BIBLIOGRAPHY BURAS, JESIE P. MARCH 2006....
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BURAS, JESIE P. MARCH 2006. Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and
Quality of Garland Chrysanthemum. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.
Adviser: Dr. Fernando R. Gonzales, PhD
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2004 to February 2005 to
determine the appropriate method of pinching Garland chrysanthemum that would
increase shoot yield; and to determine its effect on the vegetative growth and shoot
quality of Garland chrysanthemum.
Result showed that roll on pinch increased the number of lateral stems and had the
highest total yield of Garland chrysanthemum. Plant pinched with roll on, soft and hard
were comparable with each other on the number of harvesting and number of suckers
produced per plant but were significantly different over the control (unpinched plants).
Unpinched plants (control) had the lowest number of lateral stems, suckers and
harvesting. It had also the lowest total yield per plot.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pinching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Effect and Importance of Pinching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Irrigation and Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of Lateral Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Number of Harvest for Two Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Number of Suckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Total Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Other Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
ii
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
iii
INTRODUCTION
Garland chrysanthemum (
Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) belongs to the family
Asteraceae. The crop is annual that grows to a height of 30-90 cm. It has a single tender,
round stalk with finely cut green leaves. The leaves are alternate auricled and clasping at
the base, oblong to lanceolate which is 10 cm long or less, bipinnately parted, the lobes
are entirely narrowed or toothed and thick. The color of the flowers is bright yellow.
This crop looks like the leafy portion of the ornamental version (Quisumbing, 1978).
Garland chrysanthemum is used in oriental cooking in Japan, China and Southeast
Asia. It is used in fish dishes, soups, stir fries, and leafy salads because of its strong
flavor. Sprouted seeds and petals of flower are edible either fresh or dried. In harvesting,
the younger the plant, the milder the leaves. The crop is a good source of phosphorus,
vitamin C, calcium, and high in iron.
Apical dominance is the presence of the apical shoot which prevents lateral
branches to develop. Pinching of shoots as they are produced affect the concentration of
auxin in the apical meristem resulting to the growth of dormant lateral buds. Diversified
method of pinching produced multiple branching that have more number of shoots.
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2004 to February 2005 to
determine the appropriate method of pinching Garland chrysanthemum that would
increase shoot yield; and to determine the effect of pinching on the vegetative growth and
shoot quality of Garland chrysanthemum.
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pinching
Pinching is a cultural practice which is highly related to pruning, however, the
main objectivesof pruning are different from those of pinching. Pruning is done to
reduce the height of the plant, to remove old and disease branches, and also to encourage
the growth of larger canes or stem for the production of longer stemmed blooms.
Pinching on the other hand, is employed to build up the plants before they are allowed to
flower for cutflower production, to produce the desired number of lateral stems or
branches and encourage larger diameter of canes. Pinching also improved the physical
appearance of the plant and coincide harvest periods with pick demand and higher prizes
(Rimando, 2001).
Two months from transplanting, the plants are pinched. Pinching is done just
above the six nodes from the base of the plants. When the first lateral shoots are allowed
to flower, flushing as almost at the same time. If the market demands lesser volume with
continuous supply, pinch the half of the flowers and allow the other half to flower. This
practice is called “pinch and a half and double pinch”. Things that are done when the
resulting shoots are pinched. Lateral shoots produced unnecessary shoots. The outcome
of the reproductive part of the stem generally above the 28th nodes from the previous cut
or pinch. Failure to remove them would result in short stem and small flower (Hermano,
2000).
Effect and Importance of Pinching
Pinching is a diversified method which affects the concentration of auxin in the
apical meristem resulting to the growth of dormant lateral bud. In 1990, Laurie and Ries
found that better flowers on longer stems of high quality are obtained from pinched plant.
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Under New York conditions, Fuller (1961) reported that pinching induces flowering and
increases the number of branches on the stem. Pinching prevents the limited
carbohydrates supply from being expended in the early stages of growth, thereby
promoting the development of bottom breaks (Laurie
et al., 1958).
In 1959, Rockwell said that pinching at the proper height result in stronger stalks
which result continuity of flower production. Pinching keeps the plant in a vigorous
condition. It improves the quality and promotes as well as balanced appearance. Lack of
pinching result in a straggly bush and poorly formed flowers. In order to produce
multiple branching in chrysanthemum, one should keep the plant young by frequent
division and pinch them back three times during the growing season. He proposed that
tall growing types should be pinched when it reaches the height of 9 to 12 inches high.
Pinching of shoots as they are produced prevents the maturity of flowers and
increase carbohydrate concentration which stimulates bottom breaks and result to a well
balanced appearance and elegant blooms (Bailey, 1930).
Perennials should be cared off properly in order to produce many flowers per
plant, but sizes and blooms can be doubled or even tripled by pinching the bark of the
growing stems of certain plants, forcing them to send out three or four blooms which will
be smaller, but will be numerous than without pinching (Crocket, 1972). The same
author said that in lowering the height of plants, pinching makes the plant less vulnerable
to wind so they may not have to be staked out for support.
Irrigation and Fertilization
Upon planting the seedlings, the soil is near saturation. This is done by irrigating
the plant with an interval of three to four days. Bi-weekly watering is needed while the
plants are recovering. The frequency of watering can be made longer, when the plants
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
have fully recovered and developed. The rate of water ranges from five to nine liters per
square meter per irrigation.
Long dry and/or wet soil that are below or above the field capacity level greatly
affects the growth and flower quality. The former causes smaller flowers with fewer
petals, hardened foliage and stems. The latter makes poor root growth, long internodes
and flowers which lessens the shipping quality. Thus, the soil must be kept within the
field capacity level of water (Hermano, 2000).
Work and Carew (1955) reported that fertilization practices are best planned in
accordance with local advice and experience.
The nutrients for plants are obtained from readily available soluble fertilizers
combined in a concentrated solution. A fertilizer proportioned or injector dilutes the
concentrate with the irrigation water to provide the proper amount of nutrient to the
plants (Larson, 1980).
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in this study were Garland chrysanthemum seeds, farm tools
such as: grabhoe, inorganic and organic fertilizers, measuring materials, and planting
guide.
Methods
Experimental design and treatments. The study was laid out in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. There were ten sample plants per
treatment replicated three times. The treatments were as follows:
Code
Description
T1
Control (No pinching)
T2
Soft pinch (1-3 cm was removed from the tip/shoot)
T3
Hard pinch (>3 cm was removed from the tip/shoot)
T4
Roll on pinch (<1 cm was removed from the tip/shoot)
Seed sowing. The seeds were sown in a seedbed and transplanted after one
month. Regular irrigation, pest management and other cultural practices were applied for
optimum growth of the seedlings.
Land preparation and fertilizer application. An experimental area of 48 m2 was
prepared and divided into three blocks. Each block was further subdivided into 1 m x 3
m experimental plots, leveled and applied with fertilizers (inorganic and organic) then
mixed with the soil.
Planting. The plots were irrigated first before the one-month old seedlings were
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
transplanted. The planting distance used was 20 cm x 20 cm between hills and rows.
Pinching. When the plants were 15 cm tall, the first pinching was done to all
treatments to induce production of laterals.
Other cultural management practices. Other cultural management practices such
as pest control, weeding and watering were employed to enhance optimum growth of the
plant.
Harvesting. Harvesting was done by cutting at least 15 cm from the tip leaving at
least three to four nodes from the lateral shoots to grow for succeeding harvesting. The
duration of harvesting was two months from the first harvest. Shoot tip cuttings
harvested were classified as follows: thick (3-4 mm); medium (2-3 mm) and thin (<2
mm).
Data gathering. The data gathered, tabulated and subjected to variance analysis
and mean separation test using the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were as
follows:
1. Number of lateral shoots produced per plant. The total number of lateral
shoots produced in two months were recorded.
2. Number of harvest. The total number of harvesting for two months duration
was counted and recorded.
3. Number of suckers produced per plant. This was taken two months from
transplanting.
4. Total yield per plot. All the plants harvested per plot were weighed.
5. Documentation of the study in pictures.
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Average Number of Lateral
Stems per Plant
Significant differences were observed as to the number of lateral stems produced
per plant as affected by the different type of pinching (Table 1). Garland chrysanthemum
pinched roll on produced the highest number of lateral stems with a mean of 8.70
stems/plant while the unpinched plants produced the least number of lateral stems with
only 6.07. Roll on pinch had the highest but not significant with soft pinch. Roll on
pinch and soft pinch is significantly different with the control and hard pinch. This result
complements the claims of Larson (1980) that pinching is known to alter development of
carnation. It increases the diameter of the canes which promoted the development of
more lateral buds and thus, helps a lot in development of the plant.
Number of Harvest for Two Months
Table 2 shows the number of harvesting for two months as affected by pinching.
No significant differences were observed on the Garland chrysanthemum plants pinched
with soft
Table 1. Average number of lateral stems per plant
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TREATMENT
MEAN
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Control (No pinching)
6.07b
Soft pinch
7.17ab
Hard pinch
6.87b
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Roll on pinch
8.70a
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444
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 2. Number of harvest per plant for two months cropping season
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444
TREATMENT
MEAN
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Control (No pinching)
2.67b
Soft pinch
4.00a
Hard pinch
4.00a
Roll on pinch
4.00a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
pinch, hard pinch, and roll on pinch in terms of the number of harvesting of shoot tip
cuttings for the two months cropping period. However, pinched chrysanthemums had
significantly more number of harvesting shoots compared to the control which had the
lowest number of harvests per cropping. There were significantly more number of
harvesting on pinched plants because they produced more shoots compared to the control.
According to Larson (1980), mums are pinched to produce multi-stemmed plants.
Pinching is the removal of the central growing point (bud) so that lateral shoots will
develop producing more laterals where shoots are formed. The same author added that
pinching the vegetative terminal shoots breaks apical dominance and allows development
of axillary shoots.
Number of Suckers Produced per Plant
Results show that there were no significant differences observed on the number of
suckers produced as affected by pinching as shown in Table 3. However, pinched plants
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
had significantly more number of suckers compared to the unpinched plants. This result
complements the claims of Rimando (2001) that pinching the terminal tip of the shoots to
force the axillary buds to break out, consequently several lateral stems as well as the
suckers Table 3. Number of suckers produced per plant
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
TREATMENT
MEAN
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Control (No pinching)
1.90b
Soft pinch
3.70a
Hard pinch
3.67a
Roll on pinch
3.83a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
will be produced per plant. The same author also said that pinching will prevent the
formation of the flowers and forces new growth of bud or suckers from the base of the
plant.
Total Yield
Significant differences were observed on the total yield per plot of Garland
chrysanthemum as affected by pinching (Table 4). Garland chrysanthemum pinched with
roll on pinch had significantly higher yield as compared to the other treatments. This was
followed by plants pinched with soft pinch and hard pinch, while the control (unpinched)
had the lowest yield. This confirms the statement of Schilleter (1940) that in
chrysanthemum, pinching is applied and known to increased flower stems per plant, thus
increasing also flower production, pinching allows the growth of many branches which
usually result in giving the desired height and sizes of flower per plant.
Other Observations
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Incidence of insect pest infesting the plants were: white flies and leaf miners.
They attack the leaves of the plants, thus, decreasing the saleability of the harvested
shoots.
Table 4. Total yield (kg/plot)
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444
TREATMENT
MEAN
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Control (No pinching)
1.99a
Soft pinch
2.66a
Hard pinch
2.51a
Roll on pinch
3.50a
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Means with a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted at the Ornamental Horticulture Research Area, Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet from November 2004 to February 2005 to
determine the appropriate method of pinching Garland chrysanthemum that would
increase shoot yield; and to determine the effect of pinching on the vegetative growth and
shoot quality of Garland chrysanthemum.
Results of the study revealed that roll on pinch increased the numbers of lateral
stems and had the highest total yield. Plant pinched with roll on pinch, soft pinch and
hard pinch were comparable with each other on the number of harvesting and the number
of suckers produced per plant but were significantly different over the control (unpinched
plants).
Unpinched plants (control) had the lowest number of lateral stems, suckers, and
the number of harvest. It had also the lowest yield per plot.
Conclusion
From the preceeding results presented and discussed, Garland chrysanthemum
performs better when pinched with roll on pinch compared to the other methods of
pinching.
Recommendation
It is recommended that Garland chrysanthemum should be pinched using the roll-
on- technique when they reached 15 cm in height to increase lateral stem production;
thus, increasing the yield.
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
LITERATURE CITED
BAILEY, A.B. 1930. The Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture. New York: The
Macmillan Book Co. P.4.
BARTOLO, M. 2004. Growth and yield of Garland chrysanthemum as affected by plant
spacing. BS Thesis. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 11-13.
CHANG, J.H. 1968. Climate and Agricultural and Ecological Survey. Chicago: Adene
Publ., Co. P. 30.
EDMUND, J.B. 1978. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Quezon City: GrawHill Book Co.
P. 14.
FULLER, H.J. 1964. The Plant World. New York: Holt Rhinehart and Winston Inc. Pp.
161-162.
HERMANO, F.D. 2000. A Commercial Greenhouse Production Technoguide for the
Highland Philippines. Unpub. Manual. BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. Pp. 1-6.
JANICK, J. 1976. Horticultural Science. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co. P. 524.
KINOSHITA, K. 1972. Vegetable Production in the Tropics and Subtropics. Tokyo,
Japan:
Overseas Technical Corp. Agency. P.
LARSON, P.A. 1980. Introduction to Floriculture. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
Pp.607-608.
LAURIE, A.B. and V.H. REIS. 1950. Fundamentals and Practices of Floriculture.
New York: Academic Press, Inc. Pp. 339-341.
QUISUMBING, E. 1978.. Medical Plants of the Philippines. Quezon City: Katha Publ.,
Co., Inc. P. 231.
RIMANDO, T.J. and R.J. LAZARO. 1976. Timing of rose flowering by pinching.
BS Thesis. UPLB, Los Baños, Laguna. P. 160.
ROCKWELL, F.R. 1959. 10,000 Garden Question. New York: Doubleday and Co.,Inc.
Pp. 215-240.
SCHILLETER, J. and H. RICKY. 1940. Textbook of General Horticulture. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. P. 268.
STEINER, M.I. 1960. Philippine Ornamentals. Manila: Carmelo and Banerman, Inc. P.
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of laterals per plant
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444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
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)))
T1
5.80
6.30
6.10
18.20
6.07
T2
6.40
8.40
6.70
21.50
7.17
T3
8.00
6.80
5.80
20.60
6.87
T4
8.40
8.90
8.80
26.10
8.70
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
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)))
Replication 2
1.140 0.570
Treatment
3
10.940 3.647
5.64*
4.76
9.78
Error
6
3.880 0.647
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)))
Total
11
15.960
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
* = Significant
Coefficient of variation = 11.17%
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Appendix Table 2. Number of harvest for two months
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
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T1
3.0
3.0
2.0
8.0
2.67
T2
4.0
4.0
4.0
12.0
4.00
T3
4.0
4.0
4.0
12.0
4.00
T4
4.0
4.0
4.0
12.0
4.00
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
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)))
Replication 2
0.167 0.083
Treatment
3
4.000 1.333
16.00** 4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.500 0.083
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Total
11
4.667
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation =
7.87%
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Appendix Table 3. Number of suckers per plant
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444
R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
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T1
1.60
2.20
1.90
5.70
1.90
T2
3.50
3.70
3.90
11.10
3.70
T3
3.70
3.50
3.80
11.00
3.67
T4
3.70
3.90
3.90
11.50
3.83
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
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)))
Replication 2
0.140 0.070
Treatment
3
7.609 2.536
78.72** 4.76
9.78
Error
6
0.193 0.032
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Total
11
7.943
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
** = Highly significant
Coefficient of variation =
5.48%
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Appendix Table 4. Total yield (kg/ha)
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R E P L I C A T I O N
TREATMENT ))))))))))))))))))))))))))
TOTAL
MEAN
I
II
III
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T1
2.110
2.120
1.750
5.980
1.99
T2
2.200
2.550
3.235
7.985
2.66
T3
3.035
2.652
1.860
7.537
2.51
T4
3.790
3.015
3.750
10.505
3.50
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Analysis of Variance
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed TABULAR F
variation freedom squares square F 0.05 0.01
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Replication 2
0.074 0.037
Treatment
3
3.523 1.174
4.30ns
4.76
9.78
Error
6
1.640 0.273
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))
Total
11
5.237
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444
Ns = Not significant
Coefficient of variation = 19.60
Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield and Quality
of Garland Chrysanthemum /Jessie P. Buras. 2006
Document Outline
- Effect of Pinching on the Growth, Yield andQuality of Garland Chrysanthemum.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
- Pinching
- Effect and Importance of Pinching
- Irrigation and Fertilization
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Average Number of LateralStems per Plant
- Number of Harvest for Two Months
- Number of Suckers Produced per Plant
- Total Yield
- Other Observations
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES