BIBLIOGRAPHY COMILA, JACKER G. May 2008...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COMILA, JACKER G. May 2008 Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae
var. Italica) as Affected by Frequency of Irrigation. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2008 to determine the effect of
frequency of irrigation on the growth and yield performance of Broccoli.
Findings indicate that growth and yield of broccoli were greater with more
frequent irrigation at two or four days interval but the return investment was highest with
long irrigation interval at eight days on amount of lower cost incurred in irrigation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………........... i
Abstract……..………………………………………………………………......... i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………........ ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………............ 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………................... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials………………………………………………………................. 6
Methods……………………………………………………….................... 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Days to Curd Formation and Harvesting………………………………... 9
Plant Height, Curd Circumference Curd, and Average Curd Weight……... 9
Curd Yield…………………………………………………………………. 10
Economic Analysis ………………………………………….………....... 11
Metrological Data………………………………………………………… 13
Pictorial Presentation……………………………………………................. 14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………....................... 15
Conclusion………………………………………………….......................... 15
Recommendation……………………………………………........................ 15
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………....................... 16
APPENDICES………………………………………………………….................... 17
ii
INTRODUCTION
In Benguet, the source of livelihood is vegetable farming. Broccoli is one of the
popular and high value vegetable being grown. To obtain high yield and quality of the
crop appropriate cultural practices must be employed. Among them is irrigation or supply
of water at the proper time to promote growth and development.
Broccoli is a plant of the cabbage family, Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). It
is classified as the Italica Cultivar Group of the species Brassica oleraceae. Broccoli
possesses abundant fleshy green flower heads arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches
sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by
leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of
the same species, but broccoli is green rather than white.
The requirements of broccoli are similar to those of cauliflower but generally less
sensitive to high temperature; optimum temperature are in the range of 18-24 C. High
temperature may accelerate maturity and induce early flowering. Broccoli also has a
lower requirement than cauliflower for a cool period of flowering.
The period taken to reach maturity is generally similar to that required by
cauliflower, the crop maybe harvested 80-140 days from transplanting. The heads are
harvested with 15-25 cm of stem attached, immediately prior to opening of the flowers.
After the terminal head has been harvested, several lateral buds developed, to be
harvested successionally over a period of several weeks
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
2
One should recognize that irrigation water is always associated in the production
of crops. Water is chemically bond in the form of hydrogen and oxygen ions in various
plant compounds. The total amount of bound water is estimated to be approximately 60%
of dry weight in the plant tissues. Water is also present in the living tissues. The living
plants are generally considered to contain about 60 to 90 percent water. (Caoili et al,
1967)
Hansen (1979) stated that economics is important in evaluation irrigation
practices, for irrigation is largely for the purpose of increasing profit. Higher profits
resulting from more efficient production will ultimately result in lower prices for
consumers and lower prices will result in more consumption of food and results in higher
standard of living.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of irrigation frequency and
ascertain the best irrigation interval for broccoli production.
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet from January to March 2008.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
REVIEW OF LITIRATURE
Description of the Crop
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) belongs to the family brassicaceae.
This crop is native of western Asia and eastern Mediterranean Boswell 1970 as cited by
(contada). Broccoli is said to have come from Italy, Cypress or Eastern Mediterranean
area in the 17th century.
Broccoli is nutritious garden vegetable closely related to cauliflower. It has thick
cluster of flower buds that form edible ‘heads” (Richard, 1995). Broccoli heads are green
with more branches and open than the tight, round, white heads of cauliflower. The
height ranges from two to three feet that bears dense cluster of flower buds at the end of
the flower axis and the branches (Benton, 1970).
Bachelor (1998) said that the yield variability results from complex interactions
between the environment, genetics, management, and biotic stress that occur across a
field. Of these factors, water stress is one of the major causes of yield variability in fields.
Water stress occurs when roots cannot supply enough water to satisfy evaporative
demand of water transpiring from leaves. Root water uptake is a function of soil water
availability, root depth and density, and location of roots relative to water in the soil.
Plant genetics also can influence root growth and development, and subsequently water
uptake, by influencing location of roots relative to water in the soil. Daily evaporative
demand driving transpiration and potential water stress is a function of uncontrollable
environmental factors, including temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Water
stress reduces photosynthesis, resulting in reduced crop growth and yield.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
4
Bachelor (1998) cited that minor water stress often occurs for short periods during
the hottest part of the day, late in the season. Water stress can vary across a field,
depending upon soil type, moisture-holding capacity, and drainage characteristics. The
integration of variable water stress each day over the season can result in reduced
photosynthesis and variable yield loss across a field. Because of the dynamic nature of
water stress, it is very difficult to measure and correlate to final yield.
Irrigation
Water is precious component of human life. The ways by which it sustains
everyday activities are innumerable. In the field of agriculture particularly irrigation
systems and irrigated farm unit, essentiality of water has forced men to manage it
effectively (PCARRD, 1983 cited by Cadpino 2007)
According to Hansen (1979), the units of water measurement are considered in
two classes; fist those expressing a specific volume of water at rest. Second, those
expressing a time rate of flow. The commonly used units of volume of water at rest are
the liter, cubic, meter, hectare cm, and hectare meter. A hectare cm is a volume of water
sufficient to cover one hectare one centimeter deep, 100 cubic meters. A Hectare – meter
of water will cover one hectare one meter deep and it is equal to 10 000 cubic meters
However, (Kinoshita, 1979) said that the water absorption ability of crops
increases with the increase in the size of plant above ground, but differs greatly
depending on the soil temperature. In other words, when the soil temperature is high, the
amount of water absorption increases and the increase in the amount of water and oxygen
in the soil promotes the water absorption ability of the plant.
5
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
According to (Tindall, 1983) the crop should be irrigated regularly, since dry soil
conditions may result in reduced yield. Tindall stated that broccoli is more drought
resistant than cauliflower. Knott, (1967) said that the crop is relatively shallow rooted. It
is important that the moisture content of the soil be maintained in the upper half range of
the available moisture. Lack of water will reduce the size of the marketable head curd,
delay in maturity at lower quantity.
Caoili and De Vera, (1986) stated that rainfall is considered as irrigation if
effective when it can be used by the crops. Every irrigation systems requirement must be
based on the some estimated effective rainfall. The higher the percentage of effective
rainfall, the smaller the irrigation water required. Irrigation water should fill the soil
moisture reservoir between field capacity and wilting point and should be available to
crops without causing under moisture stress
Schwab (1993) said that irrigation provides one of the greatest opportunities for
increasing crop production as well as improving germination, controlling air temperature,
and applying chemicals with the irrigation water. If annual rainfall is less than 250 mm,
Irrigation becomes necessity. More over, if rainfall is from 250 to 500mm, then crop
production is limited unless the land irrigated; and when the rainfall is more than 500 mm
irrigation is often required for maximum production.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were Broccoli seeds (‘Legacy’), fertilizer,
insecticide, fungicide, 15 liter pail, hose, and watering can.
Methods
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out following the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments
were represented as fallows:
Code Irrigation interval (days)
I1 Two
I2 Four
I3 Six
I4 Eight
Land preparation. An area of 80 sq m was thoroughly prepared and divided into
four blocks consisting of four 1x5 sq m plots per block.
Transplanting. Five weeks old seedlings was transplanted 30 cm between hills
and 40 cm between rows.
Irrigation. Irrigation was done before and just after transplanting and every
other day for two times after which the irrigation treatments were imposed. Fifteen liters
per plot were applied during the first three weeks, 30 liters during the next three weeks
and 45 liters during the remaining weeks.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
7
Care and maintenance Except for irrigation, all other recommended practices
required in the production of broccoli such as fertilizer application, weeding cultivation,
and pest control were uniformly employed to each treatment plot.
Harvesting The curds were harvested by cutting 15-20 cm length from top of the
curd.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation. This was taken by
counting the number of days from transplanting up to the 50% of the plants had visible
curds.
2. Number of days from transplanting to harvesting. This was the number of
days from transplanting to the day curds attained harvestable stage (flower buds are still
tightly closed and curds fully expanded).
3. Curd circumference (cm). This was measured around the edge of the curds
during harvest from six sample curds.
4. Plant height (cm). This was obtained by measuring six sample plants from the
base to the tip of the plant during harvest time.
5. Total yield (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the total weight of marketable and
non - marketable curds.
6. Non- marketable yields (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the weight of curds that
were damaged or malformed.
7. Marketable yield (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the weight of curds without
defects.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
8
8. Computed marketable yield (t/ha). The marketable yield per plot was
converted to a yield per hectare by multiplying it by 2.000.
9. Average curd weight. Six sample curds were weighed and the weight was
divided by number of sample plants.
10. Cost and return analysis. All the expenses incurred and sales were recorded.
The return on investment (ROI) was computed using this formula:
Gross sales- Expenses
ROI (%) = ______________________ x 100
Total expenses
11. Documentation. Pictures were taken to document the study.
12. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were taken
during the study period.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to curd Formation and Harvesting
Table 1 shows the number of days from transplanting to visible curd formation
and transplanting to harvesting as affected by frequency of irrigation. Statistical analysis
indicates that every two days of watering significantly enhanced earlier formation of
curds. Every four, six and eight days irrigation interval delayed the formation of curds.
As to the number of days from transplanting to harvesting, no signicant effect
of irrigation frequency was observed (Table 1). However; plants irrigated every two days
were harvested earlier at around 59 days.
Table 1.Days from transplanting to curd formation and harvesting
IRRIGATION
CURD FORMATION
HARVESTING
INTERVAL (days)
(days)
(days)
Two
50.75b
58.75a
Four
54.25a
62.00a
Six
54.00a
61.75a
Eight
55.00a
63.00a
Means in a column with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Plant Height, Curd Circumference, Average Curd weight
Table 2 shows that plants irrigated every two or four days were significantly
taller. There were no significant differences observed in curd circumference and average
in weight. However, plants irrigated in two days interval had wider and heavier curds.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
10
Table 2. Plant height, curd circumference and average curd weight
IRRIGATION PLANT HEIGHT CURD CIRCUMFERENCE AVERAGE CURD
INTERVAL
(cm)
(cm)
WEIGHT
(days)
(g)
Two
67.292a
27.793a
520.833a
Four
63.792ab
27.415a
466.665a
Six
60.057b
26.500a
358.417a
Eight
59.458b
26.501a
420.835a
Means in a column with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Curd Yield
Table 3 shows that the marketable, non-marketable, and computed marketable as
affected by frequency of irrigation were comparable among all the treatment. How ever,
plants irrigated every two days had the highest marketable yield at 48 t/ha. Total yield
was significantly higher with two or four days irrigation interval.
This indicates that more frequently irrigated plants have higher yield.
Table 3. Curd Yield
IRRIGATION
YIELD (kg/ 5 sq m plot)
COMPUTED MARKETRABLE
INTERVAL
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
(t/ha)
Two
24.000a
2.625a
27.125a
48.00a
Four
20.912a
4.563a
23.800ab
41.82a
Six
20.025a
2.938a
22.963b
40.05a
Eight
18.625a
3.813a
21.000b
37.25a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
11
Economic Analysis
The cost and return analysis in Broccoli production as affected by frequency of
irrigation is shown in Table 4. Although more frequently irrigated plants have higher
yield, the highest return on investment was obtained from the least irrigated plants at
eight days interval at 59.94% ROI. This attributed to the lower cost of fuel and labor
incurred in said treatment.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Table 4. Cost and return analysis
FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION (Days)
______________________________________________________
ITEMS TWO FOUR SIX EIGHT
________________________________________________________________________
Yield (kg) 96 83.65 80.10 74.50____
Gross Sales (PhP) 1,440.00 1,254.75 1,216.50 1,117.50____
Expenses (PhP)
Seedling 73.75 73.75 73.75 73.75
Chicken dung 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
14-14-14 31.25 31.25 31.25 31.25
46-0-0 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Daconil 71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
Steward 71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
Sumicidin 38.75 38.75 38.75 38.75
Anaa 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Gasoline 86.06 40.69 26.75 19.76
Labor
Land preparation 35.15 35.15 35.15 35.15
Transplanting 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Fertilizer application
And hilling up 11.71 11.71 11.71 11.71
Thinning and
Weeding 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06
Irrigation 625.25 318.42 262.50 150.00
Total labor 718.92 381.42 325.17 212.67
Transportation 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
_______________________________________________________________________
Total Expenses 1,271.235 888.36 818.17 698.68___
Net Income 168.765 366.39 398.33 418.80___
ROI% 13.28 41.24 48.68 59.94___
Rank 4 3 2 1
Note: Selling prize was 15 per kilo
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Pictorial Presentation
Plate 1. Overview of the experiment field
Two
Days
Irrigation
Interval
Four Days Irrigation Interval
Six
Days
Irrigation
Interval
Eight Days Irrigation Interval
Plate 2. Sample curds harvested from the
irrigation treatments plants.
M
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
eteorological Data
Month Rainfall Relative Humidity Temperature
(%)
Maximum Minimum
January 0 85.8 24.60 14.2
2.2 87.4 24.60 12.1
Trace 81.4 23.70 14.7
.2 86.4 24.70 14.9
0 78.0 25.26 12.0
Total 2.40 419.00 122.86 67.9
Mean 0.48 83.80 24.57 13.58
February .9 78.2 25.1 10.8
Trace 97.8 23.1 13.3
3.9 83.7 24.8 15.7
11.7 96.0 26.8 17.2
Total 16.5 355.7 99.8 57.0
Mean 4.13 88.93 24.95 14.25
March 2.1 81.5 24.2 3.1
3.1 85.6 25.6 13.4
Total 5.1 67.1 49.8 26.5
Mean 2.6 83.55 24.90 13.25
The mean rainfall was 0.48, 4.13 and 2.6; relative humidity was 83.30, 88.93 and
83.55: maximum temperature was 24.57, 24.95, and 24.90; while the minimum
temperature was 13.58, 14.25 and 13.25 in January, February and March, respectively.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2008 to determine the effect of irrigation
frequency and ascertain the best irrigation interval for Broccoli.
Results revealed that day to harvesting; curd circumference; average curd weight;
marketable, non marketable, and computed marketable yield were not significantly
affected by irrigation interval.
However, plants irrigated more frequently every two or four days were
significantly taller and had higher total yield. Return on investment was highest at eight
days irrigation interval due lesser cost in irrigation.
Conclusion
Although growth and yield were higher at two or four days irrigation interval,
return on investment was highest at eight days irrigation frequency.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, it is recommended that broccoli could be
irrigated at eight days interval in January to March to obtain higher profit.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
Bachelor W. D.1998. IC-480. 4C- Precision Ag Edition. pp 3-4
Bautista O.K and Mabesa R.1986.Vegtable Production Published under the Integrated
Food and Agricultural Research. Third Edition. pp. 116
Benton S. W. 1968. Encyclopedia Britannica, First Published by a Society of Gentleman
In Scotland.4.260
Cadpino C. J. 2007. Performance of (‘TALL UTAH‘) As Affected by Volume and
Frequency of Irrigation. Unpublished B.S. Thesis L.T. B p.3
Cao ili et al. 1967. Irrigation and Drainage Principles and Practices. Department of
Development Communication. Pp1-2
Contada L. N. 1997. Growth and yield Performance of twelve Broccoli. Unpublished BS.
Thesis. BSU L.T.B p.4
Hansen E. et al 1979. Irrigation Principles in Practices. John Wiley and Sous Inc. Fourth
Edition. Pp 4-5, 315
Kinoshita K. 1979. Vegetable Production in the Tropics and Sub Tropics. Japan,
Overseas Agricultural Development Foundation. Pp. 85
Knott J. 1967. Vegetable Production in South East Asia. UPLB. University of the
Philippines, Los banos. Pp. 174
P CARRD. 1983. Philippine Recommends for Irrigation Management Lowland Crops
Condition. VOL 1. UPLB, Los Baños, Pp 1-3
Richard W.D (Ed) 1995. The World Book Encyclopedia London Word Book Inc 2: 583-
584
Scwab G. O et al 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. New York. John
Wiley and Song, Inc. pp.3-4
Tindal H. D 1983. Vegetables Production in the Tropics. Mac MILLAN Education
L.T.D. pp.123
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 52 50 50 51 203.0 50.75
T2 54 55 54 54 217.0 54.25
T3 51 55 55 55 216.0 54.00
T4 57 52 57 56 222.0 55.50
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 2.750 0.917
Factor A 3 49.250 16.417 4.97* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 29.750 3.306
Total 15 81.750
* highly significant coefficient variation: 3.39%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
18
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to harvesting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 60 58 58 59 235.0 58.75
T2 62 63 61 62 248.0 62.00
T3 58 63 63 63 247.0 61.75
T4 64 62 65 61 252.0 63.00
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 1.250 0.417
Factor A 3 40.250 13.417 3.74ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 32.750 3.583
Total 15 73.750
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 3.08%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
19
Appendix Table 3. Curd circumference (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 26.67 29.00 28.00 27.50 111.170 27.54
T2 28.33 27.83 27.33 26.17 109.660 27.41
T3 29.00 26.00 26.33 24.67 106.000 26.50
T4 26.33 25.50 29.17 25.00 106.000 26.50
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 8.773 2.924
Factor A 3 5.158 1.719 0.91ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 16.926 1.881
Total
15 30.587
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 5.07%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
20
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 66.17 60.17 70.83 72.00 269.17 67.29
T2 65.00 54.67 68.33 67.17 255.17 63.79
T3 58.00 59.67 63.00 59.50 240.23 60.04
T4 56.33 53.83 63.17 64.50 237.83 59.46
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 224.502 74.834
Factor A 3 159.085 53.028 6.59* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 72.786 8.087
Total 15 456.373
*highly significant coefficient variation: 4.54
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
21
Appendix Table 5. Average curd weight (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 491.67 458.33 458.33 583.33 2083.33 520.83
T2 525.00 475.00 458.33 408.33 1866.66 466.67
T3 350.00 350.00 391.67 300.00 1541.67 385.42
T4 491.67 333.33 441.67 416.67 1683.34 420.84
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 7513.520 2504.507
Factor A 3 41226.787 13742.262 2.20ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 56291.026 6254.558
Total 15 105031.333
*ns =not significant coefficient variation: 17.64%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
22
Appendix Table 6. Non –Marketable Yield (kg/5 sq m plot)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.00 0.75 5.75 3.50 10.50 2.63
T2 4.75 4.75 3.00 5.75 17.50 4.38
T3 1.00 5.50 3.50 1.75 11.75 2.94
T4 5.50 1.50 3.75 4.50 15.25 3.81
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 3.324 1.108
Factor A 3 9.230 3.077 0.96ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 40.129 4.459
Total 15 81.750
*ns= not significant coefficient variation: 60.60%
23
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Appendix Table 7. Marketable yield (kg/5 sq m)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 30.50 27.70 14.80 23.00 96.00 24.00
T2 23.30 19.05 17.30 24.00 83.65 20.91
T3 25.50 19.50 16.50 18.60 80.10 20.03
T4 15.50 21.70 21.80 15.50 74.50 18.63
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 81.212 27.071
Factor A 3 62.204 20.735 1.06ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 175.895 19.544
Total
15 319.311
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 21.16%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
24
Appendix Table 8. Total Yield (kg/5 sq m)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 31.50 27.90 20.55 28.50 108.50 27.13
T2 28.05 23.05 21.05 23.05 95.20 23.80
T3 25.50 25.00 20.00 20.35 91.85 22.96
T4 21.00 20.50 19.00 20.00 84.00 21.00
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 92.055 30.685
Factor A 3 78.290 26.097 5.67* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 41.404 4.600
Total
15 211.750
*highly significant coefficient variation: 9.04%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
25
Appendix Table 9. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 61.0 55.4 29.6 46.0 192.0 48.00
T2 46.6 38.1 34.6 48.0 167.3 41.35
T3 51.0 39.0 33.0 37.2 160.2 40.50
T4 31.0 43.4 43.6 31.0 149.0 37.25
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 324.847 108.282
Factor A 3 248.817 82.939 1.06ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 703.581 78.176
Total 15 1277.244
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 21.16%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
COMILA, JACKER G. May 2008 Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae
var. Italica) as Affected by Frequency of Irrigation. Benguet State University, La
Trinidad, Benguet
Adviser: Percival B. Alipit, PhD
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2008 to determine the effect of
frequency of irrigation on the growth and yield performance of Broccoli.
Findings indicate that growth and yield of broccoli were greater with more
frequent irrigation at two or four days interval but the return investment was highest with
long irrigation interval at eight days on amount of lower cost incurred in irrigation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Bibliography………………………………………………………………........... i
Abstract……..………………………………………………………………......... i
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………........ ii
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………............ 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………................... 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials………………………………………………………................. 6
Methods……………………………………………………….................... 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Days to Curd Formation and Harvesting………………………………... 9
Plant Height, Curd Circumference Curd, and Average Curd Weight……... 9
Curd Yield…………………………………………………………………. 10
Economic Analysis ………………………………………….………....... 11
Metrological Data………………………………………………………… 13
Pictorial Presentation……………………………………………................. 14
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary ……………………………………………………....................... 15
Conclusion………………………………………………….......................... 15
Recommendation……………………………………………........................ 15
LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………....................... 16
APPENDICES………………………………………………………….................... 17
ii
INTRODUCTION
In Benguet, the source of livelihood is vegetable farming. Broccoli is one of the
popular and high value vegetable being grown. To obtain high yield and quality of the
crop appropriate cultural practices must be employed. Among them is irrigation or supply
of water at the proper time to promote growth and development.
Broccoli is a plant of the cabbage family, Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). It
is classified as the Italica Cultivar Group of the species Brassica oleraceae. Broccoli
possesses abundant fleshy green flower heads arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches
sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by
leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of
the same species, but broccoli is green rather than white.
The requirements of broccoli are similar to those of cauliflower but generally less
sensitive to high temperature; optimum temperature are in the range of 18-24 C. High
temperature may accelerate maturity and induce early flowering. Broccoli also has a
lower requirement than cauliflower for a cool period of flowering.
The period taken to reach maturity is generally similar to that required by
cauliflower, the crop maybe harvested 80-140 days from transplanting. The heads are
harvested with 15-25 cm of stem attached, immediately prior to opening of the flowers.
After the terminal head has been harvested, several lateral buds developed, to be
harvested successionally over a period of several weeks
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
2
One should recognize that irrigation water is always associated in the production
of crops. Water is chemically bond in the form of hydrogen and oxygen ions in various
plant compounds. The total amount of bound water is estimated to be approximately 60%
of dry weight in the plant tissues. Water is also present in the living tissues. The living
plants are generally considered to contain about 60 to 90 percent water. (Caoili et al,
1967)
Hansen (1979) stated that economics is important in evaluation irrigation
practices, for irrigation is largely for the purpose of increasing profit. Higher profits
resulting from more efficient production will ultimately result in lower prices for
consumers and lower prices will result in more consumption of food and results in higher
standard of living.
The study was conducted to determine the effect of irrigation frequency and
ascertain the best irrigation interval for broccoli production.
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State
University, La Trinidad Benguet from January to March 2008.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
REVIEW OF LITIRATURE
Description of the Crop
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) belongs to the family brassicaceae.
This crop is native of western Asia and eastern Mediterranean Boswell 1970 as cited by
(contada). Broccoli is said to have come from Italy, Cypress or Eastern Mediterranean
area in the 17th century.
Broccoli is nutritious garden vegetable closely related to cauliflower. It has thick
cluster of flower buds that form edible ‘heads” (Richard, 1995). Broccoli heads are green
with more branches and open than the tight, round, white heads of cauliflower. The
height ranges from two to three feet that bears dense cluster of flower buds at the end of
the flower axis and the branches (Benton, 1970).
Bachelor (1998) said that the yield variability results from complex interactions
between the environment, genetics, management, and biotic stress that occur across a
field. Of these factors, water stress is one of the major causes of yield variability in fields.
Water stress occurs when roots cannot supply enough water to satisfy evaporative
demand of water transpiring from leaves. Root water uptake is a function of soil water
availability, root depth and density, and location of roots relative to water in the soil.
Plant genetics also can influence root growth and development, and subsequently water
uptake, by influencing location of roots relative to water in the soil. Daily evaporative
demand driving transpiration and potential water stress is a function of uncontrollable
environmental factors, including temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Water
stress reduces photosynthesis, resulting in reduced crop growth and yield.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
4
Bachelor (1998) cited that minor water stress often occurs for short periods during
the hottest part of the day, late in the season. Water stress can vary across a field,
depending upon soil type, moisture-holding capacity, and drainage characteristics. The
integration of variable water stress each day over the season can result in reduced
photosynthesis and variable yield loss across a field. Because of the dynamic nature of
water stress, it is very difficult to measure and correlate to final yield.
Irrigation
Water is precious component of human life. The ways by which it sustains
everyday activities are innumerable. In the field of agriculture particularly irrigation
systems and irrigated farm unit, essentiality of water has forced men to manage it
effectively (PCARRD, 1983 cited by Cadpino 2007)
According to Hansen (1979), the units of water measurement are considered in
two classes; fist those expressing a specific volume of water at rest. Second, those
expressing a time rate of flow. The commonly used units of volume of water at rest are
the liter, cubic, meter, hectare cm, and hectare meter. A hectare cm is a volume of water
sufficient to cover one hectare one centimeter deep, 100 cubic meters. A Hectare – meter
of water will cover one hectare one meter deep and it is equal to 10 000 cubic meters
However, (Kinoshita, 1979) said that the water absorption ability of crops
increases with the increase in the size of plant above ground, but differs greatly
depending on the soil temperature. In other words, when the soil temperature is high, the
amount of water absorption increases and the increase in the amount of water and oxygen
in the soil promotes the water absorption ability of the plant.
5
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
According to (Tindall, 1983) the crop should be irrigated regularly, since dry soil
conditions may result in reduced yield. Tindall stated that broccoli is more drought
resistant than cauliflower. Knott, (1967) said that the crop is relatively shallow rooted. It
is important that the moisture content of the soil be maintained in the upper half range of
the available moisture. Lack of water will reduce the size of the marketable head curd,
delay in maturity at lower quantity.
Caoili and De Vera, (1986) stated that rainfall is considered as irrigation if
effective when it can be used by the crops. Every irrigation systems requirement must be
based on the some estimated effective rainfall. The higher the percentage of effective
rainfall, the smaller the irrigation water required. Irrigation water should fill the soil
moisture reservoir between field capacity and wilting point and should be available to
crops without causing under moisture stress
Schwab (1993) said that irrigation provides one of the greatest opportunities for
increasing crop production as well as improving germination, controlling air temperature,
and applying chemicals with the irrigation water. If annual rainfall is less than 250 mm,
Irrigation becomes necessity. More over, if rainfall is from 250 to 500mm, then crop
production is limited unless the land irrigated; and when the rainfall is more than 500 mm
irrigation is often required for maximum production.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The materials used in the study were Broccoli seeds (‘Legacy’), fertilizer,
insecticide, fungicide, 15 liter pail, hose, and watering can.
Methods
Experimental design and treatment. The experiment was laid out following the
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments
were represented as fallows:
Code Irrigation interval (days)
I1 Two
I2 Four
I3 Six
I4 Eight
Land preparation. An area of 80 sq m was thoroughly prepared and divided into
four blocks consisting of four 1x5 sq m plots per block.
Transplanting. Five weeks old seedlings was transplanted 30 cm between hills
and 40 cm between rows.
Irrigation. Irrigation was done before and just after transplanting and every
other day for two times after which the irrigation treatments were imposed. Fifteen liters
per plot were applied during the first three weeks, 30 liters during the next three weeks
and 45 liters during the remaining weeks.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
7
Care and maintenance Except for irrigation, all other recommended practices
required in the production of broccoli such as fertilizer application, weeding cultivation,
and pest control were uniformly employed to each treatment plot.
Harvesting The curds were harvested by cutting 15-20 cm length from top of the
curd.
Data Gathered
1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation. This was taken by
counting the number of days from transplanting up to the 50% of the plants had visible
curds.
2. Number of days from transplanting to harvesting. This was the number of
days from transplanting to the day curds attained harvestable stage (flower buds are still
tightly closed and curds fully expanded).
3. Curd circumference (cm). This was measured around the edge of the curds
during harvest from six sample curds.
4. Plant height (cm). This was obtained by measuring six sample plants from the
base to the tip of the plant during harvest time.
5. Total yield (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the total weight of marketable and
non - marketable curds.
6. Non- marketable yields (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the weight of curds that
were damaged or malformed.
7. Marketable yield (kg/5 sq m plot). This was the weight of curds without
defects.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
8
8. Computed marketable yield (t/ha). The marketable yield per plot was
converted to a yield per hectare by multiplying it by 2.000.
9. Average curd weight. Six sample curds were weighed and the weight was
divided by number of sample plants.
10. Cost and return analysis. All the expenses incurred and sales were recorded.
The return on investment (ROI) was computed using this formula:
Gross sales- Expenses
ROI (%) = ______________________ x 100
Total expenses
11. Documentation. Pictures were taken to document the study.
12. Meteorological data. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were taken
during the study period.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to curd Formation and Harvesting
Table 1 shows the number of days from transplanting to visible curd formation
and transplanting to harvesting as affected by frequency of irrigation. Statistical analysis
indicates that every two days of watering significantly enhanced earlier formation of
curds. Every four, six and eight days irrigation interval delayed the formation of curds.
As to the number of days from transplanting to harvesting, no signicant effect
of irrigation frequency was observed (Table 1). However; plants irrigated every two days
were harvested earlier at around 59 days.
Table 1.Days from transplanting to curd formation and harvesting
IRRIGATION
CURD FORMATION
HARVESTING
INTERVAL (days)
(days)
(days)
Two
50.75b
58.75a
Four
54.25a
62.00a
Six
54.00a
61.75a
Eight
55.00a
63.00a
Means in a column with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Plant Height, Curd Circumference, Average Curd weight
Table 2 shows that plants irrigated every two or four days were significantly
taller. There were no significant differences observed in curd circumference and average
in weight. However, plants irrigated in two days interval had wider and heavier curds.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
10
Table 2. Plant height, curd circumference and average curd weight
IRRIGATION PLANT HEIGHT CURD CIRCUMFERENCE AVERAGE CURD
INTERVAL
(cm)
(cm)
WEIGHT
(days)
(g)
Two
67.292a
27.793a
520.833a
Four
63.792ab
27.415a
466.665a
Six
60.057b
26.500a
358.417a
Eight
59.458b
26.501a
420.835a
Means in a column with same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Curd Yield
Table 3 shows that the marketable, non-marketable, and computed marketable as
affected by frequency of irrigation were comparable among all the treatment. How ever,
plants irrigated every two days had the highest marketable yield at 48 t/ha. Total yield
was significantly higher with two or four days irrigation interval.
This indicates that more frequently irrigated plants have higher yield.
Table 3. Curd Yield
IRRIGATION
YIELD (kg/ 5 sq m plot)
COMPUTED MARKETRABLE
INTERVAL
MARKETABLE NON-MARKETABLE
TOTAL
(t/ha)
Two
24.000a
2.625a
27.125a
48.00a
Four
20.912a
4.563a
23.800ab
41.82a
Six
20.025a
2.938a
22.963b
40.05a
Eight
18.625a
3.813a
21.000b
37.25a
Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
11
Economic Analysis
The cost and return analysis in Broccoli production as affected by frequency of
irrigation is shown in Table 4. Although more frequently irrigated plants have higher
yield, the highest return on investment was obtained from the least irrigated plants at
eight days interval at 59.94% ROI. This attributed to the lower cost of fuel and labor
incurred in said treatment.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Table 4. Cost and return analysis
FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION (Days)
______________________________________________________
ITEMS TWO FOUR SIX EIGHT
________________________________________________________________________
Yield (kg) 96 83.65 80.10 74.50____
Gross Sales (PhP) 1,440.00 1,254.75 1,216.50 1,117.50____
Expenses (PhP)
Seedling 73.75 73.75 73.75 73.75
Chicken dung 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
14-14-14 31.25 31.25 31.25 31.25
46-0-0 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Daconil 71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
Steward 71.25 71.25 71.25 71.25
Sumicidin 38.75 38.75 38.75 38.75
Anaa 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Gasoline 86.06 40.69 26.75 19.76
Labor
Land preparation 35.15 35.15 35.15 35.15
Transplanting 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Fertilizer application
And hilling up 11.71 11.71 11.71 11.71
Thinning and
Weeding 14.06 14.06 14.06 14.06
Irrigation 625.25 318.42 262.50 150.00
Total labor 718.92 381.42 325.17 212.67
Transportation 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
_______________________________________________________________________
Total Expenses 1,271.235 888.36 818.17 698.68___
Net Income 168.765 366.39 398.33 418.80___
ROI% 13.28 41.24 48.68 59.94___
Rank 4 3 2 1
Note: Selling prize was 15 per kilo
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Pictorial Presentation
Plate 1. Overview of the experiment field
Two
Days
Irrigation
Interval
Four Days Irrigation Interval
Six
Days
Irrigation
Interval
Eight Days Irrigation Interval
Plate 2. Sample curds harvested from the
irrigation treatments plants.
M
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
eteorological Data
Month Rainfall Relative Humidity Temperature
(%)
Maximum Minimum
January 0 85.8 24.60 14.2
2.2 87.4 24.60 12.1
Trace 81.4 23.70 14.7
.2 86.4 24.70 14.9
0 78.0 25.26 12.0
Total 2.40 419.00 122.86 67.9
Mean 0.48 83.80 24.57 13.58
February .9 78.2 25.1 10.8
Trace 97.8 23.1 13.3
3.9 83.7 24.8 15.7
11.7 96.0 26.8 17.2
Total 16.5 355.7 99.8 57.0
Mean 4.13 88.93 24.95 14.25
March 2.1 81.5 24.2 3.1
3.1 85.6 25.6 13.4
Total 5.1 67.1 49.8 26.5
Mean 2.6 83.55 24.90 13.25
The mean rainfall was 0.48, 4.13 and 2.6; relative humidity was 83.30, 88.93 and
83.55: maximum temperature was 24.57, 24.95, and 24.90; while the minimum
temperature was 13.58, 14.25 and 13.25 in January, February and March, respectively.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study was conducted at the Balili Experiment Farm, Benguet State University,
La Trinidad, Benguet from January to March 2008 to determine the effect of irrigation
frequency and ascertain the best irrigation interval for Broccoli.
Results revealed that day to harvesting; curd circumference; average curd weight;
marketable, non marketable, and computed marketable yield were not significantly
affected by irrigation interval.
However, plants irrigated more frequently every two or four days were
significantly taller and had higher total yield. Return on investment was highest at eight
days irrigation interval due lesser cost in irrigation.
Conclusion
Although growth and yield were higher at two or four days irrigation interval,
return on investment was highest at eight days irrigation frequency.
Recommendation
Based on the result of the study, it is recommended that broccoli could be
irrigated at eight days interval in January to March to obtain higher profit.
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
LITERATURE CITED
Bachelor W. D.1998. IC-480. 4C- Precision Ag Edition. pp 3-4
Bautista O.K and Mabesa R.1986.Vegtable Production Published under the Integrated
Food and Agricultural Research. Third Edition. pp. 116
Benton S. W. 1968. Encyclopedia Britannica, First Published by a Society of Gentleman
In Scotland.4.260
Cadpino C. J. 2007. Performance of (‘TALL UTAH‘) As Affected by Volume and
Frequency of Irrigation. Unpublished B.S. Thesis L.T. B p.3
Cao ili et al. 1967. Irrigation and Drainage Principles and Practices. Department of
Development Communication. Pp1-2
Contada L. N. 1997. Growth and yield Performance of twelve Broccoli. Unpublished BS.
Thesis. BSU L.T.B p.4
Hansen E. et al 1979. Irrigation Principles in Practices. John Wiley and Sous Inc. Fourth
Edition. Pp 4-5, 315
Kinoshita K. 1979. Vegetable Production in the Tropics and Sub Tropics. Japan,
Overseas Agricultural Development Foundation. Pp. 85
Knott J. 1967. Vegetable Production in South East Asia. UPLB. University of the
Philippines, Los banos. Pp. 174
P CARRD. 1983. Philippine Recommends for Irrigation Management Lowland Crops
Condition. VOL 1. UPLB, Los Baños, Pp 1-3
Richard W.D (Ed) 1995. The World Book Encyclopedia London Word Book Inc 2: 583-
584
Scwab G. O et al 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. New York. John
Wiley and Song, Inc. pp.3-4
Tindal H. D 1983. Vegetables Production in the Tropics. Mac MILLAN Education
L.T.D. pp.123
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
APPENDICES
Appendix Table 1. Number of days from transplanting to curd formation
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 52 50 50 51 203.0 50.75
T2 54 55 54 54 217.0 54.25
T3 51 55 55 55 216.0 54.00
T4 57 52 57 56 222.0 55.50
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 2.750 0.917
Factor A 3 49.250 16.417 4.97* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 29.750 3.306
Total 15 81.750
* highly significant coefficient variation: 3.39%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
18
Appendix Table 2. Number of days from transplanting to harvesting
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 60 58 58 59 235.0 58.75
T2 62 63 61 62 248.0 62.00
T3 58 63 63 63 247.0 61.75
T4 64 62 65 61 252.0 63.00
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 1.250 0.417
Factor A 3 40.250 13.417 3.74ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 32.750 3.583
Total 15 73.750
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 3.08%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
19
Appendix Table 3. Curd circumference (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 26.67 29.00 28.00 27.50 111.170 27.54
T2 28.33 27.83 27.33 26.17 109.660 27.41
T3 29.00 26.00 26.33 24.67 106.000 26.50
T4 26.33 25.50 29.17 25.00 106.000 26.50
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 8.773 2.924
Factor A 3 5.158 1.719 0.91ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 16.926 1.881
Total
15 30.587
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 5.07%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
20
Appendix Table 4. Plant height (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 66.17 60.17 70.83 72.00 269.17 67.29
T2 65.00 54.67 68.33 67.17 255.17 63.79
T3 58.00 59.67 63.00 59.50 240.23 60.04
T4 56.33 53.83 63.17 64.50 237.83 59.46
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 224.502 74.834
Factor A 3 159.085 53.028 6.59* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 72.786 8.087
Total 15 456.373
*highly significant coefficient variation: 4.54
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
21
Appendix Table 5. Average curd weight (g)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 491.67 458.33 458.33 583.33 2083.33 520.83
T2 525.00 475.00 458.33 408.33 1866.66 466.67
T3 350.00 350.00 391.67 300.00 1541.67 385.42
T4 491.67 333.33 441.67 416.67 1683.34 420.84
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 7513.520 2504.507
Factor A 3 41226.787 13742.262 2.20ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 56291.026 6254.558
Total 15 105031.333
*ns =not significant coefficient variation: 17.64%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
22
Appendix Table 6. Non –Marketable Yield (kg/5 sq m plot)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 1.00 0.75 5.75 3.50 10.50 2.63
T2 4.75 4.75 3.00 5.75 17.50 4.38
T3 1.00 5.50 3.50 1.75 11.75 2.94
T4 5.50 1.50 3.75 4.50 15.25 3.81
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 3.324 1.108
Factor A 3 9.230 3.077 0.96ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 40.129 4.459
Total 15 81.750
*ns= not significant coefficient variation: 60.60%
23
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Appendix Table 7. Marketable yield (kg/5 sq m)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 30.50 27.70 14.80 23.00 96.00 24.00
T2 23.30 19.05 17.30 24.00 83.65 20.91
T3 25.50 19.50 16.50 18.60 80.10 20.03
T4 15.50 21.70 21.80 15.50 74.50 18.63
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 81.212 27.071
Factor A 3 62.204 20.735 1.06ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 175.895 19.544
Total
15 319.311
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 21.16%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
24
Appendix Table 8. Total Yield (kg/5 sq m)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 31.50 27.90 20.55 28.50 108.50 27.13
T2 28.05 23.05 21.05 23.05 95.20 23.80
T3 25.50 25.00 20.00 20.35 91.85 22.96
T4 21.00 20.50 19.00 20.00 84.00 21.00
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 92.055 30.685
Factor A 3 78.290 26.097 5.67* 3.86 6.99
Error 9 41.404 4.600
Total
15 211.750
*highly significant coefficient variation: 9.04%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
25
Appendix Table 9. Computed marketable yield (t/ha)
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV TOTAL MEAN
T1 61.0 55.4 29.6 46.0 192.0 48.00
T2 46.6 38.1 34.6 48.0 167.3 41.35
T3 51.0 39.0 33.0 37.2 160.2 40.50
T4 31.0 43.4 43.6 31.0 149.0 37.25
ANOVA
Degrees of Sum of Mean F
Source Freedom Square Squares Value 0.05 0.01
Replication 3 324.847 108.282
Factor A 3 248.817 82.939 1.06ns 3.86 6.99
Error 9 703.581 78.176
Total 15 1277.244
*ns=not significant coefficient variation: 21.16%
Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) as Affected
by Frequency of Irrigation / Jacker G. Comila. 2008
Document Outline
- Performance of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceaevar. Italica) as Affected by Frequency of Irrigation.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ABSTRACT
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF LITIRATURE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- Days to curd Formation and Harvesting
- Plant Height, Curd Circumference, Average Curd weight
- Curd Yield
- Economic Analysis
- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- LITERATURE CITED
- APPENDICES