.00
125.00
TOTAL
EXPENSES
231.50
231.50
231.50
231.50
218.50
Net Profit
44.45
-60.90
-8.95
-54.55
124.20
ROI %
19.20
-26.30
-3.86
-23.66
56.85
RANK
2
5
3
4
1
Note: Selling price during harvest ranged from PhP15.00 to PhP30/kg.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at BSU Administration Area, Balili, La Trinidad,
Benguet from November 2008 to March 2009 to determine the effect of pinching the
shoot of pole snapbeans “Black Valentine” during juvenile stage on the growth and yield,
appropriate timing and profitability of the practice.
The results of the study revealed that the first harvest of green mature pods was
60 to 66 days from planting the seeds when shoot pinching is done one and two weeks
after emergence. In terms of yield, no shoot pinching and pinching the shoots one week
after emergence slightly differ in the marketable, non-marketable pods, total yield and
computed yield per hectare but their advantages over the shoot pinching two, three and
four weeks after emergence are negligible.
Similar results were recorded in pod length, pod counts, pod weight, pod diameter
and number of pickings. It was observed that the number of lateral branches significantly
increased from one to three weeks of weekly pinching the shoot but in plant height the
opposite occurred where plant height decreased as the number of lateral branches
increased.
In terms of profitability, no shoot pinching or control obtained the highest return
on investment of 56.85 or Ph0.56 for every peso spent in the production followed by
pinching the shoot one week after emergence (19.20%), and the pinching of shoots two,
three and four weeks after emergence incurred a negative or loss of -26.30, -3.86 and -
23.66% respectively.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
25
Conclusion
Based on the results presented and discussed, no shoot pinching on pole snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ had better growth and yield that obtained the highest return on
investment. It is unnecessary to be pinching the shoots of snapbeans.
Recommendation
It is therefore recommended that farmers need not to pinch the shoots of snapbean
‘Black Valentine’ in order to obtain the highest yield and profit. It is, however,
recommended that this result be verified in other growing areas.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
LITERATURE CITED
BAUTISTA, O. K. 1983. Introduction to tropical Horticulture University of the Phil.
College of Agriculture, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 95.
DEVLIN. 1977. Plant Physiology. Litton Educational Publishing, Inc., Manila.
KNOTT, J. E. and J. R. DEANON. 1967. Vegetable Production in southeast Asia.
University of the Philippines. College of Agriculture, Los Baños, Laguna. P.
749.
MARTIN, J. R. and W. H. LEONARD. 1970. Principles Crop Production. New York:
The Mc Millan Co. Pp. 672-673.
MATZKE, E. B. 1973. Seeds of snap bean. Encycl. Americana 3: 396-397.
PEREZ, H. C. 1983. Characterization and variability evaluation of local varieties of
snap beans. BS Thesis. Mountain State Agricultural College, La Trinidad,
Benguet. Pp. 1-43.
POLEG, D. A. 1977. Influence of leaf pruning and plant density on the growth and yield
of Baguio beans. BS Thesis. MSAC, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-12.
REYES, D. A. 1955. Effect of pruning, training and mulching on the yield and quality
of tomatoes. BS Thesis. U.P. College of Agriculture. P. 23.
SALISBURY. 1968. Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall of India Private. Limited, New
Delhi.
TIEDJENS, V. A. 1964. Colliers Encyclopedia. New York. Growen Hill Book Co. P.
201.
TINDALL, H. D. 1983. Vegetables in the Tropics. London: Mc Millan Education, Ltd.
P. 533.
TING. 1982. Plant Growth and Development. Department of Horticulture, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 64-66.
TISDALE, S. L. and W. J. NELSON. 1970. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. New York:
The Mc Milla Co. Pp. 128-143.
WARE, G. W. 1977. Producing Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. New Jersey: The Interstate
Printers and Publishers, Inc. P. 239.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
27
WATTS, R. L. 1972. Vegetable Crops. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Book
Company, Inc. P. 430.
WICKSON and THIMANN. 1958. Plant Growth and Development. Department of
Horticulture. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 64-66.
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Days to first pod picking
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
66.0
66.0
66.0
198.0
66.00
T2
66.0
66.0
66.0
198.0
66.00
T3
60.0
60.0
60.0
180.0
60.00
T4
60.0
60.0
60.0
180.0
60.00
T5
60.0
60.0
60.00
180.0
60.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000 0.000
Treatment
4
129.600 32.400 99999.99**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.000 0.000
TOTAL
14
129.600
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
29
Appendix Table 2. Pod length (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
16.26
16.64
16.07
48.97
16.32
T2
16.72
15.82
15.54
48.08
16.02
T3
16.07
15.92
15.88
47.87
17.29
T4
15.36
16.16
16.25
48.37
16.12
T5
16.25
16.27
15.79
48.31
16.10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.850
0.425
Treatment
4
3.295
0.823
0.64ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
10.343
1.292
TOTAL
14
14.488
ns - Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 6.94%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
30
Appendix Table 3. Pod counts
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1,211
1,291
1,407
3,909
1,303.00
T2
897
921
953
2,771
923.67
T3
1,073
1,331
979
3,443
1,147.67
T4
1,031
893
917
2,841
937.00
T5
1,230
1,352
1,287
3,869
1,289.67
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES
SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
17870.800 8935.400
Treatment
4
394478.400 98619.600
6.88*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
114691.200 14336.400
TOTAL
14
527040.400
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.67%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
31
Appendix Table 4. Number of pickings from first to last harvest
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
6
6
6
18
6.00
T2
6
6
6
18
6.00
T3
7
7
7
21
7.00
T4
7
7
7
21
7.00
T5
7
7
7
21
7.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.000
0.000
Treatment
4
3,600
0.900 99999.99**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.000
0.000
TOTAL
14
3.600
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
32
Appendix Table 5. Weight of marketable pods (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
2.90
3.80
5.80
12.50
4.16
T2
2.35
2.75
2.90
8.00
2.66
T3
3.40
4.15
3.15
10.70
3.56
T4
2.95
2.63
2.85
8.43
2.81
T5
5.28
5.81
4.47
15.56
5.18
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.690
0.345
Treatment
4
12.910
3.227
4.80*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
5.384
0.673
TOTAL
14
18.984
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 22.29%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
33
Appendix Table 6. Weight of non-marketable pods (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
4.80
4.00
3.70
12.50
4.16
T2
2.95
2.95
2.95
8.85
2.95
T3
3.50
5.00
2.85
11.35
3.78
T4
3.39
3.50
2.21
9.10
3.03
T5
4.23
4.21
4.25
12.69
4.23
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.518
0.760
Treatment
4
4.469
1.117
3.46ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.584
0.322
TOTAL
14
8.571
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 0%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
34
Appendix Table 7. Total yield (kg/plot)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
7.70
7.80
9.50
25.00
8.33
T2
5.30
5.70
5.80
16.80
5.60
T3
6.45
9.15
6.00
21.60
7.20
T4
6.34
6.13
5.60
21.49
6.02
T5
9.51
10.25
8.50
28.26
9.42
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.806
0.904
Treatment
4
30.272
7.568
7.55**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
8.019
1.002
TOTAL
14
40.097
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.69%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
35
Appendix Table 8. Number of lateral branches produced
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
3
3
3
9
3.00
T2
5
5
5
15
5.00
T3
8
7
9
24
8.00
T4
9
8
10
27
9.00
T5
0
0
0
0
0
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
1.600 0.800
Treatment
4
162.000 40.500
135.00**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
2.400 0.300
TOTAL
14
166.000
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 10.96%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
36
Appendix Table 9. Final plant height (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
321.4
318.0
316.2
955.6
318.53
T2
320.4
311.8
300.0
932.2
310.73
T3
286.0
191.4
264.0
842.4
280.80
T4
292.0
197.0
273.6
862.6
287.53
T5
349.8
353.2
341.0
1,044.0
348.00
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
774.976 387.488
Treatment
4
8612.624 2153.156
62.50**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
275.584 34.448
TOTAL
14
9663.184
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 1.89%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
37
Appendix Table 10. Computed yield per hectare (ton/ha)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
15.40
15.60
19.00
50.00
16.67
T2
10.60
11.40
11.60
33.60
11.20
T3
12.90
18.30
12.00
43.20
14.40
T4
12.68
12.26
10.12
35.06
11.69
T5
19.03
20.05
17.00
56.08
18.69
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
74.696 37.348
Treatment
4
123.267 30.816
7.45**
3.84
7.01
Error
8
33.088 41.360
TOTAL
14
231.051
** - Highly significant
Coefficient of variation = 13.99%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
38
Appendix Table 11. Average pod weight (g)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
7.54
8.26
8.78
24.58
8.19
T2
8.18
7.75
7.59
23.52
7.84
T3
7.29
7.91
7.47
22.67
7.55
T4
7.81
7.58
7.07
22.46
7.48
T5
10.17
8.43
8.09
26.69
8.89
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.396
0.199
Treatment
4
3.981
0.996
2.25ns
3.84
7.01
Error
8
3.545
0.444
TOTAL
14
7.992
ns – Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 8.320%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
39
Appendix Table 12. Pod diameter (cm)
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT
I
II
III
TOTAL
MEAN
T1
1.55
1.57
1.57
4.69
1.56
T2
1.51
1.47
1.45
4.43
1.47
T3
1.52
1.53
1.50
4.55
1.51
T4
1.51
1.49
1.54
4.54
1.51
T5
1.57
1.60
1.50
4.67
1.55
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SOURCE OF DEGREES OF
SUM OF
MEAN
COMPUTED
TABULAR F
VARIATION
FREEDOM
SQUARES SQUARE
F
0.05 0.01
Block
2
0.001
0.001
Treatment
4
0.015
0.003
3.86*
3.84
7.01
Error
8
0.007
0.000
TOTAL
14
0.023
* - Significant
Coefficient of variation = 2.04%
Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of Pole
Snapbean During Juvenile Stage / Alex I. Kial. 2009
Document Outline
- Appropriate Time in Pinching Shoot of PoleSnapbean During Juvenile Stage.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Description of Pole Snap Beans
- Economic Importance of Pole Snap Beans
- Soil and Climatic Requirement
- Apical Dominance
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Planting to First Pod Picking
- Pod Length
- Pod Counts
- Weight of Marketable Pods
- Weight of Non-marketable pods
- Total Yield
- Computed Yield per Hectare
- Number of Lateral Branches Produced
- Final Plant Height
- Average Pod Weight
- Pod Diameter
- Insect Pest Infestation
- Economic Analysis
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES